高考英语单项选择精品教案-代词和介词

专题二代词和介词

1．(高考大纲全国卷)I got this bicycle for ________：My friend gave it tome when she bought a new one.

A．everything B．something

C．anything D．nothing

解析：句意：我这辆自行车一分钱也没花：我的朋友买了一辆新的，就把她这辆给了我。for nothing不花钱，免费。

答案：D

2．(高考山东卷)The two girls are so alike t hat strangers find________difficult to tell one from the other.

A．it B．them

C．her D．that

解析：句意：这两个女孩长得如此相像，以至于陌生人觉得很难把她们区分开。本句中it 用在find 后作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式短语to tell one from the other。them，her，that等词均不能作形式宾语或形式主语。

答案：A

3．(高考天津卷)We feel________our duty to make our country a better place.

A．it B．this

C．that D．one

答案：A

4．(高考湖北卷)When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside________younger men.

A．in terms of B．in need of

C．in favor of D．in praise of

解析：句意：当被问及他们对校长的意见时，许多老师都希望看到他让位给年轻人。in terms of谈及，就……而言；in need of需要；in favor of支持，赞同；in praise of歌颂。根据句意可知应选C项。

答案：C

5．(高考重庆卷)Shirley, a real book lover, often brings home many books to read________the library.

A．in B．for

C．by D．from

解析：句意：雪莉是一个真正爱好读书的人，她经常从图书馆带很多书回家读。根据句意知此处用介词from。

答案：D

高考解密

代词种类很多，功能不同。区分各种代词的不同功能是考生掌握的难点。高考题对代词的考查重点是不定代词some，any；none，no one，nothing；another，other，the other；neither，either等的区别以及指示代词it，this，that，these，those等的不同替代作用。预计的高考对

代词的考查会以不定代词、指示代词等内容为主。

一、不定代词

不定代词是代词的核心内容，也是极不容易掌握的语法知识，其中有些不定代词极易混淆。高考主要考查不定代词的辨析，着重考查以下内容：

1．some，any的区别

some一般用于肯定句，表示“一些”，也可用于疑问句，表示请求、邀请、建议等，往往期望对方给予肯定的答复；any一般用于疑问句和否定句，此时仅仅起加强语气的作用，本身没有实际意义，但也可用于肯定句，当“任何，任何一个”讲。

2．something，anything，nothing的区别

something一般用于肯定句，表示“某事，某物”，也可以用于疑问句，表示请求、邀请、征询意见等；anything表示“任何东西，任何事物”，一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句，也可用于肯定句，当“任何事情”讲；nothing表示“没有什么，没有一件东西”，常用于陈述句，表示否定意义。

3．none，no one，nothing的区别

none既可指人，也可指物，侧重数量，通常指三者或三者以上的人或物，后可接of短语，作主语时谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数，常用来回答由how many/much引导的疑问句；no one只能指人，是泛指概念，常用来回答由who引导疑问句，不与of短语连用，作主语时，谓语动词用单数；nothing常用来回答由what引导的疑问句。

4．another，other的区别

another泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”，只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。other 表示“其他的，另外的”，泛指其余的人或物，通常与复数名词或不可数名词连用。5．each，every，either，neither的区别

each指两个或两个以上的人或物中的“每一个”，侧重个体，后面可接of短语；either指两个人或事物中的任意一个，表选择；neither用于两者之间的否定，表示“两者都不”；every 侧重三个或三个以上中的“每一个”，强调“无一例外”的含义。

(高考四川卷)There is________in his words.We should have a try.

A．something B．anything

C．nothing D．everything

句意：他话里有话。我们应该试试。so mething“某物，某事”，符合句意。anythin g“任何(事物)”；nothing“没有任何(事物)”；everything“一切(事物)”，三者均不符合句意。

二、it的用法

英语中，运用it的场合较多。从它在句中的作用和意义来看，其用法可分为以下几类：1．指代事物或前面提到过的事物。

2．用来代替指示代词this或that。

3．指不明确的人。

4．指时间、距离、天气、环境等。

5．指代整个句子的内容。

6．可指动物或婴儿(未知性别的婴儿和孩子)。

7．作形式主语和形式宾语。

当动词不定式、动名词或从句作主语时，为了使句子保持平衡，通常把主语放在谓语动词之后，而用it作句子的形式主语。在复合宾语中，当宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句时，往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。

________worries me that he keeps changing his mind.

A．This B．That

C．What D．It

句意：他不断改变主意使我担心。it作形式主语，后面的that从句是真正的主语。

He didn't make ________clear when and where the meeting would be held.

A．this B．that

C．it D．these

it作形式宾语，后面when and where引导的从句才是真正的宾语。

8．用于以下句型。

(1)强调句型：It is/was＋被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语、状语)＋that(who)＋句子的其余成分。强调句型只是把句子中某些词(被强调部分)的位置改变，如果把强调结构(it is/was...that/who)去掉之后，句子还应是完整的。

I don't mind her criticizing me，but________is how she does it that I object to.

A．it B．that

C．this D．which

从句子结构分析，此处考查的是强调句型，因此用it。

(2)It is＋一段时间＋since从句

(3)It was/will be＋一段时间＋before从句

He was told that it would be at least three more months ________he could recover and return to work.

A．when B．before

C．since D．that

此处表示“多长时间以后才会……”，用“it will be＋一段时间＋before从句”。

三、替代词one，ones，that和those的用法区别

1．one用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an＋单数名词。

2．ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词，也是泛指概念。

3．that用来替代前面出现的同类的名词，是同类替代，但并非同一个，可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词。

4．those用来替代前面出现的复数名词，是特指概念，相当于the＋复数名词，但多用于两者间的另外一方(一批)。

(高考重庆卷)—Silly me! I forget what my luggage looks like.

—What do you think of________over there?

A．the one B．this

C．it D．that

句意：“我真傻！我忘了我的行李什么样了。”“你觉得那边的那个是你的吗？”根据句中的over there可知此处指远处，故用that; the one特指“同类中的一个”，用于指代可数名词，而luggage不可数；this常指近处；it指代“同一物”，均不符题意。

一、常用介词的用法

1．though，across，over，past的区别

through＋地点，表示从某地穿过

across＋地点，表示横穿某地，或从某地内部的一边到另一边，强调在表面运动

over＋地点，表示跨越某地，强调经过一段距离，或不接触表面从上空越过

past＋地点，表示从……旁边经过

2．besides，except，but的区别

besides意为“除……之外，还有……”，后面接名词、代词、动名词作宾语，也可单独使用，意为“此外”。

except意为“除……之外”，后面接名词、代词、动名词、介词短语、从句等作宾语。except for 强调整体中的细节，意思是“只是”，前后的事物不属于同类。

but意为“除……之外”时，后面接名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式作宾语，常可与except 互换使用。

二、介词短语

介词短语是指由“介词＋名词、代词、动名词及副词”所构成的短语。考生要对常见的介词短语做到熟能生巧，运用自如。如at home，on a visit，in surprise，by the way，in question 等。

Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients ________ name，not case number.

A．of B．as

C．by D．with

此处by表示方式，by name意为“凭名字”。

Everything was perfect for the picnic ____the weather.

A．in place of B．as well

C．exc ept for D．in case of

考查介词短语的辨析。根据题意可知，此处表示除了天气之外，一切都很好。强调整体中的细节，用except for。in place of“替代，取代”；as well“也”；in case of“如果，假使”，均不符合题意。

I agree to his suggestion ________the condition that he drops all c harges.

A．by B．in

C．on D．to

on the condition that与if同义，引导条件状语从句。根据题意可知答案为C。

高考秘笈

by用法小结

1．by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如：He rent a house by the year(day，ho ur)．但to the pound 按磅算，to the ton按吨计例外。

2．表泛指方式、手段。如：by post/mail，by telephone(radio)，by electricity，by machinery，learn sth.by heart。

3．交通工具类。如：by bus/train/car/taxi(road)/bike/plane/air/ship/boat/sea/water...另外：by means of，by way of。

4．表方式、手段的其他介词。如：

He beat the dog with a whip.(with＋工具)

One smells with his nose.(with＋人体器官，但by hand例外)

He stood up with pride.(with＋情绪、情感、态度的名词)

点金

使用语言、材料、文字用in。如：in English(ink，penc il)。另外还有一些固定搭配也要用介词in，如：in high(good，low)spirits，in anger，in joy，in comfort，in sorrow，in safety，in danger，in need，in debt，in love，in fun，in pain，in tears，in surprise。

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