海明威艺术风格的_冰山原则_白象似的群山_解读_李雪平
《白象似的群山》与“冰山原则”
《白象似的群山》与“冰山原则”摘要：《白象似的群山》是海明威的经典短篇之一，体现了海明威独特的创作原则――“冰山原则”。
本文从四个角度分析海明威的“冰山原则”是如何体现出来的。
关键词：海明威《白象似的群山》冰山原则作为美国文坛最著名的作家之一，海明威以他简洁的语言，独特的叙述艺术――“冰山原则”获得了世界声誉，成为了最为广大中国读者所喜爱和学者所关注的美国作家。
所谓“冰山原则”是指海明威把自己的写作比作海上漂浮的冰山，即用文字表达出来的东西只是海面上的八分之一，而八分之七是在海面以下。
海面以下的部分就是作家没有写出的部分，是省略掉的部分，但这省略掉的部分读者却可以感受到，好像作家已经写出来似的。
用我们惯于使用的学术语言不妨这样总结，所谓冰山原则就是用简洁文字塑造鲜明的形象，把作者自己的感受和思想情绪最大限度地埋藏于形象之中，使之情感充沛却含而不露，思想深沉却隐而不晦，从而将文学的可感性与可思性巧妙地结合起来，让读者通过对鲜明形象的感受去发挥作品的思想意义。
《白象似的群山》是海明威于1927年发表的一篇短篇小说，也是体现他“冰山原则”和简洁语言的经典名篇。
本文以《白象似的群山》为例，分析海明威的“冰山原则”是如何体现出来的。
1. 简洁的文字与印象派的写景风格在文学作品中，人物形象和场景画面感的实施乃是塑造典型环境中典型性格的一种不可缺少的手段。
海明威主张用简洁的文字突出塑造画面感较强的人物和场景。
在海明威的笔下，几乎没有总体上的风景描写，都是十分准确的物体观察，对于所描写的场面也很少进行特别强调。
《白象似的群山》里有这样的情景描述：“埃布罗河河谷的那一边，白色的山岗起伏连绵。
这一边，白地一片，没有树木，车站在阳光下两条铁路线中间，紧靠着车站的一边，是一幢笼罩在闷热的阴影中的房屋，一串串竹珠子编成的门帘关在酒吧间敞开着的门口挡苍蝇。
那个美国人和跟他一道的姑娘坐在那幢房屋外面阴凉处的一张桌子旁边。
”这里所描写的画面和原来生活中的一样自然，没有任何矫饰的东西，作者仅仅反映事实，没有交代他们从何处来，如何相识，但读者已经感到了生活中消极的一面（白地一片，没有树木，笼罩在闷热的阴影中的房屋），几句仿佛随随便便写出的文字便为读者勾勒出一幕速写画，定下了整个故事的格调，而该场景中的许多内容都与小说中人物的思想、性格、情绪有着密切的关系，并暗示着人物的命运。
论海明威《白象似的群山》的语言艺术
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白象似的群山写作手法分析
从《白象似的群山》中看海明威的写作风格摘要欧内斯特·海明威是现代文学巨匠，他以“精通现代叙事艺术”荣获1954年诺贝尔文学奖。
他的写作技巧不仅使他闻名于世，还是区分他与其他作家的一大特征，他对美国乃至世界文学都有深远的影响。
“白象似的群山”是海明威的一篇著名的短篇小说。
全文只有1469个字，讲述的是一对美国情侣在一个西班牙小站等火车的情景。
除了必不可少的背景描写之外，其余的都是这对情侣相互间的对话。
本文希望通过对小说写作手法的分析，使读者更加深刻的了解男女主人公之间的关系、冲突、心理活动及各自的人物特色。
同时更好的赏析这篇小说，并体会海明威独特的写作风格。
本文分为三个部分。
第一部分是引论对海明威及他的小说白象似的群山做了简短的介绍。
第二部分主要从语言、象征、冰山原则三个方面分析海明威的写作技巧。
首先，他的语言具有四个鲜明的特征：第一，他喜欢使用常见的单或双音节词。
第二他很少使用形容词和状语。
第三，在不同的情境下，他的句子的长短和节奏变换很巧妙。
他常用简单的连接词将单句改写成复句。
其次，他的文中总是充满了象征，这些象征的使得文章内容更加丰富。
在《白象似的群山》中它不仅预示着主人公的命运还使得人物形象更加生动，主题更加明确。
最后，介绍冰山原则的特点，及在《白象似的群山》中的应用。
在前面两部分的基础之上，第三部分对文章进行了总结，指出写作目的及研究意义。
关键词：写作手法，语言特色，象征，冰山原则AbstractErnest Hemingway is a giant of modern literature. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 for “masters the modern narrative techniques”. His writing style not only makes him famous but also makes him different from many other greatest American writers. He has exerted a strong influence on the literature both of America and the world.“Hills Like White Elephants”is one of Hemingway’s excellent short stories, which provides us with a piece of wonderful picture with condensed ink. There are just 1469 words in this novel, of which the majority is dialogues between a girl and a man awaiting a train at a station in Spain. All the story features short sentences; and there are few modification words to describe the facial expression,the inner minds as well as the actions of the figures. The research into his writing style allows us to grasp the story thoroughly. Meanwhile we will profound the theme of the story and appreciate it well.This thesis is divided into three parts. Part one is a brief introduction to Hemingway and his novel “Hills Like White Elephants”. Part two analyses Hemingway’s writing techniques in the aspects of unique language, symbol technique and his Iceberg Theory. Firstly, his unique language can be summarized as the following three features: (a) one syllable or two syllables words are mostly used; (b) less adjectives and adverbials have been used; (c) the length and rhythm of his sentences are varied in different situations; (d) simple sentences outnumber complex sentences, and sentence connectors like "and", "but", "then" are used repeatedly in the novel to link most of the sentences. Secondly, his novels are always full of symbols, which greatly enrich the meaning of his story. In “Hills Like White Elephants”the symbols not only implies the fate of the young men but also make the character more vivid and the theme clearer. Finally, technique of his Iceberg Theory has been fully reflected by his "Hills Like White Elephants". For under the concise language, there exists rich information and deep feelings, it is just the highlight of the Iceberg Theory. Based on these analyses, the last part makes an conclusion and points out the purposeand significance of the research in this thesis.Key Words: writing style; features of language; symbolic; iceberg theory目录摘要 (i)Abstract (ii)1. Introduction to the writer and his “Hills Like White Elephants” (5)2Analysis of writing techniques of "Hills Like White Elephants" (7)2.1The unique Language (7)2.1.1 A lexical choice (7)2.1.2 Few adjectives and adverbs (8)2.1.3 Short and simple sentences (8)2.2 The use of Symbolism (9)2.2.1 The symbolic significance of the title and the heroine'sname (9)2.2.2 The symbolic significance in the setting (10)2.2.3The symbolic significance between the dialogues (11)2.3 Technique of Iceberg Theory (12)2.3.1 The style of Iceberg Theory (12)2.3.2 Iceberg Theory in Hills Like White Elephants (13)3Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)Acknowledgements (17)1. Introduction to the writer and his “Hills Like WhiteElephants”Ernest Hemingway is a giant of modern literature, well versed in modern narrative art, for which he was awarded Nobel Prize in 1954. His four major novels are The Sun Also Rises (1926), A Farewell to Arms (1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), and The Old Man and the Sea (1952). Since he is a wounded veteran of World War I, most of his works are connected to wars. Every role in his work reflects his own characteristics, that is, full of courage, perseverance, wisdom, and never giving in to fate, but none of them are perfect, which makes the role more real. His stories of courage in the face of tragedy encourage the new generation. The application of short, uncomplicated, active sentences, and only few adjectives becomes Hemingway's recognizable style that has been widely copied by other writers. Due to the concise language, his style is endowed with the title telegraph style. That makes the tempo of the story, the tone and the changing feelings of the figures clearer. We should be aware that Hemingway's language is concisely direct but never blunt or simply plain.His novels are always full of symbols, which can greatly enrich the meaning of the story. The subtle employment of symbolism is a sharp tool to help to delve into the deep-seated treasures; thus, the maximum of meaning is reached through the use of this technique. What is more, he has created a kind of Iceberg Theory style. Iceberg Theory is greatly moving the plot forward. Due to Theory style, there is always a network of association and inference, a submerged reason behind the inclusion (or even the omission) of every detail."Hills Like White Elephants" is an important piece in Hemingway's second collection of short stories, Men Without Women, published in August of 1927. The short story is a conversation between a girl and a man waiting for a train at a station in Spain. The man tried to persuade the girl to have a small operation. Though the novel does not tell what on earth the surgery is, according to the real life experience, we can guess that is an abortion. Basically, the whole novel is a dialogue between the girl andthe man. There are actually 110 bars in the text, of which only 12 bars are described. At the very beginning, Hemingway uses 113 words to briefly introduce the setting. This is a barren station with "no shade" and "no trees", and the hills by the side of the station are white and dry. In the beginning, the young women acts as an ice breaker, describing the outline of the distant mountains under the sun, “they look like white elephants”. But with little or almost no patience the man starts his own concerned topic about whether the young woman will have the operation or not. The man wants the girl to have an abortion but the girl wants to keep the baby, and neither of them will give in. Then the topic about the abortion becomes very sensitive. Therefore, their talk is very tight and brittle. At several points the girl talks about drinks, for she wants to avoid the sensitive topic. But the man seems to stick to the topic, explaining and comforting again and again.Finally the girl says: "I will scream” Here, the novel’s internal tension has reached its peak, slipping quickly to an abrupt end.2. Analysis of writing techniques of "Hills Like WhiteElephants"2.1The unique LanguageDistinguished from many greatest American writers, Hemingway is renowned for his writing style of unique language. His style looks simple at first glance but subtle and delightful inside.Readers are often attracted by his individual characteristics of the language.His individual characteristics of the language can be summarized as the following four patterns: (a) one syllable or two syllables words are mostly used; (b) less adjectives and adverbials have been used; (c) the length and rhythm of his sentences are skillfully varied in different situations; (d) simple sentences outnumber complex sentences, and sentence connectors like "and", "but", "then" are used repeatedly in the novel to link most of the sentences.2.1.1 A lexical choiceHe is very careful with words. Concrete, specific, more commonly found, casual and conversational are his chosen principles. He once said "Of any writer, no matter how good a word or a phrase he may have, if he puts it in where it is not absolutely necessary and irreplaceable, he is spoiling his work for egotism. Writing is architecture, not interior decoration."For example “Across, on the other side, were fields of grain and trees along the banks of the Ebro. Far away, beyond the river, were moun tains.” Just a few short sentences and some simple words outline a pair of pure and fresh scenery in front of the reader. His language is simple, concise, natural, easy to understand just because all the words he chooses are “concrete, specific, more commo nly found, more Anglo-Saxon, casual and conversational”Hemingway seems to prefer words of Anglo-Saxon origin, the most of which consist of one syllable or two syllables. Though Anglo-Saxon origin is small in part they are the most frequently used in daily speech and writing, which makes vital contribution to Hemingway’s works for the simple and easy understanding.2.1.2 Few adjectives and adverbsHe seldom uses adjectives and abstract nouns, and avoids complicated syntax.For example, in the beginning of this novel, he uses several sentences to describe the setting.“The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no trees and the station was between two lines of rails in the sun. Close against the side of the station there was the warm shadow of the building and a curtain, made of strings of bamboo beads, hung across the open door into the bar, to keep out flies. The American and the girl with him sat at a table in the shade, outside the building. It was very hot and the express from Barcelona would come in forty minutes.”Among these words, there are just four described adjectives: long, white, warm, hot. "Long" and "white" is used to describe the mountain. The mountain is the whole background of the novel, it plays an important role when expressing the character’s emotion. The other two adjectives, hot and warm, implies that the story happen in hot summer.All these adjective words are essential to introduce the background of this novel.2.1.3 Short and simple sentencesAs we all known, Hemingway prefers to use simple sentences. He skillfully employs many short sentences in the writing, particularly in describing the step-by-step actions and energetic activities. But he varies the length and the rhythm of his sentences on different occasions to stress something or express different attitudes and emotions. For example, the girl and the man have a disagreement. The girl feels unjust and stray, while the man feels fidgety. But the author does not use the words s uch as “angry” or “impatient” to directly describe the characters' psychological activities. Instead, he just hides these emotions in the dialogues. There are some parts of the dialogues:“What did you say?”“I said we could have everything.”“No, we can't.”“We can have the whole world.”“No, we can't.”“We can go everywhere.”“No, we can't. It isn't ours any more.”“It's ours.”From these simple sentences, readers can feel that the characters in the novel want to solve the problem as soon as possible. The author omits such words like “she said”, “he said”. This makes the dialogues shorter or even in a hurry. None of them want to say more words. This arrangement seems simple but it is really intentional. Wanting the readers to feel the psychological activities themselves, he just put out the original dialogue without any modified words. This will not only attract readers’ curiosity but also makes the novel more convincing.2.2 The use of SymbolismSymbolism is an important writing style of Hemingway, and is fully embodied in the “Hills Like White Elephants”."Hills Like White Elephants" shows Hemingway's use of iceberg theory or theory of omission: a message is presented through a story's subtext. Among those that might be mentioned, we shall focus on the title, the names of the hero and heroine, the landscape, and some special words.2.2.1 The symbolic significance of the title and the heroine’s nameThe title Hills Like White Elephants is an important metaphor. “white elephants” is mentioned several times.The meaning of the white elephants in china seems chicken ribs. The white elephants coming from Thailand in which a white elephant is given to unflavored people by the ruler. Due to the fact that the elephant is sacred and not allowed to work, it is a burden for the owner for it would consume the whole money of its owner until he becomes destitute. Jig's reference to white elephants could be in regard to the baby. The American could see the baby as a white elephant and not want to raise it because of the cost, while Jig could see the child as an extraordinary addition to her mundane life of drinking and mindless traveling. When the girl said: “They look like white elephants” she is implying that she has a baby. The hills are “lovely” and“bright” though“the country was brown and dry”, “therewas no shade and no trees”. From these we can know that the baby is a beautiful thing to the girl, and brings her change and hope in life. Furthermore, the white elephants are also a symbol of the steady life the girl is dreaming of. Maybe it is time for her to set down and have a family to live a peaceful life. As having a baby means responsible and fewer enjoyment, the man looks the baby as a burden and even useless thing.Jig is the name of the girl, which is clearly addressed in the novel. It’s not just a normal name. It is symbolic. Jig is a kind of lively dance. From the dictionary, we find that Jig have a deep meaning “particular assort of behavior or activity which varies according to the situation that someone is in”. The name Jig is very in accordance with the image of the girl, young and roaming about gaming life. At the same time. It also means the love between the girl and the man will end up.2.2.3 The symbolic significance in the settingThe symbolism of the hills can be thought of as the image of the swollen breasts , and to the prenatal dream of the mother of the future Buddha in which a white elephant (in this case, a symbol of prestigious leadership) presents her with a lotus flower, a symbol of fertility.“The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no trees and the station were between two lines of rails in the sun.”This is concise to describe about the scene. “The station was between two lines of rails in the sun”symbolizing the hero and heroine never reaches an agreement to solve serious problem which threats the relationship between them. The girl looking forward to this baby, and she wants a stable relationship and enjoys the happiness of the family life; while the man considers the baby as a burden, and he wants the girl to have abortion then continues to live just like the past. They have different expectations, and no one wants to give in, just like two parallel railways won't cross together.Just take a look at these sentences “The girl was looking off at the line of hills. They were white in the sun and the country was brown and dry.”“The girl stood up and walked to the end of the station. Across, on the other side, were fields of grain andtrees along the banks of the Ebro. Far away, beyond the river, were mountains. The shadow of a cloud moved across the field of grain and she saw the river through the trees.”Describing scenery on both sides also contain symbolism. On one side the country is “brown and dry”, symbolizing that the relationship between the girl and the men was week, indicating that the girl may have abortion; their prospects will be a dim and lifeless. On the other side, there are “grain” “t rees” “river”. All this reveals the lush life, symbolizing another choice of the girl to give birth to the baby.2.2.4 The symbolic significance between the dialogue“Everything tastes like liquorices. Especially all the things you've waited so long for, like ab sinthe.”This is just one of the girl's sentence. There is no doubt that "tastes like liquorices" "waited so long for" also have symbolic meaning for the baby. For the girl, the baby is the source of happiness and she is optimistic with the future family life. She has longed for a family life with a baby. However, the man is unwilling to welcome the new life. Maybe for him, the baby does not "taste like liquorices" and "waited so long for".There are also some special words carrying the symbolism. For example, the word "two" appears again and again, like "two lines of rails", "Two big ones", "two glasses of beer and two felt pads", "two heavy bags". All these are symbolizing the man just cares about the 2-person world, not wishing the baby come down.Apart from the hills, other parts of the setting provide symbolism which expresses the tension and conflict surrounding the couple. The train tracks form a dividing line between the barren expanse of land stretching toward the hills on one side and the green, fertile farmland on the other, symbolizing the choice faced by each of the main characters and their differing interpretations of the dilemma of pregnancy. Jig focuses on the landscape during the conversation, rarely making eye contact with the American.It's the author's intention to choose “tracks” instead of “rails” as in the setting. Except to expressing the track, the main meaning of "track" is traces, which symbolizes the trajectory of life. People are expecting "train" arrives, but finally wedo not see the sign. The another meaning of "train" is "consequences", which implicatively show the theme. People do not know where to go for the future, only confusedly waiting.2.3 Technique of Iceberg Theory2.3.1 The style of Iceberg TheoryHemingway expresses his characteristic themes of love, stoicism, war and death in perfectly controlled prose. He seems to excise all emotion from his work while allowing it to move powerfully beneath the surface. That is his famous “Iceberg Theory”. What’s “Iceberg Theory”?As the common sense, an iceberg is divided into the visible and the invisible part by surface of the sea. The art of literature is just like a sublime iceberg, in which the objective description can never be separated from the subjective emotion. The former is visible but the later remains invisible. The one-eighth is the objective image upon which artistic emotion depends; the seven-eighths is the connotation, the submerged, suppressed part of the message, which, moreover, opens to critical view and auctorial process of exclusion----inclusion, an exercise of willed choice, which closely parallels the life-choice of the protagonist-narrator.Hemingway once said, “If a writer of the prose knows enough about what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”As a matter of f act, in Hemingway’s own words, the feature of his Iceberg Theory is to omit something that both the author and the reader know, and the essence of it is to explore the hidden seven-eight facts through the only one-eight obvious fact. He always tries to write on the principle of iceberg, which means there is seven-eighths of it underwater for every part that shows. Anything he knows he can eliminate and it only strengthens his iceberg. It is the part that doesn't show. Because of the image we can see the “whole” from a small part; this method is usually used to reveal social problems.2.3.2 Iceberg Theory in Hills Like White ElephantsAs we all know Hills Like White Elephants is an early work of Hemingway. Though it comes out before Iceberg Theory has been clever put out, it still can show this Iceberg Theory completely.To begin with, it omits the background of the story. The story started with a girl and a man talking about something in a station. But the readers still do not know anything abut them like their past or their future. Although from their dialogue we may get some information, to some extent, we still feel confused . One must get his or her understanding to scrutinize between the lines. If we read the story carefully we can’t help thinking what will happen to them. It makes the novel mysterious and attracts the reader’s attention.Secondly, it omits the intensely full-face conflict. The dialogue seems arbitrary, but the conflict between the two characters is just hidden. Only when the girl says out “Would you please please please please please please please stop talking.” the conflict unveils, and the story comes to an end.Furthermore, it omits the proverbial information. The whole dialogue focuses on the operation, but the author never points out what kind of is. However, the reader can know the fact that the operation may be an abortion according to the common sense of life after reading the dialogue. What’s more, there is no any words to describe the feelings of the heroes and heroines. But with the dialogue going on, we can feel the girl’s disappointment and the man’s fretfulness. As Hemingway said, what he omits is what he and the reader have known.“It's really an awfully simple operation, Jig.” the man said. “It's not really an operation at all.” From this sentence, we may find the man tries to persuade the girl to have the abortion, as he explains the abortion from his point---“simple”, “not really an operation at all”. From this we can realize the men’s selfish ness and insincerity becau se what is “simple” to him may hurt the girl and bring physical damage to her. He just does not want to undertake the responsibility of being a father or having a family. To his point, the baby is really a big trouble. Having the abortion, they can live as happily as the past. But deeply reading this novel, we may find that the baby meanseverything to the girl, and losing the baby, she will never be happy again.Although the author does not describe their emotion, from the dialogue we can see the girl is full of grief and despair, but she acts as if nothing happens; while the man is coldly selfish but pretends to be attentive. We can taste the conflict between them from existing information in this novel .The novel ends up with the unclearness of the gi rl’s final decision but we still find some hints. It’s not difficult to recognize if we pay much attention to the character’s conversation. It’s the girl who starts the dialogue; which implies that the abortion in the end will be on her decision. One detail of taking her hat off and putting it on the table means that she is getting off what covers her and wants to speak the situation out clearly. In the end of the story, the girl sees “grain” “trees” “river” on the other side. The words “I feel fine” sugges ts that she will keep the baby and starts her new life without the man.To sum up, Hemingway’s Iceberg Theory is fully reflected by his Hills Like White Elephants. For under the concise language, there exists rich information and deep feelings, which is just the highlight of the Iceberg Theory.3. ConclusionThis thesis mainly focuses on a study on Ernest Hemingway's writing style in “Hills Like White Elephants”. In this novel , his writing style appears more concrete and outstanding. We can easily understand his symbolic way of writing, which contains implication, philosophy, deep meaning and characterization. His Iceberg Theory follows the principle of omission, adopts images expressed in language of vitality, and gives the novel an everlasting position in world literature.To begin with, we discuss his unique language which is simple and natural on the surface but actually deliberate and artificial inside. In fact, his method of applying language revels his writing style clearer. This article is aimed to showing the charterers of his language by analyzing his novel “Hills Like White Elephants”. In addition, his novels are usually full of abundant use of symbolism. It makes his novel rich in capacities, contents and themes. Analyses on the significance of the symbolism in the novel make us catch the author’s meaning better. Finally, the technique of the Iceberg Theory,to some extent, makes his novels difficult to understand. He just tells what is happening without explaining what it means or introducing the background in details. Reading his novels, Readers need more patience to catch the meaning.The efforts in this thesis will be helpful to the study of other Hemingway's short stories. To begin with, the thesis will enlighten the people who are interested in Hemingway and his short stories, and give them help to further explore Hemingway’s short stories. In addition, the readers may have more deep understanding of Iceberg theory. Therefore, they will dig out more treasure in Hemingway’s s hort stories and profoundly appreciate the artistic charm in Hemingway's short story．Due to the limited experience, the research into the Iceberg theory may be incomplete and more analysis is necessary to better understand this theory. The process is tough but the future is bright.Bibliography1. Hemingway, E.1928. Men without Women [M].New York: Macmillan publishing Company.2. Baker, Carlos. "Mountain and Plain", Study of Ernest Hemingway, China: Social Science Press, 19813. Bates, H.O. "The Artistic Style of Ernest Hemingway", Study of Ernest Hemingway, China: Social Science Press, 19814. Booz, Elisabeth B. A Brief Introduction to Modern American Literature.上海外语教育出版社，19825.董衡巽编选，海明威研究[M]，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1980。
《白象似的山峦》语用解读
白象似的山峦》语用解读1. 引言欧内斯特?海明威对于现代美国文学的发展有特殊的贡献，他独树一帜的“海明威风格”，成功地建立了一种洗练、简洁的现代叙事文体。
海明威的作品内容和他的创造形式是浑然一体、不可分割的。
海明威自己曾提到他写作时遵循的冰山原理：“如果一个散文作家对于他想写的东西心里很有数，那么他可以省略他所知道的东西，读者呢，只要作者写的真实，会强烈地感到他所忽略的地方，好像作者自己已经写出来似的。
冰山在海里移动是庄严宏伟的，这是因为它只有八分之一露在水面上。
”在这种原则指导下，海明威创作了一种严谨、洗练、朴素的叙事风格。
他作品中的十分含蓄简洁的语言往往可以表达出极其深远的内涵。
海明威喜欢写对话，喜欢用对话来推动故事、刻画人物、渲染气氛，他的对话大多简洁短促，体现了“冰山理论”。
《白象似的山峦》可谓是“冰山理论”的巅峰之作。
在这篇小说中，男女主角的对话构成了叙述主体，这些对话看上去浅显易懂，非常现实，非常生活化，似乎就是口语，连语气也是平淡含糊的。
本文试图利用语用学中的会话含义理论中的合作原则来分析这些貌似简单的会话中所展现出来的人物性格及其内涵，进而反映出作者别具匠心的对话安排是如何揭示作品的主题的。
2.格赖斯的会话含义理论“会话含义”( Conversational implicature )是美国语言哲学家格赖斯(H. P. Grice) 首先提出来的。
它是语用学的核心内容，在言语交际中起着非常重要的作用。
①2.1 会话含义交谈是人类传递信息和获得信息的一种重要的交际方式。
所谓交谈就是参与的双方或多方不断轮流地说话；“说话”这个词语是指“用语言表达意义”的行为，而用语言所表达的意义一般可分为两种：一种指说话人说出单词和句子所表达的字面意义，另一种指的是说话人通过说话所含蓄地表示的意义。
这样，我们便把通过说话所传递的内容分为两大范畴：直截了当地说出的内容和含蓄隐晦地表达的内容。
话语的“直说的内容”和“含蓄的内容”之间的区别相当于“字义”和“用意”之间的区别。
试析《白象似的群山》的“冰山原则”
收稿日期3作者简介周丹(3),女,河南洛阳人,硕士生,主要从事英美文学研究。
第25卷第1期2009年1月商丘师范学院学报JOURN AL OF SH ANG Q I U TEACHERS C OLLEGE Vol .25 No.1Janua r y .2009试析《白象似的群山》的“冰山原则”周 丹(河南农业大学外国语学院,河南郑州450000) 摘 要:海明威是一位具有独特艺术风格的作家,他的“冰山原则”开创了一代崭新的写作手法。
《白象似的群山》是海明威的经典短篇之一,简洁含蓄的对话和场景描写,内涵丰富的象征意蕴,模糊的迹象与隔阂的主题充分体现了这一原则的内容和特点。
关键词:海明威;简洁含蓄;象征;模糊;隔阂中图分类号:I 10614 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-3600(2009)01-0043-03 文学是语言的艺术,离开语言这一要素,作品就无从谈起了。
海明威正是一位语言艺术的大师。
《白象似的群山》这部小说故事情节简单,但人物刻画细腻;对话简练直白,却生动描述了人物丰富的内心世界;语言朴实无华,却揭示了深刻的主题思想。
这正是海明威的“冰山原则”所强调的“用简洁的文字塑造出鲜明的形象,把作者自身的感受和思想情绪最大限度的埋藏于想象之中”。
他认为让读者感觉的东西应该比让读者理解的东西多一些,应该把他所经历和体验到的一切准确地传达给读者,让读者根据自己的经验去充实、想象,甚至于提高作品的立意。
本文将从三个方面来解读《白象似的群山》的丰富内涵和蕴含的“冰山原则”。
一、简洁含蓄的对话和场景描写与海明威的其他作品相似,这个故事的背景也是在异国他乡,写的是一个不知名的美国男人和一个名叫吉格的女孩在一个小车站等待开往马德里的火车,男子极力劝说吉格去做危险的流产手术,而吉格在痛苦的矛盾中希望用群山之景来劝说男友回心转意,但一切努力都是枉费心机,两人的谈话演变为争吵,感情上的距离也越来越远。
小说中有三段直白的场景描写。
海明威艺术风格的_冰山原则_白象似的群山_解读_李雪平
文学研究海明威艺术风格的 冰山原则白象似的群山 解读李雪平(河南大学大学外语教学部,河南开封475001)摘 要: 白象似的群山 是文学艺术大师海明威著名短篇之作。
小说以简单的故事情节和简练朴实的对话生动地描述了人物丰富的内心世界,揭示了深刻的主题思想。
文章从写意式的对话、印象派画式的背景描写和摄影式的叙事视角体现了海明威艺术风格 冰山原则 。
关键词:海明威; 白象似的群山 ;冰山原则;背景;对话;叙事中图分类号:I106.4 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1003-0964(2009)04-0135-03白象似的群山 是文学艺术大师海明威著名短篇之作。
小说以简单的故事情节和简练朴实的对话生动地描述了人物丰富的内心世界,揭示了深刻的主题思想。
短短几千字的小说,却淋漓尽致地展示了海明威独特的艺术风格 冰山原则 。
这一理论体现了海明威的艺术审美追求 追求一种含蓄、凝练的意境,追求一种 言有尽而意无穷 的艺术境界[1]。
作家在浩瀚的生活海洋里撷取最富有特征的画面,用客观冷静的文字凝固成读者看得见的 八分之一 ,就像浮露在水面上的冰山那样轮廓清峻,晶莹突出,造成一种威武壮观的雄浑意境,以唤起读者的丰富想象,让读者自己去挖掘那隐藏在水下的蕴涵着作家思想感情的 八分之七 ,让读者透过字里行间去感悟人生的、社会的、自然的哲理。
下面从 白象似的群山 的背景、叙事和对话三个方面来解读海明威 冰山原则 这一独特的艺术风格。
一、写意式的对话写意画是传统中国画里令人赏心悦目的画种,它以淋漓的水墨、纵横的笔法、弥漫的气势使观者赞声鼎沸叹为奇观。
笔简意繁、勾勒洗练是写意画的最大特点,即通过画的立意叩动欣赏者的情意,产生回味不尽的画意。
写意画讲究意,欣赏写意画关键在于捕捉画中的意,在回味不尽的意趣中得到艺术的享受,陶冶自己的性情,感悟自然和人生的哲理。
海明威小说的对话犹如写意画般笔简意繁、勾勒洗练,精练的对话就如写意画里的纵横简练的画面、冰山露出水面的 八分之一 ,而他的寓意即水下的 八分之七 是读者自己去感受体会对话内在强烈的感情与深刻的思想含义。
浅析海明威的冰山理论在《白象似的群山》的体现
浅析海明威的冰山理论在《白象似的群山》的体现作者：冯文奂来源：《青年文学家》2016年第24期[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2016）-24-0-02作为美国文坛上的巨匠，海明威是举世公认的文学大师，《白象似的群山》是他的经典短篇小说。
《白象似的群山》故事情节虽然简单，但是人物刻画细腻；对话虽然简练直白，却生动地描述了人物丰富的内心世界；语言虽然朴实无华，却揭示了深刻的主题思想。
短短几千字的小说给读者淋漓尽致地展现了海明威那独特的叙事手法—著名的“冰山理论”。
1932年，海明威在他的纪实作品《午后之死》中，提出著名的“冰山理论”。
海明威以“冰山”为喻，他认为作者只需要描写“冰山”露出水面的部分，而在水下的部分则应该让读者去想象去补充。
如果一位作家对他想写的东西胸有成竹，那么完全他可以省略他知道的东西，只要作者写得真实，读者自然会强烈地感觉到作者省略的地方。
一. 故事简介《白象似的群山》讲述了发生一个在西班牙无名的小火车站里的故事，年轻的男孩和女孩正在等待着去往巴塞罗那的快速列车。
天气很炎热，为了打发等车时间，男孩和女孩边喝酒边聊天，男孩享受地喝着酒而女孩却心事重重，她怀孕了，却不知如何是好，希望男孩能为她解决这一难题，可是男孩满不在乎，他希望女孩去做人流手术，而女孩好像不太乐意。
这对情侣在反复讨论着是否要去做人流手术，最终两人的争论在愉快的氛围中结束了。
二. 冰山理论海明威以精通叙事艺术而获得诺贝尔文学奖，而他的“冰山理论”就是精通现代叙事艺术集中的体现。
海明威根据“冰山理论”来创作他的作品，形成了独特的艺术特色。
冰山理论指的是人的语言对于人的思想的表达来说就好像冰山一样：八分之一是在水上面的，有八分之七是在水下的。
也就是说，人的语言是不足以表达思想的，因此对于作家而言，完全没有必要写得太过于直白，因为读者是完全能够读懂的。
根据海明威的解释，我们可以对给“冰山理论”作一个粗略概括：冰山理论，就是用相对简洁的文字来塑造鲜明的形象，把作家的感受和思想情绪尽可能地埋藏在形象之中，使情感充沛却含而不露，思想深沉却隐而不晦，从而将文学的可感性与可思性巧妙结合，让读者去发掘作品的思想内容。
浅析《白象似的群山》中海明威的创作风格
浅析《白象似的群山》中海明威的创作风格[摘要] 海明威以他那与众不同的创作风格著称于世,特别是他独树一帜的、发人深省的“冰山原则”更是不同凡响。
《白象似的群山》充分体现了作者的这一原则,文字简洁、内涵深刻、寓意丰富、耐人寻味。
[关键词] 白象似的群山海明威创作风格冰山原则《白象似的群山》是美国著名作家厄内斯特·海明威的著名短篇小说,1927年发表于短篇小说集《没有女人的男人》(马建军,2002:24)。
小说故事情节简单:一个美国男人和一个姑娘---Jig在西班牙北部一个偏僻的火车站等一趟从巴塞罗那(Barcelona )开往马德里(Madrid )的火车,在等车的过程中,男人和姑娘交谈着,然后呢?仍然是交谈,这就是故事的全部。
显然,这是一部由声音组装起来的作品,男人的声音和姑娘的声音,对话简短、发音清晰,他们从啤酒谈到西班牙的茴香酒,两个人喝着、说着。
他们使用的是那种不怕被偷听的语言,一种公共场合的语言,然而那些话语里所暗示的却是强烈的和不安的隐私,他们似乎正处于生活的某一个尴尬时期,他们的话语里隐藏着冲突,抱怨和烦恼,然后通过白象似的群山借题发挥。
《白象似的群山》这篇只有2400单词的小说充分体现了海明威”冰山原则”。
众所周知,海明威以他那与众不同的创作风格著称于世,特别是他独树一帜、发人深省的“冰山原则”更是不同凡响。
几乎所有的文学评论家们,提及海明威时,都离不开他的“冰山原则”。
那么,究竟什么是“冰山原则”呢?海明威自己在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》(Death in the Afternoon)中,第一次把文学创作比作漂浮在大洋上的冰山,并做过这样的解释:“冰山运动之雄伟壮观,是因为它只有八分之一在水面上”,八分之七的,或者说作家的深厚的思想情感,潜伏在水面下——作品的字里行间。
也就是说作品中有八分之七的内容蕴涵在形象的背后,见诸笔端的只有八分之一。
其后,海明威又多次做过这样的比喻。
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文学研究海明威艺术风格的 冰山原则白象似的群山 解读李雪平(河南大学大学外语教学部,河南开封475001)摘 要: 白象似的群山 是文学艺术大师海明威著名短篇之作。
小说以简单的故事情节和简练朴实的对话生动地描述了人物丰富的内心世界,揭示了深刻的主题思想。
文章从写意式的对话、印象派画式的背景描写和摄影式的叙事视角体现了海明威艺术风格 冰山原则 。
关键词:海明威; 白象似的群山 ;冰山原则;背景;对话;叙事中图分类号:I106.4 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1003-0964(2009)04-0135-03白象似的群山 是文学艺术大师海明威著名短篇之作。
小说以简单的故事情节和简练朴实的对话生动地描述了人物丰富的内心世界,揭示了深刻的主题思想。
短短几千字的小说,却淋漓尽致地展示了海明威独特的艺术风格 冰山原则 。
这一理论体现了海明威的艺术审美追求 追求一种含蓄、凝练的意境,追求一种 言有尽而意无穷 的艺术境界[1]。
作家在浩瀚的生活海洋里撷取最富有特征的画面,用客观冷静的文字凝固成读者看得见的 八分之一 ,就像浮露在水面上的冰山那样轮廓清峻,晶莹突出,造成一种威武壮观的雄浑意境,以唤起读者的丰富想象,让读者自己去挖掘那隐藏在水下的蕴涵着作家思想感情的 八分之七 ,让读者透过字里行间去感悟人生的、社会的、自然的哲理。
下面从 白象似的群山 的背景、叙事和对话三个方面来解读海明威 冰山原则 这一独特的艺术风格。
一、写意式的对话写意画是传统中国画里令人赏心悦目的画种,它以淋漓的水墨、纵横的笔法、弥漫的气势使观者赞声鼎沸叹为奇观。
笔简意繁、勾勒洗练是写意画的最大特点,即通过画的立意叩动欣赏者的情意,产生回味不尽的画意。
写意画讲究意,欣赏写意画关键在于捕捉画中的意,在回味不尽的意趣中得到艺术的享受,陶冶自己的性情,感悟自然和人生的哲理。
海明威小说的对话犹如写意画般笔简意繁、勾勒洗练,精练的对话就如写意画里的纵横简练的画面、冰山露出水面的 八分之一 ,而他的寓意即水下的 八分之七 是读者自己去感受体会对话内在强烈的感情与深刻的思想含义。
海明威是一位特别擅长写对话的能手,对话在他的小说中占据了主导地位。
使用精练的对话,使之成为有力的表达手段,这是海明威小说冰山风格在文体上的表现。
通常,小说作家用陈述、描写和说明来展示环境、铺开情节、刻划性格和阐明主题,对话虽起一定作用,但毕竟分量有限。
海明威创造了自己独特的对话艺术,他作品中的人物对话不是生活语言的机械记录,而是经过精心提炼的艺术语言,这已成为美国几代作家模仿的榜样,影响深远。
海明威写出了绝对 风格化了的口语 ,并使其具有持久的真实美,他不但追求对话的语调、语气、用词等方面的真实[2]56,而且追求对话人的感情、态度、性格等内在的真实。
白象似的群山 这部小说通篇由对话组成,对话围绕着 手术 二字展开。
当主人公来到车站酒吧喝酒时,有这样一段对白:这酒像甘草。
姑娘说,一边放下酒杯。
样样都是如此。
是的, 姑娘说, 样样东西都像甘草,特别是那些一个人盼望了好久的东西,简直就像艾酒一样。
[3]16收稿日期:2009-04-18作者简介:李雪平(1964-),女,河南开封人,讲师,主要研究方向:英美文学与大学英语教学。
135 信阳师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版) Journal o fX i n yang N or m a lUniversity第29卷 第4期 2009年7月 (Ph il o s .&Soc .Sc.i Ed i.t )V o.l 29No .4Ju ly 2009这几句对白,具有丰富的表现力,促使读者去联想、去体会姑娘所承受的心理压力和精神负担。
作者用最节俭的笔墨勾勒出一幅写意画,让读者去体会无限的思想内容:作为一个女人,她需要爱人的情爱,也想建立起幸福美满的家庭,生儿育女,享受家庭的温暖。
但随着故事的发展,读者得知男的是一味强调手术非常简单, 手术非常便当 一句在文中重复了五次,突出了男方丝毫不在乎姑娘的感受 肉体之痛、心灵之痛,只是希望她打掉这个孩子 这个唯一使他们感到 烦心 ,让他们 不愉快 的包袱完了之后,他们就可以开开心心地没有什么烦恼事了,就会 万事如意 了。
这些话对姑娘来说,不就像甘草、艾酒一样,甜中有苦,苦中带涩吗?从前也许有过的那段美好幸福的日子现在却酿成了苦酒。
他们现在唯一能做的事就是 看看风景 , 尝尝没喝过的饮料 。
对姑娘来说,不但她的过去没了,而且她的将来也没了着落。
海明威是极其重视对话体而不重视叙述体的,他是用对话来代替叙述的。
这种表现形式能体现出海明威含蓄又有深意的语言风格。
欣赏作品要求读者具有敏感的听觉、精细的感觉,能把握住人物讲话的语调、情绪特征,并且能意识到对话在小说中的结构作用。
如此才能理解到海明威那隐藏在水底下的 八分之七 的深刻含义。
二、印象派画式的背景描写在文学作品中,人物形象和场景画面感的实施乃是塑造典型环境中典型性格的一种不可缺少的手段[4]。
海明威主张用简洁的文字突出塑造画面感较强的场景。
正如印象画派一样在阳光下直接描绘景物,追求光色变化中表现对象的整体感和氛围,以看似随意实则准确地抓住对象的迅捷手法,把变幻不居的光色效果记录在画布上,留下瞬间的永恒图像,以揭示自然界的奥妙。
给人光的感觉,达到意想不到的效果,对现实情景的生命状态和存在形式进行直觉式的客观再现与描绘,自然而随意地表现生活与客观物象,将绘画从客观自然再现转向主观精神表现。
埃布罗河河谷的那一边,白色的山岗起伏连绵。
这一边,白地一片,没有树木,车站在阳光下两条铁路线中间,紧靠着车站的一边,是一幢笼罩在闷热的阴影中的房屋,一串串竹珠子编成的门帘挂在酒吧间敝开着的门口挡苍蝇。
那个美国人和跟他一道的姑娘坐在那幢房屋外面阴凉处的一张桌子旁边。
[3]105这里所描绘的画面和原来生活中的一样自然,没有矫饰的企图,没有外加的粉彩,没有花花绿绿的比喻,作者仅仅反映事实,没有交代他们从何处赶来,如何相识,但读者已经感到了生活中消极的一面(白地一片,没有树木,笼罩在闷热的阴影中的房屋),几句仿佛随随便便写出的文字便为读者勾勒出一幅速写画,定下了整个故事的格调,而该场景中的许多内容都与小说中人物的思想、性格、情绪有着密切的关系,并暗示着人物的命运。
为了使读者在空荡荡的地方看到丰富的东西,在表面的形象直接性中领悟到背后间接性道理,海明威把塑造具有画面感的场景作为他创作文学作品的基本手法,正如英国批评家贝茨所说: 海明威所孜孜以求的,是眼睛和对象之间,对象和读者之间的直接相通,产生光鲜如画的感受。
海明威摒弃了景物描写繁杂、冗长的形容词,代之以简洁的描述和清晰的画面;他用那有限的 八分之一 去吸引读者,使读者在阅读过程中展开想象的翅膀,他与读者一起构思、创作,从而挖掘出深藏着的 八分之七 ,这样,读者和作者就共同完成了一部作品。
三、摄影式的叙事视角海明威小说往往不以情节发展或人物性格的刻画去揭示、深化主题,而是 客观地 、 照相式地 描写十分普遍的事件本身的前后经过,呈现初始的人生境遇、原生故事,把大量的有关情节藏匿起来,留下更大的空间以突出人们的动作和神态,给读者以很大的想象的空间以调动自己的知识和经验,从富于动感的画面中体验那深藏于水下的深刻的主题思想。
白象似的群山 所采用的就是摄影式客观叙事视角。
小说中几乎省略掉了故事得以发生的所有,包括时间的与空间的背景描写,镜头只集中在眼前的、相关的事物上。
故事中就像有一架已经固定好了的摄影机,它拍到什么读者就看到什么,而作者就像一个摄影师,碰巧经过西班牙小站,他确定一个摄影位置,拍下一个个镜头,镜头从 白色的山冈 开始,先拉近到 车站 ,再到 车站的一个酒吧间 外阴凉处的一张桌子,最后定格在这张桌子边的 那个美国人和那个跟他一道的姑娘 身上。
随后,一切的描述都集中在这两个人的对话上,只有偶尔会出现来服务的那个女人,以及这对男女所看到的景物。
对话结束两个人上火车去了,故事也就结束了。
他们从哪里来?到哪里去?他们是谁?为什么到这个小站来?读者无从知晓,故事中没有叙事者主观的评论和解释。
小说中有一段这样的描写:那女人端来两大杯啤酒和两只软杯垫。
她把杯136第29卷 第4期信阳师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)2009年7月垫和啤酒杯一一放在桌子上。
看看那男的,又看看那姑娘。
姑娘正在眺望远处群山的轮廓。
山在阳光下是白色的,而乡野则是灰褐色的干巴巴的一片。
[3]108小说中人物是借助于他人的视角观察出来的,如借助于卖酒的 那女人 的视角来写文中的男女主人公。
而文中的风景描写所采用的又是姑娘的视角: 姑娘正在眺望远处群山的轮廓。
[3]作者跟着姑娘的眺望写风景,读者与姑娘一起观看风景,这种摄影式的叙事视角既能按照作者的意图描写故事情节发展,又避免了强加于人的感觉,让读者能够比较顺利地阅读和接受,同时又能洞察到故事中人物的内心活动,这是一种具有双重效果的全新的叙事视角。
小说在简单场景描述之后,就开始了几近通篇的对话。
小说中叙述者把人物对话原原本本地记录下来,不对对话进行带有任何主观色彩的评价,没有任何的感情流露。
叙述者对女主人公是同情还是埋怨,对男主人公是谴责还是赞成,故事中人物的思想感情,读者只能通过叙述者的客观描述,自己去推测想象。
白象似的群山 中男女二人因 手术 而争执,叙述者只是纯客观地记录两人的争执,到底是什么手术,他没有明说。
通过文本的暗示,我们猜测可能是堕胎手术。
就算是堕胎手术,那么那个男人为什么非要那女人堕胎,女人为什么不愿堕胎,叙述者和读者一样不清楚,只有人物自己心里明白。
结局始终是个谜,是个悬念,留给了读者一个很大的反应和思维空间。
叙述者就是隐匿在后场的一个看不见的人,他与这对男女相伴而行,叙述者似乎并未直接参与故事的叙述,但他无时无刻不在身边,充当一个将事情尽收眼底的目击者[5]342。
这种叙述策略不仅不会给读者带来麻烦,反而拉近了叙述者与读者间的距离,这是一种 零距离 的逼近。
同时,这种叙述策略也使所传达的信息更细致入微,尽量将叙述者的情感降至 零度 ,尽量摒弃任何主观因素,消除叙述者的介入,呈现给读者一个客观初始的人生境遇、最贴近生活的原生故事,读者能够感受到作者冰山下的良苦用心与炽热情怀。
而正是在这种原生情境中蕴涵了生活本来固有的复杂性、相对性和诸多可能性,让读者去体会故事的深刻主题。
白象似的群山 虽然篇幅短小,却寓意深刻。
小说情节简单,形象丰富,语言纯朴,它那摄影式的叙事视角、写意式的对话和印象派画式的背景描写充分体现了海明威文学创作独树一帜的艺术风格的 冰山原则 。
海明威的冰山原则实际是在诉诸丰富的日常经验的基础上,以简洁的语言、 零度 的情感、客观的视角回归生活本身。