老子无为而治与以人为本思想

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老子的“无为”思想的哲学意义

老子的“无为”思想的哲学意义

老子的“无为”思想的哲学意义
老子的无为思想老子的哲学并不是一种西方意义上的知识学体系,而是一种生命的智慧,一种对“道”的追寻。

老子“道”的学说,就是对宇宙万物的形而上的把握。

它的宗旨,不在玄远的空洞世界,而在生活的实践之中。

对于个体生命而言,它提供了安身立命的基础;对于一个国家而言,则是一种达至善治的智慧。

虽然老子思想以“玄之又玄”而著称,但其背后的济世情怀,却值得反复体味。

老子的哲学是一种大智慧,对于人类一切事务,包括管理在内,都具有深刻的启发意义。

其中,无为而治的思想是最具有影响力的。

“无为”,在老子那里意味着“道法自然”,即所谓“人法地,地法天,天法道,道法自然”。

“无为即自然”,是老子哲学的基本观点。

老子将“道”视为宇宙之本,而道之本性则是“常无为而无不为”,即“道”对于宇宙万物是“侍之而生而不辞,功成而不有,衣养万物而不为主”。

就道生成万物、成就万物而言,道是“无不为”的;就道对于万物“不辞”、“不有”而言,道又是“无为”的。

从本质上讲,这是“无为”与“无不为”的有机统一。

天地万物的生成与存在,皆是“无为也而无不为”的。

老子正是从这一思想出发,认为治国安民,要反对“有为而治”,而主张“无为而治”。

在他看来,“为无为,则无不治”,“圣人无为故无败,无执故无失”,圣人“无为而无不为,取天下常以无事;及其有事,不足以取天下”。

老子把“无为”看作圣人“取天下”和“治天下”的手段。

浅谈现代管理中的“无为而治”

浅谈现代管理中的“无为而治”

浅谈现代管理中的“无为而治”摘要:老子的《道德经》蕴涵着丰富的管理智慧,尤其是其“无为而治”的道治思想、以人为本的管理理念、及以柔克刚的企业生存之道,对企业管理有重要启示。

本文主要浅谈道家思想中“无为而治”对现代企业管理有怎样的影响,以及对企业管理提出的要求。

关键词:道家、无为而治、管理前言作为一名管理人员,如何做好管理岗工作,是需要不断学习和探索的过程。

在学习过程中,中国的传统文化思想对管理工作也有着十分重要的指导作用。

随着现代经济转型为知识经济和管理科学的发展,西方传统管理思想忽视人的价值这一缺陷越来越明显,它在管理过程中缺乏对人的主体性的重视,阻碍了企业的发展。

道家管理伦理思想可以作为这一弊病的有效良方,特别是“无为而治”这一思想,更加重视人的本体存在价值和意义,所蕴涵的管理思想是真正的人本管理思想,它对人的个体价值和个人自由予以了更多的关注。

道家思想从“道法自然”的角度出发,推崇人和社会的自然状态,批判人的异化物对人的限制,肯定了人对自由平等的追求,是具有真正人道主义精神内涵的。

正文一、“无为”思想的管理背景所谓“无为”是不妄为、不乱来的意思。

把“无为”思想运用到社会和企业管理上,就是说领导者的行为要顺应自然、社会发展的规律,并按照规律去制定相应的法律、制度,不轻易变更;人们在这样的法律、制度下,尽情发挥自己的聪明才干,努力去做,这才是真正的“无为”。

“无为”思想是道家学说的精髓,是老子管理思想的核心,是道家管理思想的主旋律,也是道家学说提供给我们的为人、处世、办企业,乃至治国、兴邦、治世的一个基本原则。

真正理解了“无为”思想,也就把握了道家思想的要领大旨。

二、管理中的“无为”之道随着对企业文化的不断深入探索,企业中个人的存在价值越来越凸显重要地位。

在现代管理中,只有强调以人为中心的管理,即塑造正确的人的理想观念,价值取向和行为准则,组织管理中其他具体的问题才可以迎刃而解。

同时,在管理过程中要时刻遵循经济发展规律、社会发展规律,不得和规律背道而驰,要重视协调统一和分工协作,通过不断的融合协调,去解决管理中存在的问题。

简述老子的朴素辩证法思想

简述老子的朴素辩证法思想

简述老子的朴素辩证法思想老子的哲学思想是以自然为本体,而人为其作用,即“人法地,地法天,天法道,道法自然”,认为世界的本原和规律就在于人与自然的关系。

因此他强调人们必须要尊重客观规律、按照客观规律办事。

在这里老子主张绝圣弃智,无为而治。

对一切顺应自然,合乎自然发展的需要,又对一切违背客观规律,不适合人类生存发展的东西加以否定和摈弃。

这种人与自然和谐相处,物我两忘的境界,正是老子朴素辩证法思想的核心。

他的自然观,就是我们今天所说的生态平衡理论。

他对各种自然现象和社会现象都作了朴素的解释,强调要遵循自然规律,提出万物都有其自身特定的运动规律,并且用这个道理去分析、解释和处理问题。

例如,他指出水能生木,而水不能生火;火能熟食,而火不能熟食;土能生金,而土不能生木;金能利器,而金不能利器。

他认为“曲则全,枉则直,洼则盈,敝则新”,即不歪斜就能保持完整,不弯曲就能伸直,低洼就会充盈,破旧就会更新。

所谓“大制无割”,任何事物都有大小、长短之分,都可以取长补短。

这些思想也许会使我们惊叹不已,但是,从历史角度来看,那么,他的这种理念不是很落后吗?难道这不是历史的倒退吗?事实上,我们的社会就在他这种朴素的思想中得到了进步。

《道德经》大致分为上、下两篇。

上篇言道,下篇言德。

从政治角度来看,上篇是君主的修养之道,告诉统治者应该如何修身养性,才能治国安邦,无为而治;下篇是为人处世之道,教人们处世为人的准则。

在《道德经》中,关于处世原则方面,它讲到如何做到仁、义、忠、孝、悌、礼、乐、智、信、恕、忍等。

他讲到“知人者智,自知者明。

胜人者有力,自胜者强”、“其政闷闷,其民淳淳;其政察察,其民缺缺。

祸兮福之所倚,福兮祸之所伏。

孰知其极?其无正也。

正复为奇,善复为妖。

人之迷,其日固久”。

他指出,当君主不知道他统治的百姓到底是愚昧还是聪明的时候,其统治就要出乱子,而当君主知道他统治的百姓到底是愚昧还是聪明的时候,其统治也就要出乱子。

老子无为而治与以人为本思想(LaoTzuInactionandpeople-oriented)

老子无为而治与以人为本思想(LaoTzuInactionandpeople-oriented)

老子无为而治与以人为本思想(Lao Tzu Inaction andpeople-oriented)Lao Tzu "Inaction" and "people-oriented"[quotations from Lao Zi]The sage does nothing but teaches. All things are how but not only for the students but don't have, and not rely, accomplishes and occupies, is not to go.The sage deals with the world in the manner of inaction, and implements the method of "teaching by body" and "teaching by word". Such things will not go for natural growth and who is a founding first, students without appropriate fan reproduction, do not think oneself can be accomplished without your credit. Because of no credit, so merit forever.The saint who says: I do nothing but people from me, but people from being quiet, I have something for me to rich people, and the people from the park.The king with the nature, people's natural genesis; King quiet, people naturally correct; the king does not disturb the people, people naturally become rich; the king is not greed, natural and simple people.The sage in the world, Xi Xi yan. People are the eyes and ears of children all saints.The king has a cautious mind and a simple and honest mind. Thepeople are very concerned about the king's words and actions, so the king should treat the people as his own children.The natural world has nothing to do with it, but the world governs it.Conform to the laws of nature without selfish motives, the world is peaceful."Inaction" is the essence of natural anti avoidance"Inaction" is put forward and Lao Tzu advocating country policy. What is meant by "Inaction"? People have always had a different understanding of it. Probably because the word "Inaction" is too easy to give the impression of being passive and inactive, it has been misunderstood and criticized since twentieth Century.In Lao Zi's political philosophy, "Inaction" is a philosophical word with profound meaning and great wisdom. Inaction is neither the "doing nothing", nor the western scholars' "no action"". Joseph Needham, an expert in world history of science, believes that the real meaning of "Inaction" should be "avoiding the act of resisting nature."". It should be said that Joseph Needham's understanding is relatively scientific and basically approaches Lao Tzu's original intention.As a matter of fact, Lao Tzu speaks very clearly: "Tao, often inaction, and without exception.". If the king can keep it, everything will change itself. And to make, I will take the town of husband will not desire unknown talent." It means that "Tao"often does not do anything deliberately, but everything succeeds because of conforming to nature. Wang Houruo can live by this principle and everything will grow naturally. When nature grows and desires sprout, I teach it with the true simplicity of the tao. The character can make it not greed.Lao Tzu also made it clear to the positive rule, the odd military forces, with nothing from the world of thought, namely by means of governance work in just ways country, with the method of military war, with the method of conforming to nature does not disturb the people ampang. He believes that more people will ban the world poverty; more weapon people, more countries dizzy; people thought the more chaos, evil things more easily; act more guarded, thieves will be more.In the light of the elaboration of Lao Tzu's "Inaction", as a "no action" term in political philosophy, Lao Tzu regards it as a policy of keeping the country in order." Wuwei ", is mainly aimed at the requirements and the abuse of rulers restricted power, against the wishes of the masses against the people's behavior; the promulgation of the law, that at random system; or continuity not inconstant in policy, policy. Lao Tzu advocated that all decrees and policies should be promulgated with the "heart of the people as the heart" and "the autonomy of the people" (that is, nature)".In the twenty-nine chapter of Lao Zi, I said, "go to the saints, go to luxury, go to Thailand."." It is said that their good leaders to remove extreme excesses, luxury, practice. Obviously, this is Lao Tzu "Inaction" meaning and essence. Therefore, when Sima Qian evaluated Taoism, he said, Taoismpropaganda does nothing,The actual is all, the Taoist diction makes people difficult to understand, but the idea is easy to perform, the method is to conform to the natural principle, people's Government of people of the monarch program, can do it, the thought and the cause will be indelible.This kind of political wisdom which fully respects public opinion, believes in the masses and relies on the masses, coincides with the idea of "putting people first and building a harmonious society" put forward today. The political wisdom of "Inaction" originated in China more than 2000 years ago, and Lao Tzu's thought is indeed great and advanced.The "Inaction" and "Huainanzi now"Lao Tzu "Inaction" thought, played an important role in the history of China.The early Western Han Dynasty, Huang Di, Lao Tzu academic thought has been widely used in social and political practice, and achieved positive results, resulting in Chinese history first "spirit" -- "Wenjingzhizhi", it can be said that this is a successful practice of Huang Lao thought to govern a country.From the Han Emperor Liu Bang, 50 years of time, in the "Wuwei" under the guidance of the Qin Dynasty, the first abolition of tyranny, the implementation of tax cuts or the reduced corvee and taxes, Huimin policy, agriculture, water conservancy establishment, development of agricultural production, so thatall people live in memories.Emperor Liu Heng is personally Lao Tzu "Inaction" thought to actively advocate and practitioner. Main manifestation:First, abolish the law of libel (court). He ascended the throne to his officials and said, I received the order after all, first think of what I have no fault, and I see shortcomings thinks, asking everyone to tell me. Then, made some suggestions in the ordered "copper and the criticism of the" tiger "bamboo to match", send to the country Princedoms and gaugrafen, advocate the subjects directly to the emperor or the court advice.Second, treatment of sinners, not implicate subordinates and family members. There is an example that best illustrates the problem. The king Liu Xingju heard the emperor to check the deployment of generation to counterattack the Huns in the preparation, to rebel, to mobilize the army was going to attack Xingyang. The emperor ordered the insurgency. In the eve of the insurgency, the emperor issued an edict: where in the imperial army did not have to counter insurgency anyway, and led the surrender or give cities, should be forgiven, to restore their original position.Third, the abolition of corporal punishment. The emperor abolished political meat originated from a criminal officials girl a letter addressed to him. The Taicang public order crime Chunyu the penalty, he was arrested and escorted to Changan prison, ready to perform corporal punishment. His little daughter Ti Ying with his father came to Changan, a letter to the court said: "my father is in the state of an official, onall know that he is honest, now broke the law, the punishment. But what I am sad about is that when a man dies, he cannot come back to life and cannot recover after his death. Although he wants to mend himself, he will not give his way out. Therefore, I would like to be when the government confiscated slaves, my father arrived for the penalty, he start with a clean slate."The letter was sent to Ti Ying Wen there, the emperor moved to her filial piety, so under the edict said: "today's criminal law has three kinds of corporal punishment (punishment, tattoo, castration, and etc.) crimes still occur, the root of where?I am very ashamed of the fact that my virtue is so shallow that education is unknown, which leads the people on the road to crime. A punishment makes prisoners limb fracture, skin damage, life can not be restored, this is how painful and unethical practices! Corporal punishment should be abolished!" Before it was abolished corporal punishment.Fourth, set an example, diligence and frugality, frugality and simplicity. According to "historical records of his chronicles tenth" records, the emperor Liu Heng in the 23 year of the palaces, gardens, horses, dogs and royal clothing appliances, has been added to what. He was going to build an open platform, called a craftsman calculation, spend nearly 100 pounds of gold. The emperor said: "100 pounds of gold equivalent to 10 middle-income family fortune. I enjoyed the palace where the emperor left me,Not afraid of the conservative and the first emperor often Jiangshan humiliation, but also the construction of what the open platform!"He often wore linen clothes, even his beloved lady Shen, clothes are not allowed to mop the floor, the curtains are not as simple, embroidery, to set an example to the people of the world.The emperor before his death under the edict said: "all the world is born, not dead. Death is the common sense between heaven and earth. What is there to be particularly sad about? Now dead people spend burial, that made bankrupt, stressed that in mourning, damage to the body. I strongly disapprove of this practice." Immediately the Dahir: from the date of arrival of the edict suspended for 3 days to remove the mourning cry. No wife married women, worship, drinking, eating meat. Shall handle the funeral and mourning cry offering people, are not bare foot. Don't be more than 3 inches wide. When the funeral procession, do not train Chen and weapons, do not mobilize men and women to the palace to cry. The Palace should cry, as long as the cry in the morning and evening 15, Libi stopped.In Chinese thousands of years of feudal society, such as Wendi Liu Heng open-minded, kind, quiet, inaction, thrift, self denial of the emperor, there are a few people? Very rare, commendable.No, the people's heart for the heartHow to achieve the "Inaction"? I put forward a set of effective measures and measures. Those in power should "take the heart of the people as the heart" and keep themselves quiet and not materialized.Lao Tzu proposed, the most ideal rulers, that is their best rulers to "Saint constant mood, the people's heart for the heart......." That is to say, the best rulers are selfish, and their hearts are the hearts of the people. Those who are in power are cautious, simple and honest. The people are very concerned about the words and deeds of the ruling people, so the rulers should treat the people as their children. In our present words, do we serve the people wholeheartedly? Is it right for the people, for the people, for the people? That is, asking the government for the people, asking for the people, and asking the people They can put people as their own children, this is a good parent!Lao Tzu believes that their best rulers (i.e. SAGE) is the implementation of the policy of inaction. Therefore, first of all to eradicate such desires, not selfish and power to a quiet, calm heart, the world will be peaceful nature.As the only county history specimens "in Henan County of Neixiang, there are many" Edmonton "antithetical couplet, its connotation reflects the more prominent Lao Tzu" to make the mind of the people loving thoughts. A pair of antithetical couplet yanei County of Neixiang is the most famous three couplets hanging in the hall:An official is not proud, a lost official does not disgrace, do not say a useless official, the place depends entirely on an official;People eat rice, people wear clothes, Murdoch people bullied, he is also the people.This couplet expounds profoundly the dialectical relation between the officials and the people. Through textual research, this pair of antithetical couplet is the Qing emperor Kangxi high Yiyong (Zhejiang Jiaxing) in Neixiang for nine years during the period of writing. According to "Neixiang tongkao" records, high Yiyong served in Neixiang County, the mainland is barren, hungry very much, high Yiyong that asked people suffering, and make it widely cultivated, opened more than 40 hectares of planting, farming, farming years around refugee return, solve the problem of food and clothing of the people of Neixiang county. After the departure of Gao Yiyong, the local people made "benevolent" monument in front of instrument.The Lao Tzu rulers are divided into four categories: one, the wisest rulers, people do not feel his presence; in two, the better, people close to praise him; in three, poor people who fear him; in four, the most poor people who abuse him. Therefore, lack of integrity, there will be no confidence in the psychological. This is mainly from Lao Tzu's view that man is as important as Tao, Tian, and earth, and he proposes to establish a harmonious society of human nature and human centered. He said, "the road is big, big, big and big.". There are four major areas in the world, while the human settlement is one of them. Man, law, earth, law and heaven,Days France Road, imitation of nature".What the government advocates, what is against, what to praise, what to criticize, not only the personal hobby, but also will affect the whole social mood. Therefore, Lao Tzu proposed: theking should follow the "road" Wuwei, starts from oneself, do not advocate wealth, so that people do not fight desperately; do not cherish the rare valuables, so that people do not steal; humble covet desire, make people not be disturbed. Therefore, the saints govern the people, and they must think of ways and measures to purify people's minds, to live safely, to have strong bodies, and to be weak willed.Kings to "humble", our ancestors had, do not bully people. Lao Tzu believed that the river and the sea were the places where many rivers were located, because they were in a low position.A wise king must be humble to the people. In order to lead a good people, we must put our interests in the interests of the people, and the people of the world are willing to support him rather than loathe him. Because he does not contend with the world, so no one can argue with him.The ruling power, like cooking a small fishLao Tzu believes that to make the country stable and quiet, not decree frequency, or inconstant in policy. He said figuratively, "govern the country like a fried fish, and do not stir it often.". It is said that policymakers not to bother harsh government disturb people, and to adhere to the "quiet and inaction" thought, in his words, is "road to the world"."Governing the country, like cooking a small fish is thousands of years of experience and lessons Chinese dynasties rise and fall of the summary. Chinese history "three golden age" of history (Western Han Dynasty Tang Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, flourishing age of Kangxi and Qianlong) confirms thecorrectness of the above Lao Tzu. Specifically, there are several common characteristics:First, there is a strong sense of urgency and chaos. The new rulers in a timely manner earnestly draw lessons from the collapse of the former, mind set, now finally realized by the chaos to bring order out of chaos, to dodge. The Western Han Dynasty in the Qin Dynasty ruins of a feudal dynasty, after more than 170 years after the "rehabilitation" to achieve prosperity, died from the Han Emperor throne to Emperor Xuan of Han, for 130 years. The Tang Dynasty, after the end of the Sui Dynasty chaos, re emerged to peace. Meanwhile, it has gone through the winding road for nearly a hundred years. From Tang Taizong to the throne "rebellion broke out, for 128 years. The Qing Central Plains, destroy the Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong two a peasant army, against the forces of Nanming, after spending nearly 20 years, after nearly 70 years, by the end of the chaos to order. Kangxi and Qianlong extended from 1662 to 1795, for 133 years.Two is political clarity, policy stability, loose legal system. The "three flourishing years" all have stable policies and loose legal system, thus stabilizing the political situation of the whole country. The Han emperor is democracy, encourage liegeman voice Xiazhao to repeal the "defamation crime court" and "fallacy of crime". "Zhenguan" period, Tang Taizong take the initiative to seek advice, advice, and harmonious relations between cause encourage the free airing of views, the establishment of various systems and regulations; full respect for the majority of public opinion, Tang Taizong also took the initiative for the former officials of the old and the children vindication miscarriages of justice. The emperor Kangxi by theRoyal gate and discuss state affairs, showing a generation of painstaking treatment and promote good governance style, the highest ruling group.The three is economic prosperity, ". The "three great years" all put economic development in the first place. The Western Han Dynasty changed the predicament flourishing economic depression in the early Han Dynasty, the emergence of the "capital of the 100 million Taicang money tired, full of millet on the outside, corruption can not eat.". The Tang Dynasty is left a lot of peace and prosperity, cultural prosperity of the story. Kangxi and Qianlong period, agriculture and the development of the commodity economy reached the highest level of China's feudal society. The Qianlong period, China population accounted for 1/3 of the world economy, the proportion of the world reaches up to 51%, long-term foreign trade surplus.The four is internal and external ideological opening. The important reason why the "three great years" can maintain a longer period of prosperity is that the leading group members are broad-minded and emancipate their minds. Dare to absorb foreign ideological and cultural. Zhenguan period,Inbound and outbound Chinese foreigners are not too strict restrictions on foreign nationals nor national discrimination neither flatter, demeanour everywhere.Lao Tzu believes that countries should achieve political inaction, in addition to make people honest and generous, is to cherish the people, cherish the people in power savings, thepower savings is in good time while no what cannot be overcome, master this can be said to grasp the national governance principle, countries can long period of stability. To achieve the "Inaction", policymakers should be good at play everyone's expertise, cherish talent, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the people. There is no such thing as useless or useless. Therefore, "saints" are often good at saving people who have not been abandoned; often saving things without being abandoned. The good man is not a teacher, not a good fortune. Do not respect their teachers, do not cherish their wealth, although think that he is very smart, is actually very confused. This is the profound essence of the truth.。

《老子》中的经济学思想及其评述

《老子》中的经济学思想及其评述

《老子》中的经济学思想及其评述《老子》是中国古代的一部重要哲学经典,书中包含了丰富的哲学思想,其中也涉及到了一些经济学的内容。

虽然《老子》并不是专门讨论经济学问题的著作,但其中蕴含着一些与经济学相关的思想,这些思想在一定程度上对当代的经济学理论与实践产生了影响。

本文将从《老子》中的经济学思想出发,探讨其内涵及对当代的启示,并对其进行评述。

1. 财富观念《老子》中对财富的认识体现了其独特的经济学思想。

书中提出“无为而治”、“不可得之事,无为而成”等思想,强调天道无情,万物自然。

这种“无为而治”的理念对于经济学来说,可以理解为放弃强求,顺应天时地利,随遇而安,不过度干涉市场,从而实现自然规律下的经济平衡。

《老子》还提出“天下有始,以为天下母;既得母,以知子;既知子,复守母”的观点,表明一种经济学上的“顺势而为”的态度,强调顺应事物的发展变化,寻找问题的本源,从而达到经济发展的目的。

2. 领导理论《老子》中的领导理论也对当代的经济管理产生了一定的启示。

书中提出“不尚贤,使民不争;不贵难得之货,使民不为盗”等思想,强调领导者应该以身作则,不过分炫耀自己的才能,不追求奢侈的物质享受,以免引发社会的不公平现象和道德滑坡。

这种领导理念在当代的经济管理中也体现了一种“以人为本”的管理思想,强调领导者应该倡导社会公平,传递正面的道德观念,以此来影响和引导整个社会的价值观和行为规范。

3. 理性思维《老子》中的理性思维对当代经济学发展具有重要的启示。

书中强调“善者之师,不善者之友;圣人之居,虽器有亡焉”,强调了领导者应该倡导正当的社会行为和价值观念,同时也强调了对于不善的人和行为也应该给予包容和帮助。

这种理性思维对于当代的经济学而言,也呼应了理性社会主义的思想,强调了人们应该树立理性的社会心态,以实现社会的和谐与发展。

4. 无为而治的理念《老子》中的“无为而治”思想对于当代的经济学也有一定的启示意义。

书中提出“天下之至柔,驰骋天下之至坚”,讲述了服从自然规律的思想,追求简约、自然的生活方式。

老子“无为而治”思想与现代人力资源管理的契合

老子“无为而治”思想与现代人力资源管理的契合

85GM 企业管理老子“无为而治”思想与现代人力资源管理的契合老子“无为而治”思想与现代人力资源管理的契合摘要:老子根据“道德自然”的观点,提出了“无为而治”的道家管理伦理原则。

该思想己经越来越多地引起国内外企业家的重视,无论历史还是当今,无论中国还是外国,老子的思想对治国和经营管理的影响都随处可见。

新形式下,如何进一步挖掘道家的管理伦理思想,古为今用,对现代人力资源管理进行启迪和指导显得尤为重要,这也是本文研究目的所在。

关键词:老子;无为而治;现代管理文/王苑一、老子无为而治的管理思想概述老子,姓李名耳,字伯阳,号老耳冉。

春秋时楚国苦县人(今河南鹿邑东)。

著《道德经》于春秋战国时期,距今已有两千多年的历史。

这部道家的经典著作仅有五千字,但其中蕴涵的丰富哲理,古往今来受到众多学者的高度重视,是一座藏有深刻的朴素辩证法思想的智慧之矿。

华夏文明经过几千年的积累和发展,成为《道德经》思想产生的母体。

老子通过自身的经历和体验阐述了一些道理,包括政治、军事、哲学、艺术、养生、心理、为人等方面,给后人以很大的启示。

时至今日它们仍对现代人力资源管理有着非同一般的深远影响和启迪。

老子的管理思想主要是指老子学派在其哲学思想指导下,通过观察分析自然界、人类社会客观事物的发展过程,总结斗争实践经验,所提出的管理法则、信条、治国经验和战略战术。

老子的以道为核心、道法自然、无为而治、以人为本、以及主张矛盾转化和人尽其用的观点体现老子认识世界、改造世界的独特思维方式和管理模式,对于丰富和深化现代管理理论有重要的借鉴意义。

同时,老子思想的草本精神就是以人为本,他强调管理者的责任和义务,这对我们协调企业中的各种关系,构建和谐企业很有帮助。

当然,现代人力资源管理是一门科学,我们在借鉴老子思想的时候应该在他的草本框架内融进现代内容,才能真正使老子的管理思想绽放光彩。

二、自然无为的思想与当代人力资源管理《老子》一书的管理价值,被国内外很多人、企业或组织所认识,已是不争之事实。

简答题老子无为而治的内容

简答题老子无为而治的内容

简答题老子无为而治的内容如下:
(1)“无为而治”思想出自《道德经》,是老子的政治哲学理念。

“无为”并非指绝对的无所作为,而是指顺应事物本性的有为。

体现了“道法自然”的哲学思想。

(2)“无为”的目的是破有。

老子认为,“道”是无为的,但“道”有规律,以规律约束宇宙间万事万物运行。

治国也有着相同的规律,过多的人为干涉可能导致社会秩序混乱、民心浮躁。

因此,只要遵循客观规律,满足百姓的基本需求,使百姓得以休养生息,国家自然就会生机勃勃。

如果人为干涉事物的发展进程,按照某种主观愿望去干预或改变事物的自然状态,其结果只会是揠苗助长,自取其败,因此,明智的人应该采取无为之道来养生治世,也只有如此,才能达到预期的目的。

(3)“无为”可以做到以无摄有。

所谓“为无为,事无事,味无味”,“无为而治”并不是什么也不做,而是不过多的干预、顺其自然、充分发挥万民的创造力,做到自我实现。

管窥老子管理思想与当代社会管理的契合

管窥老子管理思想与当代社会管理的契合

管窥老子管理思想与当代社会管理的契合摘要:老子的管理思想如”无为而治”和”以柔克刚”、”天人合一”等是人类生存和社会发展大成智慧的集中表现,对于当代社会管理有重要的现实意义有较强的借鉴价值和实践意义。

”无为而治”是对当代社会管理境界的一种高度性概括。

”以柔克刚”、”天人合一”是对现代人本管理和谐管理思想的精髓性表述。

关键词:老子;管理思想;当代社会管理;契合一、引言老子的管理思想对于当代社会管理有着重要的现实意义,”道法自然”是对当代社会管理按规律办事原则的本质性诠释;”无为而治”是对当代社会管理境界的高度性概括;”以柔克刚”、”天合一”是对当代社会人本管理及和谐管理思想的精髓性表述。

以道为核心、道法自然、无为而治、以人为本、矛盾转化等观点体现了老子认识世界、改造世界的独特思维方式和管理模式.二、”无为而治”是对当代社会管理境界的一种高度性概括老子主张的”无为而治”,并不是消极无为,而是无为而无不为,透过无为,通过不干扰、不强制、不苛求、不勉强他人的方式,通过顺应自然,因势利导,遵循客观规律,从而达到无不为。

”无为而治”的思想是整个老子管理体系的精髓和核心,它体现在老子管理思想的方方面面,闪烁着老子智慧的光芒。

在政府管理上,”无为而治”与国家管理的”有限政府”理念是相通的。

老子认为治理国家应让人民感觉不到政府的压力,通过”无为”达到”有为”、通过”不治”达到”治”。

现代社会经济衰落的真正根源往往在于政府的过多保护、过多干预。

因此有必要限制其发生作用的范围和领域。

政府在市场运作良好时充当无为之手,在市场运行出现问题时充当扶持之手。

”无为而治”与”有限政府”的共同之处就在于限制政府的职能和作用、范围、程度,限制其轻易对社会生活施加干预。

政府作为在于其”无事”、”善为”、”为常”、”不得已”,因势利导。

有限政府是有效政府的前提,只有”有限”才会”有效”。

在社会主义市场经济条件下,政府的职能和作用不是直接拥有财产,而是保护公民的财产权;不是直接拥有利益,而是保障公民的利益;不是直接拥有企业、管理企业,而是为企业创造良好的市场环境。

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老子"无为而治"与"以人为本"思想【老子语录】圣人处无为之事,行不言之教。

万物作焉而不为始,生而不有,为而不恃,功成而弗居,是以不去。

译:圣人以无为的态度来处理世事,实行身教重于言教的方法。

这样万物就会自然生长而不去争谁是创始第一,蕃生繁衍而不据为私有,有所作为而不自恃己能,大功告成而不自己居功。

正因为不居功,所以功绩永存。

故圣人云:我无为而民自化,我好静而民自正,我无事为而民富,我无欲而民自朴。

译:君王顺应自然,人民就自然化育;君王好静,人民就自然端正;君王廉政不搅扰民众,人民自然就富足;君王不贪欲,人民就自然朴实。

圣人之在天下,歙歙焉。

百姓皆注其耳目,圣人皆孩子。

译:君王心怀天下,小心谨慎,浑厚质朴。

百姓都非常关注君王的一言一行,所以,君王应该把百姓当作自己的孩子一样来看待。

顺物自然而无容私焉,而天下治矣。

译:顺应自然规律而没有私心,天下自然就太平了。

“无为而治”的实质是避免反自然“无为而治”,是老子提出并崇尚的治国安邦方针政策。

“无为”本意是什么呢?人们历来就对其有不同的理解。

大概是因为“无为”这个词表面上太容易给人一种消极、无所作为的错觉,从20世纪开始,它就常常受到误解和批评。

在老子的政治哲学中,“无为”是一个涵盖着深刻意义和博大智慧的哲学词汇。

无为,既不是中国某些哲学史专家认为的“什么也不做”,也不是西方学者理解的“没有行动”。

世界著名科学史专家李约瑟认为,“无为”的真正含意应该是“避免反自然的行为”。

应该说,李约瑟的理解比较科学,基本逼近老子的本意。

其实,老子讲得很清楚:“道,常无为,而无不为。

侯王若能守之,万物将自化。

化而欲作,吾将镇之以无名之朴,夫亦将无欲。

”意思是说:道,常常是不去刻意做什么,但事情却因为顺应自然去做而无不成功。

王侯若能遵守这个原则,万物就会自然成长。

自然成长而至欲望萌发时,我就用道的真朴来教育它。

道的真朴能使它不会起贪欲。

老子还明确提出“以正治国,以奇用兵,以无事取天下”的思想,即用光明正大的方法治理国家,用诡奇的方法用兵打仗,用顺应自然不搅扰人民的方法安邦。

他认为,天下的禁令越多,人民就越贫困;人民的利器越多,国家就越昏乱;人民思想越乱,邪恶的事情就越容易滋生;法令越多越森严,盗贼就会越多。

综合《老子》“无为”的思想阐述来看,作为政治哲学上的“无为”名词,老子完全把它作为治国安邦的方针政策而提出来的。

”无为”,主要是针对并要求统治者限制和约束权力的滥用,反对实行违背人民群众意愿的行为;动辄随意颁布这个法令、那个制度;或朝令夕改,不讲政策的连续性。

老子提倡,一切法令、政策的颁布都要“以百姓心为心”、“任百姓的自化(即自然)”。

《老子·二十九章》中说:“是以圣人去甚,去奢,去泰。

”意思是说,德才优秀的领导者要去除极端、奢侈、过度的行为做法。

很明显,这就是老子“无为而治”的本意和实质。

所以,司马迁评价道家学术时说,道家宣传无为,实际乃无不为,道家的文辞使人难理解,但其主张是容易施行的,其方法是以顺应自然为原则,顺天应人是国君治国理民的纲领,能做到它,其思想和事业就可以不可磨灭。

这种充分尊重民意,相信群众和依靠群众的政治智慧,与我们今天提出的“以人为本,建立和谐社会”的主张不谋而合。

“无为”的政治智慧产生在2000多年以前的中国,老子的思想的确是伟大的,超前的。

“无为而治”与“文景盛世”老子“无为而治”的思想,在中国历史上发挥过重要作用。

西汉初期,黄帝、老子的学术思想被广泛运用于社会政治实践,取得了积极的成效,因而出现了中国历史上的第一个“盛世”——“文景之治”,可以说这是黄老思想治国安邦的一次成功实践。

从汉高祖刘邦起,50余年的时间,在“无为”思想的指导下,首先废除秦朝的苛政,施行轻徭薄赋,或减免税赋的惠民政策,重农抑商,兴办水利,发展农业生产,从而使天下百姓感怀,安居乐业。

文帝刘恒是身体力行老子“无为而治”思想的积极倡导者和努力践行者。

主要体现:第一,废除“诽谤”(朝廷)罪的法律。

他一登基便对群臣说:各地接到我的诏令后,首先想一想我有没有什么过失,以及我所见所思的不足之处,要求大家告诉我。

接着,下令制作专门进言献策的“铜制虎符”和批评朝廷的“竹制使符”,发到全国各地的封国和郡守,提倡臣民直接给皇帝或朝廷提建议或意见。

第二,处治罪人时,不株连部属和家属。

有一个例子最能说明问题。

济北王刘兴居听说文帝前往代地检查部署反击匈奴入侵的准备工作,便乘机反叛,调动军队打算袭击荥阳。

文帝即下令平叛。

在平叛前夕,文帝下诏:凡在朝廷平叛大军未到以前就反正的,以及率领投诚或者献出城邑的,一律加以赦免,恢复他们原有的官职。

第三,废除肉刑。

文帝废除肉政起源于一个犯罪官员的姑娘写给他的一封信。

齐国的太仓令淳于公犯罪该受罚,他被逮捕解送到长安关押,准备执行肉刑。

他的小女儿缇萦跟父亲来到长安,向朝廷上书说:“我父亲在齐国做官时,上下都知道他廉洁奉公,如今犯了法,该受刑罚。

但我所悲伤的是,人死之后不能复生,受刑之后不能复原,虽然自己想改过自新,但又不给出路。

因此,我愿意被没收官府当奴婢,抵赎我父亲该受的刑罚,使他改过自新。

”缇萦的书信被送到了文帝那里,文帝为她的孝心所感动,于是下诏书说:“如今的刑法有三种肉刑(杖刑、刺字、宫刑等),而违法犯罪的仍然不断发生,这根源在哪里呢?主要是因为我的德行浅薄以致教化不明,从而使百姓走上犯罪的道路,我感到非常惭愧。

一运用刑罚就使得犯人肢体断裂,皮肉损坏,终身不能复原,这是多么令人痛苦和不道德的做法呀!应该废除肉刑!”以前的肉刑就这样被废除了。

第四,以身作则勤俭、节约、朴素。

据《史记·孝文本纪第十》记载,文帝刘恒在位23年,宫室、园林、狗马、服饰和御用器具等,一直没有增添什么。

文帝曾打算建造一个露天平台,召来工匠一计算,要花费将近100斤黄金。

文帝说:“100斤黄金相当于10户中等人家的家产。

我享受着先帝留下的皇宫,时常害怕不能保守社稷江山而使先帝蒙受耻辱,还要建造露天平台干什么呢!”文帝经常穿着粗布衣服,就连他所宠爱的慎夫人,穿的衣服也不准长到拖地,制的帷帐也不得绣花,以示俭朴,给天下人做出榜样。

文帝在临终前下诏书说:“天下万物出生后,没有不死的。

死是天地之间的常理,有什么值得特别哀痛的呢?现在死了人花钱厚葬,以致弄得倾家荡产,强调服丧,以致损害了身体。

我很不赞成这种做法。

”立即诏令全国:从诏令到达之日起哭吊3天就除去丧服。

不要禁止娶妻嫁女、祭祀、饮酒、吃肉。

应当办理丧事、服丧哭祭的人,都不要赤脚踏地。

孝带不要超过3寸宽。

送葬时不要陈列车驾和兵器,不要发动男女百姓到宫殿来哭吊。

宫中应当哭的人,只要在早晚各哭15声,礼毕就停止。

在中国几千年封建社会里,像文帝刘恒这样心胸宽广、厚道、清静、无为、节俭、克己的皇帝,有几人?十分罕见,难能可贵。

无为而治,以百姓之心为心怎样才能达到“无为而治”呢?老子提出了一套有效的办法和措施。

当政者要“以百姓之心为心”,保持自身清静、不为物化。

老子提出,最理想的当政者,也就是德才最好的当政者要“圣人恒无心,以百姓之心为心。

……”意思是说,最好的当政者,是没有私心的,是以百姓的心为自己的心。

当政者心怀天下,小心谨慎,浑厚质朴。

百姓都非常关注当政者的一言一行,所以,当政者应该把百姓当作自己的孩子一样来看待。

用我们现在的话来说,不就是全心全意为人民服务吗?不就是权为民所用、情为民所系、利为民所谋吗?不就是问政于民、问需于民、问计于民吗?当官的能把老百姓当作自己的孩子,这就是好“父母官”啊!老子认为,德才最好的当政者(即圣人)就是实行“无为之治”的方针。

为此,首先要没有私心,根绝私欲,这样当政者的心才能宁静、冷静,天下就会自然安定太平。

作为“全国县衙惟一的历史标本”的河南内乡县,有许多“爱民”的对联,其内涵比较突出地体现了老子的“以百姓之心为心”的爱民思想。

内乡县衙内最有名的一副对联是悬挂在三堂的楹联:得一官不荣,失一官不辱,勿说一官无用,地方全靠一官;吃百姓之饭,穿百姓之衣,莫道百姓可欺,自己也是百姓。

这副对联深刻地阐述了官与民的辩证关系。

经考证,这副对联是清康熙年间高以永(浙江嘉兴人)在内乡任职九年期间所撰写。

据《内乡通考》记载,高以永在内乡任职时,县内地多荒芜,饥民甚多,高以永即问民疾苦,并令其广开垦,开地40余顷,植农桑,流民四处返回耕种,数年间解决了内乡县老百姓的温饱问题。

高以永离任后,当地老百姓立“德政”碑于仪门前。

老子把当政者分为四类:一、最高明的当政者,人民感觉不到他的存在;二、比较好的当政者,人民亲近赞美他;三、差的当政者,人民畏惧他;四、最差的当政者,人民侮骂他。

所以,诚信不足,就会有不信任的心理。

这主要源于老子把人看作与道、天、地一样重要,并提出要建立天人合一,以人为本的和谐社会。

他说:“道大,天大,地大,人亦大。

域中有四大,而人居其一焉。

人法地,地法天,天法道,道法自然”。

当政者提倡什么,反对什么;表扬什么,批评什么,不但是个人的爱好问题,而且势必会影响整个社会风气。

因而,老子提出:君王应该效法“道”的无为,从自身做起,不要崇尚财富,使民众不去拼命争夺;不珍爱难得的贵重物品,使民众不去偷盗;不显耀可贪的欲望,使民众不被搅乱。

所以圣人治理民众,要想办法和措施净化人们的思想,生活安饱,体魄强壮,意志柔弱。

君王要“谦下”,先民后己,不要欺压百姓。

老子认为,江海之所以能成为众多河流归往的地方,是因为它处在下流的位置。

高明的君王,必须对人民谦下。

要领导好人民,必须把自己的利益放在人民的利益之后,天下人民乐于拥戴他而不厌恶他。

因为他不与人相争,所以天下没有人能和他争。

治大国,若烹小鲜老子认为,要使国家安定、清静,不能政令频出,或者朝令夕改。

他打比喻说:治理国家,如同煎小鱼一样,不要经常翻搅。

这是说当政者不要以烦苛政务扰乱民众,而要坚守“清静、无为”的思想,用他的话来说,也就是“以道莅天下”。

“治大国,若烹小鲜”是中国几千年朝代更替兴亡的经验教训总结。

中国历史上“三大盛世”的历史(西汉盛世、大唐盛世和清代的康乾盛世)印证了老子上述话的正确性。

具体讲有以下几个共同特点:一是有强烈的忧患意识,承乱勃兴。

新王朝统治者及时认真汲取前朝灭亡的教训,人心思定,从速拨乱反正,最终实现了由大乱转为大治。

西汉在秦朝废墟上重建一代封建王朝,历170多年“休养生息”后才达到盛世,从汉文帝继位到汉宣帝去世,持续130年。

大唐盛世,是在隋末大乱之后,重新走向大治而出现的。

其间,走过了近百年的曲折道路。

从唐太宗登基到“安史之乱”爆发,持续128年。

清入主中原,剿灭李自成、张献忠两支农民军,扫荡南明势力,前后花费近20年的时间,后又经近70年,终由大乱转为大治。

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