资产组合理论2

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资产组合原理练习试卷2(题后含答案及解析)

资产组合原理练习试卷2(题后含答案及解析)

资产组合原理练习试卷2(题后含答案及解析) 题型有:1.1.关于表中无风险资产的标准差和相关系数以及β值,说法正确的是( )A.无风险资产的标准差以及与市场组合的相关系数均为0B.无风险资产的标准差以及与市场组合的相关系数均为1C.无风险资产的标准差以及β值均为0D.无风险资产的标准差以及β值均为1正确答案:A 涉及知识点:资产组合原理2.可以计算出市场组合的收益率为( )A.0.1245B.0.1445C.0.1625D.0.1875正确答案:C 涉及知识点:资产组合原理3.无风险资产收益率为( )A.0.075B.0.055C.0.04D.0.0375正确答案:D 涉及知识点:资产组合原理4.关于表中市场组合的相关系数说法正确的是( )A.市场组合的相关系数为-1B.市场组合的相关系数为0C.市场组合的相关系数为0.5D.市场组合的相关系数为1正确答案:D 涉及知识点:资产组合原理5.关于表中市场组合的β值,正确的是( )A.市场组合的β值为-1B.市场组合的β值为0C.市场组合的β值为1D.市场组合的β值为2正确答案:C 涉及知识点:资产组合原理6.利用β的定值公式,可以得到A股票的标准差为( )A.0.1B.0.2C.0.3D.0.4正确答案:B 涉及知识点:资产组合原理7.计算出B股票与市场组合的相关系数为( )A.0.3B.0.4C.0.6D.0.8正确答案:C 涉及知识点:资产组合原理8.C股票的β值和标准差分别为( )A.0.1B.0.2C.0.25D.0.5正确答案:D 涉及知识点:资产组合原理9.C股票的标准差为( )A.0.1B.0.25C.0.5D.0.75正确答案:B 涉及知识点:资产组合原理10.下列关于证券的风险分散能力,说法错误的是( )A.两个证券之间ρ值的绝对值越大,组合的风险分散能力越差B.两个证券之间ρ值为-1时,组合的风险分散能力越大C.两个证券之间ρ值为1时,组合的风险分散能力越大D.两个证券之间ρ值为0时,两证券之间不存在线性相关性正确答案:C 涉及知识点:资产组合原理11.在资产组合和资产定价理论中,通常用β值和标准差来衡量风险。

投资学中的资产组合理论

投资学中的资产组合理论

投资学中的资产组合理论投资学是研究投资行为和投资决策的学科,而资产组合理论是投资学中的重要理论之一。

资产组合理论旨在通过合理配置不同资产,以达到最佳的投资组合,实现风险和收益的平衡。

一、资产组合理论的基本原理资产组合理论的核心思想是通过将资金分散投资于不同的资产类别,降低投资风险,提高收益。

这是因为不同的资产类别具有不同的风险和收益特征,通过组合投资可以平衡不同资产的风险和收益,降低整体投资风险。

资产组合理论的基本原理包括以下几点:1. 分散投资:将资金分散投资于不同的资产类别,如股票、债券、房地产等,以降低投资风险。

当某一资产表现不佳时,其他资产可能表现良好,从而实现风险的分散。

2. 风险与收益的权衡:投资者在选择资产组合时,需权衡风险和收益。

通常情况下,高风险资产具有高收益潜力,而低风险资产则收益相对较低。

投资者需根据自身风险承受能力和投资目标来确定合适的资产配置比例。

3. 投资者偏好:资产组合理论认为投资者有不同的风险偏好和收益要求。

有些投资者偏好高收益高风险的资产,而有些投资者则更倾向于低风险低收益的资产。

因此,投资者的风险偏好是资产组合构建的重要考量因素。

二、资产组合构建的方法资产组合构建的方法有多种,常见的方法包括:1. 最小方差组合:这是资产组合理论中最经典的方法之一。

最小方差组合是指在给定风险水平下,使投资组合的方差最小化。

通过对不同资产的权重进行调整,可以找到最佳的投资组合,以实现风险和收益的平衡。

2. 马科维茨均值方差模型:这是一种基于投资组合风险与收益之间的权衡关系的建模方法。

该模型将投资组合的收益率和方差作为评价指标,通过优化模型中的参数,找到最佳的投资组合。

3. 市场组合理论:市场组合理论认为,市场上的投资组合是最佳的组合,因为市场上的投资者都是理性的,他们会选择最佳的资产配置比例。

因此,投资者可以通过购买市场上的指数基金等方式,间接获得市场组合的收益。

三、资产组合理论的应用资产组合理论在实际投资中具有广泛的应用。

资产组合平衡理论

资产组合平衡理论
第十一章 汇率决定理论 第 14 讲 资产组合平衡理论
国际经济学
主讲教师:张文科
11-14 资产组合平衡理论
第 14 讲 资产组合平衡理论
1.资产组合平衡模型 2.短期均衡汇率的决定 3.长期均衡汇率的决定
国际经济学
主讲教师:张文科
11-14 资产组合平衡理论
1.资产组合平衡模型
假设一国私人部门的财富分解为三 种形式:本国货币M,本国债券B,外国 债券F。则该投资者总财富为W,有:
11-14 资产组合平衡理论
1.资产组合 2.短期均衡 3.长期均衡 4.经常项目均衡 5.宏观均衡
本讲分析方法
本讲关键词
1.数量分析 2.均衡分析 3.宏观分析
国际经济学 主讲教师:张文科
11-14 资产组合平衡理论
本讲思考问题:
➢ 资产市场汇率决定的基本思想是什么? ➢ 长期均衡汇率的含义是什么? ➢ 资产组合平衡分析法有何意义与价值?
W = M + B + e×F 式中,e为直接标价法的汇率。上 式两边同除W ,说明该投资者资产组合 总权重为1。
国际经济学 主讲教师:张文科
11-14 资产组合平衡理论
资产组合公式变化为: M/W + B/W + e×F/ W = 1 该式说明在财富一定的条件下,增
加一种财富的需求,必然会减少对另外 一种财富的需求。而对于某种财富的需 求取决于该资产的收益率高低。
国际经济学
主讲教师:张文科
国际经济学
谢 谢!
本式表明,对国内外债券的需求不 变的情况下,国内外债券的相对价格就 是该两国货币的汇率。
这就是资产市场决定汇率的基本思 想,即汇率由资产市场上国内外债券的 相对价格所确定。

第三章-资产组合理论和资本资产定价模型

第三章-资产组合理论和资本资产定价模型

❖ 证券市场线(SML): Sharpe, Mossin,Lintner,
在以β系数为横轴、期望收益率为纵轴的坐标中 CAPM方程表示的线性关系线即为SML
❖ 命题:若市场投资组合是有效的,则任一资产i的期 望收益满足
ri rf im 2 m ( rm-rf) =rf ( i rm-rf)
❖ 新华公司股票的β系数为1.2,无风险收益率为5%,市场上所有股票的平 均收益率为9%,则该公司股票的必要收益率应为( )。 (A) 9% (B) 9.8% (C) 10.5% (D) 11.2%
❖ (2)投资者要求收益最大化并且厌恶风险, 即投资者是理性的。
❖ (3)投资者的投资为单一投资期,多期投资 是单期投资的不断重复。
二、组合的可行集和有效集
❖ 可行集:资产组合的机会集合,即资产可构造出的
所有组合的期望收益和方差。
❖ 有效组合:给定风险水平下的具有最高收益的组合 或者给定收益水平下具有最小风险的组合。每一个 组合代表一个点。
其它所有的可能情况都在这两个边界之
中。
❖ 如某投资组合由收益呈完全负相关的两只股票构成,则( ) 。 (A) 该组合不能抵销任何非系统风险 (B) 该组合的风险收益为零 (C) 该组合的非系统性风险能完全抵销 (D) 该组合的投资收益为50%
❖ 正确答案:c
❖ 解析:把投资收益呈负相关的证券放在一起组合。一种股票的 收益上升而另一种股票的收益下降的两种股票,称为负相关股 票。投资于两只呈完全负相关的股票,该组合投资的非系统性 风险能完全抵销。
三、资产组合选择的两个阶段
❖ 资产选择决策阶段:在众多的风险证券中选 择适当的风险资产构成资产组合。
❖ 资产配置决策阶段:考虑资金在无风险资产 和风险资产组合之间的分配。

资产组合管理(二)_真题-无答案

资产组合管理(二)_真题-无答案

资产组合管理(二)(总分54,考试时间90分钟)单项选择题1. Stock A has a standard deviation of O. 5 and Stock B has a standard deviation of 0.3. Stock A and Stock B are perfectly positively correlated. According to Markowitz portfolio theory how much should be invested in each stock to minimize the portfolio"s standard deviation?A. 100% in StockA. B. 50% in Stock A and 50% in Stock B.B. 100% in StockC.2. Adding a stock to a portfolio will reduce the risk of the portfolio if the correlation coefficient is less than which of the following?A. +0.50.B. 0.00.C. +1.00.3. An analyst believes that EFG will pay a $1 dividend a year from now, and will be priced at $23 per share immediately following the dividend. The risk-free rate is 4%, and the analyst forecasts an expected market return of 12%. EFG has a beta of 0.75 and a current price of $ 22.Based on this information:A. EFG is overvalued.B. EFG is undervalued.C. EFG is fairly priced.4. Consider a stock selling for $ 23 that is expected to increase in price to $ 27 by the end of the year and pay a $ 0.50 dividend. If the risk-free rate is 4 percent, the expected return on the market is 8.5 percent, and the stock"s beta is 1.9, what is the current valuation of the stock?The stock:A. is overvalued.B. is undervalued.C. is correctly valued.5. With respect to the security market line, if two risky assets have the same covariance with the market portfolio but have different estimated rates of return, the most accurate conclusion is that the two risky assets have:A. the same amount of systematic risk, and both assets are properly valued.B. different amount of systematic risk, and both assets are properly valued.C. The same amount of systematic risk, and at least one of the assets is either overvalued or undervalued.6. The risk-free rate is 5% and the expected market risk premium is 10%. A portfolio manager is projecting a return of 20% on a portfolio with a beta of 1.5. After adjusting for risk, this portfolio is expected to:A. equal the market"s performance.B. outperform the market.C. underperform the market.7. The statistics for three stocks A, B, and C are shown below. Based only on the information provided, and given a choice between portfolios of equal amounts of stock A and B or B and C, Correlation of ReturnsStock A B CA 1.00 0.90 0.50B 1.00 0.10C 1.00Standard Deviation of ReturnsStock A BS"dev 0.40 0.20 0.40which portfolio you would recommend?A. AB.B. BC.C. AC.8. An investor is evaluating the following possible portfolios. Which of the following portfolios would not lie on the efficient frontier? PortfolioExpected Return Standard DeviationA 26% 28%B 23% 34%C 14% 23%D 18% 14%E 11% 8%F 18% 16%A. C, D, and E.B. A, E, and F.C. B, C, and F.9. Which of the following types of risk are essentially the same?A. Market risk and unsystematic risk.B. Total risk and the variance of returns.C. Undiversifiable risk and unsystematic risk.10. Which of the following assumptions associated with the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), when relaxed, will be least likely to result in turning the security market line (SML) into a band rather than a line?A. No transaction costs.B. Equal borrowing and lending rates.C. Homogeneous expectations.11. The particular portfolio on the efficient frontier that best suits an individual investor is determined by:A. the individual"s asset allocation plan.B. the beta of the market at that particular time.C. the individual"s utility curve.12. Rank, from highest to lowest, the following investors by their most likely capacity to tolerate risk. Age Marital StatusChildren Net Worth Annual IncomeInvestor A 50 Widowed 0 $4 million $ 50000Investor B 30 Married 1 $4 million $ 100000Investor C 70 Married 0 $1 million $ 30000Investor D 50 Married 2 $1 million $ 50000A. C, D,A,B. B. B, D,A,B.C. B, A, D, C.13. Empirical evidence suggests that the security market line (SML) does not maintain a constant slope or intercept across time, creating valuation issues for securities analysts and portfolio managers. Which of the following will cause the slope of the SML to change or cause a shift in the SML?Change in Slope Shift in SML①A. An increase in expected inflation A decrease in real growth②B. A decrease in real growth An increase in the market risk premium③C. An increase in the market risk premium Unexpected growth of the money supplyA. ①B. ②C. ③14. The Objectives part of the investment policy statement serves to:A. set out what the invested money will be used for.B. establish the benchmarks to be used in evaluating performance of the investments.C. express the expected risk and return for the invested capital.15. An investor has identified the following possible portfolios. Which portfolio lies to the right of the efficient frontier? Portfolio Expected Return Standard DeviationA 18% 35%B 14% 20%C 13% 24%A. A.B. C.C. B.16. The market portfolio in the Capital Market Theory contains which types of investments?A. All risky assets in existence.B. All risky and risk-free assets in existence.C. All stocks and bonds in existence.17. According to the Markowitz model of portfolio risk, any portfolio with 10 securities would require estimation of a total of:A. 10 variance and 45 unique covariance statistics.B. 100 unique variance or covariance statistics.C. 50 unique variance or covariance statistics.18. Using the Markowitz model, calculation of the portfolio standard deviation does not require the:A. Expected rate of return on the market portfolio.B. Variance of each individual asset in the portfolio.C. Weight of each individual asset in the portfolio, where the weight is determined by the portfolio value.19. An analyst gathered the following information about stock A and the market index: Estimated future rate of retum for stock A 16%Covariance of stock Awith the market index 600.0standard deviation of the market index 20.0Risk-free rate of retum 5%Yield of zero coupon Treasury bond 6%Expected future rate of return for the market index 13%Based only on the information above, the analyst"s most appropriate conclusion is that the stock is:A. overvalued because the required rate of return for the stock is 15.5%.B. overvalued because the required rate of return for the stock is 17.0%.C. undervalued because the required rate of return for the stock is 15.5%.20. An investor in a high tax bracket would typically:A. invests in income producing securities.B. prefers capital gains to income.C. has a lower tolerance for risk.21. Generally speaking, the factor that best explains a portfolio"s level of return and variation in return over time can be explained by:A. target asset allocation decision.B. investment manager"s skill with respect to market timing.C. investment manager"s skill with respect to security selection.22. What are the added types of risks involved with global investing?A. currency risk and inflation riskB. currency risk and country riskC. country risk and political risk23. Securities A and B have forecasted returns of 14% and 18% over the next 12 months. During the same period, the market (M) is expected to generate returns of 16%. The risk-free rate is 6% , and β = 1.1. The forecasted price for next year for security A is $ 60. According to the CAPM, what should A sell for today?A. $51.72.B. $54.05.C. $51.28.24. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a portfolio located on the efficient frontier?A. the portfolio offers the highest possible return for its level of standard deviation.B. the portfolio offers the highest possible risk for its level of return.C. the portfolio offers the lowest possible risk for its level of return.25. Which of the following statements about the importance of risk and return in the investment objective is least accurate?A. The investor"s risk tolerance is likely to determine what level of return will be feasible.B. Expressing investment goals in terms of risk is more appropriate than expressing goals in terms of return.C. Expressing investment objectives only in terms of return can lead to inappropriate investments.26. An analyst gathered the following data on Stock A and Stock B: ScenarioProbability Stock A"s returnStock B"s return1 0.5 0.30 0.1502 0.5 0.15 0.075What is the covariance between the returns of Stock A and Stock B?A. 0.0076.B. 0.0028.C. 0.0876.27. Portfolio managers at Goodwin & Associates believe they can significantly alter the risk/return profile of their risky portfolios by allocating a portion of available funds to the risk-free asset. Which of the following statements correctly assesses the effect of combining the risk-free asset with a risky portfolio? Adding the risk-free asset will:A. decrease portfolio standard deviation due to its positive correlation with risky assets.B. decrease portfolio standard deviation because it is uncorrelated with risky assets.C. decrease portfolio standard deviation due to its negative correlation with risky assets.28. An analyst gathers the following data about the returns for three stocks.Stock A Stock B Stock C E(R) 0.04 0.09 0.11σ 2 0.0025 0.00640.0081CovAB = 0.001, ρBC = 0.60The correlation coefficient between the returns of Stock A and Stock B ( ρAB ) and the covariance between the returns of Stock B and C (CovBC) are closest to:ρAB CovBC①A. 0.01 0.002②B. 0.01 0.004③C. 0.25 0.004A. ①B. ②C. ③29. Both Portfolio X and Portfolio Y are well-diversified. The risk-free rate is 8 percent, and the return for the marker is 16 percent, that is:Portfolio Expected Return BetaX 16% 1.00Y 12% 0.25In this situation, which of the following Correlation of Returns about Portfolio X and Portfolio Y is true?Portfolio X Portfolio Y①A. overvalued properly valued②B. properly valued undervalued③C. undervalued properly valuedA. ①B. ②C. ③30. While assessing an investor"s risk tolerance, a financial adviser is least likely to ask which of the following questions?A. "How old are you?"B. "What rate of investment return do you expect?"C. "How much insurance coverage do you have?"31. Which of the following statements concerning the security market line (SML) and the capital market line (CML) is true?A. All portfolios are expected to lie on the CML.B. All securities are expected to lie on the CML.C. All securities are expected to lie on the SML.32. In the policy statement for a young person, which of the following characterizations might be most appropriate?A. high risk.B. high liquidity.C. high cash payout.33. When an investor can borrow and invest at the risk-free rate, which of the following statements is least likely valid?A. The capital market line (CML) is straight.B. Investors who borrow the risk-free asset to lever their portfolio will move their portfolios to the right of the market portfolio on the CML.C. The x-axis measurement of risk is the standardized covariance.34. Which one of the following is least likely one of the assumptions of capital market theory?A. Investors have heterogeneous expectations.B. Markets are in equilibrium.C. There are no taxes or transaction costs involved in buying or selling assets.35. Which type of risk is positively related to expected excess returns according to the CAPM?A. Unique.B. Systematic.C. Diversifiable.36. The risk-free rate is 5% and the expected market return is 15%. A portfolio manager isprojecting a return of 20% on a portfolio with a beta of 1.5. After adjusting for risk, this portfolio"s return will:A. he equal to the market.B. outperform the market.C. underperform the market.37. Which of the following should NOT be included as a constraint in an investment policy statement (IPS)?A. How funds are spent after being withdrawn from the portfolio.B. Tax implications on the returns generated by the portfolio.C. Constraints put on investment activities by regulatory agencies.38. Given the following data what is the correlation coefficient between the two stocks and the Beta of stock A?standard deviation of returns of Stock A is 10.04 percentstandard deviation of returns of Stock B is 2.05 percentstandard deviation of the market is 3.01 percentcovariance between the two stocks is 0.00109covariance between the market and stock A is 0.002Correlation Coefficient Beta ( stock A)①A. 0.6556 0.06②B. 0.5296 0.06③C. O.5296 2.2A. ①B. ②C. ③39. Which of the following statements about investment constraints is FALSE?A. Diversification efforts can increase tax liability.B. Investors concerned about time horizon are not likely to worry about liquidity.C. Tax deferral usually makes more sense for the young than for the old.40. The manager of the Fullen Balanced Fund is putting together a report that breaks out the percentage of portfolio return that is explained by the target asset allocation, security selection, and tactical variations from the target, respectively. Which of the following sets of numbers was the most likely conclusion for the report?A. 90%, 6%,4%.B. 50%,25%,25%.C. 33%, 33%, 33%.41. Which of the following statements about the security market line (SML) and capital market line (CML) is most accurate?A. The SML is a straight line, but the CML is a curve.B. The SML involves the concept of a risk-free asset, but the CML does not.C. The SML uses beta, but the CML uses standard deviation as the risk measure.42. An analyst gathered the following return information over a lO-year period for two funds, Fund X and Fund Y:Correlation (RX, RY) = 0.34Based on this information, the population covariance of the returns between the two funds is closest to:A. 4.35.B. 7.42.C. 31.61.43. An investor holds a portfolio of two stocks, ABC Inc. , and XYZ Corp, and is considering adding the stock of New Company to her portfolio. For diversification purposes, the most important factor for her considers where making this decision is:A. new Company"s expected return relative to the of ABC and XYZ.B. the average covariance of New Company"s returns with the returns of ABC and XYZ.C. the total variance of New Company"s returns relative to the variance of returns for ABC and XYZ.44. As time goes on, we expect the SML:A. to change slope to reflect different investment opportunities in the markets.B. to change level to reflect changes in risk aversion among investors.C. to change level and slope depending on the economic conditions prevailing.45. An investor owns the following portfolio today. Stock Market Value Expected Annual ReturnR $ 2000 17%S $ 3200 8%T $ 2800 13%The investor"s expected total rate of return( increase in market value) after three years is closest to:A. 12.0%.B. 36.0%.C. 40.5%.46. All of the following are part of the portfolio-management process EXCEPT:A. limiting the portfolio"s tax liability.B. allocating assets for the portfolio and rebalancing the portfolio.C. identifying the investor"s goals and constraints.47. Which of the following statements about return objectives is TRUE?A. To achieve the capital appreciation objective, the nominal rate of return must exceed the rate of inflation.B. The total return objective considers returns from both capital gains and current income, net of expected inflation.C. The current income objective is usually appropriate when an investor requires the purchasing power of the initial investment to increase over time.48. Robert Johnson, CFA, is considering the purchase of two stocks from different industry. Each stock has an expected return of 12.5 percent and an expected standard deviation of returns of 16 percent. Which of the following statements Johnson said about the two stocks is most accurate?A. Regardless of the weights selected or the correlation between the returns of the two stocks, the expected standard deviation of a **posed of the two stocks will be less than 16%.B. Rational investor should not invest in the two stocks because their returns obviously exhibit positive correlation.C. Regardless of the weights selected or the correlation between the returns of the two stocks, the expected return of a **posed of the two stocks will be 12.5 %.49. If the standard deviation of stock A is 7.2 percent, the standard deviation of stock B is 5.4 percent, and the covariance between the two is - 0. 0031, what is the correlation coefficient?A. -0.64.B. -0.80.C. -0.19.50. Mason Snow, CFA, is an analyst with Polari Investments. Snow"s manager has instructed him to put only securities that are undervalued on the buy list. Today, Snow is to make a recommendation on the following two stocks: Bahre (with an expected return of 10 percent and a beta of 1.4) and Cubb (with an expected return of 15 percent and a beta of 2.0). The risk-free rate is at 7 percent and the market premium is 4 percent. Snow places:A. neither security on the list.B. only Bahre on the list.C. only Cubb on the list.51. Which of the following statement best described the efficient frontier? It is the set of portfolios that has :A. the minimum risk for every level of return.B. the maximum return for each level of beta based on the capital asset pricing model.C. the maximum excess rate of return for every given level of risk.52. Which of the following statements about risk and return is FALSE?A. Return objectives should be considered in conjunction with risk preferences.B. Return objectives may be stated in dollar amounts or in percentages.C. Return-only objectives provide a more concise and efficient way to measure performance for investment managers.53. Which of the following statements about risk is least likely correct?A. The security market line plots expected return against systematic risk.B. The capital market line plots expected return against total risk.C. The efficient frontier plots expected return against unsystematic risk.54. Joe Finn is a highly paid corporate executive who will retire in two years. Over 25 years ago, Finn bought a large portfolio of growth stocks that has performed quite well. Finn has asked his financial adviser to consider switching from stocks to high-yielding bonds. The investment issue of greatest concern in implementing this strategy will be:A. liquidity needs.B. time horizon.C. tax considerations.。

资产组合理论

资产组合理论

资产组合理论投资组合理论⼀、资产组合理论简介资产组合理论是与投资问题紧密联系在⼀起的,所以也被称为投资组合理论。

该理论产⽣于上世纪50年代,是财务学家们在探索如何定量风险、选择最佳资产组合以分散和控制风险的道路上逐步发展起来的。

资产组合理论学派的代表⼈物包括马克维兹、威廉·夏普、斯蒂芬·罗斯等。

其中马克维兹分别于1952和1959年发表了《资产组合选择》的论⽂和《组合选择》的专著,论述了投资收益率的⽅差确定⽅法和风险资产组合模型,成为资产组合理论学派的创始⼈。

威廉·夏普在马克维兹理论的基础上于1964年建⽴了著名的CAPM模型,并与1990年与马克维兹分享了第22界诺贝尔经济学奖。

斯蒂芬·罗斯于1976发表了题为《资本资产定价套利理论》的论⽂,对CAPM模型提出极⼤的挑战。

另外,该学派的理论还包括了单指数模型和多因素模型。

⼆、⼏个前提性概念1、风险厌恶和效⽤价值由于⼈们对风险的偏好程度不同,可以将投资者分为三类,即风险厌恶者、风险中性者和风险爱好者。

我们可以使⽤效⽤函数度量投资者对收益和风险的偏好:U =E(r)-0.005Aσ2其中E(r)为期望收益,σ2为收益⽅差,A为风险厌恶系数,其取值区间为(-∞,+∞)数值越⼤,投资者的风险厌恶程度越⾼,当A=0时,即为风险中性者。

在资产组合理论中,假设所有投资者都为风险厌恶者,因此投资者的效⽤值与期望收益呈正向变化,与风险和风险厌恶系数呈反向变化,所以其效⽤函数可以⽤下图表⽰:2、资本配置线和酬报与波动性⽐率在包括了⼀个风险资产和⼀个⽆风险资产的资产组合中,其期望收益和标准差可以⽤下式表⽰:E (r c )=wpE (r p )+(1-w p )r f =r f +w p (E (r p )-r f )σc=w pσp其中w p 为风险资产在组合中所占的⽐例,将以上两式结合可以得到: E (r c )=rf+σσpc (E (r p )-r f )⽤图形表⽰如下:图中的直线就是资本配置线(CAL ),表⽰了投资者的所有的可⾏的风险收益组合。

第20讲 投资组合理论(二)风险资产和无风险资产的组合

第20讲 投资组合理论(二)风险资产和无风险资产的组合

第20讲:投资组合理论(二)风险资产和无风险资产的组合先发放上一讲的答案。

第1题:C。

如果向左弯曲的程度较大,最小方差组合下方的点无效,所以A错误;此时,最小方差组合以下的点的收益率都低于最小方差组合,所以B也错误。

弯曲程度和相关系数有关,和证券各自的标准差无关,所以D错误。

第2题:ABC。

相关系数为1时,组合的标准差刚好是证券标准差的加权平均,D错误;相关系数小于1时,组合的标准差小于证券标准差的加权平均,ABC 正确。

上一讲我们讨论的是风险资产的组合,即单项资产的标准差都大于零。

后来人们想,能不能引入无风险资产,和风险资产组合再组合呢?当然可以。

假设:风险资产组合的平均收益率和标准差分别为r风险组合和σ风险组合无风险资产的平均收益率和标准差分别为R f和σf这两者组合的平均收益率和标准差分别为r p和σp投资于风险资产组合的比重为Q,则投资于无风险资产的比重为1-Q那么:r p = Qr风险组合+ (1-Q) R fσ2p = Q2σ2风险组合+ (1-Q)2σ2f + 2Qσ风险组合(1-Q)σf r风险组合,f这两个式子看不懂的回去看上一讲!接下来开始变魔术。

首先,人家都叫无风险资产了,风险为零,所以σf=0;其次,无风险资产都是我行我素的,和任何人没有关系,所以r风险组合,f=0。

因此,σ2p = Q2σ2风险组合,即σp = Qσ风险组合,再加上r p = Qr风险组合+ (1-Q) R f,不难发现,r p和σp呈线性关系(不明白的回去看上一讲的虚线框,思路是一样的,这里还简单很多)。

既然如此,两点确定一直线,说明无风险资产(假设R f =8%,而σf = 0,所以是纵轴上的点)和机会集中的任何一点都可以连起来。

这就有无数条直线了,到底选哪条呢?看下图:随便画垂直线(黄色虚线),和三条直线的交点风险相同,但收益1最高、2其次,3最低,所以3排除,而1又达不到(和机会集没有交集),那只能是2了。

资产组合理论

资产组合理论

()
式中σp、σ1和σ2分别为资产组合、资产1和资 产2的标准差;w1为资产1在组合中的比重,(1-w1) 即是资产2在组合中的比重。
组合的预期收益为:
r p (w1)= r1 w1+ r 2 (1-w1) 当w1=1时,则有σp=σ1,rp=r1
()
当w1=0时,即有σp=σ2,rp=r2
因此,该可行集为连接( r1 ,σ1)和( r 2 , σ2)两点的直线。如图。
平滑曲线。
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四、资产组合的有效边界
有效集原则 :(1)投资者在既定风险水平下 要求最高收益率;(2)在既定预期收益率水平下 要求最低风险。
为了更清晰地表明资产组合有效边界的确定 过程,这里我们集中揭示可行集左侧边界的双曲 线FMH。该双曲线上的资产组合都是同等收益水平 上风险最小的组合,如图,既定收益水平E(r1)下, 边界线上的a点所对应的风险为σ4,而同样收益 水平下,边界线内部的b点所对应的风险则上升为 σ5。因此该边界线称为最小方差资产组合的集合。
由于有效边界上凸,而效用曲线下凸,所以两条 曲线必然在某一点相切,切点代表的就是为了达到 最大效用而应该选择的最优组合。
不同投资者会在资产组合有效边界上选择不同 的区域。风险厌恶程度较高的投资者会选择靠近端 点的资产组合;风险厌恶程度较低的投资者,会选 择端点右上方的资产组合。如图。
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• 将上述答案带回原式,得到最优资产组合的权重:
wPghErp
• 其中,g和h为两个一维向量,其表达式分别为
g
1 D
B(V
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A
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1 D
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投资学第4章1
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第三章
马科威茨资产组合理论
第三节 最优组合选择
—— 阐述投资者如何建立适合 自己的最优风险资产组合
—— 投资范围中不包含无风险 资产
一、基本假设
❖ 投资者用预期收益的概率分布来描述一项投资 ❖ 投资者根据收益率的期望值和方差来评价和选择
资产组合 ❖ 投资者是风险规避的,追求期望效用最大化 ❖ 所有投资者处于同一单一投资期
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投资学第4章
❖ 命题3.1:完全正相关的两种资产组合的可行 集是一条直线
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结论:组合收益是组合风险的线性函数
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(r2 , 2 )
投资学第4章
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命题3.2:完全负相关的两种资产组合的可行集 是两条直线(一条折现)
❖ 均值-方差模型建立的目的是寻找有效边界
❖ 这是一个优化问题,即
给定收益的条件下,风险最小化
给定风险的条件下,收益最大化
❖ 马科维茨模型是以资产权重为变量的二次规划问题,
采用微分中的拉格朗日方法求解。在限制条件下使
组合风险最小时的最优投资比例。
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路径
❖ 从经济学的角度分析,就是投资者预先确 定一个期望收益率,然后确定组合中每种 资产的权重,使其总体投资风险最小
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投资学第4章
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四、最优风险资产组合(optimal risky portfolio)的确定
最优投资组合:指某投资者在可以得到的各种可 能的投资组合中,唯一可获得最大效用期望值的 投资组合
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投资学第4章
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❖ 一般,当资产数量较多时,要保证资产间两两完全 相关不可能。因此,一般假设两种资产不完全相关。
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❖ 类似于3种资产组合的情形
投资学第4章
完全负相关的两种证券组合的可行集图示
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(r2 , 2 )
投资学第4章
风险σp
3、不完全相关的两种资产组合的可行集
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不同相关程度的两种风险资产组合的可行集
收益Erp
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❖ 在不同的期望收益率水平下,得到相应的 使方差最小的资产组合解,这些解构成了 最小方差组合集合
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例:特定期望收益的最小方差组合的计算
min s.t.
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投资学第4章
❖ 上述方程是线性方程组,可通过线性代数加 以解决。
例:假设三项不相关的资产,其均值分别为1, 2,3,方差都为1,若要得到期望收益为2的 该三项资产的最优组合,求解权重。
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❖ 另假定:
不存在无风险资产 风险资产不允许买空卖空
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二、风险资产组合的可行集
❖ 可行集:又叫机会集,是由给定的一组资 产构成的所有可能的证券组合的集合
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(一)两种风险资产构建的组合的 可行集
❖ 若已知两风险资产的期望收益、方差和它 们间的相关系数,则组合之期望收益和方 差为:
收益rp
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风险σp
(四)可行集的性质
在n种资产中,如至少存在3项资产彼此不 完全相关,则可行集将是一个二维实体区 域。
可行区域是向左侧凸出的 为什么?
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不可能的可行集
收益rp
A B
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风险σp
三、有效集
❖ 在可行集中,有些组合从风险和收益角度来 评价,明显优于另一些组合
❖ 任意给定风险水平有最大的预期回报和任意 给定预期回报水平有最小风险的集合叫 Markowitz有效集,又称为有效边界
投资者的最优组合将从有效边界中产生
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❖ 可行集中,G为最小方差组合,GS即为有效集 ❖ P、A、B
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有效组合的微分求解法*
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上述两方程构成了组合在给定条件下的 可行集!
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组合风险的几种情形
❖ ρ=1时,
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❖ ρ=0时,
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❖ 对于上述带有约束条件的优化问题,可引入拉格朗日乘
子λ和μ来解决。(求条件极值)
❖ 构造拉格朗日辅助函数如下:
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❖ 上式分别对wi求导数,令其一阶导数为0,得到方程组:
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