英语科技论文翻译
科技文献中英文对照翻译
Sensing Human Activity:GPS Tracking感应人类活动:GPS跟踪Stefan van der Spek1,*,Jeroen van Schaick1,Peter de Bois1,2and Remco de Haan1Abstract:The enhancement of GPS technology enables the use of GPS devices not only as navigation and orientation tools,but also as instruments used to capture travelled routes:assensors that measure activity on a city scale or the regional scale.TU Delft developed aprocess and database architecture for collecting data on pedestrian movement in threeEuropean city centres,Norwich,Rouen and Koblenz,and in another experiment forcollecting activity data of13families in Almere(The Netherlands)for one week.Thequestion posed in this paper is:what is the value of GPS as‘sensor technology’measuringactivities of people?The conclusion is that GPS offers a widely useable instrument tocollect invaluable spatial-temporal data on different scales and in different settings addingnew layers of knowledge to urban studies,but the use of GPS-technology and deploymentof GPS-devices still offers significant challenges for future research.摘要：增强GPS技术支持使用GPS设备不仅作为导航和定位工具,但也为仪器用来捕捉旅行路线:作为传感器,测量活动在一个城市或区域范围内规模。
EST科技英语
⏹ 1 The classical Greek civilization knew of seven metals: gold, silver, copper, iron, tin,lead and mercury.⏹在古希腊文明社会里，人们已经知道使用金银铜铁锡铅和水银七种金属。
⏹ 2 Now we have a better understanding of Einstein’s special theory of relativity afterattending a series of lectures on the topic.⏹参加了一系列相关讲座后，我们加深了对爱因斯坦狭义相对论的理解.⏹ 3 The holographic image (全息照片）must be viewed by looking directly through the film.Consequently，the size of the film limits the size of the audience that may view it at one time.⏹全息图像一定要直接透过底片才能观看。
因此，底片的尺寸使同时观看的人数受到限制。
⏹ 4 Sodium hydroxide （氢氧化钠）is a strong base.⏹氢氧化钠是一种强碱。
⏹ 5 The half-lives of certain radioactive substances are very long.⏹某些放射性物质的半衰期很长。
⏹ 6. Friction is usually the main cause of wear.⏹摩擦是造成磨损的主要原因。
⏹7.A body will expand when heated and contract when cooled.⏹物体热胀冷缩。
⏹8. They got a heavy fine due to the breach of the contract.⏹由于违反了合同，他们受到了巨额罚款。
英语科技类作文范文
英语科技类作文范文English:In the realm of technology, innovations have vastly improved our daily lives, changing the way we communicate, work, and interact with the world. The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and automation have led to more efficient and convenient ways of completing tasks. For instance, the rise of smart devices like smartphones and virtual assistants has made information accessible at our fingertips, enabling us to stay connected and informed. Moreover, technological breakthroughs in healthcare have revolutionized the medical field, from precision medicine to robotic surgeries, enhancing patient care and outcomes. In addition, the integration of technology in education has transformed traditional teaching methods, providing interactive learning experiences and personalized instruction for students. As we continue to push the boundaries of technology, the future holds endless possibilities for further innovation and progress.Translated content:在科技领域，创新大大改善了我们的日常生活，改变了我们与世界沟通、工作和互动的方式。
section2 1-4科技英语阅读与翻译
1 Monograph专著1. The general definition of a monographScientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts onspecialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist'sappreciation of, these topics.2. The value of monographs for scientific researchesThe value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge theycontain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to theadvancement of science and engineering generally.3. The qualities of the authors of monographsThe authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able tocollect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of thescientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsMonographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogicalworks which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more juniorreaderships than specialized research communities.5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsConference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries.Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.6. The main components of a monographThe author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index,illustrations, preface and introduction.7. An indication of the book’s successThe number of editions is an indic ation of the book’s success.8. The function of the blurbIt gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains andfor whom it is written.2 Academic Journal学术期刊1. The general definition of an academic journalAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academicdiscipline is published.2. The significance of peer-review processThe peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge.3. The definition of review articlesReview articles, also called “reviews of progress”, are checks on the research published in journals.4. One difference between original research articles and review articlesUnlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years inadvance.5. The places where science journals are authoritatively rankedNatural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, and social science journalsin the Social Science Citation Index.6. The possible quantitative factors to reflect an academic journal’s prestigeThe number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal, the overall number of citations,how quickly articles are cited, and the average “half-life” of articles.7. The financial resources of humanities and social science academic journalsSubsidies by universities or professional organizations and advertising fees by advertisers.8. The role of internet in the production of, and access to, academic journalsThe Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contentsavailable online via services subscribed to by academic libraries or even in a way of open access. 33 Organization of a Scientific Paper科技论文的篇章结构1. In most scientific journals, scientific papers include the following sectionsSummary or Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments.2. The content of Summary or AbstractIt gives a brief background to the topic, describes concisely the major findings of the paper, and relates thesefindings to the field of study.3. The Introduction section deals with the following two pointsIt describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on aparticular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in thepaper.4. The purpose of Materials and MethodsIts purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experimentswere carried out.5. The two ways of organizing ResultsIn some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for thefollowingsection. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with otherfindings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.6. The purposes of the Discussion sectionThe data in the paper are interpreted; the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field; thisserves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work; some of thelogical arguments are often provided when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were earned out.7. The reason for combining the Results and DiscussionBecause the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in thecourse of the research.8. The difference between the abstracts in Science and those in NatureIn Science, the abstract is self-contained; in Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper.4 Reading a Scientific Paper科技论文的阅读方法1. The order to understand the major points of the work, you should first readThe Abstract.2. Reading the Title and the Abstract serves three purposesFirst, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. Second, it refreshesyour memory about the topic. Third, it helps you integrate the new information into your previous knowledgeabout the topic.3. When reading in a familiar field, you can skim or even skipThe Introduction.4. The three typical codewordsData not shown, unpublished data, preliminary data.5. The poorly written papers are often related to three types of writersThose who are poor writers; those who do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure thatthe prose is dear and logical; those who are so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and seeit from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic.6. The three characteristics of “bad writing”First, the logical connections are often left out. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon.Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper.7. In better writing, the side issues are dealt with in the following waysThey are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not todistract the reader.8. Another problem faced by the readers is that when they seek to understand just the experiment was,they may findThe authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers m a long chain.。
科技论文翻译
遗传学 genetics 力学/机械学 mechanics 热动力学 thermodynamics 天文物理学 astrophysics 园艺学 horticulture 畜牧业 animal husbandry
科技英语新词
Sina twitter, weibo， tweet 微博 podcast 播客 cybersquatting 抢注域 名 cyberspace 网络空间 Tele-office 远程办公 twitern (twitter实习生)
Clarity (明确性)
Clarity greatly facilitates effective communication between these professionals.
Accuracy(准确性)
Use accurate language to express the meanings exactly and clearly in scientific studies.
vocabulary?理论科学purescience?应用科学appliedscience?模型model?假设hypothesis?现行的科学定律theworkinglawofscience?生命周期thelifecycle?方程式equation?放射性radioactivity?金属疲劳metalfatigue?人类学anthropologyvocabularyextendedreading?物理科学thephysicalscience?地球科学theearthscience?生命科学thelifescience?天文学astronomy?古生物学paleontology?海洋学oceanography?气象学meteorology?植物学botany?动物学zoology?遗传学genetics?力学机械学mechanics?热动力学thermodynamics?天文物理学astrophysics?园艺学horticulture?畜牧业animalhusbandry科技英语新词?sinatwitterweibotweet微博?podcast播客?cybersquatting抢注域名?cyberspace网络空间?teleoffice远程办公?twiterntwitter实习生?flextime弹性工作制?ecommence电子商务?ejournal电子期刊?brexit英国退出欧盟的戏谑说法tryit?itisessentialthattheoverallprogramstrategybecompletelymappedoutbeforeanyofthedetailedprogrammingactuallybegins
英语科技论文长句翻译中的常见问题和处理技巧
英语科技论文长句翻译中的常见问题和处理技巧英汉双语思维方式及语言表达习惯的不同增加了翻译的难度，特别是长句的翻译一直是英译汉中的重点和难点。
在英语科技论文翻译中，蓝译编译认为，翻译长句的过程可分为两个阶段：一是拆句即分析源语句子结构、理解内容；二是组句即整理源语句中的信息点、用目标语重新表达。
翻译实践中发现，在这两个阶段中最常见的问题，是语序问题和断句的问题。
一、语序问题的处理技巧。
英语的修饰成分多、长度长，而且多位于中心词的后面，但在汉语中定语和状语长度短，往往位于中心词之前。
翻译时就有必要对这些附属结构的顺序进行变动，维持原句的顺序肯定是不符合汉语表达习惯的。
译者要灵活运用常见的长句翻译方法，特别是综合使用顺译法和逆译法，把握信息点的重要性，考虑英汉排列信息的特点，按照各自的语言表达习惯重新排列信息。
一般来说，英语句子注重信息的主次之分，主要信息放在突出位置，次要信息作为辅助性的描写或叙述手段。
同时，英语有时态，可以通过动词的变化显出动作发生的先后顺序，而且英语大量使用分词和从句，位置也灵活，可前可后。
相比之下，汉语简单一些，叙事多借助并列结构即并列分句和并列谓语，按照时间顺序和逻辑顺序排列各成分的顺序。
汉语的信息重心并不在于形式，而体现在内在逻辑关系上。
二、断句的问题的处理技巧。
汉语多流水句，一个长句可能有多个主语，而英语中一句话只能有一个主语，因此有些情况下需要把长句断开翻译。
原文里的一句话在译文时可能分成两句或多句，尤其是在并列句中如果内容具有同等的重要性，或是相互间的关系不那么密切，往往可以分割开来。
译者首先要确定句子主干，确定原句的时态、语态、语气，从整体上把握句子结构。
然后区分主(句)从(句)，识别修饰语。
在第一步确定整个句子的中心内容的基础上分析各个分层的意思，判断分析各成分的内在逻辑关系和各自功能，搞清整个长句的层次，推断句子思维逻辑和表达重心。
分析清楚长句结构后，关键一点就是在何处断句，具体要把握以下原则：在结论、结果前断句；在句子语气变化处断开；在反问句、感叹句等句式变化处断开；在句子信息由总向分或者由分向总处断开；在分句顺序变化处断开。
浅议英语科技论文中长句的翻译技巧
浅议英语科技论文中长句的翻译技巧从逻辑与表达方面来看，科技论文严格要求逻辑连贯，表达明晰、畅达，对用词晦涩要坚决避免，避免主观随意性，讲求平易和精确。
这也就决定了英语科技论文中往往出现许多结构复杂的长句，给翻译工作者带来了一定的困难。
为了准确、迅速地阅读和翻译英语科技论文，蓝译编译结合工作实践与他人经验，对英语科技论文中长句的翻译方法进行总结。
一、顺译法。
有些长句的内容安排与汉语的安排与汉语的习惯大体相同，翻译时，基本可按原文语序依次译出，而无须做太大的调整变通。
这种译法叫顺译法。
因此，这类长句的翻译相对比较容易，在此不做详细说明。
二、逆译法。
如果英语长句的时间顺序或逻辑顺序等叙事层次与汉语不相一致，往往需要改变原文语序，甚至逆着原文语序翻译，以使译文更加符合汉语叙事论理的习惯。
在汉译不同的英语长句中，可能作变序处理的结构比较多，即包括作定语或状语的短语和从句，又包括作主语、宾语或表语的名词性从句以及同位语从句等，但定语和状语的变序处理更常见也更重要。
因此，下面着重说明涉及这两种变序处理的长句翻译。
1.改变定语语序。
在汉语中，定语通常位于被修饰语之前。
因此，许多英语长句中后置的定语短语或定语从句译成汉语时经常需要改变语序，调整到被修饰语之前的位置上。
2.改变状语语序。
英语叙事说理的逻辑顺序相对比较灵活, 表示原因、条件、前提等的状语成分既可前置又可后置；汉语则一般是前因后果、先提出条件后交代结果，有关状语大多前置。
因此，在汉译某些英语长句时，经常需要调整其状语的语序。
三、分译法。
分译法是翻译英语长句最为常见的手法之一。
由于汉语多采用较短句式，因此经常可以将英语长句的某些短语或从句分译成句。
特别是有些短语或从句与句子中的其它成分的联系并不紧密时，这时分译法就尤其适用。
关于长句的译法，方法是多种多样的。
同一个英语长句，也不一定局限于一种处理方法。
要根据具体的行文，灵活恰当地加以运用。
在翻译有些长句时，往往需要综合运用几种手法，方能奏效。
科技英语论文写作及翻译
LOGO第一章记叙文体的英译与写作第二章法律文体的英译与写作第三章应用文体英译与写作第四章广告文体英译与写作QQ:105448245424学时科技英语(二)EST ⅡREFERENCES:1、张梦井，杜耀文汉英科技翻译指南，航空工业出版社，19962、王运，实用科技英语翻译技巧，科技文献出版社，19923、熊第霖，英文科技写作，国防工业出版社，20011 记叙文体的汉译英1. 1 科技论文的汉译英问题1. 2 摘要的英译与写作1. 3 国际会议文献的英译与写作1. 1 科技论文的汉译英问题一、科技论文的分类◆按学科的性质和功能⏹基础学科论文⏹技术学科论文⏹应用学科论文◆按照写作目的和发挥的作用⏹学术性论文⏹技术性论文⏹学位论文◆按论文内容所属学科数学论文物理论文化学论文天文学论文机械工程技术论文建筑工程技术论文◆按研究和写作方法理论推导型实(试)验研究型观测型设计计算型发现发明型争鸣型综述型Title标题Abstract摘要Keywords关键词Table of contents目录Nomenclature术语表Introduction引言正文Acknowledgement致谢Reference参考文献Appendix附录Methods方法Results结果Discussion讨论Conclusion结论二、科技论文的一般结构LOGOacknowledgmentReferencesTitle 标题Author 作者Abstract 摘要Introduction 引言4 Summary and conclusion三、论文标题的英译与写作1、标题的作用⏹Generalizing the Text⏹Attracting the Reader⏹Facilitating the Retrieval2、标题的长度（单词总数）及词性⏹标题不宜过长，大多为12个单词以内。
⏹标题中用得最多的是名词（包括动名词），除名词外，用得较多的是介词，有时使用形容词、冠词、连词、副词。
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Are Counterfactual Decisions Relevant for DynamicallyConsistent Updating under Nonexpected Utility?*不可预期效用下的动态一致性更新与反事实的决定有关吗？Peter P. WakkerCentER, Tilburg University, The Netherlands中心、昆士兰大学,荷兰December, 19971997年十月ABSTRACT. This paper proposes a new updating method that preserves dynamic consistency in nonexpected utility. Given nonseparability of disjoint 解体events, preferences conditional on an observed 观测的；观察的event also depend on counterfactual outcomes, i.e., outcomesthat would have resulted outside of the conditioning 调节；整修；条件作用event; this point has been well-understood in the literature. This paper argues that, as a consequence, also counterfactualdecisions are relevant. A new "strategic" method for updating then follows.摘要。
这篇论文提出了一种保护不可预期效用下的一致性新的更新方法。
考虑到解体事件的不可分割性，对所观察事件的偏好条件，取决于反事实的结果还是会引起外调节事件的外部。
这一点在文学里有很好的理解。
这篇论文认为，作为一种结果也是反事实决策相关的，一种新的如下战略手段用来更新KEYWORDS: dynamic consistency, resolute choice, updating.Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number D81.Please send editorial communications to:Peter WakkerCentER, Tilburg UniversityP.O. Box 90153, Tilburg 5000 LE, The Netherlands* This paper benefitted from discussions with Rakesh Sarin and with participants in a conference on uncertainty in economics, Dept. of Economics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, November 1993, and from discussions with Jean-Y ves Jaffray and attendents at a seminar on risk, uncertainty, and decision,LAFORIA, University of Paris I and VI, France, December 1996.2关键词:动态一致性、果断抉择,更新。
《经济文献分类号码D81。
请寄给编辑通讯:彼得韦克尔中心、昆士兰大学邮箱90153号c昆士兰5000,荷兰本文也从沙林和关于经济学上不确定性的会议上的讨论，经济学部门，美国约翰霍普金斯大学、巴尔的摩,1993年11月,以及和Jaffray Jean-Yves和参加一个关于危险性、不确定性、和决定的研讨会的出席者的讨论。
LAFORIA,大学巴黎Ⅰ和VI,法国,1996.21. INTRODUCTIONThis paper proposes a new updating method for nonexpected utility, called strategicupdating. Strategic updating follows the dynamic decision principles of resolute choice advocated by McClennen (1988, 1990) and Machina (1989, 1991), in particular it preserves dynamic consistency. It deviates, however, from the method of resolute updating generally adopted in the literature and called committed updating in this paper. Under committed updating, a fixed choice is assumed at counterfactual decision nodes, so that there is nomore counterfactual decision to be taken. Under strategic updating, not only counterfactual outcomes, but also counterfactual decisions remain relevant.Let me emphasize that strategic updating does not induce new preference behavior,different from resolute choice. The main result of this paper, Theorem 5.1, shows that resolute choice maximizes the strategically updated functional at every decision node ofevery tree. That is, strategic updating is fully in line with resolute choice. The claim of this paper is therefore that the natural way for updating resolute choice is strategic, and not Committed.1。
介绍本文提出了一种应对不可预期的效用的更新方法,称为战略更新。
战略更新的动态决策原则,遵循McClennen倡导(1988、1990、)和净化(1989—1991),果断的选择它尤其保护动态的一致性。
然而它背离从果断的更新方法一般在文学中使用在本文中称为承诺更新。
在承诺更新下,一个固定的选择被假定为反事实决策的准则,因此不存在采取更多的反事实的决策。
在战略更新下不仅反事实结果而且反事实的决定仍然是相关的。
让我强调战略更新不会引发新的偏好行为,不同于果断抉择。
本论文的主要成果,定理5.1,显示果断选择最大化战略更新功能在每一个决策节点的每棵树。
即战略更新完全符合果断的选择。
这篇论文的声明因此是更新果断选择是一种自然的方式战略的反攻不是忠心承诺。
If strategic updating is considered undesirable, I hope the reader will not hold that againstthe analysis of this paper, but will instead question the premise of the analysis, beingresolute choice. In that case, this paper can be interpreted as a negative result for resolute choice. I hope that this paper, even if interpreted as a criticism of resolute choice, nevertheless contributes to our understanding of dynamic consistency in nonexpected utility.The outline of the paper is as follows.如果战略更新被认为是不良的,我希望读者不会要反对本文的分析,而是质疑果断决策分析的的前提存在在这种情况下,论文可以解释为阴性结果为果断选择。
我希望这篇论文即使编译成一个批评果断抉择,不过有助于我们了解在不可预期效用下的动态的一致性。
在这篇文章的提纲如下。
Section 2 summarizes the difficulties in applying nonexpected utility to dynamic choice and updating.第二部分总结了针对动态选择和更新在不可预期效用下应用的困难。
Section 3 defines resolute choice,第三节定义了果断抉择,committed updating, and strategic updating. In the next section, Example 4.1 repeates principles of revealed preference, in particular "menu independence" (every choice optionhas an intrinsic value, independent of competing options). That principle underlies theconcept of utility, and has been generally accepted in preference theories such as consumer demand theory. Example 4.2 is a special case of Example 4.1. It applies the revealed3 preference principles to updating under resolute choice.承诺更新、战略更新。