国际法复习资料

国际法Chapt er 1 Intr oductionNam e of Int ernational Law 国际法的名称Jus gentium万民法the law of nations 万国法Int ernational law 国际法public int ernatio nal law 国际公共法the natur e of int ernatio nal law 国际法的性质Feat ur es of int ernational law 国际法的特征1. Subject s. 主体St at es ar e t he m os t impo rtant subject s 国家是最重要的主体2. Sour ces. 渊源It s m ain sour ces ar e agr eem ent s am ong s t at es. 最主要的渊源是国际条约3. Object s. 对象It is m ainly concerned with governing t he r elations between, and t he conduct of ,s t at es. 主要涉及国家之间的关系4. The enfo r cem ent of int e rnatio nal law. 国际法的执行Int ernatio nal law is enfo r ced t hrough the Unit ed Nations and t he Int ernational Court Jus t ice. The r ole o f self-help, eit her thr ough diplo m atic m eans o r t he use of arm ed fo r ce in self-defence, should no t be under es tim ated. 国际法是执行通过联合国和国际法院的法官。

作用的自助，要么通过外交途径或使用武力自卫，不应低估。

Theories of Int ernational Law 国际法学说Nat u r alis t s 自然法学派Positivis t s 实在法学派Gr o tians 格老秀斯法学派New nat uralis t s 新自然法学派New positivis t s 新实在法学派The r elation bet ween int ernational and m unicipal law (dom es t ic law / national law) 国际法和城市法的联系(国内法)Monis m一元论1) 国内法优先说t he supr em acy of natio nal law ------do m es tic law pr evailing over Internatio nal law supr em acy至上2) 国际法优先说the supr em acy of int e rnatio nal law---- Int ernatio nal law pr evailing over do m es t ic lawDualis m二元论the conflict s between international law and national law国际法和国内法的冲突Chapt er 2Sour ces and Codification of Int ernational Law国际法的渊源和编纂The m ain sour ces of int ernational law 国际法的主要渊源1 、Treaties 条约2、Cus t o m s 习惯3、Gener al Pr inciples of Law 一般法律原则4、Judicial Decisions 司法判例5、t he Teachings of Publicis t 教义公关6、Other Possible Sour ces 其它渊源Codificat ion of int ernational law 国际法的编纂the Int ernatio nal law co mmission 国际法委员会pr ogr essive development 逐渐发展codification 编纂Chapt er 3The Fundam ent al Pr inciples of Int ernational Law国际法的基本原则The UN Principles 联合国的原则The Fundam ent al Pr inciples of Int ernational Law 国际法的基本原则The Basic principles of int ernatio nal law 国际法的基本原则1、The principle of sovereign equality of St at es 主权平等原则2、The Principle of Equal Right s and Self-determinatio n of Peoples 权利平等原则和人民自决原则.3、The principle t hat St at es shall r efrain in t heir international relations fr o m t he thr eat o r use of fo r ce agains t t he t errito rial int egrity o r political independence of any St at e, o r in any o t her m anne r inco nsis t ent with t he pur poses of t he United Nations. 各国在其国际关系上不得使用威胁或武力的领土完整或政治独立的任何国家，或以任何其他方式不符合联合国宗旨原则.4、The principle t hat St at es shall settle their int e rnatio nal disput es by peaceful m eans in such a m anner that internatio nal peace and security and jus t ice ar e no t endanger ed.各国应通过和平手段解决国际争端的方式，国际和平与安全和正义不是濒危原则.5、non-int erventio n----The duty no t t o intervene in m att ers within the do m es tic jurisdiction of any St at e, in acco r dance with t he Chart er.干预----不干涉事项属于任何国家国内管辖，依照宪章6、The duty of St at es t o co-o per at e with one ano t her in acco rdance withthe Chart er各国有责任互相配合,依照宪章7、The principle t hat St at es shall fulfill in good f aith t he obligations assum ed by t hem in acco r dance with t he Chart er国家应真诚履行所承担的义务原则.Five Principles of Peaceful Coexist ence 和平共处五项原则1、m utual r espect fo r t errito rial int egrity and sover eignty 互相尊重领土主权完整原则2、m utual non-aggression 互不侵犯原则3、non-int erference in each other's int ernal affair s 互不干涉内政原则4、equality and m utual benefit 平等互利原则5、peaceful coexis t ence 和平共处原则Chapt er 4Subject s of Int ernational Law国际法的主体A subject of international law m us t have int e rnatio nal per sonality, it mus t be of possessing internatio nal r ight s and perfo rm international obligations band, as a consequence, m us t have t he capacity t o m aint ain such right s by bring int ernatio nal claim s. 国际法的主体必须具有国际人格，它必须拥有国际权利和履行国际义务，因此，必须有能力维护其权利提出国际索赔.The subject s of int ernational law 国际法的主体St at es----the Fundament al Subject s of International Law 国家---国际法的基本主体Int ernational Or ganizat ions----the Impo rt ant Subject s of Int ernational Law 重要的国际组织---国际法的主体Ot her non-s t ate Act o r s(Insurgent s and r ebel gr oups；National liber atio n m ovem ents)其他非国家行为者（叛乱和反叛团体；民族解放运动）Individuals----个人的Recognition in Int ernational law 国际法的承认Recognition of s tat es 承认的国家Independence 独立；uniting 合并；separ atio n 分离；disintegr atio n 分立/解体。

The t heo r etical issue 理论问题The cons titutive theo ry 本构理论The declar at o ry theo ry 宣告式理论Recognition of government s 政府的承认expr ess r ecognitio n 明示承认implied r ecognitio n 默示承认recognitio n de jure法律上的承认recognitio n de facto事实上的承认Nonrecognitio n 不承认Succession in Int ernational law 国际法上的继承St at e succession 国家继承Government succession 政府继承Succession of int ernatio nal o r ganizat io n 国际组织继承the clean slat e r ule白板规则the principal of non-liability fo r "odious debt s" 恶债不予继承原则Chapt er 5St at es in Int ernational Law国际法上的国家Elem ent s of St at es 国家的条件a permanent population 常住人口a defined t errit o ry 确定的领土an effect ive government有效的政府sover eignty and self-det e rminatio n 主权和自决The s t at e as a per son of int e rnatio nal law should possess the following qualifications:国家作为一个国际法应当具备下列条件：(a) a permanent population;常住人口(b) a defined t errit o ry; 确定的领土(c) government;政府(d) capacity t o enter int o r elations with t he o t her st at es.有外交能力Cat egor ies of St at es 国家的种类unit ary s t at e 单一国co m posit e s t at es 复合国feder atio n 联邦confeder ation 邦联independent s t at e 独立国dependent st at e 附属国vassal s t at e 附庸国pr o t ect ed s t at e 被保护国neutr alized s t at e 永久中立国Fundam ental Right s of St at es 国家的基本权利1. r ight of independence 独立权2. r ight of equality 平等权3. r ight of self-defence 自卫权4. r ight of jurisdiction 管辖权St at es Jurisdict ion 国家管辖t e rrit o rial jurisdictio n 领土管辖per sonal / n ationality jurisdiction 人口/国际管辖pr o t ective / secur ity jurisdiction 保护/安全管辖univer sal jurisdiction 普遍管辖Jur isdict ional Immunities of St at es and t heir Pr operty 国家及其财产的管辖豁免st at e jurisdictional immunity 国家管辖豁免st at e immunity 国家豁免sover eign immunity 主权豁免Par in par em imperium non habet 平等者之间无统治权waiver of st at e immunity 放弃国家豁免st at es waive s t at e immunity by m et hod 国家放弃国家豁免的方法expr ess m ethod (by tr eaties o r r elevant agr eem ent s) 表示方法（条约或协议）implied m ethod (by bringing a lawsuit) 暗示法（通过起诉）an explicit waiver明示放弃an implicit waiver默示放弃Unit ed Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of St at es and their Pr o perty 联合国关于国家及财产的豁免Cont ent内容Part I - Introduction 导言Part II - Gener al principles 一般原则Part III - Pr oceedings in which St at e immunity canno t be invoked 不得援引国家豁免的诉讼Part IV -St ate immunity fr o m measur es of cons tr aint in connection with pr oceedings befo r e a court在法院诉讼中免于强制措施的国家豁免Part V -Miscellaneous pr ovisions 杂项规定Part VI -Final clauses 最后条款Pr oceedings in which St at e immunity canno t be invoked 诉讼中的国家豁免不能调用1、Co mm ercial tr ansact ions 商业交易2、Contract s of employment雇佣合同3、Per sonal injuries and dam age t o pr operty 人身伤害和财产损害4、Owner ship, possession and use of pr operty 财产的所有占有和使用5、Int ellect ual and indus trial pr operty 知识产权和工业产权6、Participation in co mpanies o r o t her collective bodies 参加公司或其他集体机构7、Ships owned o r oper ated by a St at e 国家拥有或经营的船舶8、Effect of an ar bitr atio n agr eem ent 仲裁协定的效果St at e immunity fr o m m easur es of constr aint in connection wit h pr oceedings befor e a court 在法院诉讼中免于强制措施的国家豁免St at e immunity fr o m pr e-judgm ent m easur es of cons tr aint 免于判决前的强制措施St at e immunity fro m pos t-judgm ent measur es of cons tr aint 免于判决后的强制措施Chapt er 6Territ o ry of Int ernational Law国际法上的领土St at e Territ o ry 国家领土Territ o rial sover eignty 领土主权1. t errit o rial t itle /t itle t o t errit o ry 领土所有权2. t errit o rial jurisdiction 领土管辖权3. t errit o rial int egrity -----Invio lability of t errit o rial sover eignty and int egrity 领土完整权---不可侵犯领土主权完整Condo minium共管leases /l eased t errit o ry 租借spher es of influence 势力范围int ernatio nal servitude 国际地役Constit ution of St at e Territ o ry 宪法对国家版图land t errito ry 陆地领土t e rrit o rial wat er s(int ernal wat er s; canal;lake and internal sea) 领海（内水、内海）t e rrit o rial air space 领空t e rrit o rial sub-soil----sub-soil under t he t errit o rial land and wat er领土底土----亚领土和水下Acquisit ion and Loss of Territo ry 领土的取得与丧失occupation of t erra nullius 先占pr escr iption时效accr etion 添附cession 割让conques t annexatio n 征服self-det erminatio n of peoples 民族自决refer endum全民公决/公民投票exchange of t errit o ry 交换土地reoccupat io n of lost t errito ry 收复失地st at e boundary 国家边界The co mm o n heritage of m ankind 人类共同遗产Chapt er 7Individuals in Int ernational Law国际法上的人Nat ionality 国籍acquisition of nationality 取得国籍acquisition by birth 出生地取得Jus sanguinis doctrine / blood lineage doctrine 血统主义原则Jus soli / birth place doctrine 出生地主义原则acquisition by nat u r alizat io n 出生地的规划loss of nationality 国籍的丧失conflict of nationalities 国籍的冲突positive conflict 正面冲突negative conflict 消极冲突Legal St at us of For eigner s 外国人的法律地位Entry、r esidence 、exit进入、居住及离开Treatm ent of fo r eigner s 外国人处理diplo m atic pr o t ectio n 外交保护Extradition and Asylum引渡和庇护Extradition 引渡Principle of identity(dual cr iminality) 相同原则principle of specialty 罪行特定原则principle of no nextraditio n of political offender s 政治犯不引渡原则principle of no nextraditio n of nationals 本国国民不引渡原则Asylum庇护t e rrit o rial asylu m领土庇护extrat errit o rial asylum域外庇护diplo m atic asylu m外交庇护Refugees in Int ernational Law 国际法上的难民Convention r elating t o t he St at us of Refugees 难民地位公约Pr o t ocol Relating t o t he St at us of Refugees 关于难民地位的议定书Article 1.•Definitio n of the term "r efugee" 难民的定义• A. Fo r t he pur poses of t he pr esent Convention, t he t erm "r efugee"shall apply t o any per son who: 难民适用于任何人(1) H as been consider ed a r efugee under t he Arrangem ent s of 12 May 1926and 30 June 1928 o r under the Conventio ns of 28 Oct ober1933 and 10 February 1938, the Pr o t ocol of 14 一直被视为一个难民的安排下1926年5月12日和1928年6月30日公约1933年10月28日和1938年2月10日，该协议14•Sept ember 1939 o r t he Cons t itutio n of the Int ernatio nal Refugee Or ganization; Decisions of non-eligibility t aken by t he Int ernational Refugee O r ganizat ion during t he period of it s activities shall no t pr event t he s t atus of r efugee being acco r ded t o per sons who fulfill t he conditions of par agraph 2 of t his section; 1933年9月或国际难民组织章程；决定non-eligibility由国际难民组织在此期间的活动不应妨碍难民地位给予人满足条件2段的部分•(2) As a r esult of event s occurring befo r e 1 January 1951 and owing t o well-founded fear of being per secut ed fo r r easons of r ace, religion, nat ionality, m ember ship of a particular social gr oup o r political opinio n, is out side t he country of his nationality and is unable o r, owing t o such fear, is unwilling t o avail him self of t he pr o t ection of t hat country; o r who, n o t having a nationality and being out side t he country of his fo rmer habitual r esidence as a result of such event s, is unable o r, owing t o such fear, is unwilling t o r et urn t o it.由于事件发生前1一月1951，由于有理由害怕受到迫害为理由，种族，宗教，国籍，某个特定的社会团体或政治观点，是国家外国籍和无力或，由于这种担心，不愿意利用自己的保护，国家；或谁，没有一个民族和国家以外的原惯常居所作为这样的事件，或是无法，由于这种担心，不愿意返回到它Individual Responsibility 个人责任Chapt er 8The Law of St at e Responsibility国家责任法St at e Responsibility 国家责任Responsibility of St at e 国家责任Int ernational Responsibility of St at e 国际责任的国家Every int ernatio nally wr o ngful act of a St at e ent ails t he country's int ernatio nal r esponsibility.每个国际不法行为的国家的国际责任Elem ent s of an int ernationally wr ongful act of a St at e 国际不法行为的种类Ther e is an int ernatio nally wr o ngful act of a St at e when co nduct consis t ing of an action o r o mission: 国际不法行为产生时，行为组成的行动或遗漏(a) Is attributable t o the St a t e under int e rnatio nal law;原因是国际根据国际法(b) Cons titut es a br each of an int ernatio nal obligation of t he St at e.构成违返国际义务的国家Attribution of conduct t o a St at e 行为可归于国家而成为国家行为Conduct of o r gans of a St at e 国家机关的行为Conduct of per sons o r entities exer cising elem ent s of governm ental aut ho rity 行使政府权力要素的个人或实体的行为Conduct of o r gans placed at t he disposal of a St at e by ano ther St at e 交由一国支配的机关的行为Excess of aut ho rity o r contraventio n of ins tructio ns 越权或违背指示的行为Conduct of an insurrectional o r o t her mo vem ent叛乱运动或其他运动的行为Conduct acknowledged and adopt ed by a St at e as it s own 经一国确认并当作其本身行为的行为Responsibility of a St at e in connect ion wit h t he act of anot her St at e 一国对另一国不法行为的责任Aid o r assis t ance in the co mmission of an int ernatio nally wr o ngful act 援助或协助实施一国际不法行为Direction and contro l exer cised over the co mmission of an int ernatio nally wr o ngful ac t指挥或控制一国际不法行为的实施Coer cion of ano t her St at e 胁迫另一国Cir cum s t ances Pr ecluding Wr ongfulness of Conduct解除行为不法性的情况1．Consent同意2．self-defense 自卫3．Countermeasur es 反措施4．fo r ce m ajeur e 不可抗力5．Dis tress 危难6．Necessity 危急情况Fo rm s of St at e ResponsibilityContinued duty of perfo rm ance 继续履行Cessation and non-repetition 停止和不重复Repar atio n 赔偿Restitutio n 恢复原状co m pensation 补偿Satisfaction 抵偿Invocat ion of t he r esponsibility of a St at e 国家责任的援引Count e rm easur es 对策Terminatio n of countermeasur es 终止反措施Count e rm easur es shall be t erminat ed as soon as t he r esponsible St at e has co mplied with it s obligations under part t wo in r elation t o t he int ernatio nally wr o ngful act . 对策应尽快终止责任国遵守其义务，在第二部分有关的国际不法行为。