毕业论文外文翻译视频的前期拍摄与后期制作(适用于毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照)
影视后期制作与编辑研究外文文献翻译
外文文献翻译：原文+译文文献出处：Bird D. The study of film post-production and editing [J]. Screen Education, 2016，3（2）：78-89.原文The study of film post-production and editingBird DAbstractFilm and television post-production, sound of words, images and other audio-visual means a combination of highly integrated creation, is the last procedure of film and television program production, the level of production is directly related to the quality of the program, the following is the history of the development, characteristics, pay attention to the place to talk about the film and television post-production. In the process of development of film and television production, film and television post-production and editing and pre-production are equally important. If you want to do the film and television post-production, must according to the requirements of the film and television program production, choose the right means of editing.Key words: Film and television; Post-production; The editor1 IntroductionFrom Hollywood to create the illusion of the world, to the television news focus on the real life, to a frenzy of advertising, no do not affect our life. In the past, the film and television program production is the job of the professional personnel, for the public is ignorant. For decades, digital technology in the process of film and television production,comprehensive computer gradually replaced many of the original film and television equipment, and each link has played a major role in film and television production. The use of film and television production has been extremely expensive professional hardware and software, non-professional personnel it is difficult to see the equipment, not to mention, skilled use of these tools to make your own work. As PC performance significantly increase, prices falling, film and television production from the previous professional hardware equipment to gradually move on PC platform, the original identity of professional software also gradually transplanted to the platform, the price also is becoming more and more popular. At the same time, the application of film and television production from professional film and television production to expand to the computer games, multimedia, network, home entertainment, such as wider fields. Many homework personnel in the industry with a large number of movie lovers, now a computer can use their own hands, to make his TV programs. Digital non-linear editing not only combines the advantages of traditional film and television editor, also on the further development, is the significant progress video editing technology. Starting in the 80 s, digital non-linear editing in film production gradually replaced the traditional way, become a standard method of film editing. With the rapid development of technology of film and television production, post-production and take on the responsibilities of the play a very important: the production of special lens. Special lens is refers to the lens which cannot be obtained by direct shot. Early film and television special effects are mostly through the model production, special photography, and optical synthesis and so on traditional methods to complete, mainly in the process of shooting stage and developcomplete. The use of computers for special-effects provides more and better method, also make a lot of the past must be used to model and photography means complete special effects can be completed by computer, so more special effects become the post-production work. The production of special effects shots - refers to the special effects shots taken not directly get shot. Early film and television advertising, film and television special effects are mostly through the model production, special photography, the traditional methods such as optical synthesis, mainly in the stage of the film and print. The use of computer digital provides more better means for the production of special effects, also make a lot of the past must be used to model and the photography done special effects can be completed through the computer technology, so the more special effects become the post-production work. Can be seen from the above analysis, linear editing and nonlinear editing each have characteristics, in the later stages of the film and television program editing in both is be short of one cannot, in order to make the film and television late edit program, need according to the requirements of the program production, combined with the characteristics of two kinds of edit mode, selects the appropriate edit mode.2 The development of film post-production technologyIn the early 1990 s, developed countries such as Canada, the United States the use of computer technology, multimedia technology and the combination of film and television production, achieve success, launched a desktop editing studio, is today's nonlinear editing audio workstation. Nonlinear editing (Nonlinear Edit) is a product of traditional equipment with computer technology, which USES digital computer recordsall the digital files stored continuously update and Edit video program. Makes any fragments can watch immediately and any change at any time, in this way can finish "edit" original as efficient as possible, such as editing, switching and lens special transformation, and completed by computer digital video editing, and generates a complete video playback to the video surveillance equipment or transfer to the video. In essence, this technique provides a convenient, quick and efficient method of TV editing. Today, non-linear editor has become the late film and television production of an important means. Similarly, linear editor is another important way. Were, in fact, so-called linear editing by video recorder one-to-one or second team a desktop editing, video recorder mother will bring material by electric - electric copy in another video on second edition copy, among this completed such as access point Settings, transitions are analog signals to analog signals, because once the conversion is completed record became the track, so can't modify, once need to insert the new material or change a certain length of the lens, the later will all be redone. Nonlinear editing is relative to the case of linear editing. They both are important means of film and television production late edit. Before did not appear in non-linear editing, linear editor in the late film and television production plays an important role absolutely, now formed both in the film and television production late edit hand in photograph reflect, they both have their own characteristics and advantages. Linear editing and has a very close relationship between nonlinear editing, linear editing is nonlinear editing's predecessor, first of all, on the basic ideas and art concept, linear editing and nonlinear editing is the same, which is the core of post-production. Second, many professional concepts and terminology, and both arethe same. Nonlinear editing software such as the famous Speed Razor Pro user manual in the city's "key", "bright" and "downstream" of the concept of linear editing, and even the whole of this manual is according to the function of linear editing senior special machine to write.3 Characteristics of film post-production and editingAfter decades of development, the linear editing technique has been very mature, the use of weaving machine, catalog, the controller directly to video material for operation, intuitive interface, concise, simple operation, using the combination of edit, insert, edit, images and sound can be edited respectively, coupled with subtitles machine, special machine, time base corrector, etc., can fully meet the needs of production, finish like a lens, skill set, in and out of the point set, subtitles and graphic overlay, sound effects and music with addition of post-production. Linear editing system based on magnetic tape record carrier, linear array signal according to the time, looking for material VCR to roll with the search, can only on one dimensional time axis according to the order of the lens as a group search, cannot jump, the choice of the material is very time consuming. Difficult to show the modified electronic edit mode is based on linear record tape, normally only in editing order record, although into edit mode allows replacement has been recorded on magnetic tape sound or images, but required to replace the clips and tapes replaced clips at the same time, and not to add or delete, can't change the length of the program. For programs of this modification is very inconvenient, because any a TV, a TV program from samples to finalized often after a lot of editing. In the programmed production an important problem is the counterpart ofthe mother with the wear and tear. The essence of linear edit mode is the original material copied to another process on the tape. Because the signal is mainly analog video in linear editing system, when we were in the edit and take copy of signal in transmission vulnerable to external disturbance and editing process, resulting in loss of signal. On the basis of the previous edition, each version can cause the decrease of the quality of the image editor, or make a stunt there will be a loss of signal. Heavily damaged video recorder, tape is easy to damage. Edit a few minutes of TV, should choose to hundreds or even thousands of cameras, video search edit back and forth, make the VCR mechanical wear serious, VCR operation strength, and shorten service life. Other record tape shortcomings exposed constantly too, such as tensile deformation, distortion, brittle, magnetic and scratches will affect the quality of the tape. System structure is complex, operability is relatively lower. Linear editing system connection is complex, there are many different kinds of equipment and equipment performance is uneven, different indicators, when they connected together, can cause large attenuation of the video signal. In addition, a lot of equipment used at the same time, has left many operators, operating process is complex, and operability is relatively lower. Because of this, with the development of new technology, a new concept of audio and video production and the corresponding hardware equipment non-linear editing arises at the historic moment.4 Correct selection of film post-production editing modeEverything is relative, linear editing and nonlinear editing each have characteristics, each has advantages, both in the film and television post-production is be short of one cannot. If you want to do the film and television post-production, must according to therequirements of the film and television program production, choose the right means of editing. First, in the film and television commercials and documentaries, project opening is given priority to with nonlinear editing is suitable for production. Because, in the film and television advertising films need a lot of use multilayer superposition of images, motion, transparent, fast and slow motion picture, subtitles special processing, 3D, such as processing color, animation effect. In the documentary, project opening production, in addition to the application of special effects, but also the introduction of the extensive use of longer than 5 seconds. Using the nonlinear editing system to deal with these effects will be easier. Secondly, in the newsreel is used in the production of traditional linear editing suit. In order to increase the amount of information, TV news generally requires each lens length less than 5 seconds, and newsreel is rarely used special effects, most of the content is like a lens directly. Commonly used linear editing component connection, in which editors’newsreel, can reduce the loss in the process of signal transmission, in order to better ensure the quality of programs. Again, straight at the scene, live shows, entertainment, live classroom situation, general is given priority to with using linear editing system equipment. The record straight, the nature of the live recording the response speed of the equipment is very timely, especially live, can't stop once I start, can only be a success, not appear a little mistake, otherwise we are lost. In such cases, using traditional linear editing system is perfect. But in live sports match, because of the need to repeat some wonderful, special, two edit mode should be used at the same time, in a linear editing is given priority to with nonlinear editing system, in this way can both cooperate with each other very well meet the needs of some special.译文影视后期制作与编辑研究Bird D摘要影视后期制作是文字、声音、画面等多种视听手腕结合起来的高度综合创作,是影视节目生产的最后一道工序,制作水平的高低直接关系到节目的质量,以下就起进展的历程、特点、注意的地方来谈谈影视的后期制作。
图像处理-毕设论文外文翻译(翻译+原文)
英文资料翻译Image processing is not a one step process．We are able to distinguish between several steps which must be performed one after the other until we can extract the data of interest from the observed scene．In this way a hierarchical processing scheme is built up as sketched in Fig．The figure gives an overview of the different phases of image processing.Image processing begins with the capture of an image with a suitable，not necessarily optical，acquisition system．In a technical or scientific application，we may choose to select an appropriate imaging system．Furthermore，we can set up the illumination system，choose the best wavelength range，and select other options to capture the object feature of interest in the best way in an image．Once the image is sensed，it must be brought into a form that can be treated with digital computers.This process is called digitization.With the problems of traffic are more and more serious. Thus Intelligent Transport System (ITS) comes out. The subject of the automatic recognition of license plate is one of the most significant subjects that are improved from the connection of computer vision and pattern recognition. The image imputed to the computer is disposed and analyzed in order to localization the position and recognition the characters on the license plate express these characters in text string form The license plate recognition system (LPSR) has important application in ITS. In LPSR, the first step is for locating the license plate in the captured image which is very important for character recognition. The recognition correction rate of license plate is governed by accurate degree of license plate location. In this paper, several of methods in image manipulation are compared and analyzed, then come out the resolutions for localization of the car plate. The experiences show that the good result has been got with these methods. The methods based on edge map and frequency analysis is used in the process of the localization of the license plate, that is to say, extracting the characteristics of the license plate in the car images after being checked up forthe edge, and then analyzing and processing until the probably area of license plate is extracted.The automated license plate location is a part of the image processing ,it’s also an important part in the intelligent traffic system．It is the key step in the Vehicle License Plate Recognition(LPR).A method for the recognition of images of different backgrounds and different illuminations is proposed in the paper.the upper and lower borders are determined through the gray variation regulation of the character distribution.The left and right borders are determined through the black-white variation of the pixels in every row.The first steps of digital processing may include a number of different operations and are known as image processing．If the sensor has nonlinear characteristics, these need to be corrected．Likewise，brightness and contrast of the image may require improvement．Commonly，too，coordinate transformations are needed to restore geometrical distortions introduced during image formation．Radiometric and geometric corrections are elementary pixel processing operations．It may be necessary to correct known disturbances in the image，for instance caused by a defocused optics，motion blur，errors in the sensor，or errors in the transmission of image signals．We also deal with reconstruction techniques which are required with many indirect imaging techniques such as tomography that deliver no direct image.A whole chain of processing steps is necessary to analyze and identify objects．First，adequate filtering procedures must be applied in order to distinguish the objects of interest from other objects and the background．Essentially，from an image（or several images），one or more feature images are extracted．The basic tools for this task are averaging and edge detection and the analysis of simple neighborhoods and complex patterns known as texture in image processing．An important feature of an object is also its motion．Techniques to detect and determine motion are necessary．Then the object has to be separated from the background．This means that regions of constant features and discontinuities must be identified．This process leads to alabel image．Now that we know the exact geometrical shape of the object，we can extract further information such as the mean gray value，the area，perimeter，and other parameters for the form of the object[3]．These parameters can be used to classify objects．This is an important step in many applications of image processing，as the following examples show：In a satellite image showing an agricultural area，we would like to distinguish fields with different fruits and obtain parameters to estimate their ripeness or to detect damage by parasites．There are many medical applications where the essential problem is to detect pathologi-al changes．A classic example is the analysis of aberrations in chromosomes．Character recognition in printed and handwritten text is another example which has been studied since image processing began and still poses significant difficulties．You hopefully do more，namely try to understand the meaning of what you are reading．This is also the final step of image processing，where one aims to understand the observed scene．We perform this task more or less unconsciously whenever we use our visual system．We recognize people，we can easily distinguish between the image of a scientific lab and that of a living room，and we watch the traffic to cross a street safely．We all do this without knowing how the visual system works．For some times now，image processing and computer-graphics have been treated as two different areas．Knowledge in both areas has increased considerably and more complex problems can now be treated．Computer graphics is striving to achieve photorealistic computer-generated images of three-dimensional scenes，while image processing is trying to reconstruct one from an image actually taken with a camera．In this sense，image processing performs the inverse procedure to that of computer graphics．We start with knowledge of the shape and features of an object—at the bottom of Fig. and work upwards until we get a two-dimensional image．To handle image processing or computer graphics，we basically have to work from the same knowledge．We need to know the interaction between illumination and objects，how a three-dimensional scene is projected onto an image plane，etc．There are still quite a few differences between an image processing and a graphics workstation．But we can envisage that，when the similarities and interrelations between computergraphics and image processing are better understood and the proper hardware is developed，we will see some kind of general-purpose workstation in the future which can handle computer graphics as well as image processing tasks[5]．The advent of multimedia，i. e. ，the integration of text，images，sound，and movies，will further accelerate the unification of computer graphics and image processing.In January 1980 Scientific American published a remarkable image called Plume2，the second of eight volcanic eruptions detected on the Jovian moon by the spacecraft Voyager 1 on 5 March 1979．The picture was a landmark image in interplanetary exploration—the first time an erupting volcano had been seen in space．It was also a triumph for image processing．Satellite imagery and images from interplanetary explorers have until fairly recently been the major users of image processing techniques，where a computer image is numerically manipulated to produce some desired effect-such as making a particular aspect or feature in the image more visible.Image processing has its roots in photo reconnaissance in the Second World War where processing operations were optical and interpretation operations were performed by humans who undertook such tasks as quantifying the effect of bombing raids．With the advent of satellite imagery in the late 1960s，much computer-based work began and the color composite satellite images，sometimes startlingly beautiful, have become part of our visual culture and the perception of our planet．Like computer graphics，it was until recently confined to research laboratories which could afford the expensive image processing computers that could cope with the substantial processing overheads required to process large numbers of high-resolution images．With the advent of cheap powerful computers and image collection devices like digital cameras and scanners，we have seen a migration of image processing techniques into the public domain．Classical image processing techniques are routinely employed bygraphic designers to manipulate photographic and generated imagery，either to correct defects，change color and so on or creatively to transform the entire look of an image by subjecting it to some operation such as edge enhancement.A recent mainstream application of image processing is the compression of images—either for transmission across the Internet or the compression of moving video images in video telephony and video conferencing．Video telephony is one of the current crossover areas that employ both computer graphics and classical image processing techniques to try to achieve very high compression rates．All this is part of an inexorable trend towards the digital representation of images．Indeed that most powerful image form of the twentieth century—the TV image—is also about to be taken into the digital domain．Image processing is characterized by a large number of algorithms that are specific solutions to specific problems．Some are mathematical or context-independent operations that are applied to each and every pixel．For example，we can use Fourier transforms to perform image filtering operations．Others are“algorithmic”—we may use a complicated recursive strategy to find those pixels that constitute the edges in an image．Image processing operations often form part of a computer vision system．The input image may be filtered to highlight or reveal edges prior to a shape detection usually known as low-level operations．In computer graphics filtering operations are used extensively to avoid abasing or sampling artifacts．中文翻译图像处理不是一步就能完成的过程。
如何进行毕业论文的外文翻译与写作
如何进行毕业论文的外文翻译与写作毕业论文的外文翻译和写作是研究生阶段的重要任务之一。
合理的研究方法和专业的写作技巧对于提高论文的质量和学术水平非常关键。
本文将介绍如何进行毕业论文的外文翻译与写作，以帮助学生顺利完成研究任务。
一、外文翻译1. 确定翻译目标：在开始翻译之前，必须明确翻译的目标语言是什么。
对于大部分中国学生而言，目标语言通常是中文。
确保自己熟练掌握外文的语法和词汇才能进行准确的翻译。
2. 分析文本结构：在翻译之前，要仔细分析外文文本的结构，了解作者的思路和论证方式。
将文本分段，并记录下每个段落的主题和核心内容，可以帮助翻译更加准确和有条理。
3. 词汇理解与选择：外文翻译中最常见的问题就是词汇的理解和选择。
要尽量保持原文的句子结构和逻辑关系，并根据上下文来选择合适的词汇。
同时，还要注意一些专业名词和术语的翻译，确保准确传达作者的意思。
4. 翻译修改与润色：在翻译完成后，要进行翻译修改和润色。
可以与导师或其他专业人士讨论，确认翻译是否准确并且符合论文的写作目标和风格。
二、外文写作1. 熟悉论文结构：在进行外文写作之前，要了解毕业论文的结构和要求。
例如，引言、文献综述、方法、结果和讨论等部分的写作方式和顺序。
2. 论文提纲的制定：根据自己的研究内容和结构安排，制定一份清晰的提纲。
提纲是论文写作的框架，在写作过程中可以帮助你组织思路和整理论证材料。
3. 文章段落的组织：无论是中文还是外文写作，良好的段落组织非常重要。
每个段落应该有明确的主题句，并展开论述，最后进行总结或过渡。
段落之间的逻辑关系和过渡词语也要特别注意。
4. 语法和拼写的检查：外文写作需要特别注意语法和拼写的准确性。
严谨的语法和正确的拼写可以提高论文的可读性和学术性。
5. 学术风格和引用格式的使用：在进行外文写作时，要遵循学术风格和引用格式的要求。
例如，使用正确的引用格式引用文献资料，并避免抄袭和剽窃的行为。
总结：毕业论文的外文翻译与写作需要综合运用语言能力、专业知识和写作技巧。
毕业论文外文翻译要求
毕业论文外文翻译要求The requirements for the translation of the foreign language section of the graduation thesis are as follows:1. Word Count: The translated foreign language section should be around 700 words.2. Accuracy: Ensure the translated text accurately reflects the original meaning and intent of the foreign language source. It should be free from any substantial errors or omissions.3. Language Style: Maintain a professional and academic tone throughout the translation. Use appropriate terminology and vocabulary to convey the subject matter effectively.4. Grammar and Syntax: Follow the rules of grammar and syntax in the target language. Pay attention to sentence structure, verb agreement, and correct word order.5. Consistency: Ensure consistency throughout the translation. Use the same terminology and style for recurring words, phrases, and concepts.6. Flow and Cohesion: Maintain the flow and cohesion of the translated text. Use appropriate transition words and phrases to connect ideas and ensure a smooth reading experience.7. Cultural Sensitivity: Take into account any cultural nuances or references that might require adaptation or explanation in the translated text. Consider the target audience's cultural backgroundand adapt the language accordingly.8. Formatting: Format the translated text to match the formatting requirements of the graduation thesis. Ensure proper indentation, paragraph spacing, and font style.9. Proofreading: Thoroughly proofread the translated text to identify and correct any typos, spelling errors, or grammatical mistakes.10. Delivery: Submit the translated foreign language section within the specified deadline. Provide the translated text in a compatible format, such as a Word document or PDF file.By adhering to these requirements, the translated foreign language section of the graduation thesis will meet the desired standards of quality and accuracy.。
毕业论文的外文翻译与论文写作
毕业论文的外文翻译与论文写作一、引言在当前全球化的背景下，外文翻译已经成为毕业论文写作过程中不可或缺的一部分。
外文翻译的质量直接关系到毕业论文的质量和学术水平。
本文将探讨毕业论文的外文翻译与论文写作之间的关系，以及如何提高外文翻译的准确性和完整性。
二、毕业论文的外文翻译1. 理解翻译文本的要求在进行毕业论文的外文翻译之前，首先需要充分理解研究课题的背景和内容。
这有助于准确把握外文翻译的重点和难点，确保所翻译的内容完整、准确。
2. 采用合适的翻译策略针对毕业论文中的外文文献，可以采用不同的翻译策略。
对于专有名词和特定术语，可以直接采用音译方式，确保与国际学术界的接轨。
对于涉及理论和论证的部分，可以采用意译的方式，确保翻译文稿更加通顺和易读。
3. 保持语言风格的一致性在外文翻译过程中，要特别注意保持语言风格的一致性。
如果毕业论文主要采用英文写作，外文翻译的语言风格应与之保持一致。
这有助于提高整篇论文的连贯性和可读性。
4. 核对翻译质量完成外文翻译后，需要对翻译质量进行核对和修正。
可以请专业人士进行审校，或者自己进行反复校对，以确保翻译的准确性和完整性。
三、论文写作中的外文引用1. 引用外文文献的方法在毕业论文的写作过程中，常常需要引用外文文献来支持自己的观点和证明论文的可靠性。
正确的引用方法有助于提高论文的学术信度。
可以采用直接引用和间接引用两种方式，但需注明出处和页码，避免抄袭问题。
2. 处理外文引文中的翻译问题当引用外文文献时，如果需要对其中的段落或句子进行翻译，需要在引用句子后方括号内注明“译者”并进行翻译，以区别于原文的引用。
这样可以提高读者对引用内容的理解。
3. 处理大量外文引用的情况如果毕业论文中存在大量外文引用的情况，可以采用适当的处理方式，比如将较长的外文引用单独作为一个小节，并加以分析和评论，以凸显自己的观点。
四、提高外文翻译与论文写作的能力1. 多读、多译、多写提高外文翻译与论文写作能力需要大量读书、翻译和写作的实践。
影视视频剪辑外文文献翻译字数3000多
影视视频剪辑外文文献翻译字数3000多XXX final product。
The article also examines the XXX editing practices。
including the use of digital tools and are。
Finally。
the article looks at the XXX.nVideo editing is an essential aspect of the film and n n process。
It XXX final product。
The editing process can make or break afilm or n show。
as it can greatly impact the XXX。
In this article。
we will XXX to the final product.The XXX EditingXXX。
It allows filmmakers to shape the story。
control the pace。
and create a XXX。
a XXX's job is to take the raw footage and turn it into a XXX audience。
They must make ns about what footage to include。
what to cut。
and how to arrange it to createthe desired effect.Technology and EditingTechnology has XXX。
Digital tools and are have made the process faster。
more efficient。
and XXX。
collaborate with others in real-time。
毕业设计(论文)外文文献译文格式及装订要求
“毕业设计（论文）外文文献译文”格式及装订要求
全校所有专业的学生在完成毕业设计（论文）的同时，必须完成一篇专业外文文献翻译工作（将外文文献翻译成中文），要求译出3000汉字以上的有关技术资料或专业外文文献，内容要与毕业设计（论文）内容相关。
书写时具体格式要求参考“毕业论文（设计说明书）缩写稿格式、版面要求”，装订时按以下顺序独立装订：1、封面；2、外文文献译文；3、外文文献原文。
附件：毕业设计（论文）外文文献译文封面
毕业设计（论文）
外文文献译文及原文
学生：
学号：
院（系）：
专业：
指导教师：
20 年月日。
毕业设计论文中英文翻译要求
毕业设计论文中英文翻译要求Graduation Thesis Translation RequirementsEnglish translation of Graduation Thesis:1. Accuracy: The English translation of the Graduation Thesis should accurately reflect the content and meaning of the original Chinese text. It should convey the same ideas and arguments as presented in the original text.2. Clarity: The translation should be clear and easy to understand. The language used should be appropriate and the sentences should be well-structured.3. Grammar and Syntax: The translation should follow the rules of English grammar and syntax. There should be no grammatical errors or awkward sentence constructions.4. Vocabulary: The translation should make use of appropriate vocabulary that is relevant to the topic of the Graduation Thesis. Technical terms and concepts should be accurately translated.5. Style: The translation should maintain the academic style and tone of the original Chinese text. It should use formal language and avoid colloquial or informal expressions.6. References: If the Graduation Thesis includes citations or references, the English translation should accurately reflectthese citations and references. The formatting of citations and references should follow the appropriate style guide.7. Proofreading: The English translation should be thoroughly proofread to ensure there are no spelling or punctuation errors. It should also be reviewed for any inconsistencies or inaccuracies.Minimum word count: The English translation of the Graduation Thesis should be at least 1200 words. This requirement ensures that the translation adequately captures the main points and arguments of the original text.It is important to note that there may be specific guidelines or requirements provided by your academic institution or supervisor for the translation of your Graduation Thesis. Please consult these guidelines and follow them accordingly.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
视频的前期拍摄与后期制作电影电视媒体已经成为当前最为大众化，最具影响力的媒体型式。
从好莱坞电影所创造的幻想世界，到电视新闻所关注的现实生活，到铺天盖地的电视广告，无不深刻地影响着我们的世界。
过去，影视节目的制作只是专业人员的工作，似乎还拢罩着一层神秘的面纱。
十几年来，数字技术全面进入影视制作过程，计算器逐步取代了许多原有的影视设备，在影视制作的各个环节发挥了很重大的作用。
但是直到不久之前，影视制作使用的一直是价格极端昂贵的专业硬件及软件，非专业的人员很难有机会见到这些设备，更不用说熟练掌握这些工具来制作自己的作品了。
随着PC性能的显著提升以及价格上的不断降低，影视制作从以前专业等级的硬设备逐渐向PC平台上转移，原先身价极高的专业软件逐步移植到PC平台上，价格也日益大众化。
同时影视制作的应用也从专业的电影电视领域扩大到计算机游戏、多媒体、网络、家庭娱乐等更为广阔的领域。
许多在这些专业领域的从业人员与大量的影视爱好者们现在都可以利用手中的计算机来制作自己的影视节目。
许多人接触到影视节目制作，是从3D计算机动画开始的，直到目前，了解乃至掌握3D计算机动画制作的人员很多，介绍这方面的书籍也不少，而对于影视后期制作，多数人并不太了解，相关的书籍也较少，而且一般也只关心某一软件的操作使用，而对于影视后期制作的基本流程和原理却不甚重视，希望读者能透过本书，不但可以了解和掌握软件的使用，同时也对影视后期制作的整个过程有一个比较全面的了解。
一、影视后期制作概况:影视节目的制作是一个相当复杂的过程。
由于影视节目本身的多样化，从耗资巨大的电影制作到个人制作的家庭录像带，可以说有天壤之别。
虽然这些节目的使用意图，编列的制作预算，投入的人力物力都有很大的区别，但其制作过程却有相当的共同之处，一般来说，影视节目的制作可以分为前期制作，实景拍摄，和后期制作三个主要阶段。
前期制作是筹划与准备的阶段，对于电影制作来说，这个过程多半是从剧本开始，然后是制定预算、筹募资金、选定拍摄地点、挑选演员、组成摄影小组等一系列复杂的过程。
而对于个人制作者来说，这也许不过是突发奇想，然后拿起自己的摄影机，拍摄周遭环境人物短短数分钟互动的事。
拍摄阶段就是利用摄影机记录画面的过程，这时拍摄的素材可以说是构造最终完成片的基石。
当主要的拍摄工作完成后，就到了后期制作阶段。
传统上这个阶段的主要工作是剪辑，把拍摄阶段得到的散乱素材剪辑成为完整的影片。
一般在电影的拍摄过程中，实际拍摄的素材是最终剪辑完成影片长度的数倍甚至数十倍。
剪辑师要从大量的素材中挑出最满意的素材并把它们按照适当的方式组织在一起。
后期制作还包括声音的制作与合成。
一般只有到这个阶段，当多余的素材已经去掉，镜头已经组合串联在一起，画面与声音已经同步，才可以看到影片的全貌。
因为影片的大量信息和涵义，并不是包含在某一个镜头的画面中，而正是包含在一连串画面的组合当中，包含在画面与声音的联系中，毫不夸张地说，影视艺术有很大的程度上正是表现在后期制作之中的。
传统的电影剪辑是真正的剪接，拍摄所得到的底片经过冲洗，要制作一套工作样片，利用这套样片进行剪辑。
剪辑师从大量的样片中挑选需要的镜头，用剪刀将胶片剪裁，再用胶带或胶水把它们黏在一起，然后在剪辑台上观看剪辑的效果，这个剪裁、黏贴的反复过程要不断重复直到最后看当满意的结果。
这个过程直到现在仍然很常见，虽然看起来很原始，但这种剪接却是非线性的。
剪辑师不必从头到尾顺序地工作，因为他可以随时将样片随时从中间剪裁，插入一个镜头，或者直接剪掉一些画面，都不会影响整个片子。
但这种方式对于很多制作技巧是无能为力的。
剪辑师无法在两个镜头之间制作一个特效融合的画面，也无法调整画面的色彩，所有这些技巧都只能在冲印过程中完成，同时剪刀和浆糊的手工操作效率也很低。
传统的电视编辑则是在剪辑设备上进行的。
剪辑设备通常由一台放影机和一台录像机组成，剪辑师通过放影机选择一段适合的素材，然后把它记录到录像机中的磁带上，然后在寻找下一个镜头。
此外，高级的剪辑设备还有很强的特效功能，可以制作各种画面的融合与特效过场，可以调整画面的颜色，也可以制作字幕等。
但是由于磁带记录画面是顺序的，无法在已有的画面之间插入一个镜头，也无法删除一个镜头，除非把其之后的画面全部重新录制一遍。
所以这种编辑叫做线性编辑，它给编辑人员带来了很多限制。
我们可以看到传统的剪辑方法虽然各有特点，但又都有很大的局限性，大大减低了剪辑人员的创造力，并使宝贵的时间浪费在烦琐的操作过程当中。
基于计算机科技的数字化非线性编辑技术使剪辑的方法得到很大的进步发展的空间。
这种技术将素材记录到计算机磁盘中，利用计算机的运算与数据读取与储存进行剪辑的过程。
它采用了电影剪辑的非线性模式，但用简单的鼠标及键盘操作替代了剪刀和浆糊式的手工操作，剪辑结果可以马上回放观看，所以大大提升了制作的效率。
二、随着影视制作的迅速发展，后期制作又肩负起了一个非常重要的职责：特效镜头的制作—特效镜头是指拍摄无法直接得到的镜头。
早期的影视特效大多是通过模型制作、特殊摄影、光学合成等传统手段完成的，主要在拍摄及冲印的阶段中完成。
计算机数字的使用为特效制作提供了更好更多的手段，也使许多过去必须使用模型和摄影技术完成的特效可以透过计算机科技来制作完成，所以更多的特殊效果就成为了后期制作的工作。
特效镜头无法拍摄到一般是由于两种原因，一是拍摄对象或环境在现实生活中根本不存在，或者即使存在也不可能拍摄到，例如恐龙或是外星人；二是拍摄的对象和环境虽然在实际生活中存在，但无法同时出现在同一个时空中，例如影片的主角从剧烈的爆炸场景中逃生。
对于第一种困难，就必须利用别的东西来模仿拍摄的对象，常用的手段包括制作模型，利用对人的化妆来模仿其它生物以及计算机的3D动画，实际上3D计算机动画也是一种模型，只不是它是存在在计算机中的虚拟模型而已。
总之要解决这类问题，需要用一种无中生有的办法。
对于第二种困难解决的方法就是合成。
既然拍摄的对象都是存在的，就可以单独拍摄他们，然后在分别把拍摄的这些画面合成起来。
过去，合成主要依靠特效摄影和冲印时的技巧来完成，但计算机数字合成技术的快速发展使这些方式都相形落伍了。
在近年来特效电影的迅速发展，并带动了整个电影工业的成长。
计算机数字合成技术与3D计算机动画有很大的差别，它本身不是无中生有的一种技术，而是利用已有的素材画面进行组合，同时可以对画面进行大量的修饰、美化。
可以说是一种锦上添花的一种技术。
对于电视节目来说，我们经常可以看到这样的画面，画面本身就是由很多没有关联的物体组合而成，显然不是透过拍摄，而是透过合成得以的。
例如很多电视片头，广告，MTV等节目就是如此。
这时合成的首要逃条件不是真实感，而是纯粹的审美和形式感，但从合成的技术方式来说与拟真的合成没有太大的差别。
经由以上的介绍，我们大致总结出影视后期制作的样貌：利用实景拍摄所得到的素材，透过3D计算机动画和合成的技术来制作特效镜头，然后把镜头剪接组合在一起，形成完整的影片，并且为影片制作声音。
在以下图中我们可以看到电视数字后期制作的基本流程。
目前大部份的电视节目，比如广告、片头、MTV、电视剧等都是按这样的工作方式制作出来的，但在合成的过程中必须符合以下要求：（一）画面干净画面干净包括以下几个方面：1、没有夹帧就是完整镜头连接，中间没有多余的东西。
我们在剪辑时如果在镜头结束时没有剪，后面带着下一个镜头的内容，而这些东西是由于失误加上的，我们并不需要。
这就是夹帧。
还有我们在连接两个镜头时，中间没有连接好有黑场，这也是夹帧。
通常在剪辑时，很重要的一个任务就是把画面剪干净。
2、镜头完整镜头的剪辑方式有动接动、静接静两种方式。
动接这里就不多说了，静接时镜头必须完整。
静止镜头要保持一定的长度，比如中景5-8秒。
运动镜头必须有起幅、落幅。
3、动镜头最后必须定下来，动镜头不能称为结束画面，所以剪辑点动的镜头最后必须静止下来。
即使使用动接，最后一个镜头也必须静下来。
主体停止运动，或者出画。
（二）声音干净这是新手在剪辑中通常被忽略的内容，包括几个方面:1、话要完整无论是现场原音还是旁白，不能让人说半句话。
2、声音要纯净特别嘈杂的声音不能使用，必须让观众听明白。
3、声音的音量高低要合适一个节目的音量要统一，不能有高有低。
背景音乐的音量比例要合适，不能让背景音乐的声音影响到说话的声音原文出处：John Wiley & Sons.Press,Mark Gerhard Jeffrey M . Harper.Mastering Autodesk 3ds Max Design 2011[M].Publisher: John Wiley& Sons,2012.22-32.In the early period of the video filming andpost-productionFilm and television media has become the most popular, the most influential media type. From created the fantasy world of Hollywood moviesto television news focus on the reality of life, into a frenzy of television advertising, which profoundly affects our world. In the past, film and television program production is only professional work, seemsto be gathering cover with a layer of mysterious veil.For decades, digital technology comprehensively in the process of film and television production, calculator gradually replaced many of the original film and television equipment, in film and television production each link has played a very important role. But until recently, the use of film and television production has always been extremely expensive specialized hardware and software, non-professional personnel it is difficult to havethe chance to see these equipment, let alone familiar with the tools to create their own works. As the PC performance significantly increased andthe lower price, film and television production from the previous levelof professional hardware equipment to gradually shift on PC platform, the original value is extremely high professional software gradually transplanted to the PC platform, the price also becomes more and more popular.At the same time, the application of film and television production, film and television from the professional field expanded to computer games, multimedia, network, home entertainment, such as wider areas. Many practitioners in these fields and a lot of movie and TV fans can now be used his computer to make his film and television programmes.Many people come into contact with the film and television programme production, starts from the 3 d computer animation, until now, to understand and master the 3 d computer animation production personnel many, introduce the many books, too, for the film and television post-production, most people don't know, books are less, and generally only care about a software operation, basic process and principle for the film and television post-production has not very seriously, hope I can through this book, readers can not only understand and master the use of software, but also to the whole process of film and television post-production has a more comprehensive understanding.A profile of film and television post-production：Film and television program production is a quite complex process. Due to the diversity of film and television program itself, made from expensive movie-making to personal home videos, it could not be more different. Intention while the use of these programs, the budgeted production budget, investment of manpower to have very big difference, but its production process has much in common, in general, film and television program production can be divided into pre-production, live action, and post-production three main stages.Pre-production is planning and preparation stage, for film production, the process often begins with script, and then the budget, raise money, the selected location, select group of actors, photography and a series of complex process. The ?Is the process of using the camera to record the picture shooting stage, then the footage is the foundation of the construction finished, so to speak.When after the completion of the work, like the post-production stage. Traditionally the main job of this phase is the clip, the shooting stage get scattered material cutting complete film. General in the filming process, the actual final cut finished filming material is film lengthseveral times or even dozens of times. Editor, a large amount of material is from selected the satisfaction of material and put them together according to the proper way. Production and post-production include voice synthesis. Generally only at this stage, when the material has been removed, excess lens is in series with the combination of picture and sound is synchronous, can only see the outline of the film. Because of the large amount of information and meaning of the film, is not included in a lens painting ?Traditional movie clips were taken real splicing, the resulting film after wash, to make a working sample, use these samples for clips. Clips from a large number of samples selected need to shot, the film with scissors, tape or glue to stick them together again, and then watch a clip on JianJiTai effect, the cut and paste the process is repeated until (till) the final see repeatedly when satisfied with the results. This process until now is still very common, although look very primitive, but this kind of splicing is nonlinear. Editors don't have to order from beginning to end, because he can keep samples at any time from the middle clipping, insert a lens, or directly cut off some of the pictures, will not affect the entire film. But ?Traditional TV editing is performed on editing equipment. Editing equipment generally consists of a projector and a video recorder, editor by projector choose a suitable material, and record it into the video tape, and then looking for the next shot. In addition, advanced editing equipment and effects of the strong function, can make all kinds of image fusion and special effects played, can adjust the color of the picture, also can make subtitles and so on. But due to tape record the order of images is, not in existing images inserted between a camera, can't delete a lens, unless all the after picture to record it again. So the editor called linear editing, it brought many restrictions to editors.Although we can see that the traditional editing methods have different characteristics, but also have very big limitation, greatly reducing the editing staff's creativity, and waste precious time in the operation process of cumbersome. Based on computer technology, digital non-linear editing technology makes them ways to get great progress in the development of space. This technique will material records to the computer disk, using the computer calculations and data is read and stored in editing process. It USES a film clip of the nonlinear model, but with a simple mouse and keyboard instead of a scissors and paste type of manual operation, the editing results can playback watch right away, so greatly improve the efficiency of production.With the rapid development of film and television production, post-production and shoulder an important responsibility: Production refers to the special effects shots -- special effects shots taken cannot directly get the lens. Early in the film and television special effects are mostly through the model making, special traditional means such as photography, optical synthesis, mainly in the stage of the film and print completed. Digital computer used for special effects production provides more better method, also makes a lot of the past must be used to model and photography done special effects can be completed through the computer technology, so that more special effects became a post-production work. Special effects shots can't shooting, due to two reasons, one is the subject doesn't exist in real life or the environment, or even impossible to shoot, also such as dinosaurs or aliens; Second, the subject and ?For the second solution is difficult. Since the subject is there, they can be taken separately, and then in combining the different of these pictures, respectively. In the past, the synthesis relies on special effects of photography and print techniques to complete, but the computerthe rapid development of digital synthesis technology to make these in way behind The Times. In recent years the rapid development of the special effects film, and led to the growth of the whole film industry. Computer digital synthesis technology and 3 d computer animation has very big difference, it itself is not out of a technology, USES the existing material images are combined, but at the same time, the picture can be a lot of decoration and beautification. A technology is a kind of icing on the cake, so to speak. For TV showsThrough the above introduction, we summarize the film and television post-production appearance: using the live action of material, through 3 d computer animation and synthetic technology to produce special effects shots, then the scene splicing together, form a complete film, and sound for film production. In the following figure, we can see the basic process of TV digital post-production. At present most of the TV show, from advertising, opening, MTV, TV series and so on all is according to this way of working.一、Body clean clean pages including the following respects1、No clamp frame is a complete lens connection, no superfluous things. If when we clip at the end of the lens is not cut, followed the next content of the lens, and is due to mistakes with these things, we don't need. This is clip frames. And when we connect two lenses, no good connection there is black, this is clip frames. Usually in the clip, it is an important task is to cut the screen clean.2、Camera lens cutting complete move by dynamic and static static in two ways. Movements meet here is not much said, still answer the lens must be complete. Static shots to keep a certain length, such as middle 5-8 seconds. Sports camera must have picture, picture.3、move the lens must be decided finally Even using dynamic, last scene also need to calm down. The main body stop motion, or out of the picture.二、Sounds clean and this is usually neglected in novice in editingcontent, including several aspects1、Something to completeWhether the original sound or narrator, not let people say half sentence.2、To pureCan not use the special noise, must let the audience understand it.3、The volume of the sound to the rightThe volume of the one show to unification, cannot have high low.Background music volume percentage to the right, can't let the background music sounds affect the voice.。