外文翻译文献综述16页
英语笔译文献综述
英语笔译文献综述Here is an essay on the topic of "A Literature Review on English-Chinese Translation" with over 1000 words, written in English without any additional punctuation marks in the body of the text.The field of English-Chinese translation has been a subject of extensive research and study for decades. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the demand for accurate and effective translation services has grown significantly. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the current state of research in this field, highlighting key themes, methodologies, and areas for further exploration.One of the primary focuses in English-Chinese translation research has been on the linguistic and cultural challenges inherent in the process. Scholars have examined the differences in grammatical structures, idioms, and cultural references between the two languages, and how these disparities can impact the quality and accuracy of translations. Studies have explored strategies for navigating these challenges, such as the use of machine translation, the role of human translators, and the importance of cultural awareness and adaptation.Another area of research has been the impact of technological advancements on the translation industry. The rise of machine translation, computer-assisted translation tools, and cloud-based platforms has transformed the way translation services are delivered. Researchers have investigated the strengths and limitations of these technologies, as well as the implications for the role of human translators in the future. Additionally, studies have examined the ethical considerations surrounding the use of artificial intelligence in translation, such as issues of data privacy, bias, and the potential displacement of human workers.The quality and evaluation of English-Chinese translations have also been the subject of extensive research. Scholars have developed frameworks and methodologies for assessing the accuracy, fluency, and overall effectiveness of translations, taking into account factors such as linguistic equivalence, cultural appropriateness, and the intended purpose of the translation. These evaluation methods have been applied to a wide range of translation contexts, including literary works, technical documents, and business communications.Another area of focus in the field of English-Chinese translation is the training and professional development of translators. Researchers have explored the skills, knowledge, and competencies required for effective translation, and have investigated the bestpractices for educating and training translators. This includes the use of translation-specific curricula, the integration of technology into the learning process, and the importance of ongoing professional development and certification.In addition to these core areas of research, scholars have also examined the role of English-Chinese translation in various domains, such as international business, education, and healthcare. These studies have explored the unique challenges and considerations that arise in these specialized contexts, and have provided insights into the strategies and approaches that can lead to successful translations.Despite the significant progress that has been made in the field of English-Chinese translation, there are still many areas that require further research and exploration. For example, the impact of globalization and the increasing use of English as a lingua franca on translation practices is an emerging area of interest. Additionally, the ethical implications of translation, such as the potential for misrepresentation or the perpetuation of cultural biases, warrant deeper examination.Furthermore, the field of English-Chinese translation would benefit from more interdisciplinary collaboration, drawing on insights from fields such as linguistics, cognitive science, and cultural studies. By fostering a more holistic and multifaceted approach to translationresearch, scholars can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances involved in the process.In conclusion, the field of English-Chinese translation has been the subject of extensive research and study, yielding valuable insights into the linguistic, cultural, and technological challenges involved in the translation process. As the demand for translation services continues to grow, it is crucial that researchers and practitioners work together to advance the field, develop innovative solutions, and ensure the highest quality of translation services. By doing so, they can contribute to greater cross-cultural understanding and effective communication in an increasingly globalized world.。
英文文献综述标准范文
英文文献综述标准范文下面是店铺为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述标准范文”的资料，供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文How to Write a Literature Review ?I. The definition of Literature Review文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。
通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its ComponentsA. The PurposesOn the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focusedresearch question.B. Its ComponentsThere are six parts in a complete Literature Review.标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references)III. Classification of Source MaterialsHow can we locate the materials relevant to our topics betterand faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.A: Background sources:Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries andencyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will informmost of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. T o use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excit e, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literaturereviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.6. Criticism of the work in the area.B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.C. Some tips for writing the review:1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the mostrelated references last.3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.4. Start writing your review early.VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项主要部分细节提示：引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。
文献综述及外文文献翻译
⽂献综述及外⽂⽂献翻译华中科技⼤学⽂华学院毕业设计（论⽂）外⽂⽂献翻译（本科学⽣⽤）题⽬：Plc based control system for the music fountain 学⽣姓名：_周训⽅___学号：060108011117 学部（系）: 信息学部专业年级: _06⾃动化（1）班_指导教师：张晓丹___职称或学位：助教__20 年⽉⽇外⽂⽂献翻译（译成中⽂1000字左右）：【主要阅读⽂献不少于5篇，译⽂后附注⽂献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论⽂题⽬）、出版社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。
提供所译外⽂资料附件（印刷类含封⾯、封底、⽬录、翻译部分的复印件等，⽹站类的请附⽹址及原⽂】英⽂节选原⽂：Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output. PLC controllers have complex routines for memory checkup in order to ensure that PLC memory was not damaged (memory checkup is done for safety reasons).Generally speaking, CPU unit makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered early. You can simply look at any PLC controller and see that there are several indicators in the form. of light diodes for error signalization.System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding b it in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC cont roller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs). Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines),program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current. This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.中⽂翻译：从结构上分，PLC分为固定式和组合式（模块式）两种。
员工培训外文文献综述
员工培训外文文献综述第 1 页目录1、LiteratureResearch ............................................................... .........................................................................2 2、外文文献翻译 ..................................................................... ................................................ . (5)1、Literature ResearchEmployee training needs theoretical guidance of staff training inthe theoretical understanding of ambiguity, will lead to blindness training .The guiding theory of employee training, with the production technology, expansion of business scale and gradually developed.First, scientific management and staff skills trainingThe late 19th century, early 20th century, the United States such as Taylor and Gilbreth first to emphasize the importance of training.Taylor is the father of scientific management theory, and his major works include "piecework" system, "Plant Management", "scientific management principles and methods", "scientific management" and so on.As theresults of his theory first time in history of science from the experience up.He found that the main reason for low productivity workers are lack of training, Without the correct operation method andapplication of tools, so he carried a lot of tests in the factory. He also studied tools, machinery, materials and standardization of the work environment, and the basis of these findings to develop more scientific work day fixed, and the completion of these fixed, standardizedtools.Gilbreth also shoot video with the method of recording and analyzing the operation of the workers movement, to find the best reasonable action to improve efficiency.This time they are through the use of research, action research methods to made standard operating method, according to this standard method to train workers.Taylor said: first-class workers are not fall from the sky, is trained by scientific training, and in the past, the training is his thing, by their own plans, their implementation, and now, training is something the factory, the specialized agencies and staff, to make standardized tools and standardized methods of operation complete control by the workers, it must be systematic, scientific training, we must take the workers one by one by a qualified teacher, with the new operating practices to train until the workers are able to continuously and used to operate in accordance with scientific rules ("Principles of Scientific Management").Taylor and Gilbreth and others from the research can be seen, with their emphasis on training is the training of staff operating skills.Second, behavioral science theory and the attitude of staff training Scientific management theories that focus on aspects of theproduction process, the human body as a machine accessories, arousedstrong resentment among the workers, so some scholars began to physiology, psychology, sociology and so starting to study the human enterprise work motivation, emotion, behavior and the relationship between work and so on, so how in accordance with the laws of human psychological development to stimulate their enthusiasm and creativity of the behavioral sciences is adopted.30 years of the 20th century, the United States in the Western Electric Company psychologist Mayo's Hawthorne plant belongs, for the determination of various factors on the degree of production efficiency of thelast eight years, a series of tests, this is the famous Hawthorne Experiment .The experiment, Mayo and others found that: the working environment, working conditions, good or bad as people are not expected to affect workers as labor productivity; people are "social" and, therefore, staff morale, job satisfaction, can be appreciated is also an important factor affecting labor productivity.In 1943, the famous American psychologist Maslow proposed "hierarchy of needs" that: human needs can be divided into five levels: (1) physiological needs; (2) safety needs; (3) the feeling of belonging; (4) respected; (5) self-realization.These five requirements are based on (1) to (5) from low to high order, and under normal circumstances, only in the lower level needs are met before to meet higher level needs.The late 50s, Maigeleite put forward that people who have self-realization will actively work and willing to take responsibility.Staffattitude, emotional, demand will affect the level of productivity gains, therefore, focus on skills training to employees after the theory in the behavioral sciences under the guidance of staff training to enhance knowledge, skills training, while more and more attention the attitude of the staff training.Focus on training staff on the proper values, corporate philosophy, positive work attitude, good habits, and the pursuit of higher goals.Thus, training to become a specialized profession, training content, constantly deepening and expanding.Since the 60s of the 20th century, people began to study the leadership style of management satisfaction with the relationship between workers, making the lower staff training from a focus on staff training to focus more on the changes on the training of managers.Third, knowledge management and staff learning, innovation training 2l century is the era of knowledge economy, knowledge-based economy is built on the basis of knowledge and information economy, knowledge and information based on the production, distribution and use of the direct basis of the economy, knowledge is to improve the productivity and economic growth.And the knowledge economy corresponding to the management theory is knowledge management, knowledge management is a knowledge resource for institutional information and the systematic management of science.The practice of knowledge management work generally consists of three aspects: (1) through the establishment of institutional knowledge base and set the body of knowledge managers need to master the knowledge and the systematic collection of resources,filtering, sorting, storage, to new knowledge in order to extract organization personnel at any time and apply them to practical work and learning; (2) to promote the exchange of knowledge within theorganization and sharing, and communication process with the new knowledge resources to conduct precipitated into the body of knowledge library; (3) personalized tool to helpcustomize the management of personnel within the organizationspecific knowledge resources required to improve the efficiency of work and study, and to facilitate personal knowledge management.Era of knowledge economy, knowledge to the average 5-year agingcycle for each individual business, only continuous learning, innovationis the only way out, a lot of business decision-makers are concernedabout whether their company has such a capability.Bideshengji's "TheFifth Discipline," a book stressed: "Only by learning the business willbe competitive," "You have to learn than your competitors, faster."So it proposed the establishment of "learning organization."The development of information technology provides a powerful knowledge management tool, knowledge management is to create a platform for learningorganizations.Learning organization is a stable platform fordeveloping creative talent and organizational security.Because, in theera of knowledge management, the significance of employee training is learning ability and creative ability of the training, the ultimate goal of training is to form a self ranging from under a full learning culture.In summary, the guiding theory of corporate training experience, from scientific management to knowledge management, behavioral science and then to the three stages of staff training has also gone through training from skills training to approach and then to learning, innovation training, three processes, factors that promote this development process the technology's progress and expansion of business scale and economy of development.2、外文文献翻译企业员工的培训工作需要一定的理论作指导，在理论上对员工培训工作认识含糊，会导致培训工作的盲目性。
英语笔译文献综述
英语笔译文献综述English:In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the field of English translation studies, particularly in the context of Chinese academia. Scholars have been exploring various aspects of translation, including theories, methodologies, and practical applications. Some key research areas include the analysis of translation strategies, the examination of cultural implications in translation, and the investigation of translator competence. Additionally, the impact of technology on translation practice and the role of ethics in translation have also been important areas of focus. Studies in English translation literature have provided valuable insights into the complexities and challenges of cross-cultural communication, highlighting the importance of accurate and effective translation in fostering mutual understanding and communication between different linguistic and cultural communities.中文翻译:近年来，在英语翻译研究领域，特别是在中国学术界，越来越受到关注。
外文翻译及文献综述规范与要求
English Translation Title (外文原文标题)English Translation is a good work. English Translation is a good work. English Translation is a good work. English Translation is a good work. English Translation is a good work. English Translation is a good work. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………注意：英文翻译标题格式： Times New Roman－四号－加粗；英文正文： Times New Roman－五号－单倍行距。
From：外文译文标题英文翻译是个好工作。
英文翻译是个好工作。
英文翻译是个好工作。
英文翻译是个好工作。
英文翻译是个好工作。
英文翻译是个好工作。
英文翻译是个好工作。
英文翻译是个好工作。
英文翻译是个好工作。
英文翻译是个好工作。
英文翻译是个好工作。
英文翻译是个好工作。
英文翻译是个好工作。
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………注意：中文译文标题格式：宋体－三号－加粗；正文格式：宋体－五号－行距：1.25倍行距。
（1）翻译的资料必须与毕业设计有关（2）翻译后至少有2000汉字（3）文字简练、准确（特别注意术语）、流畅出处：关于××××××研究——文献综述湖州师范学院信息与工程学院（信息与工程系）060833 张三摘要：本文归纳了…和…研究中的关键问题，分析了…及其…的研究现状和发展趋势。
文献综述英文版
文献综述英文版Author：yuDepartment of Materials"Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design" literature review Abstract摘要By read these references and documents, in-depth understanding of the contemporary mold of advanced manufacturing technology and metal forming technology, a number of instances of mold design and the understanding and learning, to further study the method of stamping die design, die design and thus have a used in this design and drawing die punching die and so on, through the design of the book related to mold in-depth study, this drawing die and the punching die and so the design methods have references and documents, the design of low-cost high-accuracy die with directional guidance.Keywords：Mold advanced manufacturing technology Mold Manufacturing Trends Drawing Punching CAE Die Materials PricesPreface前言As China's economic integration with the world economy, the rapid development of basic industries, mold manufacturing industry is also developing the current economic situation, people pay more attention to efficiency, product quality, cost, and new product development innovation and development of mold manufacturing concern.The history of the development of moldArchaeological discoveries in China, as early as 2,000 years ago, China has been used to make bronze stamping dies to provethat in ancient China stamping die stamping and achievements to the world's 1953, the Changchun First Automobile Works in China for the first time established a stamping plants, the plant began manufacturing cars in 1958, cover years of the 20th century began producing fine blanking walked a long path of development temperature, the present, China has formed more than 300 billion yuan (not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan statistics) the production capacity of various types of stamping dies.Development Status and Trends DieSince reform and opening, with the rapid development of the national economy, the market demand of mold recent years, the mold industry has been the growth rate of about 15% of the rapid development of industrial enterprises in the ownership of the mold components also changed dramatically, in addition to professional mold factory outside of state-owned, collective, joint ventures, wholly-owned and private has been a rapid development.As with the accelerating pace of international standards, increasing competition in the market, it has been increasingly recognized productquality, cost, and new product development enterprises have increased in recent years, the mold for investment in technological progress, technological progress will be seen as an important driving force for enterprise domestic enterprises have popularized the two-dimensional mold CAD, and are starting to use UG, Pro / Engineer, I-DEAS, Euclid-IS and other international common software, individual manufacturers have also introduced Moldflow, C-Flow, DYNAFORM, Optris and MAGMASOFT software, and successfully applied to stamping diedesign.trend(1) a comprehensive promotion of CAD / CAM / CAE technology die CAD / CAM / CAE technology is the development direction of mold design and manufacturing(2) high-speed milling process of foreign high-speed milling process developed in recent years, significantly improve the processing efficiency, and to get a high surface finish.(3) die scanning and digitizing system and mold high-speed scanner provides scanning system to scan from a model or physical model of processing required for the desired number of functions, greatly reducing the manufacturing cycle in the development of mold.(4) milling EDM EDM EDM Milling Technology, also known as invasive as processing technology, which is an alternative to the traditional processing of the cavity by forming a new electrode technology(5) to improve the die mold standardization of standardization is increasing, estimates that the current use of standard mold coverage has reached about 30%.Developed countries is generally about 80%.(6) high-quality materials and advanced surface treatment technology and application of high quality steel, the corresponding surface treatment technology to improve the life of the mold it is very necessary.New Technology Application in the metal formingNew Technology mold stamping applicationDie mold manufacturing technology modernization is the basis for industrial the development of science and technology, computer technology, information technology, automationtechnology and other advanced technologies are continuing to penetrate the traditional manufacturing technology, cross, integration, implementation of its transformation, the formation of advanced manufacturing technologies. Today, CNC wire cut has a very high level of technological development, function quite well, the degree of automation has reached the degree of unattended by Japan Sodick Corporation A500W-E Sodick EDM wire EDM cutting speed has reached the maximum 300mm/min, machining precision can reach ± μm, surface roughness ~ μ ~ in diameter fine thread cutting technology development, can be cut to achieve a complete convex mold, and the radius of and narrow groove cutting cutting technology has been able to taper to 30 ° above the precision machining.The application of advanced manufacturing technology, the mold has changed the traditional tooling mold quality depends on human factors and difficult to control the situation, making the mold quality depends on the physical and chemical factors, the overall level of easy to control, mold reproduction ability.Summar结论yAfter the analysis of the parts and see the large amount of data, and finally select the desired mold, mold design be simple, economical, practical, difficult to produce low, high efficiency, where workers learn a lot of mold the development of domestic mold industry, the rapid development of China's mold industry rejoiced, but to see the advanced molding process with a huge gap, as a material people also feel a long rapid development of today's industry, mold development of new technologies with the invention of new technology constantly updated, constantly requires that we always pay attention to the mold industry, and even the industrial development process.。
Internet中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述Internet的历史起源——ARPAnetInternet是被美国政府作为一项工程进行开发的。
这项工程的目的，是为了建立远距离之间点与点的通信，以便处理国家军事范围内的紧急事件，例如核战争。
这项工程被命名为ARPAnet，它就是Internet的前身。
建立此工程的主要应用对象就是军事通讯，那些负责ARPAnet的工程师们当时也没有想到它将成为“Internet”。
根据定义，一个“Internet”应该由四或者更多的计算机连接起来的网络。
ARPAnet是通过一种叫TCP/IP的协议实现连网工作的。
此协议最基础的工作原理是：如果信息在网络中的一条路径发送失败，那么它将找到其他路径进行发送，就好象建立一种语言以便一台计算机与其他计算机“交谈”一样，但不注意它是PC，或是Macintosh。
到了20世纪80年代，ARPAnet已经开始变成目前更为有名的Internet了，它拥有200台在线主机。
国防部很满意ARPAnets的成果，于是决定全力将它培养为能够联系很多军事主机，资源共享的服务网络。
到了1984年，它就已经超过1000台主机在线了。
在1986年ARPAnet关闭了，但仅仅是建立它的机构关闭了，而网络继续存在与超过1000台的主机之间。
由于使用NSF连接失败，ARPAnet才被关闭。
NSF是将5个国家范围内的超级计算机连入ARPAnet。
随着NSF的建立，新的高速的传输介质被成功的使用，在1988年，用户能通过56k的电话线上网。
在那个时候有28，174台主机连入Internet。
到了1989年有80，000台主机连入Internet。
到1989年末，就有290，000台主机连入了。
另外还有其他网络被建立，并支持用户以惊人的数量接入。
于1992年正式建立。
现状——Internet如今，Internet已经成为人类历史上最先进技术的一种。
每个人都想“上网”去体验一下Internet中的信息财富。
翻译报告英文文献综述
翻译报告英文文献综述Introduction:In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the study of [topic]. Several research articles have been published, investigating various aspects of this field. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research in [topic], highlighting the key findings and methodologies employed.Methodology:To conduct this literature review, an extensive search was carried out across various academic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The search strategy involved using a combination of relevant keywords and search terms, such as [keywords]. The inclusion criteria for selecting articles included relevance to the topic, publication in peer-reviewed journals, and availability of full-text articles in English.Literature Review:1. Study 1: [Title]The first study by [Author] explored [specific aspect of topic]. The researchers conducted [brief description of research methodology], and their findings revealed [summary of key findings]. This study highlights the importance of [topic] in [relevant field] and suggests that [implications of findings].2. Study 2: [Title]In the second study by [Author], the focus was on [specific aspect of topic]. The researchers adopted [brief description of research methodology], and their results indicated [summary of key findings]. This study contributes to the understanding of [topic] by providing insights into [implications of findings].3. Study 3: [Title]Another study conducted by [Author] examined [specific aspect of topic]. The research design involved [brief description of research methodology]. The findings demonstrated [summary of key findings]. This study adds to the existing literature by [implications of findings].4. Study 4: [Title][Author] conducted a study investigating [specific aspect of topic]. The researchers employed [brief description of research methodology], and the results indicated [summary of key findings]. This study offers valuable insights into [implications of findings] and suggests further avenues for research in [topic].Discussion:The reviewed studies collectively contribute to the understanding of [topic]. They provide evidence regarding [aspects of topic], highlighting [implications of findings]. However, it is important to note that there are still gaps in the current knowledge, suggesting the need for further research in [topic].Conclusion:In conclusion, this literature review provides an overview of the recent research conducted in the field of [topic]. The reviewed studies contribute to the existing literature by offering valuable insights into [aspects of topic]. Based on the findings, it is evident that [implications of findings]. Future research should focus on addressing the existing gaps and expanding the knowledge base in [topic].References:1. [List of references cited in the literature review]。
经典英文文献综述范文
经典英文文献综述范文English:A classic English literature review typically provides an overview and analysis of key works in a particular field or topic. It often begins with an introduction that outlines the scope and purpose of the review, followed by a discussion of the historical context and the evolutionof the topic. The literature review then delves into a detailed examination of the most influential and significant texts, identifying key themes, arguments, and methodologies employed by the authors. The review also seeks to identify gaps or unresolved issuesin the existing research, and may propose avenues for future exploration in the field. This type of literature review is valuable for scholars and researchers seeking to gain a comprehensive understanding of the state of knowledge in their area of study, and often serves as a foundation for new research projects and critical debates within the academic community.中文翻译:经典的英文文献综述通常提供了一个特定领域或主题关键作品的概述和分析。
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谢谢
文献综述的写作要求
文献综述格式一般包括 文献综述的引言
包括撰写文献综述的原因、意义、文献的范围、 正文的标题及基本内容提要； 文献综述的正文 是文献综述的主要内容，包括某一课题研究的 历史 (寻求研究问题的发展历程)、现状、基本 内容 (寻求认识的进步)， 研究方法的分析(寻求 研究方法的借鉴)，已解决的问题和尚存的问题， 重点阐述对当前的影响及发展趋势
艺流程 多轴加工设计内容 包括：齿轮、轴的设计、机床夹具、多轴加工、钻床改造
设计 组合机床液压传动设计内容 包括：液压传动、液压阀、泵、液压缸、液压站、液压技
术
文献综述的写作要求
文献综述的基本特征： 1. 综合性
（对某一时期同一课题的所有主要研究 成果的综合概括） 2. 描述性 （对被介绍的观点作客观性的描述） 3. 评价性 （表明自己的观点和主张。“述”与 “评’）
文献综述的写作要求
文献综述的结论 文献研究的结论，概括指出自己对该课题的研
究意见，存在的不同意见和有待解决的问题等 文献综述的附录 列出参考文献，说明文献综述所依据的资料，
增加综述的可信度，便于读者进一步检索。 文献综述要文字简洁，围绕课题研究的“问
题”，尽量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的语 言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一 般性结论。
如何找外文原文
手工查找图书馆期刊部收藏的外文期刊 检索图书馆外文数据库 利用网络检索 google 、google scholor （scholor.google）等外文学术收索引擎。
题目关内容
工艺工装设计内容 包括：各种切削加工及工艺、齿轮加工、机床夹具、齿轮
的制造方法、箱体的加工 组合机床设计内容 包括：组合机床设计、机床设计、机床夹具、组合机床工
外文翻译基本要求
1. 正式出版发行的外文科研论文 2. 2. 提交译文和原文 3. 翻译语句通顺 4. 格式满足学校要求
具体要求和注意点：
1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主 （Journals from English speaking countries）。
2、翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可 以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称、关键词、摘要、 前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式 要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但 在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去 (见原文)。
5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可 不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
6. 上缴翻文及PDF的原文
机械加工工艺与工装设计
1.工艺和工装设计介绍 2.生产过程与工艺过程: 3.工艺过程的组成: 4.机械加工工艺规程及其作用: 5.齿轮的材料、热处理和毛坯 6.齿轮轮齿的加工方法 7.圆柱齿轮加工工艺和常用工艺装备 8.光滑尺寸的检查及量具设计
箱体零件加工工艺
.1.结构特点及技术要求 2.毛坯和材料的选择 3.加工工艺的设计
组合机床设计
1.组合机床组成及特点 2.组合机床的工艺范围 3.确定组合机床工艺方案的基本原则 4.组合机床方案分析比较的主要指标 5.组合机床行业发展历史概况 6.组合机床技术发展与动向
组合机床设计
7.组合机床的设计思想 8.组合机床常用工艺方法 9确定组合机床工艺方案的原则 10.组合机床不同配置形式的特点及适应
性 11.组合机床组成 12.组合机床工艺方案制定
齿轮传动多轴头应用与设计
1.齿轮传动多轴头应用 2.齿轮传动多轴头的总体设计 齿轮传动多轴头加工机床的组成 机床的选择 联接部件和传动部件的结构 导向部件 多轴头加工的夹具
齿轮传动多轴头应用与设计
3.齿轮传动多轴头设计 齿轮传动多轴头组成 齿轮传动多轴头的设计步骤 齿轮传动多轴头的传动系统设计计算 4.机床夹具设计 机床夹具的作用 机床夹具的分类 专用夹具的组成 钻床夹具 钻床夹具的设计要点
1）.加工顺序安排 2）.定位基准的选择 3）.主要表面的加工方法 4）.孔系加工
箱体零件加工工艺
4.夹具设计 5.光滑尺寸的检查及量具设计 6.切削刀具材料选择及设计
液压系统设计文献综述
1.组合机床的液压传动 2.液压传动的组成与类型 3.液压系统的拟定 4.选择液压回路 5.液压系统图的拟定 6.液压元件的选型 7.液压控制阀组的集成化设计 8.液压站的设计