英语论文Abstract
学术英语写作Unit-5----Abstract
What is an abstract? Types of abstracts Why write an abstract? What should the abstract include? How do you write an abstract? What is the style of an abstract? An outline for writing an abstract Common problems in writing an abstract Difference between an abstract and an introduction The Tricks, Conclusion of the lecture
Informative abstracts资料性摘要
The informative abstract, also known as the complete abstract, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance including its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents.
英语学术文章结构的12个不同部分
英语学术文章结构的12个不同部分1. Abstract标准摘要五句话，包含五个层次的内容：1.1 Introduction: 为什么要进行本项研究，现状中本项研究的缺失或者做了但是存在不足;1.2 Method：用什么方法做这个研究;1.3 Data：用什么样的数据来验证你的方法;1.4 Results：从研究中得出什么结论;1.5 Implication：得出的结论对研究领域和实践有什么意义(理论与实践意义)2. Introduction2.1 Research background：目的是证实该研究问题的重要性。
如这一类问题造成的损失很严重，因此研究这一问题很重要。
2.2 Research problem：在上述的这一大研究背景下，要做什么问题(或者方面)的研究;在上述的这一大研究背景下，这一研究可以在哪些方面解决现存的实际问题。
2.3 研究现状：别人已经做了哪些东西，别人已经做过什么，发现了什么样的问题?2.4 现存的研究有什么问题与不足：别人有什么没有做过?为什么别人没有做得更好?并说明这些研究不足会带来严重后果。
2.5 本研究的目标(objective)和研究范围(scope)：本研究弥补这些问题中(这些没做过或者做过没做好的问题中)的哪些不足，采用什么研究方法去弥补不足。
陈述本项研究的范围局限，并高度概括本论文研究结论。
2.6 文章结构：本论文的后续部分的基本内容架构。
3. Literature review目的：Literature review证明与说明两件事情：一是研究目标的设定是有意义的;二是你在本研究中采用的方法是可靠的、有效的。
包括三个层次的内容：3.1 对选题(你找到的研究问题)的justification。
即对做过没做好或者没做过的研究问题，在这个研究领域，针对research problem而言，让读者明白本项研究是有意义的;3.2 现存文献中对本文值得参考并可借鉴的东西(包括分析工具和成果);3.3 非相关或者相邻研究领域值得借鉴的东西，侧重于可借鉴的研究方法。
论文写作中的英文摘要范例
论文写作中的英文摘要范例英文摘要(Abstract)是论文写作中必不可少的一部分，其作用是概括出论文的主要内容和结论，帮助读者迅速了解论文的核心观点。
本文将提供一篇关于论文写作中英文摘要的范例，以供参考。
AbstractWith the increasing globalization of academic research, it has become essential for scholars to effectively communicate their work to a wider audience. One crucial element in this process is the abstract, which summarizes the main points and findings of a research paper. In this article, we will provide an example of an English abstract for a research paper, demonstrating key elements and tips for writing an effective abstract.IntroductionThe abstract serves as a brief overview of a research paper, allowing readers to quickly grasp the purpose, methodology, and outcomes of the study. It should be concise yet informative, providing enough information to engage the reader while remaining within a specified word limit.Main BodyI. Purpose and BackgroundThe first element of an abstract is a clear statement of the research paper's purpose and its background. It should outline the rationale for the study, highlighting any research gaps or unanswered questions in the field. For example:This research aims to investigate the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems, with a focus on marine biodiversity and coral reef health. Given the increasing threats to these ecosystems, understanding the potential impacts of climate change is crucial for effective conservation strategies.II. MethodologyThe abstract should briefly describe the methodology employed in the research. This can include the study design, data collection methods, and analytical approaches. However, detailed technical information should be avoided. For example:A combination of field surveys, laboratory experiments, and statistical analyses were conducted to assess the long-term effects of temperature increase and ocean acidification on coral reefs. Data on species diversity, abundance, and health were collected from various reefs in the Caribbean region.III. ResultsThe abstract should highlight the key findings of the research. It should summarize the outcomes and conclusions derived from the data analysis. However, specific data or numerical results should be avoided, focusing instead on general trends and significant discoveries. For example:Our study revealed a significant decline in coral species diversity and overall health in response to increased water temperatures and ocean acidification. Furthermore, we found a decrease in the abundance of commercially important fish species, indicating potential impacts on local communities dependent on coral reef resources.IV. Implications and ConclusionThe abstract should conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of the research and its significance. It should provide a concise statement summarizing the main contributions of the study to the field and any recommendations for future research or policy implications. For example:These findings highlight the urgent need for immediate actions to mitigate the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems. Implementing measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and establishing marine protected areas can help safeguard marine biodiversity and protect the livelihoods of communities dependent on coral reef resources.ConclusionIn conclusion, writing an effective English abstract is crucial for communicating the key points and contributions of a research paper. By providing a clear purpose, concise methodology, major findings, and broader implications, the abstract serves as a concise summary of the research work, enticing readers to delve deeper into the full paper. By following the guidelines and structure provided in this example abstract, researchers can enhance their chances of effectively conveying their research to a global audience.。
英语论文摘要应该如何写？How to Write Abstract？
Structure of abstract | Features of an abstract
Concise – write everything relevant to the paper in as simple terms as possible. Objective – states objectively the main points of the paper. Consistent – be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper, and never include what has not been mentioned in the paper. Complete – cover all the main points of the paper and be a miniature of the paper. Brief – conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of the paper.
To DESCRIBE the angle of observing issues
… from the angle of… … in the light of the context that… To view something at a different angle/from various angles… From the point of view of… From the perspective of…
informative abstract - the primary research objective or purpose - method employed in solving the problems - principal findings or results - major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form.
英语 论文 Abstract
摘要的分类1．陈述性摘要(descriptive abstract)只说明（陈述）论文的主题，不介绍论文的具体内容Sample 1Translation is not only a linguistic transference, but also an intercultural communication. For quite a long time, translation studies have been concentrated on the prescription of translation methods, with scant attention paid to the description of macro-cultural factors involved in the translating. In this paper, the writer contends that the study of the macro-cultural factors will surely enlarge the scope and enrich the content of the translation studies. The paper is largely a rudimentary step, both in theory and in practice, to expose some of the factors influencing Mr. Fu’s translation of Gone with the Wind, with a historic and descriptive approach employed.Sample 2To the general public, China English is a relatively new and serious concept, while in the fields of linguistics and translation a group of scholars have already make a study on it. Now most scholars hold that China English, based on the standard English, is a kind of variant of English to express things and concepts with Chinese characteristic. It is the product of the English language used in English-speaking countries combined with the unique Chineseness. Then, in the nation of China with a thousand-long history and civilization, how has China English come into being, grown and developed? This paper mainly focuses on the factors involved in the emergence and development of China English and it also explores people’s attitude toward China English, and analyzes the trend and role of China English in China and the world.2．资料性/信息性摘要(informative abstract)除了说明论文的主题外，还要介绍论文的主要观点、主要内容和研究成果Sample 3This paper, based on the theories and principles of psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology, deals with definitions and functions of emotional quotient, revealing some of the learners’ emotional characteristics, which affect the outcome of language learning. The author insists that language learning is a very sophisticated psychological process, and aspects of emotional quotient influence the learner’s cognitive process in which knowledge of the target language is internalized as language competence or skills. Results of experiments prove that positive and rich emotions are the motives needed for language learning. It is vital for language teachers to motivate their students to acquire the target language by developing their emotions and helping them internalize what they are learning. The author also mentions that language teachers should recognize the potential for creating a warm and friendly environment for language learning so that language teaching and learning process will be more effective in improving the learner’s IQ, EQ, and language creative ability.Sample 4In order to help students with their translation and assist teachers to find students’main problems with translation, this paper studies an English to Chinesetranslation exercise of the second year English majors in a university. The author studies in by collecting and sorting out the typical errors made by students and analyzing the causes of the errors guided by error analysis theory. The research adopts the basic translation criteria of TEM-8 in sorting out student s’translation errors. According to the research, students’errors fall into these categories: confusion in denotative and connotative meaning of a word, unnatural Chinese expressions, problems in dealing with proper nouns, misinterpretation of sentence structures of the source text, etc. Then the thesis analyzes the underlying causes: students’ lack of both translation theories and practice, and poor Chinese competence. It is hoped that more of this kind of research in both Chinese and English translation be done to guide translation teaching and practice.Sample 5As a limitation of cultural transmission, culture absence prevents Chinese readers from fully appreciating the original text. This thesis takes the translating of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter as an example, aiming at discussing the culture translation approach in the practice of translation. As one of Hawthorne’s best-known novel, The Scarlet Letter has its distinctive culture feature and the problem of culture absence commonly exists in translating it into Chinese. This thesis compares three different Chinese translation versions of the novel based on the analysis of its culture connotation, and discusses the culture absence of historical background, religious belief, mythological elements, metaphorical expressions, color images, etc. In the thesis, examples are given to illustrate how culture absence presents in its Chinese translations. Also, different compensative means for the culture absence are compared in the thesis, such as transliteration and semantic translation, literal translation and free translation, domestication and foreignization; the proper translation strategy should depend on different situations from the perspective of culture preservation.英文摘要常用的句型表达主要有：This paper argues (demonstrates) …This paper explores (probes into) …This paper elaborates on (expounds) …This paper includes (covers, touches on) …This paper aims to (aims at) …This paper focuses on …This paper makes a comparison of …This paper makes an attempt to touch on …This paper offers a discussion of (an overview of, an analysis of ) …This paper develops the theory of …This paper is a criticism of the theory of …This paper, on the basis of …, reveals (illustrates) …Based on …, this paper first categorizes … and then tentatively sets out …The purpose (objective) of this paper is to review …The author (writer) of this paper holds (considers, deems, contends) …The author tries to give an account of …In this paper, the author proposes …It is pointed out …In light of … theory, discussion is made about … in this paper.This thesis aims at a better understanding of English to Chinese (E to C) translation of adverbial clauses in business contracts. The author first describes the general theories and criteria for translation, and those specifics for the translation of international business contracts, which are theoretical guidelines for the whole thesis. Then the writer discusses and analyzes the four categories of adverbial clauses in international business contracts in translation. Finally, the author explores the major problems involved in translating adverbial clauses in business contracts from English to Chinese and proposes compensative strategies.。
学术英语abstract写作
文摘的文体结构
摘要_应具备的要素
简明扼要（conciseness）:去除文献中的次要 材料或辅助细节。
客观公正（objectivity）:摘要中不应有原文中 没有的信息资料。
全面完整（completeness）:要包括主题思想， 主要资料，结论或建议。
摘要中常见错误
������ 字少、错选：提示 性、报道性、资料性 ������ 结构要素残缺：目 的，方法，结果，结论 ������ 丧失摘要特点������
· Omit obscure abbreviations.
· Write the paper before you write the abstract.
Sample:
background
Feedback and assessment play an important role in teaching and learning of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and evaluation of an innovative instruction that uses a Student Response System for peer assessment of oral presentations. A large number of oral presentations were assessed and students’ perceptions and learning what
Note:
有时由于篇幅的限制，摘要的内容不一定包括有五 个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压 缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重 要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往 往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可 以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇 简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：
4个步骤教你如何写好abstract部分
4个步骤教你如何写好abstract部分A b s t r a c t，就是对英文论文的一个简短总结，目的是为了告诉读者论文研究的是什么课题，以此来吸引读者。
一个好的a b s t r a c t，对英文论文的作用是非常大的，是论文的核心部分，所以一定得写好。
下面就给大家讲解一下如何写好a b s t r a c t部分。
1.无论任何学科，a b s t rac t需要包括以下几个重要组成部分和重要元素1)动机或问题的陈述：为什么我们对这个研究问题这么关心?你的研究针对的是实践性的，科学性的，理论性的还是艺术性的?有些a b s t r a c t 写作的时候，在写作动机之前要简要介绍相关的背景信息。
2)措施/流程/解决方法以及调查范围：为了得到相关的结果，你做了什么?3)结果/发现/产品：在上述的调查研究完成后，你学会了什么?发现了什么?创造了什么?4)结论/影响：你得出的哪些结论会产生更大的影响?然而，需要注意的是，根据不同的学科，要注意相关的可变性因素。
2.a b s t rac t中的语法特点和要求1)注意到细微的变化在陈述主要目标和调查范围的时候，多采用陈述性语言。
2)采用合适的方法描述方法的时候多使用过去时态。
要注意时态的一致性。
如果有必要，要按照时间的顺序进行排列。
3)注意结果的呈现方式只需要呈现结果即可。
以过去时态呈现出来。
4)注意结论的可靠性陈述个人观点。
在陈述主要结论的时候要使用现在时。
不要表现出试探性的倾向。
3.a b s t rac t s的类型a b s t r a c t s分为两种类型，i n f o r m a t i o n a l a b s t r a c t s和d e s c r i p t i v ea b s t r a c t s。
I n f o r m a t i o n a l A b s t r a c t s--针对r e p o r t s的相关内容进行沟通。
论文的Abstract写法
文摘要求对于科技期刊的文章，论文的abstract主要由三部分组成，即：研究的问题、过程和方法、结果。
文摘只有写得正确，写的好, 才能起到帮助读者了解原文的作用。
因此必须对文献进行认真的主题分析，找出文献的主题概念，正确地组织好这些主题内容，简明准确完整地写出文摘来。
文摘长度一般不超过150 words。
少数情况下允许例外，视原始文献而定。
在不遗漏主题概念的前提下，文摘应尽量简洁。
（一）. 缩短文摘方法：1.取消不必要的字句：如”It is reported …”“Extensive investigations show that…”“The author discusses …”“This paper concerned with …”；一些不必要的修饰词，如“in detail”、“briefly”、“here”、“new”、“mainly”也尽量不要。
2. 对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化；3.取消或减少背景信息（Background Information）；4.不说无用的话，如“本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进”，“本工作首次实现了...”，“经检索尚未发现与本文类似的文献”等词句切不可进入文摘；5. 作者在文献中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘；6．文摘第一句应避免与题目（Title）重复。
7. 尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元，如：（二）. 文体风格1. 文摘叙述要完整，清楚，简明；2. 尽量用短句子并避免句形单调；3. 用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述作者结论；如“The structure of dislocation cores in GaP was investigated by weak-beam electron microscopy. The dislocations are dissociated into two Shokley partials with separations of 80±10 and 40±10 A in the pure edge and screw cases respectively. The results show that...”4．能用名词做定语不要用动名词做定语，能用形容词做定语就不要用名词做定语。
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Descriptive Abstract
– Pros: Short, Concise, Easy to write – Cons: Less information
Informative Abstract
Informative Abstract
– A condensed report of the paper. – Key points and most important detail information of the paper.
Descriptive + Informative Abstract
2.Problem:
– General problem – Specific problem – Present tense in most case.
3.Objective:
– Purpose, aim, objective – (1) Paper oriented ( present tense )
Objective + Method in a long sentences
– Main clause for objective, phrases for methods.
E.g. … (objective) is evaluated by means of (methods)…
– Main clause for methods, phrases for objective.
1.Background:
– Not necessary, especially in short abstract. – Present tense in most case. – Present perfect tense for research trend.
E.g. …has been the universal choice to analyze …
– Focus on ‘paper’
Research oriented abstract
– Focus on ‘research’
Abstract Structure
1.Background 2.Problem 3.Objective 4.Method 5.Finding or Results 6.Conclusion or Inference (Evaluation) 7.Recommendation 8.Paper structure
– Pros: More information – Cons: Long, Difficult to write
Descriptive + Informative Abstract
– Notice the balance between concision and details.
Paper oriented abstract
– Present tense when the results are very common phenomena, not for particular cases.
6.Conclusion or Inference
– Present tense in most cases. – Words:
5. Be careful for writing abstract of called paper.
– Write before main content. – Keep the consistency with main content. – Forecast research result properly and impersonally. – Avoid describing uncertain result.
When analyze some problem, propose new demonstration, method or technology. E.g.
– The paper presents/proposes a … – The purpose of the paper is … – In this paper, we provide/discuss/focus on …
Problem + Objective in a long sentences
– Main clause for problem, phrases for objective.
E.g. … (problems) must be solved to get (objective)…
– Main clause for objective, phrases for problems.
– Data, phenomena – Past tense in most cases.
E.g. The properties of hot water dried products were very sensitive to process temperature. The plant’s thermal efficiency was increased from 17.6% to 21.3%.
Abstract
Abstract Type Abstract Structure Suggestion for Writing Abstract
Abstract Type
Descriptive Abstract
– Only basic content of the paper, not enough detail information
2. No same sentences as those in paper.
– Change the sentence structure when expressing same idea.
3. Avoid specific data.
– Describe research work with descriptive sentences. – If necessary, provide some key data.
E.g. … (methods) were performed to (objective)… … (methods) is adopted to (objective)…
– Verb tense fits in with the above rules.
5.Finding or Results
words:
– paper, report, thesis, dissertation
– (2) Research oriented ( past tense )
When propose results of experiments or investigations. E.g.
– The objective of this research/experiment was to … – The aim of this study was … – In this study, … was studied/examined/investigated to…
4. Write abstract after finishing main content.
– Read the main content; – Find key sentences and key points; – Organize them in a concise way without repeated sentences in the main content of the paper.
Suggestion for Writing Abstract
1. Appropriate length
– Short and concise. – About 1/5 of paper length. (just suggestion) – One paragraph. (maybe two or three) – No abbreviation. – Avoid very difficult term.
In conclusion, in general Suggest, show may, should, could E.g.
– The results suggest that … may effect ….
– Present tense for literature review paper.
Words:
– study, research, investigation, experiment…
4.Method
– Past tense for experiment procedure or method.
– Present tense for mathematic model, algorithm or analysis method/technology.
E.g. This paper reviews …
Special Abstract (Expert)
– Focus on the description of result of the research. – Omit the description of research objective, method/theory, experiment. – Provide paper structure. (sometimes)
E.g. The paper presents/proposes a … (objective) to solve (problems)… … (objective) was studied to solve (problems)…