项目管理 课程作业

Rationale

As a professional employed in the oil and gas sector of Trinidad, the research into the area of benzene exposure from various sources in natural gas processing has been in paucity. Indeed, in Europe and North America, there has been extensive research in the upstream and downstream oil and gas industry illustrating the association of benzene exposure to producing, processing, refining, etc. of crude and natural gas (Capleton and Levy, 2005; Kirkeleit et al., 2006). However, such a drive for assessing this relationship has only recently been introduced to Trinidad and Tobago, and due to being in its initial stages of development, its research has not achieved significant momentum. As such, there may be instances currently where significant levels of benzene exposure remain undetected, and consequently, employees remain unprotected.

理论基础

作为一家专业从事石油和天然气部门的特立尼达，研究进入苯暴露在天然气处理中的各种来源已在缺乏。事实上，在欧洲和北美国，有广泛的研究上游和下游的石油和天然气工业，说明协会原油及天然气生产、加工、精制等苯接触（卡普莱顿和征收，2005；kirkeleit et al.，2006）。然而，这样的驱动评估这种关系最近才被介绍给特立尼达和多巴哥，由于处于发展的初级阶段，它的研究还没有实现显著动量。因此，有可能是目前的情况下，显着苯暴露水平未被发现，因此，员工仍保持未受保护的。

For instance, there are many companies which conduct services on natural gas facilities, including maintenance, repair and operations. However, the issue of benzene exposure may oftentimes be overlooked by these companies, for simpler and more straightforward health and safety issues related to trips, falls, fire and explosion and chemical spills. Thus, given that much literature exists to support that such employees are actually being exposed to benzene, it remains to be assessed in the local context.

例如，有许多公司在天然气设施上进行服务，包括维修、修理和操作。然而，苯暴露的问题可能常常被这些公司忽视了，简单的和更简单的健康和安全问题相关的旅行、瀑布、火灾爆炸和化学品泄漏。因此，鉴于大量的文献存在支持，这样的员工实际上是被暴露于苯，它仍然是在当地的情况下进行评估。

Moreover, from a research of the literature benzene has been found to be a known carcinogen, and even lethal at concentrations greater than the occupational exposure limit (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health –NIOSH 1994). Indeed, at this point it would prove impracticable and tedious to assess the health effects of persons who have been exposed to benzene over the past few decades, since there was no health surveillance programme geared towards benzene exposure. Consequently, this would mean that there may be cases of benzene-related health effects that went unrecognised, and affected person unaware to the deleterious effects of benzene expsoure being the causative agent. Thus, it would be in the best interest of an organization to protect its human resources –the health and well being of itsemployees – while at the same time complying with the legal requirements of Section 6(2) of the Trinidad and Tobago Occupational Safety and Health Act 2006 (as amended). Moreover, given the seriousness of these health effects (both acute and chronic), this subject is one that merits detailed research and assessment.

此外，从文献研究已发现苯是已知的致癌物质，甚至致死浓度超过职业接触限值（国家职业安全与健康–NIOSH 1994所）。事实上，在这一点上，它将被证明是行不通的，对那些已经暴露于苯在过去的几十年里，人的健康的影响是乏味的，

因为没有健康监测方案面向苯暴露。因此，这就意味着可能有苯相关的健康影响去识别的情况下，受影响的人不知道苯曝光被病原体的有害影响。因此，这将是一个组织，以保护其人力资源的最佳利益-其雇员的健康和福祉，同时在同一时间，符合法律要求的6（2）的特立尼达和多巴哥职业安全和健康法案2006（修订）。此外，鉴于这些健康的影响（包括急性和慢性）的严重性，这个主题是一个值得详细研究和评估。

Of course, such research and assessment would commence with performing the necessary risk assessments to determine where there are likely cases of exposure. In this study, it would be assumed that all workers tested on the natural gas facility do encounter periods of exposure to benzene. The fact remains that due to the novelty of benzene assessment in the oil and gas sector of Trinidad and Tobago, there is still much left to be understood on the topic. Indeed, as the likelihood of exposure increases, so does the necessary risk for developing health effects.

当然，这样的研究和评估将开始进行必要的风险评估，以确定有可能的情况下曝光。在这项研究中，这将假定所有的工人在天然气设施进行测试时接触到苯。事实上，由于在多巴哥和特立尼达的石油和天然气部门的苯评估的新颖性，还有许多需要了解的话题。事实上，由于暴露的可能性增加，因此，发展健康的影响的必要的风险。

In turn, due to the risk profile generated from research into benzene exposures, the inherent risk controls that compliment each risk profile, would also need to be addressed. As such, the prerequisite of knowing the exposure levels is the primary step leading to the implementation of controls, and the subsequent, but penultimate objective of addressing any health-related issue –prevention of adverse health effects.

反过来，由于从研究中产生的风险分析苯暴露，固有的风险控制，恭维每个风险的配置文件，也需要得到解决。因此，了解暴露水平的先决条件是导致控制实施的初级阶段，和随后的，但倒数第二目的解决任何与健康有关的问题–预防不良的健康影响。

Thus, this research serves to be the stimulus for further detailed assessment in this

field, where exposure levels can be translated to health effects.

Finally, as a means of providing accurate statistics and relationships between cause and effect, it is necessary to assess the role of benzene exposure in the work environment. In other words, management and staff would be able to positively correlate benzene exposure to lost-time incidents or health effects, and thus make informed decisions of the measures that are required for ensuring there is a safe environment. In essence, given the rationalisation presented above, it is in the best interest of an organization to conduct benzene monitoring in order to reduce current exposure to within Occupational Exposure Limits, where exposure is expected to be high, and thus provide the foundation for sustaining industry best management practices, while facilitating and empowering a positive safety culture of the workforce.

因此，本研究为进一步详细评估的刺激作用

领域，在曝光水平可以翻译为健康的影响。

最后，作为提供准确的统计和因果关系的一种手段，它是必要的，以评估在工作环境中苯暴露的作用。换言之，管理层和工作人员将能够积极地接触苯暴露于失

去的时间事件或健康影响，从而使所需的措施，以确保有一个安全的环境知情决定。在本质上，鉴于上述重组，这是一个组织的最大利益，为了减少当前暴露在苯职业接触限值进行监测，其中曝光预计要高，因而维持行业最佳管理实践提供基础，同时促进和增强积极的员工的安全文化。

Aim目的

To assess the level of benzene exposure to workers on a natural gas facility in Trinidad and Tobago.

要评估苯暴露于天然气设施的工人的水平特立尼达和多巴哥。

Objectives目标

The objectives of this proposed study are to;

1. Determine the concentration of exposure to benzene utilizing personal monitoring methods. In this particular study, the primary factor for determining whether there is an effect caused by benzene exposure begins with the knowledge of what concentrations are present in the workplace.

这项研究的目标是；

1。利用个人监测方法测定苯暴露浓度。在这项特别的研究中，确定是否有影响苯暴露的影响的主要因素是从知识的浓度在工作场所开始的开始。

2. Determine the effectiveness of controls in preventing exposure to benzene through the conduct of pre- and post-exposure health surveillance. In essence, by relating the exposure levels measured from personal samplers to the levels of the benzene metabolite found in urine (S-phenylmercaprturic acid), an assessment of the controls can effectively assess their effectiveness.

2。确定控制的有效性，防止暴露于苯通过前和后暴露的健康监测的行为。在本质上，与从个人采样器测定尿液中发现的苯代谢物水平的暴露水平（sphenylmercaprturic酸），对照组的评估可以有效地评估其有效性。

The attached project scheduling (Appendix 1) proposes the timelines for the execution of this study in achieving the above-mentioned objectives. 所附的项目调度（附录1）提出了这项研究的执行，实现上述目标的时间表。

Hypothesis 假设

Employees working on a natural gas facility in Trinidad and Tobago are exposed to benzene from various sources such as gas condensate and impurities from natural gas processing.

在特立尼达和多巴哥的天然气工厂工作的员工都受到了苯等各种来源，如天然气凝析气和杂质处理。

Research Strategy

A quantitative experimental study will be conducted to determine the exposures to benzene and the levels of S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) in the urine. SPMA has been found to be a positive biomarker and indicator of the presence of benzene in the body, by virtue of being a

benzene metabolite (Farmer et al., 2005; Barbieri et al., 2008). Due to the fact that the proposed study entails the utilisation of a biomarker as an indicator of possible health effects, and not any actual health effect as reported by the employees, the use of a quantitative approach is most viable, and would yield the most accurate results with regards to the specific subject matter.

一个定量的实验将进行研究，确定暴露于苯和苯巯基尿酸水平（SPMA）在尿。药物已被发现是一个积极的标志和指示体内苯的存在，被一个苯代谢物的美德（农民et al.，2005；巴比et al.，2008）。由于这一事实，所提出的研究需要的生物标志物作为一个指标可能的健康影响的指标，并没有任何实际的健康影响的员工，使用定量的方法是最可行的，并会产生最准确的结果与特定主题的问题。

The study would utilise approximately twenty (20) test subjects whom conduct works on a natural gas facility. The employees chosen conduct varying tasks at the facility, and operate on 12-hour shifts. The strategy would involve the utilisation of organic vapour monitoring badges (personal samplers) which would be outfitted on employees on a daily basis during the study period, as these have shown to be effective for benzene monitoring (Weisel, 2010). This monitoring exercise would be repeated daily to account for changes in the work environment and the potentially consequent benzene exposure, over a two-week period. Such variables accounted for, and as indicated by Nam Ong (1999) would include; a change in work location, change in task, change in weather conditions (wind direction, rain), etc. Thus, the study would compensate and accommodate for external factors that may affect the daily benzene exposure levels.

这项研究将利用约二十（20）测试受试者的天然气设施进行工程。员工选择在工厂进行不同的任务，并在12小时轮班工作。该战略将涉及有机蒸气监测徽章使用（个人采样器）将配备的员工每天都在研究期间，这些已经证明苯监测是有效的（当年，2010）。这种监测运动会每天重复的考虑到在工作环境和可能随之而来的苯暴露的变化，在一个为期两周。这样的变量，并通过NAM Ong表示（1999）包括；在工作地点的变化，变化的任务，在天气条件的变化（风向、降雨等），因此，本研究将补偿和适应，可能会影响日常的苯暴露水平的外部因素。

Pre-health screening for levels of SPMA in the urine of the test subjects would be conducted at the beginning of the project, and such tests would be conducted daily at the end of the work shift. In this way, any increases in SPMA levels would be tracked over a daily period. Ultimately, given that the method approach is quantitative, statistical analysis would be conducted to ascertain the correlation between benzene exposure and the increases in SPMA in the urine of the employees. Such analysis, such as linear regression would determine if there is a correlation, the level of correlation that exists, and the confidence interval of the results. Furthermore, these results would inform on the level of effectiveness of the existing controls which are utilised on the plant, and aid in identifying where further controls are necessary. 在受试者尿SPMA水平的前健康筛查将在项目开始时进行的，这样的测试会进行日常工作结束时。这样，任何在SPMA水平增加会跟踪每日期。最终，给出的方法是定量的，统计分析进行确定苯暴露与尿中SPMA的员工增加之间的相关性。这样的分析，如线性回归，将确定是否有相关性，存在的相关性的水平，和结果的置信区间。此外，这些结果会通知现有的控制，这是利用在植物上的有效性，并帮助确定进一步的控制是必要的。

SWOT Analysis

Strengths;

The study of benzene exposure is inherently an advantage to the employees on natural gas facilities, not withstanding other types of operations where benzene exposure exists. Not withstanding the merits of the outcome of this study, the strengths associated also deserve its due merit, as these strengths provide the capability to pursue the topic in the first place. One such strength of the researcher is the clear understanding of the existing research on benzene exposure and the occupational exposure limits (that is, the levels stated on the NIOSH International Chemical Safety

Card for benzene). Given this clear understanding, the researcher/author can aptly make determinations and correlations between benzene exposure and the potential health effects associated with the levels of S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) found in urine.

苯的研究本质上是对天然气设施的员工的优势，尽管其他类型的作业，接触苯的存在。尽管这项研究的结果的优点，长处相关也值得其应有的价值，因为这些优势，首先要追求的主题提供能力。研究者这样一个强度是现有研究苯暴露和职业暴露限制的清晰的了解（即水平上说明美国国际化学品安全

苯卡）。鉴于这种清醒的认识，研究者/作者可以使苯与苯巯基尿酸水平相关的潜在的健康效应之间的相关性（SPMA）测定尿中发现。

Furthermore, the researcher has conducted extensive work in the occupational hygiene field, and as such, has obtained experience and technical competency in the field of benzene exposure. Thus, this translates to competencies in assessing suitable sampling methods based on the nature and type of substance, knowledge of the hazards and biological monitoring of benzene metabolites (as marked by SPMA in urine), and also, competencies in analysing exposure data and implementing suitable controls that would reduce exposure. The researcher has conducted in excess of thirty (30) benzene monitoring exercises, and has provided support and technical advice for implementing suitable controls for the majority of these exercises. These exercises were all conducted on upstream oil and gas facilities. As such, the merit of past experience lends to the expertise in pursuing this topic. 此外，研究人员在职业卫生领域进行了广泛的工作，并在苯暴露领域取得了经验和技术能力。因此，这意味着能力在合适的抽样方法基于自然和物质的类型和评估，苯代谢物的生物监测的危害知识（如尿SPMA标记），并在分析暴露数据和实施适当的控制，会减少暴露的能力。研究人员已经进行了超过三十（30）苯监测演习，并提供支持和技术建议，为实施适当的控制，对大多数这些演习。这些演习都是在上游的石油和天然气设施进行的。因此，过去的经验的优点，适合在追求这个主题的专业知识。

Moreover, the researcher has access to a significant quantum of data related to benzene exposure, given that the researcher plays an active role in ongoing benzene monitoring. Albeit, this monitoring cannot necessarily be interpreted to mean that the current benzene monitoring is sufficient to envelop all areas of benzene exposure on the natural gas facility. Thus, the researcher can utilise all the skills obtained from past research in the area to ably develop a risk profile for benzene exposure, as this is also an inherent proficiency.

此外，研究人员已经获得了显着的量子数据相关的苯暴露，因为研究人员在正在进行的苯监测中起着积极的作用。尽管如此，这种监测不一定被解释为意味着，

目前的苯监测是足够的信封所有领域的苯暴露于天然气设施。因此，研究人员可以利用所有的技巧，从过去的研究中得到的区域发展苯暴露的风险，这也是一种内在的能力。

Weaknesses

Given the breadth of strengths associated with this study, the number of weaknesses is few and limited. Firstly, the cost of conducting personal monitoring for the sole purposes of this study can be prohibitive. Indeed, based on the number of persons who are to be equipped with personal samplers, the cost could be sufficient to prevent the pursuit of the research. Additionally, the costs associated with the medical screening required for determining the levels of SPMA in urine for all workers, can further exacerbate this weakness of the study. Alternatively, due to the fact that there is existing and ongoing data collection of benzene exposure on natural gas facilities, the only difficulty would lie on obtaining this data. This also holds true for the medical screening. Thus, this weakness can be overcome without hampering the accuracy of the study through compromising of the size of the test group, or the nature of the medical screening to be undertaken.

鉴于这项研究的优势，数量的弱点是有限的。首先，进行个人监测的成本，这项研究的唯一目的，可以望而却步。事实上，基于人的数量要配备个人采样器，成本可能足以防止研究的追求。此外，相关的成本与所需的医疗筛查测定尿中SPMA水平的所有工人，会进一步加剧这种弱点的研究。另外，由于事实上，有现有的和正在进行的数据收集的苯暴露于天然气设施，唯一的困难在于获得此数据。这也适用于医疗检查。因此，这个弱点可以被克服，而不妨碍研究的准确性，通过影响测试组的大小，或进行的性质的医疗检查，以进行。Furthermore, the development of the accurate statistical analysis can compromise the accuracy of the study, even if the relevant input information is readily available. Thus, selection of the appropriate method for statistically correlating the duration of exposure to the potential SPMA levels in urine, assuming all other factors are equal, must be such that the margin of the anlaysis is minimal and compliment the type of data collected and the size of the test group.

此外，准确的统计分析的发展可以妥协的精度的研究，即使相关的输入信息是现成的。因此，对于统计相关的暴露于尿中SPMA水平的潜在的持续时间，选择适当的方法，假设所有其他因素相等，必须这样分析边缘的最小和恭维的数据收集和测试组的尺寸类型。

Opportunities

As described in the literature above, the information gathered from this study can serve as a precursor for more detailed analysis, and to serve to inform the conduct of risk assessment of benzene exposure. In fact, the information that is gathered can be utilised to inform a health surveillance programme, that would seek to monitor the effectiveness of controls as well as any occurrence of health impairment that can be associated with benzene exposure.

As a consequence, the risk assessments would highlight where controls, including personal protective equipment, would be necessary. Moreover, the outcomes would be sufficient to develop a risk profile for each type of employee on the natural gas facility, and thus place specific emphasis on the periodicity of the assessment of the exposure and controls measures, to determine applicability. Moreover, as a secondary objective, the study outcome can be further utilised in the development of best management practices in the industry for the control of

benzene exposure.

如文献所述，从本研究中收集的信息可以作为一个前体更详细的分析，并服务于苯暴露的风险评估的行为。事实上，收集到的信息可以用来通知一个健康监测计划，该计划将寻求监测控制的有效性以及任何可与苯接触有关的健康损害的发生。作为一个结果，风险评估将突出在控制，包括个人防护装备，将是必要的。此外，结果将是足够的，以制定一个风险配置文件的每个类型的员工在天然气设施，并因此所处的周期性的曝光和控制措施的评估，以确定适用性。此外，作为二级目标，研究结果可以进一步利用在发展中的最佳管理实践中的行业中的苯暴露的控制。

Threats

All other matters aside, the pursuit of this study would also be subjected to threats to that could affect the outcomes. Indeed, due to the nature of the study, the researcher would have access to sensitive data related to the health surveillance of employees.

Thus, it may occur that access to the data required for the study could be restricted, in regards of content. However, given that the organisation and the test subjects would have had to agree to conducting the exercise, and that the outcomes would aid the organisation in protecting the health of the employees, this threat is minimal.

所有其他问题，这项研究的追求也将受到威胁，可能会影响结果。事实上，由于这项研究的性质，研究人员将访问敏感数据相关的健康监测的员工。

因此，它可能会出现访问所需的数据，该研究可能会受到限制，在内容。然而，鉴于该组织和测试对象将不得不同意进行该演习，并指出，该成果将帮助该组织在保护员工的健康，这种威胁是最小的。

Furthermore, the accuracy of the monitoring could be compromised by the varying work shift times and times of exposure in the specific area where measurements are planned. This means that the sampled workers may not work for the full twelve hours expected for the sample period, and if they do, they may work outside of the plant area, thus creating discrepancies. Such external factors would be considered as done by Brugnone et al. (1999), in ensuring that results are not adversely affected.

However, all such factors would be considered in the study design, and thus the analyses adjusted to indicate as such.

此外，监测的准确性可能会受到损害的变化的工作班次的时间和曝光时间，在特定领域的测量计划。这意味着，采样的工人可能无法工作的十二小时，预计样本期间，如果他们这样做，他们可能会在工厂以外的地区，从而创造差异。这样的外部因素是brugnone等人所做的。（1999），以确保不受不利影响的结果。

然而，所有这些因素都将被考虑在研究设计中，从而分析调整，以表示为。