Civil Information Awareness Program (CIAP)
2024届河南省部分市高三下学期第二次质量预测英语试题(含答案与解析)
2024年高中毕业年级第二次质量预测英语试题卷本试卷分四部分，考试时间120分钟，满分150分(听力成绩算作参考分)。
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1. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】What does Mike plan to do tonight?A. Watch a movie.B. Attend a meeting.C. Work on his presentation.2. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】How will the woman contact John?A. By phone.B. By email.C. In person.3. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】When will the speakers meet on Thursday?A. At 3:30 p. m.B. At 4:00 p. m.C. At 4:10 p. m.4. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】Why will Kathy call Anne?A. To express thanks.B. To look for a helper.C. To give some information.5. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】Where will the conference probably be held?A. In Pittsburgh.B. In Atlanta.C. In Kansas City.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
外文翻译 室内环境温度监测(英文原文)
Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–68Contents lists available at ScienceDirectSustainable Cities andSocietyj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /s csMonitoring building energy consumption,thermal performance,and indoor air quality in a cold climate regionTanzia Sharmin a ,Mustafa Gül a ,∗,Xinming Li a ,Veselin Ganev b ,Ioanis Nikolaidis b ,Mohamed Al-Hussein aa Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of Alberta,9105116th Street,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada bDepartment of Computing Science,2-21Athabasca Hall,University of Alberta,Edmonton,Alberta,Canadaa r t i c l ei n f oKeywords:Sensor-based monitoring system Energy usageBuilding envelope thermal performance Indoor air qualityBuilding management systema b s t r a c tBuildings are major consumers of the world’s energy.Optimizing energy consumption of buildings during operation can significantly reduce their impact on the global environment.Monitoring the energy usage and performance is expected to aid in reducing the energy consumption of occupants.In this regard,this paper describes a framework for sensor-based monitoring of energy performance of buildings under occupancy.Different types of sensors are installed at different locations in 12apartment units in a building in Fort McMurray,Alberta,Canada to assess occupant energy usage,thermal performance of the building envelope,and indoor air quality (IAQ).The relationship between heating energy consumption and the thermal performance of building envelope and occupant comfort level is investigated by analyzing the monitoring data.The results show that the extent of heat loss,occupant comfort level,and appliance usage patterns have significant impacts on heating energy and electricity consumption.This study also identifies the factors influencing the poor IAQ observed in some case-study units.In the long term,it is expected that the extracted information acquired from the monitoring system can be used to support intelligent decisions to save energy,and can be implemented by the building management system to achieve financial,environmental,and health benefits.©2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe building sector accounts for about 30%of total green-house gas (GHG)emissions in Canada (NRC,2006).Furthermore,the construction and operation of buildings are responsible for over a third of the world’s energy consumption (Straube,2006).Data shows that energy consumption and GHG emissions in build-ing sector are growing at an advanced rate than in other sectors (Akashi &Hanaoka,2012).As a result,reducing energy consump-tion has become essential to planning,construction,and use of buildings from the environmental point of view (Stoy,Pollalis,&Fiala,2009).This also entails that the building sector has con-siderable potential for energy and energy-related CO 2emissionssavings (Gökc¸e &Gökc ¸e,2013).According to the International Energy Agency,the building sector can reduce energy consump-tion with an estimated energy savings of 1509Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent)by 2050.Furthermore,through energy-efficient building design,carbon dioxide (CO 2)emissions can be reduced,∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+17804923002.E-mail address:mustafa.gul@ualberta.ca (M.Gül).which can possibly mitigate 12.6Gt (gigatonnes)of CO 2emissions by 2050(International Energy Agency,2010).Energy consumption by built environments can be reduced through new designs,technologies,and materials;proper control;and the use of effective energy management systems by consider-ing factors such as building orientation,shape,wall–window ratio,insulation,use of high-efficiency windows,and natural ventila-tion (Dawood,Crosbie,Dawood,&Lord,2013).However,electrical loads,especially miscellaneous electrical loads (involving a range of products,devices,and electrical equipment in some combina-tion,common in every household)consume a significant portion of total building energy (Hendron &Eastment,2006).In Canada,the residential building sector consumes approximately 16%of total secondary energy usage (NRC,2006).According to Statistics Canada,in 2007the average Canadian household consumed 106GJ (gigajoules)of energy,with the national total reaching 1,368,955TJ (terajoules)(Statistics Canada,2007).A substantial share of total energy consumption is due to improper use of appliances,and elim-inating this wastage can reduce the overall energy consumption by approximately 30%in buildings (US DOE Energy Information Administration,2003).Today it is important to focus on greater energy efficiency to reduce our impact on the environment by/10.1016/j.scs.2014.04.0092210-6707/©2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.58T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society13(2014)57–68reducing fossil fuel consumption(Gua,Sun,&Wennersten,2013; Sharmin,Li,Gökc¸e,Gül,&Al-Hussein,2012).Built environments also have a significant impact on human health.The extent of a building’s impact on human health and the environment depends on the building design,materials,and the methods used for construction and operation(Vittori,2002). According to the Science Advisory Board of the United States Envi-ronmental Protection Agency(EPA),indoor environment stands among the topfive environmental risks to public health.In Canada, people spend an average of89%of their time indoors and66%of their time indoors at home(Leech,Wilby,McMullen,&Laporte, 1996),and there is a possibility that people with weak immune systems may suffer from asthmatic symptoms or other respiratory health problems as a result of exposure to poor indoor air quality (Vittori,2002).Considering the fact that human health is affected by poor indoor air quality(IAQ),it is important to maintain a healthy IAQ in the interest of occupant health.Continuous monitoring of indoor environmental quality(IEQ)can thus play a significant role in maintaining healthy indoor environments.A significant aspect of assessing the sustainability of a building is the monitoring of energy performance(Berardi,2012).Recent innovations in sensing,data logging,and computing technologies have improved monitoring of indoor environment and energy per-formance of buildings.“Real-time”energy performance and IEQ monitoring are significant from the perspective of real-time feed-back to promote energy-saving behavior,and also for maintaining healthy IAQ.Proper targeting and monitoring of energy consump-tion and continuous energy management can be effective strategies for improved energy performance of buildings,and can result in reductions in operating costs of facilities(Lee&Augenbroe,2007; Sapri&Muhammad,2010).Research studies examining the effect of energy feedback information on occupant behavior have shown that real-time feedback can be a powerful impetus for behavioral change.McClelland and Cook(1980)first tested the impact of con-tinuous energy feedback on electricity usage.The results showed that on average electricity usage was lowered by12%in the homes with continuous electricity usage feedback compared to the homes with no usage feedback system(as cited in Allen&Janda,2006). In another study,a technical research university has monitored energy usage to reduce energy costs through an energy awareness program that offered departments a chance to receive payments of up to30%of the savings achieved.The departments had accom-plished energy savings(saving about$300,000per year)after one and half years of monitoring through improved operations and maintenance procedures and reduced their usage from about44 million kWh to40million kWh(Energy Star,2002).Hutton,Mauser, Filiatrault,and Antola(1986)have shown how the feedback pro-vided by monitoring helped to conserve energy for over75%of the subjects in25households in three cities.In a case regarding water usage,the city of Boston,MA,USA was unable to account for the use of50%of the water used in its municipal water system and,after installing meters,water that was unaccounted for had dropped to 36%(Grisham&Fleming,1989).Another study has shown that an effective energy management system can identify problems in an operating system which might not otherwise have been identified (Mills&Mathew,2009).Yang and Wang(2013)has shown that energy management systems can also provide comfortable building environments with high energy efficiency.Literature reviews from the last ten years show that usage of energy can be reduced from0%to20%by using a variety of feed-back mechanisms(Abrahamse,Steg,Vlek,&Rothengatter,2005). However,despite the fact that providing appropriate feedback can significantly reduce the overall energy consumption,relying only on occupants’awareness and behavioral change might not be an effective approach.In a recent study,wireless AC plug-load meters and light sensors were deployed in a computer science laboratory as a case study in energy monitoring.The study reported that more than30%energy savings were achieved immediately after installing a monitoring system,but that the savings were subse-quently reduced to less than4%of the week one level by the fourth week of the study.It light of this case,it might be considered that an effective solution for reducing energy consumption could be an automated energy management system,in addition to user coop-eration(Jiang,Van Ly,Taneja,Dutta,&Culler,2009).Major progress has been made in recent years in accomplish-ing greater awareness(Jiang et al.,2009),showing that advanced measurement of energy usage enables reduction of energy con-sumption.While the approach of monitoring energy usage is useful to achievefinancial benefits,a holistic monitoring of the perfor-mance of the building system can also be used to identify the factors influencing irregular energy usage or non-standard IEQ.Any information pertaining to irregularity of building system perfor-mance can contribute to building management systems intended to support operational improvement,and can also provide the infor-mation needed to encourage behavioral and operational changes by building occupants and operators.Monitoring is essential to achieving an energy-efficient building management system,but sensor-based monitoring is sometimes costly.In recent years more cost-effective high performance sensor technologies have been introduced,such that the benefits of utilizing this technology outweigh the associated costs.Continuous collection of the indi-vidualized energy use information would translate into increased energy use awareness,identification of problems in the building management system,and notification of irregular energy usage and non-standard indoor environmental parameters,all of which can lead to more sustainable building operations.However,it remains an open question whether the apparent additional understanding would be enough to justify the cost of installation,maintenance, and calibration of sensors.This paper thus offers a methodological approach by which to extract useful information by establishing relationships and studying patterns across different components of a building management system,facilitated by the installation of various sensors in a case study,the“Stony Mountain Plaza”project in Fort McMurray,Alberta,Canada.1.1.Objective and scopeThe objective of the sensor-based monitoring system adopted in this research is to provide relevant information regarding effec-tive management of building systems in cold-climate regions.The implemented monitoring system can be used for increasing energy performance and occupant comfort while reducing energy and water consumption.In this study,the ASHRAE standard specifying environmental parameter ranges(indoor air temperature,RH,CO2 level)has been used to define occupant comfort.A holistic exam-ination of the performance of the building system(energy usage, thermal performance,and IEQ)helps to determine whether or not the system is working efficiently by identifying correlations across different monitoring components.A more advanced understand-ing of the recorded data is expected to result in changes in building operations through the use of intelligent controls that automati-cally adjust to environmental requirements.It is expected that the extracted information and strategies acquired from the monitor-ing system can be implemented within the building management system to achievefinancial,environmental,and health benefits. 2.Methodological approachIn order to conduct a holistic examination of the performance of the building system under consideration,operating energy usage (e.g.,electrical energy usage,space heating energy usage,andT.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society13(2014)57–6859Fig.1.Objective and methodological approach.household water usage);thermal performance of the building; and IAQ under occupancy are monitored.Twelve sample units are chosen in the building to be monitored for energy performance. Different types of sensors are installed in these individual units in order to monitor different components.Finally,recorded data are analyzed in order to extract useful information.Fig.1shows the objective and the monitored components for building energy performance under occupancy.2.1.Sample case-study unitTwo four-storey residential buildings have been constructed as part of the“Stony Mountain Plaza”project in Fort McMurray, Alberta,Canada.Both buildings are oriented with their longer axis facing north and south.Building1has70units while building2has 55units.There are two types of units in building1:one-bedroom and two-bedroom units.For monitoring building energy perfor-mance,three case-study units in eachfloor of building1with the same relativefloor plan position are selected:(1)Type‘A’unit (one-bedroom)facing north,(2)Type‘A’unit(one-bedroom)facing south,and(3)Type‘B’unit(two-bedroom)facing south.The sam-ple households are assigned code numbers1–12,and the specific locations of the units in theirfloors are not revealed for the sake of privacy.Fig.2displays the12case-study units.2.2.Types and locations of installed sensorsDifferent types of sensors are used for different types of required information in this assessment of building energy performance under occupancy.For electrical energy usage,Brultech ECM-1240 power meters are used.Each apartment receives power from two phases(phases A and B).Two power meters,one for each phase, recording the total energy for each load(in Ws)are therefore installed in each case-study unit.One Kamstrup MULTICAL601 heating meter is used for monitoring the energy from the water circulation heating system.Three sensors are also used for this purpose:oneflow meter and two temperature probes(for supply temperature,T s,and return temperature,T r).The heating meter records the total volume(L),total mass(g),currentflow(L/s),cur-rent T s and T r(◦C),and total energy(Wh).The energy consumed by the water circulation heating system can be calculated satisfying Eq.(1).E=V(T s−T r)k(1) where V:volume;T s:supply temperature;T r:return temperature; k:thermal coefficient.For monitoring household water usage,Minomess130water meters are used.There are two water meters in each apartment, one monitoring total incoming water and one monitoring output (cumulative hot water usage in the apartment)of the hot water tank.Two heatflux sensors(HFT3Soil Heat Flux Plate)are used for monitoring thermal performance of the building envelope:one measuring the heatflux(W/m2)through the studs and the other measuring the heatflux through the insulation.The sensor used for IAQ measurement is the IAQ Point air monitoring device man-ufactured by Honeywell Analytics.This device records real-time values of CO2(ppm),RH(%),and temperature(◦C)(Sharmin et al., 2012).The locations of the sensors for one-bedroom units and two-bedroom units are as shown in Fig.3.2.3.Development of system architectureThe power consumption meters(Brultech ECM-1240)commu-nicate using ZigBee with four EtherBee gateways(one on each floor),which are connected by a CAT5Ethernet cable to a single-board computer through a5-port switch.The energy meter andthe Fig.2.Case-study building and selection of case-study units.60T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–68Fig.3.Location of sensors in case-study units.IAQ sensor use the LonTalk protocol to communicate with an iLON smart server,which is also connected to the single-board computer where the data are being encrypted and transmitted to a database server through a secured connection over the Internet.The heat flux sensors are connected to the CR1000data logger (Campbell Scientific,Inc.)through a Solid State Multiplexer (Campbell Scien-tific,Inc.),which makes it possible to connect all 24of the heat flux sensors to a single data logger.The data logger converts the ana-log signal from the heat flux sensors into digital values and sends these values to the SBC through an Ethernet interface (Sharminet al.,2012).Fig.4provides a flowchart of the data collection system adopted in this project.3.Data analysisThis section discusses findings based on the collected data to assess building energy performance under occupancy.The data sets used for the analysis presented in this paper have been collected during regular operation of thebuilding.Fig.4.System architecture for data collection.T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society13(2014)57–6861Fig.5.Data analysis framework for electrical energy consumption.3.1.Measurement of electrical energy usageAccording to Statistics Canada(2007),Alberta’s average per household use of electricity in2007was the lowest among all provinces(26GJ).A possible reason for this low electricity con-sumption might be the comparably high rate of natural gas consumption in Alberta due to the low price of natural gas.In this paper,26GJ is set as the annual per household usage threshold. We consider the electricity consumption for individual appliances and the total electricity consumption for the case-study units. By measuring the electricity consumption of occupants,building management can pursue appropriate measures(i.e.,setting an opti-mum usage limit)if the electricity usage continuously exceeds the threshold of electricity usage established.Fig.5shows the data analysis framework for electrical energy consumption,while Fig.6shows the total electricity consump-tion by case-study unit(except unit8,because of missing data). It is observed in Fig.6that the electricity consumption by units7 (Type A)and9(Type A)in2012exceeds the26GJ threshold.Even though units7and9are type A(one-bedroom)units,the electric-ity consumption of these units is higher than the other case-study units.The data analysis framework(Fig.5)adopted in this study identi-fies factors that influence higher electricity consumption by a given unit by comparing the electricity consumption of different appli-ances of the selected unit with the average electricity consumption of individual appliances of all the case-study units.Fig.7presents the influencing factors for higher electricity consumption of3case-study units(units7,9and10).These three units are chosen as examples since two of them(units7and9)exceed the26-GJ thresh-old and the other unit(unit10)has comparatively higher electricity usage but appears to be influenced by different factors than units7 and9.Our data analysis shows that the primary factors influencing the higher electricity consumption in unit7are the bedroom appli-ances,electrical duct heating,kitchen plug,and kitchen-bathroom lighting,since electricity consumption by these appliances in unit 7is much higher than the average of the11case-study units for these appliances.A possible reason for higher electricity consump-tion in the bedroom of unit7may be the use of electrical heating radiators by occupants.On the other hand,bedroom appliances and oven usage for unit9and hot water tank and refrigerator usage for unit10are identified as the primary influencing factors accounting for the higher electricity consumption of the respective units.It is worth noting that household energy use can vary based on a number of factors,including the number of occupants,lifestyle, and usage of different appliances.With the continuous monitor-ing of electrical energy consumption,it is possible to identify the influencing factors of higher electricity consumption of occupants and to set an optimum value for electrical energy usage accord-ingly.Based on the monitoring of electricity usage carried out in this study,building management can set an appropriate optimum range of yearly energy usage by occupants.3.2.Measuring thermal performance of building envelope and space heating energy usageFor this research,the heatflux—the rate of heat energy transfer—through studs and insulation is also monitored.Since studs(working as thermal bridges between outdoor and indoor environments)lose more heat than does insulation,this research measures heatflux through studs and insulation separately.In order to assess the impact of orientation on heatflux for the case-study units,annual average heatflux through studs and annual average heatflux through insulation are compared for north-facing and south-facing units.At eachfloor level,one north-facing unit and one south-facing type A(one-bedroom)unit are selected in order to compare heatflux.As expected,the collected data in Fig.8shows that north-facing units have greater heat loss than south-facing units when considering the2nd and3rdfloor.However,contrary to expectations,at the ground(stud)and topfloor,south-facing units have greater heat loss than north-facing units.The recorded data in Fig.8gives an inconclusive result.In order to identify long-term patterns(if any)of heatflux for different orientations,it is impor-tant to monitor the data for a few years.If patterns of heatflux for differentfloor levels(variations with respect to height)or differ-ent orientations are identified,measures(i.e.,increasedinsulation) Fig.6.Electricity consumption for case-study units.62T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–68Fig.7.Electricity consumption of individual appliances by units 7,9and10.Fig.8.Heat flux for different orientations and floor levels in 2012.can be taken to reduce heat flux for the units with higher rates.Increasing the thermal performance of the building envelope also provides an opportunity to reduce significantly the heating loss of a building,but this is beyond the scope of this study.Fig.9shows the data analysis framework adopted in this study for heating energy consumption.The framework examines the impact of heat flux and outdoor temperature on heating energy consumption.The indoor air temperature maintained in the unit is also compared with the standard indoor temperature range in order to gain understanding of the relationship between occupant comfort level and heating energy consumption.As expected,the recorded data (Fig.10)shows that apart-ments consume more heating energy as the outside temperature decreases.Fig.10also shows the relationship between heat flux and heating energy consumption such that units with higher heat flux in general have higher heating energy consumption,with some exceptions,e.g.,unit 12in October and unit 7in January;(in these exceptions,even though heat loss was high,heating energy con-sumption was comparatively low).In general,variations in theoccupancy,such as vacations and other absences,can directly impact the energy consumption,and the absence of residents ren-ders the heat comfort level of individuals irrelevant with respect to its impact on energy consumption over these periods of absence.Another exception is with respect to unit 7in November and December.Data shows that even though heat flux was lower in unit 7,heating energy consumption was higher (compared to unit 12)in November and December.There is a possibility that occupant comfort level with a higher temperature range may have resulted in higher heating consumption in unit 7.Recorded data indicates that the indoor air temperature in unit 7has always been maintained at a higher level (sometimes exceeding the standard temperature range)compared to unit 12,indicating that occupant preference for a higher temperature range may be the reason for higher heat-ing consumption during October-December in unit 7,even though heat loss was less than for unit 12.It should be noted that occupant lifestyle and comfort level may affect the heating energy consump-tion significantly.In order to manage heating energy effectively,it is necessary to monitor and analyze the heating energy usageT.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–6863Fig.9.Data analysis framework for heating energyconsumption.Fig.10.Heat flux and heating energy consumption in north-(unit 7)and south-facing (unit 12)units.regularly and to set realistic targets for improving energy effi-ciency.3.3.Measurement of household water usageHousehold water usage is also being monitored as part of this study.According to Environment Canada ,in 2009average resi-dential water use was 72.38gallons per capita per day,which corresponds to 26,420gallons per capita per year (Municipal Water Use Report,2011).Fig.11shows the water consumption by case-study unit in 2012.The results indicate that even though unit 9is a one-bedroom unit (assumed to be accommodating fewer residents than two-bedroom units),it exhibits the highest water consumption.By measuring the water usage of occupants,build-ing management can pursue appropriate measures (i.e.,optimum usage range)if the water usage per person for a particular unit is continuously higher than the Canadian average residential water usage per capita per day.The recorded data in Fig.11shows that hot water consumption typically accounts for more than 30%of total water consumption in the case-study units,with the exception of unit 11.Since in thisproject energy is drawn from used hot water through drain water heat recovery (DWHR),there is a possibility that this gray water could be used for toilet flushing.It should be noted that the use of gray water in the case-study units is beyond the scope of this study.3.4.Indoor air quality (CO 2concentration and relative humidity)measurementElevated CO 2levels affect occupant comfort and IAQ.With ele-vated CO 2levels,occupants may complain of perceived poor air quality and may face health problems such as headaches,fatigue,and eye and throat irritation.Poor air quality may reduce the effi-ciency of the occupants (Wyon &Wargocki,2006)and this loss can be reduced through proper design strategy (Wyon,1996).The rela-tionship between indoor CO 2concentration and IAQ is in terms of the impact of elevated CO 2on comfort,and the correlation between CO 2and ventilation (Aglan,2003).According to the American Soci-ety of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers Inc.(ASHRAE),buildings with proper ventilation should have CO 2lev-els not in excess of 1000ppm (Quinn,2011).Exceeding this level is likely indicative of inadequate ventilation.In consideration of this,64T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society13(2014)57–68Fig.11.Total water consumption of case-study units in2012.Fig.12.IAQ data analysis framework for CO2.Fig.13.IAQ data analysis framework for RH.T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–6865Fig.14.Monthly average CO 2concentration level in case-studyunits.Fig.15.Average CO 2level and ERV electricity consumption in case-study units for February and March,2012.Figs.12and 13show the framework of IAQ data analysis (CO 2and RH,respectively)considered in this project.The results of data analysis (Fig.14)show that CO 2concentra-tion levels exceed the 1000ppm threshold in units 1,3,4,5,8,and 9for several months of 2012.In order to determine if lack of energy recovery ventilation (ERV)usage is the reason for the elevated level of CO 2,electricity consumption by the ERV is inves-tigated for the case-study units for February and March,2012.These two months are chosen as examples since most of the units exceed the threshold during these two months.Fig.15shows the CO 2con-centration and ERV electricity consumption by unit,exhibiting that the units with higher ERV usage have in general relatively lowerCO 2concentration (units 7,10,and 11),while units with lower ERV usage have higher CO 2concentration (units 1,3,4,5,and 9).An improper heating,ventilation,and air conditioning system (HVAC),as well as unvented appliances (space heaters,dryers,stoves,and any other unvented gas appliances)in a house,can lead to high levels of indoor CO 2(Health Canada,1995).Complementing the recorded data (ERV usage record),interviews with occupants may be helpful for identifying the factors influencing higher CO 2levels in the identified units.Once the causal factors are identified,necessary steps (e.g.,imposing the use of ERV,proper maintenance of HVAC system and appliances)should be taken in the interest of occupant health.。
安徽省金榜教育阶段性大联考2023-2024学年高一下学期5月月考英语试题
安徽省金榜教育阶段性大联考2023-2024学年高一下学期5月月考英语试题一、阅读理解Are you looking for inspiration for your next travel destination? Lonely Planet has published its yearly list of top places to go. Whether you’re looking for adventure, culture, or value, there’s something for every type of traveler.Top City: NairobiNairobi, the Kenyan capital, was chosen for its unique music and dance culture, and impressive local food. Nairobi National Park is a must-see, where visitors can see over 400 species wandering the open grass plains while high buildings twinkle on the horizon.Top Country: Mongolia Mongolia is loved for its wide-open spaces, adventure activities, and unique food. The Mongolian government has announced 2023 through 2025as the “Years to Visit Mongolia,” easing entry conditions for international travelers and improving public facilities, including a new $650 million airport.Top Sustainable (可持续发展的) Travel Destination: SpainThe publisher also recommended Spain for the country’s efforts to expand renewable energy, to develop off-season travel, and to bring tourism to new destinations, such as the port city of Valencia, easing pressures on hot spots such as Barcelona.Top Best-Value Location: The American MidwestThe American Midwest, including the cities of Chicago and Detroit, is also on the list, as it offers a high-quality travel experience at a reasonable cost. Visitors can enjoy excellent services and facilities without having to spend too much money.Top Beach Destination: Donegal Donegal, Ireland’s most northwestern county, has the country’s longest coastline and over 100 beaches, where visitors can enjoy the highest sea cliffs in Europe.1．What do Nairobi and Mongolia have in common?A．Tasty food.B．Diverse culture.C．Breathtaking views.D．Wide-open Spaces. 2．Why is Spain on the list?A．It improves public facilities for international travelers.B．It provides sustainable travel destinations for visitors.C．It has the world’s longest coastline and plenty of beaches.D．It offers a high-quality travel experience at a reasonable cost.3．In which section of a newspaper can you find this text?A．Architecture.B．Environment.C．Tourism.D．Publishing.The topic of China’s “slash youth” has fueled heated debate on social media recently, drawing attention to the diverse pursuits of the younger generation.The s lash youth, which could also be called slashers or slash-generation — means those who refuse to be defined or bound by just one personal identity. They are keen to present themselves as multiple and sometimes different identities, such as a nurse and model, a teacher and stand-up comedian, and an engineer and band player. Rather than material comforts, they pursue meaningful achievement.A diverse career can enable them to develop new experiences and talents as well as social and professional networks, leading to greater flexibility in life and work, recognition and satisfaction.A study on “slash youth” published in the China Youth Research magazine analyzes the background of this phenomenon: with part of modern society’s structured organization and stability norms (规范) broken, flexible labor markets and structural unemployment has appeared, removing the sense of job security of the young people in employment. Young people also face the problem of self-realization, including the sense of powerlessness, lost sense of value and lack of self-identity in the profession, which forces them to re-find the meaning of work.“The ‘slash life’ shows that our society is becoming more and more diversified and inclusive, and it welcomes everyone’s self-fulfillment,” said Shi Yanrong, an associate researcher from Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences. “Young people no longer have to rely on work and money for their sense of self-worth. They tend to create their own identities.” The researcher added that against the background that people have multiple interests and are willing to pay for these interests nowadays, the “slash life” of the youth would drive the growth of a new economy, just as animation culture affected the market.4．What do we know about the slash youth?A．They tend to undertake multiple careers.B．They are keen to pursue material comforts.C．They enjoy posting themselves on social media.D．They can easily adjust themselves to challenges in life.5．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?A．The importance of flexible labor markets.B．Reasons for the appearance of slash youth.C．The pursuit of the youth in their profession.D．Causes of losing self-identity among the youth.6．What does Shi Yanrong think of the slash life?A．It boosts the rise of a new economy.B．It helps increase people’s independence.C．It inspires young people’s creativity at work.D．It enables young people to earn high incomes.7．What is the purpose of the text?A．To provide career guidance.B．To analyze a cultural difference.C．To introduce a social phenomenon.D．To share a unique life experience.Ignoring message is frowned upon (皱眉) in this always-on times. And according to most people, dropping out of communication is blamed as “ghosting”, which in the years since the term became widespread, has become a deadly killer of digital communications.But in these exhausting times, when so many are overburdened with family responsibilities, stress, grief and anxiety, perhaps we should let go of the outdated, demanding requirement to participate in endless back-and-forth conversations. As Daniel Post Senning of the Emily Post Institution said, “You have to be a civil and decent person, but you don’t have to give your time and attention to everyone who asks for it.”In an era when we understand more and more the importance of rest and time away from screens, triaging (优先选择) can be necessary for our peace of mind and relationships with the people in our lives: When we are on vacation. When it’s after 7 pm. When we are at the dinner table. When we are exercising. If you don’t reply immediately to a message during one of these times, don’t apologize. Just reply when you can. Or don’t.Is triaging a blanket permission to fall into unexplained silence or become a bottleneck to your colleagues’ work? No. Instead, establish boundaries with your work colleagues frankly so that they don’t panic when they can’t reach you.It’s also worth asking yourself who is putting the pressure on for immediate response. Perhaps it’s not the message sender, but you.8．Which statement do most people agree with?A．Giving full attention to whoever asks for it is a must.B．Dropping out of a conversation equals killing other people.C．It’s considered improper to cut off from an ongoing conversation.D．It’s highly advised to carry on conversations despite heavy burdens.9．How does the author develop paragraph 3?A．By listing figures.B．By giving examples.C．By comparing facts.D．By stating reasons.10．What does the underlined word “bottleneck” in paragraph 4 mean?A．Barrier.B．Milestone.C．Opportunity.D．Masterpiece. 11．What can be a suitable title for the text?A．Important Emails: Send Them Quickly B．Urgent Calls: Answer Them Immediately C．Unfriendly People: Avoid Them Carefully D．Unnecessary Messages: Ignore Them DirectlyArtificial intelligence (AI) is showing promise in earthquake prediction, challenging the long-held belief that it is impossible. Researchers at the University of Texas, Austin, have developed an AI algorithm (算法) that correctly predicted 70% of earthquakes a week in advance during a trial in China and provided accurate strength calculations for the predicted earthquakes.The research team believes their method succeeded because they stuck with a relatively simple machine learning approach. The AI was provided with a set of statistical features based on the team’s knowledge of earthquake physics, and then instructed to train itself using a five-year database of earthquake recordings. Once trained, the AI provided its prediction by listening for signs of incoming earthquakes within the background rumblings (隆隆声) in the Earth.This work is clearly a milestone in research for AI-driven earthquake prediction. “You don’t see earth-quakes coming,” explains Alexandros Savvaidis, a senior research scientist who leads the Texas Seismological Network Program (TexNet). “It’s a matter of milliseconds, and the only thing you can control is how prepared you are. Even with the 70% accuracy, that’s a huge resultand could help minimize economic and human losses and has the potential to remarkably improve earthquake preparation worldwide.”While it is unknown whether the same approach will work at other locations, the researchers are confident that their AI algorithm could produce more accurate predictions if used in areas with reliable earthquake tracking networks. The next step is to test artificial intelligence in Texas, since UT’s Bureau TexNet has 300 earth-quake stations and over six years worth of continuous records, making it an ideal location for these purposes.Eventually, the authors hope to combine the system with physics-based models. This strategy could prove especially important where data is poor or lacking. “That may be a long way off, but many advances such as this one, taken together, are what moves science forward,” concludes Scott Tinker, the bureau’s director.12．How does the AI forecast earthquakes?A．By identifying data from the satellites.B．By analyzing background sounds in the Earth.C．By modeling data based on earthquake recordings.D．By monitoring changes in the Earth’s magnetic field.13．What does Alexandros Savvaidis intend to show in paragraph 3?A．The ways to reduce losses in earthquakes.B．The importance of preparing for earthquakes.C．The significance of developing the AI prediction.D．The limitation of AI algorithms in earthquake prediction.14．What will the follow-up research focus on?A．Conducting tests in different locations.B．Applying the AI approach to other fields.C．Building more earthquake stations in Texas.D．Enlarging the database to train the calculation accuracy.15．Which words can best describe the earthquake-predicting technology?A．Stable but outdated.B．Effective but costly.C．Potential and economical.D．Pioneering and promising.Money habits are the small daily decisions we make that influence how we spend and save our money. It might be challenging to change these habits, but with the following tips, we can make improvements to achieve our financial objectives.Taking a careful look at your existing spending habits is the first step. 16 It can make you realize the potential issues on your spending habits and identify areas where you can adjust your spending patterns.17 Having a specific objective in mind will help you keep motivated and focused, whether it’s saving for a down payment (首付) on a home or creating an emergency fund.Setting and sticking to a budget (预算) is also crucial. A budget ensures that your spending is focused on your urgencies and that you set aside enough cash to achieve your objectives.18Impulsive purchasing (冲动消费) is a bad habit to break. Kick the habit of impulse shopping because it can significantly reduce your bank account. Make a list of the items you require before going shopping and stick to it. 19Finally, pay attention to your financial habits and adjust them as needed. 20 Keep in mind that adjusting your spending patterns is. a process, and its effects might not be seen right away. But in the long run, you can make positive changes and strengthen your overall financial health.A．For many of us, spending comes naturally.B．Next, set up clear financial objectives for yourself.C．If you are on a budget, you do not have much money to spend.D．Track your spending and goals, and be prepared to adjust as required.E．This involves recording all your spending for a month and then analyzing the data.F．Make sure to include a category for savings in your budget and use it consistently. G．Additionally, wait a day or two before buying something so that you can decide if you still want it.二、完形填空The summer when I was ten, my mother decided to bring us to the world of art. My brotherand I were not very 21 when we realized that we would have to spend one afternoon a week at the museum. That was not so bad — what really 22 me was that before each visit, she made us 23 artists and painting styles. That felt almost as 24 as being in school. 25 , who wants to spend summer thinking about 26 when you could be playing at the swimming pool?First, we have to read about ancient Egyptians and their 27 way of painting, and then look at them at the museum. Unusual style of art always 28 my brother but not me. Later we had to look at pictures of fat babies with wings and curly hair and with no clothes on 29 around the edge of the paintings. 30 those pictures, I still couldn’t see what was so great about art. However, on our last visit to the museum, things 31 —I saw a painting in which a woman was reading to a child. The colors were soft and 32 , and it could tell by the mother’s 33 how happy she was just to be with the child. I could 34 take my eyes away from the painting. It was really 35 looking at so many paintings to find one that could interest me so much.21．A．surprised B．confused C．tired D．excited 22．A．troubled B．amazed C．satisfied D．relieved 23．A．give away B．read about C．see to D．depend on 24．A．sweet B．bad C．funny D．nervous 25．A．Therefore B．Meanwhile C．Anyway D．Instead 26．A．teachers B．parents C．artists D．coaches 27．A．smart B．strange C．careful D．familiar 28．A．attracted B．comforted C．failed D．survived 29．A．flying B．wandering C．swimming D．running 30．A．Struggling with B．Reflecting on C．Cutting throughD．Staring at31．A．appeared B．changed C．mattered D．followed 32．A．gentle B．bright C．dull D．faint 33．A．behavior B．appearance C．language D．expression 34．A．hesitantly B．slightly C．hardly D．merely 35．A．effortless B．useless C．worth D．painful三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
c开头的与工程师相关的单词
c开头的与工程师相关的单词1. Civil Engineer（土木工程师）- 单词释义：从事与土木工程相关工作的专业人员，如设计、建造和维护道路、桥梁、建筑物等基础设施。
- 单词用法：可作主语，如“A civil engineer is responsible for the construction of this bridge.”；也可作宾语，“We need a civil engineer to help with the project.”- 近义词：Structural engineer（结构工程师，更侧重于结构设计方面）。
- 短语搭配：civil engineer in charge（主管土木工程师）。
- 双语例句：- “I want to be a civil engineer. Building those huge skyscrapers must be so cool! It's like creating something out of nothing, right?”- “My friend is a civil engineer. He says that whe n he sees a building he designed standing tall, he feels like a superhero. ‘Who else can make such a massive thing?’ he often brags.”- “A civil engineer once told me, ‘This road I'm building is like a lifeline for the village. Without it, they're cut off from the world.’”- “If you meet a civil engineer, ask him about his most challenging project. I bet he'll have an amazing story to tell. For example, one civil engineer I knew was so proud of the bridge he built over a deep gorge. ‘It was like taming a wi ld beast,’ he said.”- “Civil engineers don't just build things; they shape the world welive in. Think about it, without them, where would we be? Living in mudhuts maybe?”- “The civil engineer was so excited when his new design for the subway system got approved. ‘This is going to change the way people travel in the city!’ he shouted.”- “When the earthquake hit, the civil engineer rushed to check on the buildings he had designed. ‘I hope my babies are okay,’ he muttered nervously.”- “I asked a civil en gineer how he learned all that math and physics. He laughed and said, ‘It's like learning a secret language to talk to the buildings.’”- “Civil engineers have to deal with a lot of problems. One time, acivil engineer faced a situation where the ground was too soft for building. ‘It was like trying to build on quicksand,’ he groaned.”- “A civil engineer's job isn't easy. They have to consider so many factors. Just like a chef who has to balance flavors, a civil engineer hasto balance safety, cost, and fu nctionality.”2. Computer Engineer（计算机工程师）- 单词释义：主要负责计算机硬件、软件系统的研发、设计、测试等工作的专业人士。
遥感科学与技术专业培养方案
遥感科学与技术专业本科培养方案一、专业名称和专业代码：遥感科学与技术（Remote Sensing Science and Technology），081202二、学科门类：工学三、学制与学位：学制：4年，修业年限可为3-7年学位：工学学士四、培养目标和专业特色培养目标：毕业生应掌握遥感科学基本理论、方法和技术，兼具测绘工程、地理信息科学专业知识，适应行业发展，能够从事测绘、城市建设、地理国情监测、历史文化遗产保护、交通规划，环境保护等领域的生产、科研与管理工作。
专业特色：本专业面向测绘及城市建设需求，依托学校建筑类学科优势，强调理论与工程实践的紧密结合，突出摄影测量与遥感技术在测绘、城市建设、历史文化遗产保护等领域的应用，重视对学生的思想品质、实践技能、科研能力和创新意识的多元化培养。
五、培养规格和基本要求1．掌握遥感专业涉及的数学、物理、地理信息系统、测绘工程、计算机科学等学科相关的基本理论知识；具备独立钻研科学知识、适应学科发展的能力；2．具备测绘行业基本技能，具有航空航天摄影测量、近景摄影测量、现代摄影测量等数据获取、处理与基础测绘数据生产的能力，能够从事测绘项目设计与管理的实践工作；3．掌握遥感数据的获取、处理、分析与应用等技术；具有专题信息提取、遥感建模与信息反演的初步能力，并具有一定的开发遥感软件的能力；4. 了解行业领域的理论前沿和发展动态；熟悉测绘相关法律法规；具有继续学习的能力；5. 具有较强的英语综合运用和英语口语交流能力；6. 具有初步的遥感专业教学、研究、开发和管理能力。
六、主干学科；测绘科学与技术、遥感科学与技术、计算机科学与技术。
七、主干课程1．主干基础课程（6门）（1）测绘学概论（2）数字地形测量学（3）地图学（4）遥感原理与应用（双语）（5）摄影测量基础（6）地理信息系统原理2．主干专业课程（9门）（1）误差理论与数据处理（2）航空航天数据获取（3）数字摄影测量(4)近景摄影测量(5) 遥感数字图像处理（6）激光雷达测量技术（7）微波遥感（8）城市遥感（9）卫星导航定位技术八、主要实践性教学环节1．主要实验（1）遥感数字图像处理（2）面向对象程序设计（3）可视化语言（IDL）程序设计2．主要实践环节（1）数字地形测量学实习（2）地图学实习（3）地理信息系统原理实习（4）遥感原理与应用实习（5）面向对象程序设计实习（6）数字摄影测量实习（7）近景摄影测量实习（8）遥感图像解译实习（9）遥感数字图像处理实习（10）微波遥感实习（11）摄影测量基础实习（12）卫星导航定位技术实习（13）可视化语言（IDL）程序设计实习（14）综合实习（15）毕业设计九、毕业合格标准本专业要求的毕业最低总学分为172学分，且每学期最低修读17学分。
新高考英语阅读理解限时练(含答案详解)
Building large dams can also cause earthquakes. Many people died as a result of a big earthquake caused by millions of tons of water that had been collected in a reservoir after a large dam was built over a known fault line.
Meals Allergies (过敏) Special Dietary Requlrements
Students are provided with breakfast, dinner and either a cooked or packed lunch, which includes a sandwich, a drink and a dessert. We request that you let us know of any allergies or dietary requirements and information about any medicines you take. Depending on the type of allergies or dietary requirements, extra money may be needed for providing special food.
2021届高考英语二轮复习 话题专项复习(二十)(含解析)-2021届高考英语二轮复习话题专项复
2021高考英语话题专项复习（二十）目录内容Part 1 话题相关词汇Part 2 话题相关短语Part 3 话题相关句式Part 4 话题相关写作Part 5 话题相关阅读学生默写版一：相关词汇1.电脑2. 机器3. 软件4. 技术，技巧，技能5. 设备6. 科学，自然科学7. 实验8. 研究，调查9. 工程，项目10. 因特网11. 分析12. 总结13. 创造14. 探索15. 测量16. 反射，反应17. 搜索18. 观察19. 更新，使现代化20. 使简化21. 精确地22. 数字化的23. 电子的24. 自动的25. 智能的26. 科技的27. 科学的28. 理论上的，假设的29. 轻便的，手提的30. 放射性的二：相关短语（1）1．跟上……的步伐2．产生；形成3．大规模地4．接触；面对5．取决于；符合6．降低成本7．忠于8．基于9． (被)控制住10．无法控制11．在增加12．需求大13．对……有影响14．在……中扮演角色15．供……使用16．基因技术17．对……做出贡献18．在某种程度上19．申请20．为……铺平道路21．装备有；装有22．出毛病；发生故障（2）1．随着科技的迅速发展2．网上冲浪，上网3．容易接触到4．在线聊天5．交网友6．与……保持联系7．对……产生很大影响8．起很大作用9．改变某人的生活10．得益于，从……获益11．与……有关联12．代替13．致力于14．实现15．赶上16．与……不同17．使某人能做某事18．把某事考虑进去19．手机短信20．在某方面起重要作用21．提高人们的生活质量22．对……上瘾23．分散某人的注意力24. 为治疗疾病而进行一项研究（3）1.信息技术2.电子读物3.用鼠标点击4.从网络下载信息5.成立了一个研究中心6. 进行一项研究7. 载人宇宙飞船8. 发射人造卫星9. 实现某人的梦想10. 吸引某人的注意11.各种各样高科技产品12.先进的科学技术13.改变某人的生活14.提高人类的生活质量15.赶上世界先进水平16.有很大影响，有很大差别17.使得生命有可能发展了18.能使用19.使某人能做某事20.在某方面起重要的作用21. 代替22. 与……有关联23. 得益于；从……受益24. 实现，成为现实三：相关句式1．在过去的几十年间，是医疗技术的进步使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。
西南政法大学 法律英语考试真题及答案
西南政法大学法律英语考试真题及答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Southwest University of Political Science and Law Legal English Exam Questions and AnswersPart I: Translation (20 points, 10 points each)Translate the following sentences into English:1. 我们必须遵守国际法规。
We must comply with international laws and regulations.2. 在法庭上他用英语进行了辩护。
He defended himself in English in court.3. 该条例规定了对未成年人犯罪行为的处罚。
The regulation stipulates the penalties for juvenile criminal behavior.4. 这份文件需要在截止日期之前提交。
This document needs to be submitted before the deadline.5. 该公司违反了环保法规，将面临巨额罚款。
The company will face hefty fines for violating environmental regulations.6. 他的律师成功地为他争取了辩护权。
His lawyer successfully fought for his right to defense.7. 请您签署此文件以确认接受以上条款。
Please sign this document to confirm acceptance of the above terms.8. 知识产权是一种无形资产，需要保护。
Intellectual property is an intangible asset that needs protection.9. 请尽快提供更多证据以支持您的主张。
时文阅读理解专项训练(05) 2022届高考英语三轮复习
★(一)时文摘要新冠病毒疫情的持续，通货膨胀引起的食物价格上涨，使更多的家庭陷入困境，这也让食品银行这类慈善组织的运营更加困难。
它们急需通过获取捐赠和志愿者的帮助来开展它们的正常运营，以帮助更多需要帮助的人。
阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案.Along with the bread, meat and vegetables, there’s always a lot of love at food banks. “This is my community,” said Sara Diaz, a volunteer at Growing Home, a food pantry that serves 2,000 families in a mostly Latino population in a suburb of Denver.Their average client makes about $15,000 a year, working multiple jobs to make ends meet. “Yesterday, a man said to me, ‘Is it going to be open tomorrow?’ and I said ‘Yes,’and he said, ‘Because I went to the store and I couldn’t buy bread,’” Diaz said. “You must have a heart of stone if all this doesn’t hurt you.”“Families are having to make extraordinarily hard decisions,” said Karen Fox Elwell, president and CEO of Growing Home. Right now, they’re seeing about five to seven times the amount of families that needed services than they did before the pandemic. Across the country, it’s a similar story.The need has increased 15% since the pandemic, but what’s impacting these shelves and food banks is beyond the pandemic—it’s inflation.“It is significantly driving up our costs,” said Elwell. It may come as a surprise but food banks buy the majority of their food. Nonprofits are used to operating on small budgets but inflation is putting pressure on them and their suppliers. “Pre COVID, we’re sending out $300,000 every month on food. Now, it’s almost a million dollars a month,” said Erin Pulling, president and CEO of Food Bank of the Rockies.Grocery bills, overall, increased 8.6% in February, which was the biggest jump since April 1981. “Beef prices are up 27% over one year ago, canned fruit u p 30%.” said Pulling. “Many families are struggling in many different ways, and you can’t always tell who really is in those situations,” said Elwell. Organizations like Growing Home need all the help they can get— through donations and volunteers—to continue to help as many people as possible. “This isn’t going to last forever and I know better days are coming,” said Diaz.1 . The underlined word “pantry” has the closest meaning to _______.A . storeB . chainC . communityD . bank2 . What is the condition of average clients of the food banks?A . They have the hearts of stone.B . They all have serious diseases.C . They are in great need of money.D . They like to make hard decisions.3 . What caused the shortage of foods in the food banks?A . The spread of COVID.B . The rise of the food price.C . The variety of foods.D . The lack of food shelves.4 . What will Growing Home do in the near future?A . It will try to collect more help.B . It will store more foods.C . It will lower the price of foods.D . It will identify families in real need.★(二)时文摘要分布于肯尼亚山的野生紫羚羊已不足100只，为了挽救该物种，肯尼亚设立了马温古山紫羚羊保护区，并在该保护区执行紫羚羊繁殖和再野生化计划。
人力资源(HR)专业英语
人力资源（HR）专业英语Computers and Mathematics(計算机部分) Manager of Network Administration 网絡管理經理MIS Manager 电脑部經理Project Manager 项目經理Technical Engineer 技术工程师Developmental Engineer 开開發工程师Systems Programmer 系統程序員员Administrator 局域网管理員员Operations Analyst 操作分析Computer Operator 电脑操作员Product Support Manager 产產品支持經理Computer Operations Supervisor 电脑電腦操作主管Director of InFORMation Services 信息服務主管Systems Engineer 系統工程师Hardware Engineer 硬件工程师Applications Programmer 应用軟件程序员InFORMation Analyst 信息分析LAN Systems Analyst 系統分析Statistician 統計員统计员Human Resources（人力資源部分）Director of Human Resources 人力資源总监Assistant Personnel Officer 人事助理Compensation Manager 薪酬經理Employment Consultant 招募顾问Facility Manager 后勤經理Job Placement Officer 人員配置专员Labor Relations Specialist 劳动關系专员Recruiter 招聘人員员Training Specialist 培训专员Vice-President of Human Resources 人力資源副總裁Assistant Vice-President of Human Resources 人力資源副總裁助理Personnel Manager 职员经職員經理Benefits Coordinator 员員工福利协調員调员Employer Relations Representative 员工關系代表Personnel Consultant 员工顧问Training Coordinator 培訓协调员Executive and Managerial(管理部分)Chief Executive Officer(CEO) 首席执行官Director of Operations 运運營總監营总监Vice-President 副總裁Branch Manager 部門經理Retail Store Manager 零售店經理HMO Product Manager 产品經理Operations Manager 操作經理Assistant Vice-President 副總裁助理Field Assurance Coordinator 土地担保协调员Management Consultant 管理顾问District Manager 市区經理Hospital Administrator 医院管理Import/Export Manager 进出口管理Insurance Claims Controller 保險認領管理员Program Manager 程序管理經理Insurance Coordinator 保險协调员Project Manager 项目經理Inventory Control Manager 库存管理經理Regional Manager 区域經理Chief Operations Officer(COO) 首席運營官General Manager 总经理Executive Marketing Director 市場行政总监Controller(International) 国際監管Food Service Manager 食品服務經理Production Manager 生產經理Administrator 医序保險管理Property Manager 房地產經理Claims Examiner 主考官Controller(General) 管理員员Service Manager 服務經理Manufacturing Manager 制造業經理Vending Manager 售買經理Telecommunications Manager 电信業經理Transportation Manager 运输經理Warehouse Manager 仓库經理Assistant Store Manager 商店經理助理Manager(Non-Profit and Charities) 非盈利性慈善机构管理做管理的人必备的英文单词目标mission/ objective集体目标group objective内部环境internal environment外部环境external environment计划planning组织organizing人事staffing领导leading操纵controlling步骤process原理principle方法technique经理manager总经理general manager行政人员administrator主管人员supervisor企业enterprise商业business产业industry公司company效果effectiveness效率efficiency企业家entrepreneur权利power职权authority职责responsibility科学管理scientific management现代经营管理modern operationalmanagement行为科学behavior science生产率productivity激励motivate动机motive法律law法规regulation经济体系economic system管理职能managerial function产品product服务service利润profit满意satisfaction归属affiliation尊敬esteem自我实现self-actualization人力投入human input盈余surplus收入income成本cost资本货物capital goods机器machinery设备equipment建筑building存货inventory经验法the empirical approach人际行为法the interpersonal behavior approach集体行为法the group behavior approach 协作社会系统法the cooperative social systems approach社会技术系统法the social-technical systems approach决策理论法the decision theory approach 数学法the mathematical approach系统法the systems approach随机制宜法the contingency approach管理任务法the managerial roles approach 经营法the operational approach人际关系human relation心理学psychology态度attitude压力pressure冲突conflict招聘recruit鉴定appraisal选拔select培训train报酬compensation授权delegation of authority协调coordinate业绩performance 考绩制度merit system表现behavior下级subordinate偏差deviation检验记录inspection record误工记录record of labor-hours lost销售量sales volume产品质量quality of products先进技术advanced technology顾客服务customer service策略strategy结构structure领先性primacy普遍性pervasiveness担忧fear忿恨resentment士气morale解雇layoff批发wholesale零售retail程序procedure规则rule规划program预算budget共同作用synergy大型联合企业conglomerate资源resource购买acquisition增长目标growth goal专利产品proprietary product竞争对手rival晋升promotion管理决策managerial decision商业道德business ethics有竞争力的价格competitive price供货商supplier小贩vendor利益冲突conflict of interests派生政策derivative policy开支帐户expense account批准程序approval procedure病假sick leave休假vacation工时labor-hour机时machine-hour资本支出capital outlay现金流量cash flow工资率wage rate税收率tax rate股息dividend现金状况cash position资金短缺capital shortage总预算overall budget资产负债表balance sheet可行性feasibility投入原则the commitment principle投资回报return on investment生产能力capacity to produce实际工作者practitioner最终结果end result业绩performance个人利益personal interest福利welfare 市场占有率market share创新innovation生产率productivity利润率profitability社会责任public responsibility董事会board of director组织规模size of the organization组织文化organizational culture目标管理management by objectives评价工具appraisal tool激励方法motivational techniques操纵手段control device个人价值personal worth优势strength弱点weakness机会opportunity威胁threat个人责任personal responsibility顾问counselor定量目标quantitative objective定性目标qualitative objective可考核目标verifiable objective优先priority工资表payroll策略strategy政策policy灵活性discretion多种经营diversification评估assessment一致性consistency应变策略consistency strategy公共关系public relation价值value抱负aspiration偏见prejudice审查review批准approval要紧决定major decision分公司总经理division general manager 资产组合距阵portfolio matrix明星star问号question mark现金牛cash cow赖狗dog采购procurement人口因素demographic factor地理因素geographic factor公司形象company image产品系列product line合资企业joint venture破产政策liquidation strategy紧缩政策retrenchment strategy战术tactics 追随followership 个性individuality 性格personality 安全safety 自主权latitude悲观的pessimistic静止的static乐观的optimistic动态的dynamic 灵活的flexible抵制resistance敌对antagonism折中eclectic激励motivation潜意识subconscious地位status情感affection欲望desire 压力pressure满足satisfaction自我实现的需要needs for self-actualization尊敬的需要esteem needs归属的需要affiliation needs安全的需要security needs生理的需要physiological needs维持maintenance保健hygiene激励因素motivator概率probability强化理论reinforcement theory反馈feedback奖金bonus股票期权stock option劳资纠纷labor dispute缺勤率absenteeism人员流淌turnover 奖励reward特许经营franchise热诚zeal 信心confidence鼓舞inspire要素ingredient忠诚loyalty 奉献devotion作风style 品质trait习惯性adaptability进取性aggressiveness热情enthusiasm 毅力persistence人际交往能力interpersonal skills行政管理能力administrative ability智力intelligence专制式领导autocratic leader民主式领导democratic leader自由放任式领导free-rein leader管理方格图the managerial grid工作效率work efficiency服从obedience领导行为leader behavior支持型领导supportive leadership参与型领导participative leadership指导型领导instrumental leadership成就取向型领导achievement-orientedleadership人力资源术语英汉参照1. Adaptability 习惯性2. Aligning Performance for Success 协调工作以求成功业绩3. Applied Learning 应用的知识4. Building a Successful Team 建立成功团队5. Building Customer Loyalty 对客户忠诚6. Building Partnerships 建立合作关系7. Building Strategic Working Relationships建立战略性工作关系8. Building Trust 建立互信关系9. Coaching 辅导10. Communication 沟通11. Continuous Learning 不断学习12. Contributing to Team Success 对团队成功的奉献13. Customer Focus 以客户为中心14. Decision Making 决策15. Delegating Responsibility 授权16. Developing Others 进展他人17. Drive for Results 注重实效18. Energy 精力充沛19. Facilitation Change 推动变革20. Follow-up 跟进21. Formal Presentation 专业演讲技巧22. Gaining Commitment 具有使命感23. Impact 影响力24. Information Monitoring 采集信息25. Initiating Action 主动采取行动26. Innovation 创新27. Job Fit 胜任工作28. Leading Through Mission and Values 在使命与价值的认同中的领导才能29. Managing Conflict 解决冲突30. Managing Work (Includes TimeManagement) 管理工作（时间管理）31. Meeting Leadership 会议组织能力32. Meeting Participation 分享33. Negotiation 谈判34. Planning and Organizing 编制计划与组织能力35. Quality Orientation 质量定位36. Risk Taking 勇于冒险37. Safety Awareness 安全意识38. Sales Ability / Persuasiveness 销售能力/说服能力39. Strategic Leadership / Decision Making 战略性领导/决策制定40. Stress Tolerance 压力忍耐能力41. Technical / Professional Knowledge and Skills 技术专业知识与技能42. Tenacity 坚忍不拔43. Work Standards 操作规范44. Action learning：行动学习45. Alternation ranking method：交替排序法46. Annual bonus：年终分红47. Application forms：工作申请表48. Appraisal interview：评价面试49. Aptitudes：资质50. Arbitration：仲裁51. Attendance incentive plan：参与式激励计划52. Authority：职权53. Behavior modeling：行为模拟54. Behaviorally anchored rating scale (bars)：行为锚定等级评价法55. Benchmark job：基准职位56. Benefits：福利57. Bias：个人偏见58. Boycott：联合抵制59. Bumping/layoff procedures：工作替换/临时解雇程序60. Burnout：耗竭61. Candidate-order error：候选人次序错误62. Capital accumulation program：资本积存方案63. Career anchors：职业锚64. Career cycle：职业周期65. Career planning and development：职业规划与职业进展66. Case study method：案例研究方法67. Central tendency：居中趋势68. Citations：传讯69. Civil Rights Act：民权法70. Classes：类71. Classification (or grading) method：归类（或者分级）法72. 集体谈判Comparable worth：可比价值73. Compensable factor：报酬因素74. Computerized forecast：计算机化预测75. Content validity：内容效度76. Criterion validity：效标效度77. Critical incident method：关键事件法78. Davis-Bacon Act (DBA)：戴维斯―佩根法案79. Day-to-day-collective bargaining：日常集体谈判80. Decline stage：下降阶段81. Deferred profit-sharing plan：延期利润分享计划82. Defined benefit：固定福利83. Defined contribution：固定缴款84. Department of Labor job analysis：劳工部工作分析法85. Discipline：纪律86. Dismissal：解雇；开除87. Downsizing：精简88. Early retirement window：提早退休窗口89. Economic strike：经济罢工90. Edgar Schein：艾德加·施恩91. Employee compensation：职员报酬92. Employee orientation：雇员上岗引导93. Employee Retirement Income SecurityAct (ERISA) ：雇员退休收入保障法案94. Employee services benefits：雇员服务福利95. Employee stock ownership plan(ESOP) ：雇员持股计划96. Equal Pay Act：公平工资法97. Establishment stage：确立阶段98. Exit interviews：离职面谈99. Expectancy chart：期望图表100. Experimentation：实验101. Exploration stage：探索阶段102. Fact-finder：调查103. Fair day’s wor k：公平日工作104. Fair Labor Standards Act：公平劳动标准法案105. Flexible benefits programs：弹性福利计划106. Flex place：弹性工作地点107. Flextime：弹性工作时间108. Forced distribution method：强制分布法109. Four-day workweek：每周4天工作制110. Frederick Taylor：弗雷德里克·泰罗111. Functional control：职能操纵112. Functional job analysis：功能性工作分析法name 姓名in. 英寸pen name 笔名ft. 英尺alias 别名street 街Mr. 先生road 路Miss 小姐district 区Ms （小姐或者太太）house number 门牌Mrs. 太太lane 胡同，巷age 年龄height 身高bloodtype 血型weight 体重address 地址born 生于permanent address 永久住址birthday 生日province 省birthdate 出生日期city 市birthplace 出生地点county 县home phone 住宅电话prefecture 专区office phone 办公电话autonomous region 自治区business phone办公电话nationality 民族；国籍current address 目前住址citizenship 国籍date of birth 出生日期native place 籍贯postal code 邮政编码duel citizenship 双重国籍marital status 婚姻状况family status 家庭状况married 已婚single 未婚divorced 离异separated 分居number of children 子女人数health condition 健康状况health 健康状况excellent （身体）极佳short-sighted 近视far-sighted 远视ID card 身份证date of availability 可到职时间membership会员、资格president 会长vice-president 副会长director 理事standing director 常务理事society 学会association 协会secretary-general 秘书长research society 研究会work experience 工作经历occupational history 工作经历professionalhistory 职业经历specific experience 具体经历responsibilities 职责second job 第二职业achievements 工作成就，业绩administer 管理assist 辅助adapted to 习惯于accomplish 完成（任务等）appointed 被认命的adept in 善于analyze 分析authorized 委任的；核准的behave 表现break the record 打破纪录breakthrough关键问题的解决control 操纵conduct 经营，处理cost 成本；费用create 制造demonstrate 证明，示范decrease 减少design 设计develop 开发，发挥devise 设计，发明direct 指导double 加倍，翻一番earn 获得，赚取effect 效果，作用eliminate 消除enlarge 扩大enrich 使丰富exploit 开发（资源，产品）enliven 搞活establish 设立（公司等）；使开业evaluation 估价，评价execute 实行，实施expedite 加快；促进generate 产生good at 擅长于guide 指导；操纵improve 改进，提高initiate 创始，开创innovate 改革，革新invest 投资integrate 使结合；使一体化justified 经证明的；合法化的launch 开办（新企业）maintain 保持；维修modernize 使现代化negotiate 谈判nominated 被提名；被认命的overcome 克服perfect 使完善；改善perform 执行，履行profit 利润be promoted to 被提升为be proposed as被提名（推荐）为realize 实现（目标）获得（利润）reconstruct重建recorded 记载的refine 精练，精制registered 已注册的regenerate 更新，使再生replace 接替，替换retrieve 挽回revenue 收益，收入scientific 科学的，系统的self-dependence 自力更生serve 服务，供职settle 解决（问题等）shorten 减低……效能simplify 简化，精简spread 传播，扩大standard 标准，规格supervises 监督，管理supply 供给，满足systematize 使系统化test 试验，检验well-trained 训练有素的valuable 有价值的target 目标，指标working model 劳动模范advanced worker 先进工作者education 学历educational history 学历educational background 教育程度curriculum 课程major 主修minor 副修educational highlights 课程重点部分curriculum included 课程包含specialized courses 专门课程courses taken 所学课程special training 特别训练social practice 社会实践part-time jobs 业余工作summer jobs 暑期工作vacation jobs 假期工作refresher course 进修课程extracurricularactivities 课外活动physical activities 体育活动recreational activities 娱乐活动academic activities 学术活动social activities 社会活动rewards 奖励scholarship 奖学金excellent League member 优秀团员excellent leader 优秀干部student council 学生会off-job training 脱产培训in-job training 在职培训educational system 学制cademic year 学年semester 学期（美）term 学期（英）supervisor 论文导师pass 及格fail 不及格marks 分数examination 考试degree 学位post doctorate 博士后doctor(Ph.D) 博士master 硕士bachelor 学士graduate student 研究生abroad student留学生abroad student 留学生undergraduate 大学肆业生government-supportedstudent 公费生commoner 自费生extern 走读生intern 实习生prize fellow 奖学金生boarder 寄宿生graduate 毕业生guest student 旁听生（英）auditor 旁听生（美）day-student 走读生应聘职位objective 目标position desired 希望职位job objective 工作目标employmentobjective 工作目标career objective 职业目标position sought谋求职位position wanted 希望职位position appliedfor 申请职位离职原因for more specializedwork 为更专门的工作for prospectsof promotion 为晋升的前途for higher responsibility 为更高层次的工作责任for wider experience 为扩大工作经验due to close-downof company 由于公司倒闭due to expiryof employment 由于雇用期满sought a betterjob 找到了更好的工作to seek a betterjob 找一份更好的工作业余爱好hobbies 业余爱好play the guitar 弹吉他reading 阅读play chess 下棋play 话剧long distance running 长跑play bridge 打桥牌collecting stamps 集邮play tennis 打网球jogging 慢跑sewing 缝纫travelling 旅游listening to symphony 听交响乐do some clay scultures 搞泥塑efficient 有效率的energetic 精力充沛的expressivity 善于表达faithful 守信的，忠诚的frank 直率的，真诚的generous 宽宏大量的genteel 有教养的gentle 有礼貌的humorous 有幽默impartial 公正的independent 有主见的industrious 勤奋的ingenious 有独创性的motivated 目的明确的intelligent 懂得力强的learned 熟知某门学问的logical 条理分明的methodical 有方法的modest 谦虚的objective 客观的precise 一丝不苟的punctual 严守时刻的realistic 实事求是的responsible 负责的sensible 明白事理的sporting 光明正大的steady 踏实的systematic 有系统的purposeful 意志坚强的sweet-tempered 性情温与的temperate 稳健的tireless 孜孜不倦的沟通Communication个人进展Personal Development电子学习e-Learning项目管理Project Management领导艺术Leadership团队建设Team Building管理Management商务管理类行政管理Administrative Support人力资源Human Resources商法Business Law行业Industry客户服务Customer Service知识管理Knowledge Management 电子商务e-Business市场Marketing金融/财会Finance & Accounting企业运营Operations财务服务Financial Services销售Salesable 有才干的，能干的adaptable 习惯性强的active 主动的，活跃的aggressive 有进取心的ambitious 有雄心壮志的amiable 与蔼可亲的amicable 友好的analytical 善于分析的apprehensive 有懂得力的aspiring 有志气的，有抱负的audacious 大胆的，有冒险精神的capable有能力的，有才能的careful 办理认确实candid 正直的competent 能胜任的constructive 建设性的cooperative 有合作精神的creative 富制造力的dedicated 有奉献精神的dependable 可靠的diplomatic 老练的，有策略的disciplined 守纪律的dutiful 尽职的well--educated 受过良好教育的“9.9” managers：“9.9”管理人员——即人际关系与生产关系都处理得很high的管理者，详见布莱克与莫顿的管理方格论（managerial grid），俺就不全面解释了。
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Intelligence sharing capability is the number one requirement of law enforcement agencies. NIJ Sponsored Survey of Law Enforcement Agencies …need an information sharing capability Association of Police Chiefs report to DoJ “the nation’s law enforcement community needs to be a team…focused on predictive intelligence.” Attorney General John Ashcroft Establishment of new DHS…has identified a requirement for local level intelligence fusion centers as part of national strategy
Local Database of Potential Target and Likely Threats used to Derive an Indications and Warning Process
Process: Track Indications and Early Warning of Threat Activities
Emphasis on Local level, all source information fusion center focused on deriving HLS related actionable knowledge
Field Ops
CIAP Ops Center Products: Planning Tools Advisories Alerts Bulletins
Conduct Detailed, Multi-Disciplined Assessment of Reports by comparing to Threat Models Actual Situation Assessment Compared to Predicted Events Identify Deviations and Update Assessment
Vulnerability Analysis and Threat Assessment Concept Active Citizen Program Indications and Warning/Situation Awareness Concept
Domestic Emergency Response Information Service (DERIS)
Define Specific Information Requirements (SIR) Define Named Areas of Interest NAI
NAI
Correlate SIR, NAI with Reporting Source Open Reporting Channels using Information Awareness (IA) Net Plot, Record, Correlate and Assess Incoming Reports employing IA Database and Geospatial Information System (GIS) Display
Civil Information Awareness Program (CIAP)
Linking Federal, State and Local Law Enforcement within a Total Information Awareness Grid
CIAP Overview
Emphasis on Local level, all source information fusion center focused on deriving HLS related actionable knowledge Conduct Critical Infrastructure Vulnerability Analysis and Threat Assessments Track Indications and Early Warning of Threat Activities Provide on-going net-assessment and Threat Situation Awareness Collaboration Link between Federal & State Information Centers and local LEA
Technologies
CIAP Portal Applications
Incident Management GIS Reporting Chat Video
VTC Virtual EOC San Diego Enterprise Portal
GIS Work Flow Engine Advanced Terabyte Search Engine
Burning Man Event
Burning Man Event held annually Spontaneous community of 25,000 people gathering to explore social phenomena CIAP involvement
Established robust collaboration network in an austere environment Employed DERIS portal tools as primary means for receiving, archiving and disseminating emergency management essential elements of information Over four day period, implemented complex cultural analysis focused on the dynamics of an emergent community
Critical Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment Local level Information Coordination and Dissemination Centers
The Technology Needed to Share Information is Already Here
BIO Chem Explosives
Disseminate Alerts, Advisories or Bulletins as Appropriate Update Rapid Response References as Appropriate
RDD HAZMAT Cyber
Response Personnel Constant Awareness of Threat Situation
National Information Awareness Grid that Emphasizes Local Requirements
Proof of Concept
Domestic Emergency Response Information Service (DERIS) March, 2002 Burning Man, August, 2002 Super Bowl XXXVII, January, 2003
Full Spectrum Analysis and Production *Vulnerabilities *Indications and Warning *Situation Awareness
Requirements
“Through joint planning, clear communication, comprehensive coordination, mutual aid at all levels and increased information sharing, America ’s first responders can be trained and equipped to save lives in the event of a terrorist attack. President Bush,
Process: Conduct Critical Infrastructure Vulnerability Analysis and Threat Assessments
Identify Potential Targets Site surveys Define the site’s characterizations Evaluate the site’s physical security posture Evaluate Threats and Prepare Threat Models Correlate Threat to Vulnerabilities Define Indications and Early Warning Criteria Prepare Rapid Response Reference Products
Open Source Data Citizen Information Knowledge
All Source Reporting
What’s happening
Context
Decision Support
Federal Info Products Local Operational Area