英文写作基础动词
英文写作基础——动词
一. 教学内容：
英文写作基础——动词
引言
写作的基础是词汇。词汇是表达思想的基本要素。按照大纲要求，高中毕业应掌握2000左右词汇。我们可以将这些词汇分类，找出最常用的几百个。对于这几百个词汇，要做到四会，即听得懂，说得出，会认读，能拼写。
学习一个词汇不仅要知道它的意义，而且要知道它的词性。英文中有名词，动词，形容词，副词，介词，冠词和连词。
动词
文章是由句子组成的。每一个句子都少不了谓语。而担任谓语的是动词。对于一个很活跃的动词，我们应该掌握以下几个方面：
一. 准确的读音和拼写
听得懂，说得出是写作的基础。只有掌握了正确读音，才能做到这一点。只有正确的拼写才能准确无误地传达信息。太多的拼写错误会影响书面表达的得分。
二. 基本意义
三. 常用其它意义
除了基本意义之外，这些词在其它语境中还会有不同的意义，有自己的使用范畴。因此，只掌握基本意义是不够的。
四. 常见搭配
我们所说的搭配，不仅包括动词与介词﹑副词的搭配，而且包括与名词搭配的意义。以动词make为例。make的基本意义是“制作”，而make beds意思是“整理床铺”，make use of意思是“利用”，make money挣钱，make a fortune: “发财”，make faces“做鬼脸”等等。
五. 过去式与过去分词
在书面表达中很少用到一般现在时，除非是表示规律性和反复发生的动作，当涉及时态时，就会用到动词的过去式﹑过去分词和现在分词等形式。因此，熟练掌握一些常用不规则动词的过去式和过去分词是非常必要的。这里，我们为同学们列出书面表达中经常使用的一些动词的形式。为了记忆方便，将它们分成AAA，ABB，AAB，ABA和ABC五种形式。一个字母代表一种形式。
AAA: cut, set, cost, hurt, let, put, set, shut, spread, read
ABB: bend – bent – bent bring – brought – brought
build – built – built burn – burnt – burnt
buy – bought – bought catch – caught – caught
deal – dealt – dealt feed – fed – fed
feel – felt – felt fight – fought – fought
find – found – found get – got – got
hang – hung – hung (挂) have – had – had
hear - heard – heard hide – hid – hid
hold – held – held keep – kept – kept
lay – laid – laid lead – led – led
leave – left – left lend – lent – lent
light – lit – lit lose – lost – lost
make – made – made mean – meant – meant
meet – met – met pay – paid – paid
say – said – said sell – sold – sold
send – sent – sent shine – shone – shone
shoot – shot –shot sit – sat – sat
sleep – slept – slept spend – spent – spent
stand – stood – stood stick – stuck – stuck
sweep – swept – swept teach – taught – taught
tell – told – told think – thought – thought
understand – understood – understood
win – won – won
AAB: beat – beat – beaten
ABA: become – became – become come – came – come
run – ran – run
ABC: bear – bore – born begin – began – begun
bite – bit – bitten blow – blew – blown
break – broke – broken do – did – done
draw – drew – drawn drink – drank – drunk
drive – drove – driven eat – ate – eaten
fall – fell – fallen fly – flew – flown
forbid – forbade – forbidden forgive – forgave – forgiven
give – gave – given forget – forgot – forgotten
freeze – froze – frozen go – went – gone
grow – grew – grown know – knew – known
lie – lay – lain ride – rode – ridden
ring – rang – rung rise – rose – risen
see – saw – seen shake – shook – shaken
sing – sang – sung sink – sank – sunk
speak – spoke – spoken steal – stole – stolen
swear – swore – sworn swim – swam – swum
take – took – taken tear – tore – torn
throw – threw – thrown wake – woke – woken
wear – wore – worn write – wrote – written
六. 及物动词与不及物动词
英语动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。这一点与中文差别较大。表达同样的意思时，中文可以接宾语，而英文却不行，需要更换另一个及物动词，或接介词。这种现象是很常见的。如：arrive(vi.) / reach( vt. ): When did you reach the top of the mountain?
When did you arrive at the top of the mountain?
sit / seat : He is sitting in the sofa.
He seated himself in the sofa. / He is seated in the sofa.
lie / lay: He was lying in bed.
He laid himself in bed.
rise / raise: The prices keep rising.
I raised my voice b ut still couldn’t make myself heard.
listen / hear: I asked him to listen to me carefully.
Listen! Someone is knocking at the door.
But I can’t hear anything.
look / see: We looked at each other and smiled.
Then I saw something strange.
此外，常用不及物动词：come, go, run, walk, work, live, stay, sleep, travel, fight (against), think
(of / about), speak (to)(speak English除外)，talk (to, with), happen, take place, break out, appear, agree (with), belong (to), insist (on), die, fail, succeed (in), knock (at), reply (to), rush, wait (for), worry (about)
七. 后接宾语的形式
在及物动词中，有些后面要求接不定式作宾语，有些要求接动词的–ing 形式。要分类记忆。
v. + to do
1. wish to do
2. hope to do
3. promise to do
4. decide to do
5. refuse to do
6. agree to do
7. expect to do 8. manage to do
9. fail to do 10. prefer to do
11. plan to do 12. want to do
13. ought to do 14. have to do
15. used to do/be used to do 16. seem to do
17. would like to do 18. in order to do
19. so as to do 20. set out to do
21. make up one's mind to do 22. It takes sb. some time to do
23. be going to do 24. be about to do
25. happen to do 26. pretend to do/to have done/to be doing
27. be thought/believed /said /reported to do 28. have no choice but to do
v. + doing
1. enjoy doing
2. risk doing
3. avoid doing
4. keep doing
5. practise doing
6. suggest doing / sb.'s doing / that sb. (should) do
7. miss doing 8. finish doing
9. allow / permit doing 10. delay doing
11. resist doing 12. consider doing
13. mind doing / sb.'s doing / if sb. do
14. imagine doing 15. deny doing
八. 瞬时动词
有些动作瞬间发生，不能延续。如：die, begin, start, join, enter, arrive, borrow, lend, buy, marry 等等。
I have arrived in Beijing for two days.（×）
I have been in Beijing for two days. （√）
How long may I borrow the book? （×）
How long may I keep the book? （√）
They have married for ten years. （×）
They have been married for ten years. （√）
The film has begun for ten minutes.（×）
The film has been on for ten minutes. （√）
How long have you bought the TV set? （×）
How long have you had the TV set? （√）
The writer has died for 2 years. （×）
The writer has been dead for 2 years. （√）
以take为例：
I. 基本意思为：“拿走﹑带走”。还有“花时间﹑占据﹑乘交通工具”等多种意义。不规则动词，过去式是took, 过去分词为taken。
1. Don’t forget to ~ your r aincoat with you when you go out. （带走）
2. He was taken away by the police. （被动）
3. I’m sorry I took your bicycle by mistake. （拿）
4. It took us three hours to do the operation. （花时间）
5. If you ~ my advice, you’ll have no trouble doing it. （采纳）
6. Don’t ~ ev erything in the newspaper for granted. （认为）
7. I like the red blouse. I’ll ~ it. （买）
8. When are you taking your driving test?（参加）
9. Why not ~ a taxi? （乘）
10. Take the medicine three times a day. （服药）
11. 与某些名词连用，表示这个动作。
take a look = to look take a rest / (take a break) = to rest
take a walk take a risk take a shower take a deep breath
take advantage of
II. 常见搭配
take notes take one’s temperature take care (of)
take part (in) take an interest in take photos (of)
take a seat take something as an example
III. 常见的短语动词
1. take away: All his belongings have been taken away from him.
2. take back: I take back what I said.
3. take off: In spite of the bad weather, the plane took off on time.
Mum asked me to take off my shoes.
I went to an exhibition, so I took a few days off.
4. take on : The old city has taken on a new look.
5. take out: He took out a newspaper and began to read.
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2018年自学考试《英语写作基础》试题及答案
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全国10月高等教育自学考试英语写作基础试题及答案解析
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