有关冷链物流的英文文献
英语作文-农业科学研究和试验发展行业的农产品生鲜配送与冷链物流研究
英语作文-农业科学研究和试验发展行业的农产品生鲜配送与冷链物流研究The intersection of agricultural science research and the development of fresh produce delivery and cold chain logistics represents a critical nexus in the modern food supply chain. The continuous advancement in agricultural sciences has paved the way for innovative methods to enhance the quality and efficiency of fresh produce delivery, ensuring that fruits, vegetables, and other perishables reach consumers in the best possible condition.Agricultural science research plays a pivotal role in understanding the complexitiesof crop production, harvesting techniques, and post-harvest handling. These studies are essential for developing new technologies that can improve the shelf life of fresh produce. For instance, the application of controlled atmosphere packaging is a direct result of scientific research, which has significantly reduced spoilage rates during transportation.On the other hand, the cold chain logistics industry has evolved to become an indispensable part of the agriculture sector. It involves a temperature-controlled supply chain that ensures the preservation of perishable goods from farm to table. The integration of refrigerated storage facilities, refrigerated transport, and real-time temperature monitoring systems exemplifies how cold chain logistics maintains the integrity of fresh produce throughout the distribution process.The synergy between agricultural science and cold chain logistics is evident in the development of genetically modified crops that are more resistant to transportation stresses. These modifications often result in produce that can withstand longer transit times without degradation, which is crucial for global food distribution networks.Moreover, the research into and implementation of sustainable practices within cold chain logistics is gaining momentum. The use of renewable energy sources for refrigeration, biodegradable packaging materials, and the optimization of transport routesto reduce carbon emissions are all areas where agricultural science research contributes to more eco-friendly logistics solutions.The collaboration between researchers, farmers, and logistics professionals has led to the creation of a robust framework that supports the safe and efficient delivery of fresh produce. This framework not only ensures food security but also promotes economic growth by opening up new markets and reducing waste.In conclusion, the fusion of agricultural science research with cold chain logistics is a testament to human ingenuity and our collective efforts to overcome the challenges of feeding a growing population. As we continue to innovate and refine these systems, we can look forward to a future where fresh, nutritious food is accessible to all, regardless of geographic barriers. The ongoing research and trials in this field are not just about preserving food; they are about preserving our way of life and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come. 。
疫苗供应链和冷链物流运输外文文献翻译2020
疫苗供应链和冷链物流运输外文翻译2020英文Cold chain transportation decision in the vaccine supply chainBenjamin LevAbstractVaccines are a special kind of drug, the quality of which is highly sensitive to temperature and directly related to public health. Recently, numerous vaccine-related adverse events have occurred in the world, especially in developing countries, due to vaccines being exposed to inappropriate temperatures during their transportation. This paper considers the vaccine supply chain including a distributor and a retailer (hospital or clinic). The distributor decides to use a cold chain or non-cold chain to transport the vaccines. The retailer performs an inspection when receiving the vaccines. First, a basic model is developed to study the conditions under which the distributor will transport the vaccines via a cold chain or non-cold chain. Then, two common inspection policies (a single-step one and a two-step one) are introduced into the basic model to explore the impact of the retailer's inspection at the end of transportation on the distributor's original decision. We show that the retailer's single-step inspection influences the distributor to choose the cold chain option. Interestingly, we prove that the two-step inspection policy is less effective than the single-step one in this effect. We suggest that theretailer's role in improving the distributor's non-cold chain transportation behavior should be fully used.Keywords：Supply chain management，V accine transportation，Cold chain，Distributor decision，Retailer inspectionVaccines are one of the most cost-effective methods to prevent infectious diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) reported that vaccinations could prevent two to three million deaths per year. According to estimates, the mortality reductions in nine diseases due to vaccinations averaged 97.8% (Ventola, 2016). However, in recent years, quite a few vaccine-related adverse events put many recipients at risk, especially in developing countries. For example, in Indonesia, counterfeit polio vaccine production resulted in polio outbreaks in 2005 and 2016. In the Philippines, more than 730,000 children over the age of 9 were inoculated with dengue vaccines that were produced by Sanofi Pasteur in 2017, but the vaccines may be harmful to people who had not been previously infected. In China, Changsheng Biotechnology Company violated childhood vaccine production standards and counterfeited production records in 2018, which raised widespread concern in China. In Australia, vaccines were found to be incorrectly stored or expired at a practice in Sydney in 2019, which caused that 3000 patients who received vaccinations here since 2010 had to be vaccinated again.Unlike other common drugs, vaccines are unique drugs, which arevery sensitive to temperature. When vaccines are exposed to temperatures outside the appropriate range, their potency diminishes (WHO, 2015). That is, the vaccines become useless. Therefore, in order to maintain their quality, vaccines should be continuously kept within their determined temperature range from production to use. The lack of proper storage and transportation temperatures for vaccines is one of the common factors limiting full and equitable immunization in many countries (Brison & LeTallec, 2017). In this paper, we define a non-cold chain as that a company does not use a cold chain or that it uses a cold chain but fails to meet standards. Some stingy companies in the vaccine industry will use non-cold chains to store or transport vaccines. For instance, in 2016, 25 kinds of vaccines were found to be illegally distributed to medical facilities in at least 24 provinces in China without approved temperature conditions since 2011, causing economic losses of more than 88 million dollars (Cao, Zheng, Cao, Cui & Xiao, 2018; Qiu, Hu, Zhou & Liu, 2016).A person is naturally protected with their immune system against diseases. Vaccines are an extra layer of protection. Some stingy companies will use non-cold chains assuming that the individual will not be infected and therefore will never discover useless vaccines. For example, less than 5% of healthy adults who are infected with hepatitisB will develop chronic infections (WHO, 2019). In other words, for healthyadults who are infected with hepatitis B, there is a small probability of developing chronic infections, even if the recipients receive useless vaccines. Most individuals do not have the means, knowledge, or capability to differentiate between effective and ineffective vaccines, which can only be done using special equipment and professional technicians. Additionally, many developing countries do not have sufficient cold chain capacity (Ashok, Brison & LeTallec, 2017) and effective vaccine regulation policies and penalties. Moreover, unreliable electricity power systems and poor road conditions in many developing countries often result in cold chain breakdowns (Duijzer, Jaarsveld & Dekker, 2018; Lauton, Rothkopf & Pibernik, 2019). The WHO and UNICEF (the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) assessments in 65 low and lower-middle income developing countries revealed that few countries met minimum standards for effective vaccine storage, distribution, handling, and stock management (Lydon, Raubenheimer, Arnot-Krüger & Zaffran, 2015). Hence, it is reasonable to deduce that the China's vaccine distribution scandal in 2016 is not an isolated case in developing countries. For instance, transportation of some kinds of vaccines requires refrigeration and freezing (Goldberg & Karhi, 2019). However, it was reported that 35.3% of shipments and 21.9% of refrigerators were found to be at temperatures below the WHO recommended freezing temperature range for vaccines (Matthias,Robertson, Garrison, Newland & Nelson, 2007). Murhekar et al. (2013) found that up to two-thirds of vaccines were damaged by freeze exposure in transit between state stores and administration sites across ten states in India and that exposure to subzero temperatures was frequent during vaccine storage at peripheral facilities and vaccine transportation.Unsound vaccines that are caused by non-cold chain storage and transportation put a large population at long-term risk of potential outbreaks of some diseases. Thus, non-cold chain storage and transportation has drawn public attention and has taken a center stage of concern within the vaccine management research community. The increased awareness of the risks arising from unsound vaccines has prompted relevant studies. Duijzer et al. (2018) discuss 65 publications that deal with topics that are related to vaccination in top Operations Research/Operations Management journals. They classify those publications into the four groups of product, production, allocation, and distribution, and then they identify the promising research directions in this relatively new field. In our paper, we focus on the distribution part of the vaccine supply chain, since it is the longest portion of the transportation process and has many handling steps that are subject to inappropriate temperatures.In this paper, we discuss the distributor's transportation decision to adopt a cold chain for vaccines or not. Then, we explore how the retailer'sinspection at the end of transportation affects the distributor's decision at the beginning. We make the following contributions. First, we develop a basic model to discuss the distributor's cold chain transportation decision and the conditions under what the distributor will use a cold chain or non-cold chain for vaccines. Second, we show that the retailer's inspection at the end of transportation affects the distributor's decision at the beginning and influences the distributor towards the cold chain option (and away from the non-cold chain option). Third, the analysis of two commonly used inspection policies of the retailer shows that the two-step inspection policy that seems stricter than the single-step one is less effective in this influence. Overall, we illustrate the retailer's role in influencing the distributor's cold chain or non-cold chain decision and suggest that the retailer's role in improving the distributor's non-cold chain transportation behavior should be fully used.Due to the significant role of vaccines in preventing the outbreaks of infectious diseases, researchers have been interested in and studied the vaccine supply chain from various perspectives. Lemmens, Decouttere, Vandaele and Bernuzzi (2016)review the relevant literature to determine whether the decisions at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels are able to address the vaccine supply chain's key issues, such as limited shelf life, cold chain distribution, and accessing remote areas. Dai, Cho and Zhang (2016) study a supply chain contracting problem considering theuncertainties surrounding the design, delivery, and demand of the influenza vaccine. They construct a buyback-and-late-rebate (BLR) contract in order to coordinate the supply chain and provide full flexibility for dividing the profits between the members of the supply chain. Chick, Hasija and Nasiry (2017) explore the government procurement of the influenza vaccine whose supplier is for-profit and has an uncertain production yield, private information, and potentially unverifiable production efforts. They provide the optimal menu within practically implementable contracts. Lee and Haidari (2017) indicate that the failure to understand and properly address issues in the vaccine supply chain will greatly reduce vaccines’ effects. They discuss how the different roles in vaccine decision-making are affected by considering the vaccine supply chain's effects. Buyuktahtakin, des-Bordes and Kibiş (2018) introduce a new epidemics-logistics mixed-integer programming model to control an infectious disease outbreak. Duijzer, van Jaarsveld and Dekker (2018) model disease progression using the seminal SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) model and discuss the benefits of combining early aspecific vaccination with later specific vaccination. Shamsi, Ali Torabi and Shakouri (2018) use the SIR model to develop a contract for provisioning vaccines from two suppliers in order to ensure the timely and adequate supply of vaccines in disastrous situations. Rahimian, Bayraksan and Homem-de-Mello (2019) usedistributionally robust optimization to control risk and demand ambiguity in newsvendor models that are fundamental to many operations models, such as vaccine production. Wu, Wang and Shang (2019) study the multi-sourcing and vertical information sharing problem in the supply chain where firms often employ multi-sourcing facing supply uncertainty, such as vaccine supply. These studies illustrate the importance of the vaccine supply chain to vaccines’ effects.Among the literature on the vaccine supply chain, vaccine quality issues are of particular relevance to our work. Crawford et al. (2014) compare the passive and active surveillance of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) and discuss the role of the active surveillance in vaccine safety programs. Liu et al. (2015) review the development, status, and key aspects of the Chinese AEFI surveillance system and describe the challenges and plans for vaccine safety assessments in China. Shimabukuro, Nguyen, Martin and DeStefano (2015) describe the fundamental vaccine safety concepts. They refer to a vaccine adverse event as an adverse event following immunization, i.e., an adverse health event or problem that occurs following or during the administration of a vaccine. Lopalco (2016) indicates that during the last decades, effective communication has become increasingly more important due to the progressive lack of public confidence towards vaccination. Evidence-based communication that is supported by reliableinformation on vaccine effectiveness and safety may be central for improving vaccine confidence and assuring mutual protection. Clements, Lawrence and Macartney (2017) describe the efforts that have been taken to ensure that a vaccine is manufactured, tested, and administered within a safe environment and identify how vaccine safety is measured and monitored after a vaccine is licensed for use in the population. The research work on vaccine quality issues mainly focuses on the in-process surveillance and subsequent response of AEFI, while it lacks in-advance causal analysis and prevention. In addition, the focus of much of the existing work is on vaccine quality issues with respect to the vaccines themselves, while less attention is paid to the vaccine quality issues that are caused by external factors, such as non-cold chain transportation.Although the existing literature on vaccine quality issues has yet to be supplemented, extensive work has been carried out on product quality issues in other settings. Villas-Boas (1998) models a product line design problem for the distribution channel where different products are identified by different quality levels and the customer market is composed of different segments that value quality differently. Wertheimer, Chaney and Santella (2003) examine the problem of drug counterfeiting and its effects around the world in order to consider the likely directions that this problem will take. Starbird and Amanor-Boadu (2008) believe that information asymmetry is one of the main causes for agriculturalproducts’ quality and safety problems. Xu (2009) discusses and compares the joint wholesale pricing and product quality decision problems of the manufacturer in two distribution channels considering different features of its marginal revenue function. Shi, Liu and Petruzzi (2013) study the optimal quality decision of the manufacturer with different distribution channel structures whose effect on product quality depends on the type of consumer heterogeneity and consumer distribution in the market. Degardin, Roggo and Margot (2014) show that medical counterfeiting is a serious worldwide issue involving manufacturing and distribution issues. The huge profits that are made by counterfeiters and the complexity of drug markets are the two main reasons for the expansion of this phenomenon. For instance, in 2007, Changzhou SPL, one of Baxter's contract manufacturers, used hypersulfated chondroitin sulfate to produce an adulterated blood-thinning drug, Heparin. In 2015, the New York Attorney General's Office exposed four retailers, Wal-Mart, GNC, Target, and Walgreens, for selling counterfeit dietary supplements. Eser, Kurtulmusoglu, Bicaksiz and Sumer (2015) summarize the demand and supply sides of counterfeits and analyze the counterfeit supply chain in Turkey based on semi-structured interviews. Liu, Shi and Petruzzi (2018)analyze how market size uncertainty affects the effects of centralized and decentralized channel distribution on the manufacturer's optimal quality provision for themarket where consumers are heterogeneous in valuing product quality, and then they prove that the market size uncertainty decreases the quality differential. Zhang, Cao and He (2019) analyze the interrelationship between an e-retailer platform's contract choice and a manufacturer's product quality decision. They find that product quality, whether exogenously or endogenously given, affects a platform's contract choice.Some research discusses how to deal with product quality issues. Mackey and Liang (2011) propose a global policy framework utilizing public-private partnership (PPP) models with centralized surveillance for cooperation and coordination in order to combat the counterfeit drug industry. Babich and Tang (2012) compare three mechanisms for managing product adulteration problems: deferred payments, inspection, and combined mechanisms. Tang and Babich (2014) discuss how to use social and economic motives to reduce Chinese product adulteration. They first identify four underlying motives: severe price pressure, short-term opportunism, asymmetric information, and rampant government corruption and ineffectual legal system. Zhang and Xue (2016) conduct an aggregated analysis on food fraud and economically motivated adulteration in China based on 1553 media reports on food safety scandals and concerns.Our work is also related to the literature on the implication of the cold chain. Matthias et al. (2007) point out that the specificity of vaccinemanagement puts additional pressure on the already fragile cold chain, the distribution network, and the procedure that is used to maintain vaccine quality from the manufacturer to recipients. Due to the temperature sensitivity of biopharmaceuticals, the cold chain has become an increasingly significant part of the overall pharmaceutical supply chain (Bishara, 2006). Cai, Chen, Xiao and Xu (2010) consider a long-distance transportation supply chain in which the distributor procures a kind of fresh product from the producer and then has to make an appropriate effort to preserve the freshness of the products. A model is developed considering factors including the level of the freshness keeping effort and the selling price that is affected by the freshness. Lan, Zhao, Su and Liu (2014) analyze the food cold chain equilibrium based on the collaborative replenishment policy. The supplier and the retailer participate in the non-cooperative game to achieve the equilibrium in terms of quantity and price while considering the relationship between food quality and its price. Yu and Xiao (2017) develop two Stackelberg models to investigate the pricing and service level decisions of a fresh agri-product supply chain consisting of a supplier, a retailer, and a third-party logistics provider while considering the exogenous cold chain service price. Hibbs et al. (2018) search the V AERS database from 2008–2012 for reports describing vaccines being kept outside the recommended temperature range and analyze those reports in order to determine whether cold chainmanagement breakdowns will make vaccines unsound. They suggest that the lack of vigilance, inadequate training, and equipment failure are the reasons that are cited for cold chain management breakdowns. The literature in this area mainly discusses two topics of the cold chain. One is the significance of the cold chain to temperature-sensitive products, and the other is the decision models regarding the cold chain as an exogenous variable that impacts product quality. Our work differs from the previous literature by focusing on the cold chain transportation decision in the vaccine supply chain and taking its impact on vaccine quality into account.Overall, scholars study the topics related to the vaccine supply chain, vaccine and product quality issues, and the implication of the cold chain. Their work provides ideas and methods that are helpful to our work. However, the existing research on vaccine quality issues and the vaccine cold chain is limited. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first one to discuss the distributor's cold chain transportation decision. Our work studies under what conditions the distributor will use a cold chain or non-cold chain to transport vaccines considering the impact of a cold chain on vaccine quality. Further, we introduce the role of the retailer into the basic model. We explore how the retailer's inspection at the end of transportation affects the distributor's original decision.In this study, we focus on the distributor's cold chain transportationdecision problem of temperature-sensitive vaccines in developing countries. We examine the distributor's motives to transport vaccines using a cold chain or non-cold chain and analyze how the retailer's inspection affects the distributor's decision-making in its transportation mode for vaccines. By establishing and using the basic model, we determine under what conditions the distributor will use a cold chain or non-cold chain to transport vaccines. Further, two commonly used inspection policies of the retailer are introduced into the basic model. First, we find that the retailer's single-step inspection influences the distributor to choose the cold chain option. Second, the comparison between these two inspection policies shows that the two-step inspection is less effective than the single-step one in this influence. These results suggest that the retailer should improve their inspection policy in order to identify the distributor's decision and the malfunctions situations. We also show that the asymmetric information of the cold chain costs between the two parties has a positive effect on ensuring the retailer to perform an inspection.In the future, some follow-up studies could be conducted to further discuss the impact of the retailer's inspection on the distributor's decision considering a repeated game between the two parties and the retailer's random inspection policy. In this paper, we assume that the retailer will accept the vaccines that are transported using a non-cold chain when itsincome from the vaccines will cover its expected loss in a vaccine-related adverse event and the vaccine price. Such an assumption may lead to collusion between the distributor and the retailer. It is not enough to only depend on the retailer to prevent invalid vaccines from entering the market. It will make sense to explore how policy makers regulate and improve the distributor's and the retailer's behavior using measures, such as regulation frequency, penalty or reward.中文疫苗供应链中的冷链运输决策本杰明列夫摘要疫苗是一种特殊的药物，其质量对温度高度敏感，并与公共卫生安全直接相关。
冷链物流外文文献
附录AThe Cold Chain and its LogisticsAuthors: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodriguez and Dr. Theo Notteboom1. OverviewWhile Globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separation of these same regions is still a very important reality. The greater the physical separation, the more likely freight can be damaged in one of the complex transport operations involved. Some goods can be damaged by shocks while others can be damaged by undue temperature variations. For a range of goods labeled as perishables, particularly food, their quality degrades with time since they maintain chemical reactions which rate can be mostly mitigated with lower temperatures. It takes time and coordination to efficiently move a shipment and every delay can have negative consequences, notably if this cargo is perishable. To ensure that cargo does not become damaged or compromised throughout this process, businesses in the pharmaceutical, medical and food industries are increasingly relying on the cold chain technology.The cold chain refers to the transportation of temperature sensitive products along a supply chain through thermal and refrigerated packaging methods and the logistical planning to protect the integrity of these shipments.Specialization has led many companies to not only rely on major shipping service providers such as the United Parcel Service (UPS) and FEDEX, but also more focused industry specialists that have developed a niche logistical expertise around the shipping of temperature sensitive products. The potential to understand local rules, customs and environmental conditions as well as an estimation of the length and time of a distribution route make them an important factor in global trade. As a result, the logistics industry is experiencing a growing level of specialization and segmentation of cold chain shipping in several potential niche markets within global commodity chains. Whole new segments of the distribution industry have been very active in taking advantage of the dual development of the spatial extension ofsupply chains supported by globalization and the significant variety of goods in circulation. From an economic development perspective, the cold chain enables many developing countries to take part in the global perishable products market. From a geographical perspective, the cold chain has the following impacts:•Global. Specialization of agricultural functions permitting the transport of temperature sensitive food products to distant markets. Enables the distribution of vaccines and other pharmaceutical or biological products.•Regional. Can support the specialization of functions and economies of scale, such as specialized laboratories.•Local. Timely distribution to the final consumer, namely grocery stores and restaurants.2. Emergence of Cold Chain LogisticsWhile global commodity chains are fairly modern expansions in the transportation industry, the refrigerated movement of temperature sensitive goods is a practice that dates back to 1797 when British fishermen used natural ice to preserve their fish stock piles. This process was also seen in the late 1800s for the movement of food from rural areas to urban consumption markets, namely dairy products. Cold storage was also a key component of food trade between colonial powers and their colonies. For example, in the late 1870s and early 1880s, France was starting to receive large shipments of frozen meat and mutton carcasses from South America, while Great Britain imported frozen beef from Australia and pork and other meat from New Zealand. By 1910, 600,000 tons of frozen meat was being brought into Great Britain alone. The first reefer ship for the banana trade was introduced in 1903 by the United Food Company. This enabled the banana to move from an exotic fruit that had a small market because it arrived in markets too ripe, to one of the world's most consumed fruit.The temperature controlled movement of pharmaceuticals and medical supplies is a much more modern transit option than the shipping of refrigerated or frozen food. Since the 1950s, logistical third party companies began to emerge and institute new methods for successfully transporting these global commodities. Before their emergence, cold chain processes were mostly managed in house by the manufacturer. In the United States, Food and Drug Administration restrictions and accountability measures over the stability of the cold chain incited many of these companies to rely on specialty couriers rather than completelyoverhauling their supply chain facilities. A specialized industry was thus born. The value of the cold chain in the preservation of expensive vaccines and medical supplies was only beginning to be recognized when these logistical providers started to appear. As awareness began to grow, so did the need for efficient management of the cold chain.The reliance on the cold chain continues to gain importance. Within the pharmaceutical industry for instance, the testing, production and movement of drugs relies heavily on controlled and uncompromised transfer of shipments. A large portion of the pharmaceutical products that move along the cold chain are in the experiment or developmental phase. Clinical research and trials is a major part of the industry that costs millions of dollars, but one that also experiences a failure rate of around 80%. According to the Healthcare Distribution Management Association, of the close to 200 billion dollars in pharmaceutical distribution, about 10% are drugs that are temperature sensitive. This makes the cold chain responsible for transporting a near 20 billion dollar investment. If these shipments should experience any unanticipated exposure to variant temperature levels, they run the risk of becoming ineffective or even harmful to patients.Temperature control in the shipment of foodstuffs is a component of the industry that has continued to rise in necessity with international trade. As a growing number of countries focus their export economy around food and produce production, the need to keep these products fresh for extended periods of time has gained in importance. Increasing income levels create a change in diet with amongst others a growing appetite for fresh fruit and higher value foodstuffs such as meat and fish. Persons with higher socioeconomic status and with more economic means are more likely to consume vegetables and fruit, particularly fresh, not only in higher quantities but also in greater variety. Consumers with increasing purchase power have become preoccupied with healthy eating, therefore producers and retailers have responded with an array of exotic fresh fruits originating from around the world.Any major grocery store around the world is likely to carry tangerines from South Africa, apples from New Zealand, bananas from Costa Rica and asparagus from Mexico. Thus, a cold chain industry has emerged to service these commodity chains. In 2002, an estimated 1200 billion dollars' worth of food was transported by a fleet of 400,000 refrigerated containers (Reefers). Alone, the United States imports about 30% of its fruits and vegetables and 20% of its food exports can be considered perishables. The uncompromised quality and safety of thisfood is often taken for granted, despite being the main reason behind the ability to sell the food. The cold chain serves the function of keeping food fresh for extended periods and eliminating doubts over the quality of the food products. In all the supply chains it is concerned with, cold chain logistics favor higher levels of integration since maintaining temperature integrity requires a higher level of control of all the processes involved. It may even incite third party logistics providers to acquire elements of the supply chain where time and other performance factors are the most important, even farming. This may involve the acquisition of produce farms (e.g. oranges) to insure supply reliability.3. Providing Temperature Controlled EnvironmentsThe success of industries that rely on the cold chain comes down to knowing how to ship a product with temperature control adapted to the shipping circumstances. Different products require different temperature level maintenance to ensure their integrity throughout the travel process. For instance, the most common temperature standards are "banana" (13 °C), "chill"(2 °C), "frozen" (-18 °C) and "deep frozen" (-29 °C). Staying within this temperature is vital to the integrity of a shipment along the supply chain and for perishables it enables to insure and optimal shelf life. Any divergence can result in irrevocable and expensive damage; a product can simply lose any market or useful value.Being able to ensure that a shipment will remain within a temperature range for an extended period of time comes down largely to the type of container that is used and the refrigeration method. Factors such as duration of transit, the size of the shipment and the ambient or outside temperatures experienced are important in deciding what type of packaging is required. They can range from small insulated boxes that require dry ice or gel packs, rolling containers, to a 53 footer reefer which has its own powered refrigeration unit. The major cold chain technologies involve:•Dry ice. Solid carbon dioxide, is about -80°C and is capable of keeping a shipment frozen for an extended period of time. It is particularly used for the shipping ofpharmaceuticals, dangerous goods and foodstuffs. Dry ice does not melt, instead itsublimates when it comes in contact with air.•Gel packs. Large shares of pharmaceutical and medicinal shipments are classified as chilled products, which means they must be stored in a temperature range between 2 and8°C. The common method to provide this temperature is to use gel packs, or packages that contain phase changing substances that can go from solid to liquid and vice versa tocontrol an environment. Depending on the shipping requirements, these packs can either start off in a frozen or refrigerated state. Along the transit process they melt to liquids, while at the same time capturing escaping energy and maintaining an internal temperature.•Eutectic plates. The principle is similar to gel packs. Instead, plates are filled with a liquid and can be reused many times.•Liquid nitrogen. An especially cold substance, of about -196°C, used to keep packages frozen over a long period of time. Mainly used to transport biological cargo such astissues and organs. It is considered as an hazardous substance for the purpose oftransportation.•Quilts. Insulated pieces that are placed over or around freight to act as buffer intemperature variations and to maintain the temperature relatively constant. Thus, frozen freight will remain frozen for a longer time period, often long enough not to justify the usage of more expensive refrigeration devices. Quilts can also be used to keeptemperature sensitive freight at room temperature while outside conditions cansubstantially vary (e.g. during the summer or the winter).•Reefers. Generic name for a temperature controlled container, which can be a van, small truck, a semi or a standard ISO container. These containers, which are insulated, are specially designed to allow temperature controlled air circulation maintained by anattached and independent refrigeration plant. The term increasingly apply to refrigerated forty foot ISO containers.Perishable or temperature sensitive items are carried in refrigerated containers (called "reefers"), that account for a growing share of the refrigerated cargo being transported around the world. While in 1980 33% of the refrigerated transport capacity in maritime shipping was containerized, this share rapidly climbed to 47% in 1990, 68% in 2000 and 90% in 2010. About 1.69 million TEUs of reefers were being used by 2009. All reefers are painted white to increase the albedo (share of the incident light being reflected; high albedo implies less solar energy absorbed by the surface) with the dominant size being 40 high-cube footers (45R1 being the size and type code). For instance a low albedo container can have its internal temperature increase to 50 °C when the external temperature reaches 25 °C on a sunny daywhile a high albedo container see its internal temperature increase to only 38 °C under the same conditions.The refrigeration unit of a reefer requires an electric power source during transportation and at a container yard. Regular containerships have 10 to 20% of their slots adapted to carry reefers, with some ships having up to 25% of their slots being dedicated. It is important to underline that the refrigeration units are designed to maintain the temperature within a prefixed range, not to cool it down. This implies that the shipment must be brought to the required temperature before being loaded into a reefer, which requires specialized warehousing and loading / unloading facilities. A new generation of reefers is coming online, which are equipped with an array of sensors monitoring effectively the temperature and shutting the cooling plant when unnecessary. This enables to improve the reliability of temperature control and well as extend the autonomy of the reefer.The growth of the intermodal transportation of reefers has increasingly required transport terminals, namely ports, to dedicate a part of their storage yards to reefers. This accounts between 1% to 5% of the total terminal capacity, but can be higher for transshipment hubs. The stacking requirements simply involve having an adjacent power outlet, but the task is more labor intensive as each container must be plugged and unplugged manually and the temperature to be monitored regularly as it is the responsibility of the terminal operator to insure that the reefers keep their temperature within preset ranges. This may also forbid the usage of an overhead gantry crane implying that the reefer stacking area can be serviced by different equipment. Even if reefers involve higher terminal costs, they are very profitable due to the high value commodities they transport.4. The Setting and Organization of Cold ChainsMoving a shipment across the supply chain without suffering any setbacks or temperature anomalies requires the establishment of a comprehensive logistical process the maintain the shipment integrity. This process concerns several phases ranging from the preparation of the shipments to final verification of the integrity of the shipment at the delivery point: •Shipment preparation. When a temperature sensitive product is being moved, it is vital to first assess its characteristics. A key issue concerns the temperature conditioning of the shipment, which should be already at the desired temperature. Cold chain devices arecommonly designed to keep a temperature constant, but not to bring a shipment to this temperature, so they would be unable to perform adequately if a shipment is not prepared and conditioned. Other concerns include the destination of the shipment and the weather conditions for those regions, such as if the shipment will be exposed to extreme cold or heat along the transport route.•Modal choice. Several key factors play into how the shipment will be moved. Distance between the origin and the final destination (which often includes a set of intermediary locations), the size and weight of the shipment, the required exterior temperatureenvironment and any time restrictions of the product all effect the available transportation options. Short distances can be handled with a van or truck, while a longer trip mayrequire an airplane or a container ship.•Custom procedures. If the freight crosses boundaries, custom procedures can become very important, since cold chain products tend to be time sensitive and more subject to inspection than regular freight (e.g. pharmaceuticals and biological samples). Thedifficulty of this task differs depending on the nation (or economic bloc) and the gateway since there are variations in procedures and delays.•The "Last Mile". The last stage is the actual delivery of the shipment to its destination, which in logistics is often known as the “last mile”. Key considerations when arranging a final delivery concern not only the destination, but the timing. Trucks and vans, theprimary modes of transportation for this stage, must meet the specifications necessary to transfer the cold chain shipment. Also important is the final transfer of the shipment into the storage facilities as there is potential for a breach of integrity.•Integrity and quality assurance. After the shipment has been delivered, anytemperature recording devices or known temperature anomalies must be recorded and made known. This is the step of the logistical process that creates trust and accountability, particularly if liability for a damaged shipment is incurred. If problems or anomalies that compromise a shipment do occur, an effort must be made to identify the source and find corrective actions.Therefore, the setting and operation of cold chains is dependent on the concerned supply chains since each cargo unit to be carried has different requirements in terms of demand, load integrity and transport integrity.5. Food TransportationThere is a variety of methods for the transport of food products with the banana accounting for the world's most significant commodity transported in the food cold chain with 20% of all seaborne reefers trade. Land, sea and air modes all have different structures for keeping food fresh throughout the transport chain. Innovations in packaging, fruit and vegetable coatings, bioengineering (controlled ripening), and other techniques reducing the deterioration of food products have helped shippers extend the reach of perishable products. For food products such as fruits and vegetables, time has a direct impact on their shelf life and therefore on the potential revenue a consignment may generate. Concomitantly, new transport technologies have permitted the shipment of perishable products over longer distances. For instance, improved roads and intermodal connections along the African coast reduced transport time for food to European markets from 10 days to 4 days.Certain domestic or transnational supply chains may only require one transportation mode, but many times ground shipments are one link in a combination of transport modes. This makes intermodal transfer critical for the cold chain. Intermodal shipments typically use either 20 or 40 footers refrigerated containers that are capable of holding up to 26 tons of food. The container makes loading and unloading periods shorter and less susceptible to experiencing damage. The environments in these containers are currently controlled electronically by either plugging into a generator or power source on the ship or truck, but early food shipments would cycle air from stores of wet or dry ice to keep the food refrigerated. The efficiency of cold chain logistics permitted the consolidation of cold storage facilities.Moving away from ice refrigeration has allowed for much greater distances to be traveled and has greatly increased the size of the global food market, enabling many developing countries to capture new opportunities. Another efficient mode for transporting foodstuffs is air travel. While this is a preferred form of travel for highly perishable and valuable goods due to its ability to move much faster over longer distances, it does lack the environment control and transfer ease of the ground and sea transports. Also, during the flight the cargo is stored in a 15°C – 20°C environment, but close to 80% of the time the package is exposed to exterior weather while waiting to be loaded onto the plane or being moved to and from the airfield. This is troubling considering the value of the food and the importance placed behind qualityand freshness. In order for this form of food transport to experience growth among market users, more uncompromising strategies and regulations will have to be embraced and enacted. Food transportation is an industry that has fully adapted to the cold chain and can, despite the problems with air transport, be considered the most resilient, particularly since a large majority of food products have a better tolerance to temporary variations of transport temperatures. As a result, small errors can be compounded without the concern of irreversible damage. For instance, for the transportation of produces, for every hour of delay in the pre-cooling of shipments, an equivalent one day loss of shelf life must be accounted. The usage of refrigerated containers has particularly helped, since they account for more than 50% of all the refrigerated cargo transported in the world. Source loading can be an important factor extending the shelf life of a cold chain product since it is loaded in a reefer directly at the place of production without additional handling. For instance, source loading into a reefer can expand the shelf life of chilled meat by about 25 days (from 30-35 days to 55-60 days) from conventional methods and thus considerably expand the market potential of the product.The efficiency and reliability of temperature controlled transportation has reached a point which allows the food industry to take advantage of global seasonable variations, meaning that during the winter the southern hemisphere can export perishable goods to the northern hemisphere while an opposite trade, generally of smaller scale, takes place during the summer. Countries such as Chile have substantially benefited from this and have developed an active agricultural and food transformation industry mainly servicing the North American market during the winter, but also with several niche markets such as wine. A similar issue concerns some African countries such as Kenya that have developed a fresh produce and flower industries catering the European market. The fast food industry is also an active user of cold chain logistics as every outlet can be considered as a factory, with dozens of workers with schedules and shifts, inventory management and the supply chain of components (many of which are temperature sensitive), and which are assembly lines producing quality-controlled and high-volume products.附录B冷链及其物流作者：Jean-Paul Rodriguez 博士和Theo Notteboom 博士1．概观虽然全球化使世界小得多的地区之间的相对距离，这些地区的物理分离仍是一个非常重要的现实。
1453-冷链物流-冷链物流外文参考文献
The Cold Chain and its LogisticsAuthors: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue and Dr. Theo Notteboom1. OverviewWhile Globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separation of these same regions is still a very important reality. The greater the physical separation, the more likely freight can be damaged in one of the complex transport operations involved. Some goods can be damaged by shocks while others can be damaged by undue temperature variations. For a range of goods labeled as perishables, particularly food, their quality degrades with time since they maintain chemical reactions which rate can be mostly mitigated with lower temperatures. It takes time and coordination to efficiently move a shipment and every delay can have negative consequences, notably if this cargo is perishable. To ensure that cargo does not become damaged or compromised throughout this process, businesses in the pharmaceutical, medical and food industries are increasingly relying on the cold chain technology.The cold chain refers to the transportation of temperature sensitive products along a supply chain through thermal and refrigerated packaging methods and the logistical planning to protect the integrity of these shipments. Specialization has led many companies to not only rely on major shipping service providers such as the United Parcel Service (UPS) and FEDEX, but alsomore focused industry specialists that have developed a niche logistical expertise around the shipping of temperature sensitive products. The potential to understand local rules, customs and environmental conditions as well as an estimation of the length and time of a distribution route make them an important factor in global trade. As a result, the logistics industry is experiencing a growing level of specialization and segmentation of cold chain shipping in several potential niche markets within global commodity chains. Whole new segments of the distribution industry have been very active in taking advantage of the dual development of the spatial extension of supply chains supported by globalization and the significant variety of goods in circulation. From an economic development perspective, the cold chain enables many developing countries to take part in the global perishable products market. From a geographical perspective, the cold chain has the following impacts:Global. Specialization of agricultural functions permitting the transport of temperature sensitive food products to distant markets. Enables the distribution of vaccines and other pharmaceutical or biological products.Regional. Can support the specialization of functions and economies of scale, such as specialized laboratories.Local. Timely distribution to the final consumer, namely grocery stores and restaurants.2. Emergence of Cold Chain LogisticsWhile global commodity chains are fairly modern expansions in the transportation industry, the refrigerated movement of temperature sensitive goods is a practice that dates back to 1797 when British fishermen used natural ice to preserve their fish stock piles. This process was also seen in the late 1800s for the movement of food from rural areas to urban consumption markets, namely dairy products. Cold storage was also a key component of food trade between colonial powers and their colonies. For example, in the late 1870s and early 1880s, France was starting to receive large shipments of frozen meat and mutton carcasses from South America, while Great Britain imported frozen beef from Australia and pork and other meat from New Zealand. By 1910, 600,000 tons of frozen meat was being brought into Great Britain alone. The first reefer ship for the banana trade was introduced in 1903 by the United Food Company. This enabled the banana to move from an exotic fruit that had a small market because it arrived in markets too ripe, to one of the world's most consumed fruit. The temperature controlled movement of pharmaceuticals and medical supplies is a much more modern transit option than the shipping of refrigerated or frozen food. Since the 1950s, logistical third party companies began to emerge and institute new methods for successfully transporting these global commodities. Before their emergence, cold chain processes were mostly managed in house by the manufacturer. In the United States, Food and Drug Administration restrictions and accountability measures over the stability of the cold chain incited many of these companies to rely on specialty couriers rather thancompletely overhauling their supply chain facilities. A specialized industry was thus born. The value of the cold chain in the preservation of expensive vaccines and medical supplies was only beginning to be recognized when these logistical providers started to appear. As awareness began to grow, so did the need for efficient management of the cold chain.The reliance on the cold chain continues to gain importance. Within the pharmaceutical industry for instance, the testing, production and movement of drugs relies heavily on controlled and uncompromised transfer of shipments. A large portion of the pharmaceutical products that move along the cold chain are in the experiment or developmental phase. Clinical research and trials is a major part of the industry that costs millions of dollars, but one that also experiences a failure rate of around 80%. According to the Healthcare Distribution Management Association, of the close to 200 billion dollars in pharmaceutical distribution, about 10% are drugs that are temperature sensitive. This makes the cold chain responsible for transporting a near 20 billion dollar investment. If these shipments should experience any unanticipated exposure to variant temperature levels, they run the risk of becoming ineffective or even harmful to patients.Temperature control in the shipment of foodstuffs is a component of the industry that has continued to rise in necessity with international trade. As a growing number of countries focus their export economy around food and produce production, the need to keep these products fresh for extended periods of timehas gained in importance. Increasing income levels create a change in diet with amongst others a growing appetite for fresh fruit and higher value foodstuffs such as meat and fish. Persons with higher socioeconomic status and with more economic means are more likely to consume vegetables and fruit, particularly fresh, not only in higher quantities but also in greater variety. Consumers with increasing purchase power have become preoccupied with healthy eating, therefore producers and retailers have responded with an array of exotic fresh fruits originating from around the world.Any major grocery store around the world is likely to carry tangerines from South Africa, apples from New Zealand, bananas from Costa Rica and asparagus from Mexico. Thus, a cold chain industry has emerged to service these commodity chains. In 2002, an estimated 1200 billion dollars' worth of food was transported by a fleet of 400,000 refrigerated containers (Reefers). Alone, the United States imports about 30% of its fruits and vegetables and 20% of its food exports can be considered perishables. The uncompromised quality and safety of this food is often taken for granted, despite being the main reason behind the ability to sell the food. The cold chain serves the function of keeping food fresh for extended periods and eliminating doubts over the quality of the food products. In all the supply chains it is concerned with, cold chain logistics favor higher levels of integration since maintaining temperature integrity requires a higher level of control of all the processes involved. It may even incite third party logistics providers to acquire elements of the supply chainwhere time and other performance factors are the most important, even farming. This may involve the acquisition of produce farms (e.g. oranges) to insure supply reliability.3. Providing Temperature Controlled EnvironmentsThe success of industries that rely on the cold chain comes down to knowing how to ship a product with temperature control adapted to the shipping circumstances. Different products require different temperature level maintenance to ensure their integrity throughout the travel process. For instance, the most common temperature standards are "banana" (13 °C), "chill" (2 °C), "frozen" (-18 °C) and "deep frozen" (-29 °C). Staying within this temperature is vital to the integrity of a shipment along the supply chain and for perishables it enables to insure and optimal shelf life. Any divergence can result in irrevocable and expensive damage; a product can simply lose any market or useful value.Being able to ensure that a shipment will remain within a temperature range for an extended period of time comes down largely to the type of container that is used and the refrigeration method. Factors such as duration of transit, the size of the shipment and the ambient or outside temperatures experienced are important in deciding what type of packaging is required. They can range from small insulated boxes that require dry ice or gel packs, rolling containers, to a 53 footer reefer which has its own powered refrigeration unit. The major cold chain technologies involve:Dry ice. Solid carbon dioxide, is about -80°C and is capable of keeping a shipment frozen for an extended period of time. It is particularly used for the shipping of pharmaceuticals, dangerous goods and foodstuffs. Dry ice does not melt, instead it sublimates when it comes in contact with air.Gel packs. Large shares of pharmaceutical and medicinal shipments are classified as chilled products, which means they must be stored in a temperature range between 2 and 8°C. The common method to provide this temperature is to use gel packs, or packages that contain phase changing substances that can go from solid to liquid and vice versa to control an environment. Depending on the shipping requirements, these packs can either start off in a frozen or refrigerated state. Along the transit process they melt to liquids, while at the same time capturing escaping energy and maintaining an internal temperature.Eutectic plates. The principle is similar to gel packs. Instead, plates are filled with a liquid and can be reused many times.Liquid nitrogen. An especially cold substance, of about -196°C, used to keep packages frozen over a long period of time. Mainly used to transport biological cargo such as tissues and organs. It is considered as an hazardous substance for the purpose of transportation.Quilts. Insulated pieces that are placed over or around freight to act as buffer in temperature variations and to maintain the temperature relatively constant. Thus, frozen freight will remain frozen for a longer time period, often long enough not to justify the usage of more expensive refrigeration devices. Quilts can also beused to keep temperature sensitive freight at room temperature while outside conditions can substantially vary (e.g. during the summer or the winter). Reefers. Generic name for a temperature controlled container, which can be a van, small truck, a semi or a standard ISO container. These containers, which are insulated, are specially designed to allow temperature controlled air circulation maintained by an attached and independent refrigeration plant. The term increasingly apply to refrigerated forty foot ISO containers.Perishable or temperature sensitive items are carried in refrigerated containers (called "reefers"), that account for a growing share of the refrigerated cargo being transported around the world. While in 1980 33% of the refrigerated transport capacity in maritime shipping was containerized, this share rapidly climbed to 47% in 1990, 68% in 2000 and 90% in 2010. About 1.69 million TEUs of reefers were being used by 2009. All reefers are painted white to increase the albedo (share of the incident light being reflected; high albedo implies less solar energy absorbed by the surface) with the dominant size being 40 high-cube footers (45R1 being the size and type code). For instance a low albedo container can have its internal temperature increase to 50 °C when the external temperature reaches 25 °C on a sunny day while a high albedo container see its internal temperature increase to only 38 °C under the same conditions.The refrigeration unit of a reefer requires an electric power source during transportation and at a container yard. Regular containerships have 10 to 20% oftheir slots adapted to carry reefers, with some ships having up to 25% of their slots being dedicated. It is important to underline that the refrigeration units are designed to maintain the temperature within a prefixed range, not to cool it down. This implies that the shipment must be brought to the required temperature before being loaded into a reefer, which requires specialized warehousing and loading / unloading facilities. A new generation of reefers is coming online, which are equipped with an array of sensors monitoring effectively the temperature and shutting the cooling plant when unnecessary. This enables to improve the reliability of temperature control and well as extend the autonomy of the reefer.The growth of the intermodal transportation of reefers has increasingly required transport terminals, namely ports, to dedicate a part of their storage yards to reefers. This accounts between 1% to 5% of the total terminal capacity, but can be higher for transshipment hubs. The stacking requirements simply involve having an adjacent power outlet, but the task is more labor intensive as each container must be plugged and unplugged manually and the temperature to be monitored regularly as it is the responsibility of the terminal operator to insure that the reefers keep their temperature within preset ranges. This may also forbid the usage of an overhead gantry crane implying that the reefer stacking area can be serviced by different equipment. Even if reefers involve higher terminal costs, they are very profitable due to the high value commodities they transport.4. The Setting and Organization of Cold ChainsMoving a shipment across the supply chain without suffering any setbacks or temperature anomalies requires the establishment of a comprehensive logistical process the maintain the shipment integrity. This process concerns several phases ranging from the preparation of the shipments to final verification of the integrity of the shipment at the delivery point:Shipment preparation. When a temperature sensitive product is being moved, it is vital to first assess its characteristics. A key issue concerns the temperature conditioning of the shipment, which should be already at the desired temperature. Cold chain devices are commonly designed to keep a temperature constant, but not to bring a shipment to this temperature, so they would be unable to perform adequately if a shipment is not prepared and conditioned. Other concerns include the destination of the shipment and the weather conditions for those regions, such as if the shipment will be exposed to extreme cold or heat along the transport route.Modal choice. Several key factors play into how the shipment will be moved. Distance between the origin and the final destination (which often includes a set of intermediary locations), the size and weight of the shipment, the required exterior temperature environment and any time restrictions of the product all effect the available transportation options. Short distances can be handled with a van or truck, while a longer trip may require an airplane or a container ship. Custom procedures. If the freight crosses boundaries, custom procedures can become very important, since cold chain products tend to be time sensitive andmore subject to inspection than regular freight (e.g. pharmaceuticals and biological samples). The difficulty of this task differs depending on the nation (or economic bloc) and the gateway since there are variations in procedures and delays.The "Last Mile". The last stage is the actual delivery of the shipment to its destination, which in logistics is often known as the “last mile”. Key considerations when arranging a final delivery concern not only the destination, but the timing. Trucks and vans, the primary modes of transportation for this stage, must meet the specifications necessary to transfer the cold chain shipment. Also important is the final transfer of the shipment into the storage facilities as there is potential for a breach of integrity.Integrity and quality assurance. After the shipment has been delivered, any temperature recording devices or known temperature anomalies must be recorded and made known. This is the step of the logistical process that creates trust and accountability, particularly if liability for a damaged shipment is incurred. If problems or anomalies that compromise a shipment do occur, an effort must be made to identify the source and find corrective actions. Therefore, the setting and operation of cold chains is dependent on the concerned supply chains since each cargo unit to be carried has different requirements in terms of demand, load integrity and transport integrity.5. Food TransportationThere is a variety of methods for the transport of food products with the banana accounting for the world's most significant commodity transported in the food cold chain with 20% of all seaborne reefers trade. Land, sea and air modes all have different structures for keeping food fresh throughout the transport chain. Innovations in packaging, fruit and vegetable coatings, bioengineering (controlled ripening), and other techniques reducing the deterioration of food products have helped shippers extend the reach of perishable products. For food products such as fruits and vegetables, time has a direct impact on their shelf life and therefore on the potential revenue a consignment may generate. Concomitantly, new transport technologies have permitted the shipment of perishable products over longer distances. For instance, improved roads and intermodal connections along the African coast reduced transport time for food to European markets from 10 days to 4 days.Certain domestic or transnational supply chains may only require one transportation mode, but many times ground shipments are one link in a combination of transport modes. This makes intermodal transfer critical for the cold chain. Intermodal shipments typically use either 20 or 40 footers refrigerated containers that are capable of holding up to 26 tons of food. The container makes loading and unloading periods shorter and less susceptible to experiencing damage. The environments in these containers are currently controlled electronically by either plugging into a generator or power source on the ship or truck, but early food shipments would cycle air from stores of wet ordry ice to keep the food refrigerated. The efficiency of cold chain logistics permitted the consolidation of cold storage facilities.Moving away from ice refrigeration has allowed for much greater distances to be traveled and has greatly increased the size of the global food market, enabling many developing countries to capture new opportunities. Another efficient mode for transporting foodstuffs is air travel. While this is a preferred form of travel for highly perishable and valuable goods due to its ability to move much faster over longer distances, it does lack the environment control and transfer ease of the ground and sea transports. Also, during the flight the cargo is stored in a 15°C – 20°C environment, but close to 80% of the time the package is exposed to exterior weather while waiting to be loaded onto the plane or being moved to and from the airfield. This is troubling considering the value of the food and the importance placed behind quality and freshness. In order for this form of food transport to experience growth among market users, more uncompromising strategies and regulations will have to be embraced and enacted.Food transportation is an industry that has fully adapted to the cold chain and can, despite the problems with air transport, be considered the most resilient, particularly since a large majority of food products have a better tolerance to temporary variations of transport temperatures. As a result, small errors can be compounded without the concern of irreversible damage. For instance, for the transportation of produces, for every hour of delay in the pre-cooling of shipments, an equivalent one day loss of shelf life must be accounted. The usageof refrigerated containers has particularly helped, since they account for more than 50% of all the refrigerated cargo transported in the world. Source loading can be an important factor extending the shelf life of a cold chain product since it is loaded in a reefer directly at the place of production without additional handling. For instance, source loading into a reefer can expand the shelf life of chilled meat by about 25 days (from 30-35 days to 55-60 days) from conventional methods and thus considerably expand the market potential of the product.The efficiency and reliability of temperature controlled transportation has reached a point which allows the food industry to take advantage of global seasonable variations, meaning that during the winter the southern hemisphere can export perishable goods to the northern hemisphere while an opposite trade, generally of smaller scale, takes place during the summer. Countries such as Chile have substantially benefited from this and have developed an active agricultural and food transformation industry mainly servicing the North American market during the winter, but also with several niche markets such as wine. A similar issue concerns some African countries such as Kenya that have developed a fresh produce and flower industries catering the European market. The fast food industry is also an active user of cold chain logistics as every outlet can be considered as a factory, with dozens of workers with schedules and shifts, inventory management and the supply chain of components (many ofwhich are temperature sensitive), and which are assembly lines producing quality-controlled and high-volume products.。
外文翻译农产品冷链物流发展现状及对策研究.doc
河北科技师范学院本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译商业智能在打造无缝冷链物流中的应用院（系、部）名称：商务管理系专业名称：物流管理学生姓名：宋国栋学生学号：9116100407指导教师：李丽杰2013年12月15日河北科技师范学院教务处制Applications of business intelligence in making cold chains seamlessAzimuddin KhanAbstractDue to intense competition, it has become inevitable for business organisations world over to become efficient and cost effective. Seamless cold chain infrastructure is critical for the success of cold chain business. Concurrent growth in demand for products such as fresh agricultural produce, frozen food, photographic films, chemicals and pharmaceutical drugs has lead to the necessity of managing cold chains intelligently. The managers of cold chains at strategic and functional level need actionable information for making their organisations agile. In the recent times, the concept of business intelligence has gained momentum and found application in diverse areas. In this paper, authors have made an effort to develop a framework of BI system for cold chains and highlighted the application areas of business intelligence for cold chains including a case study of cold chain business.Keywords: cold chains; business intelligence; BI; analytics; supply chain;1.IntroductionIndia falls short of 10 million tons cold storage facilities for storing agriculture-based produce, it has nearly 21.7 million tons of such storage facilities against required 31 million tons, and as a result 40% of produce is lost in fields after post-harvesting(KPMG-ASSOCHAM, 2009). India is a populous country and resource utilisation is always a major concern, to meet the demand. The demand for perishable food stuff, i.e., farm produce like fruits, vegetables and milk products, meat, fish, frozen food, photographic films, chemicals, and pharmaceutical drugs is increasing world over. This has also increased concerns regarding food hygiene and safety during storage and transportation to end point.The cold chains are providing integration of farm, processing, warehousing, distribution and retail business. Discrepancies in cold chain management can render products unfit for use so much so that consumption of these can even pose a threat to life. According to Bourlakis and Weightman (2004),the cold chains are vital. Effective management of cold chains is crucial for maintaining the safety, sanctity of food, and profitability of business.Technology finds significant application in facilitating processes related to warehouse, inventory, transportation, and distribution. These processes generate huge volumes of data. Such large volumes of data need to be analysed, streamlined and channelised in an intelligent manner to make organisation agile (Khan and Saxena, 2010). The sensible extract of information aids in prudent decision-making and contributes to value proposition for business by making them more competitive with proper utilisation of business intelligence (BI).In this backdrop, an attempt has been made to understand the concept of BI with reference to cold chains, development of framework for implementation of BI solution, identifying the application areas of BI for cold chains. To date, there have been few academic studies on the use of BI solutionsin cold chains, yet, ractitioners and researchers are interested in understanding the concept for improving performance and profits using BI. An attempt has also been made to understand the cold chain business through a case study of cold chain company.2. Concept of BITechnology has empowered cold chain business to access huge volume of data, which plays a critical role in planning and controlling of cold chain activities like warehousing management, transportation, distribution operation, freight management and of course the compliance management.In the year 1989, Howard Dresner, a research scholar at Garter Group (an IT research and advisory firm in Connecticut) popularised the term BI with a set of methods and concepts to improve business decision-making by using data resources. Simon and Shaffer (2001) stated that the period from 1990 to 1999 was a remarkable decade in which many core computing and communication technologies and developments from the prior decade came together and transformed the method of business. In 1990s, technology led to the birth and widespread acceptance of applications such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) and customer relationship management (CRM). Due to failure of distributed database management system, organisations pursued data warehousing, where data would be consolidated from many distributed and heterogeneous stores of data. Organisations that built and deployed data warehouses typically focused their usage on the informational/analytical side to generate reports, analyse trends, and so on.McDonald et al. (2002) stated that “once the data warehouse has been constructed, the stage is set for effective business intelligence”. A data warehouse provid es the supportinfrastructure for BI. BI is built on the foundation of data warehouse. Kalakota and Robinson (2001) define BI “as a group of applications that enable both the active and passive delivery of information or rather turn raw data into actionable intelligence. Data and information are collected from large databases to answer to mission-critical questions asked by its managers”. Gangadharan and Swami (2004) stated that BI is the result of in-depth analysis of detailed business data, including database and application technologies, as well as analysis practice. According to Moss and Hoberman (2004), the processes, technologies, and tools needed to turn data into information, information into knowledge and knowledge into plans, drive profitable business action. BI encompasses data warehousing, business analytics tools and content/knowledge management.Turban et al. (2007) infersthat “organizations are being compelled to capture, understand and harness their data to support decision making in order to improve business operations. Business cycle times are now extremely compressed; faster, more informed, and better decision-making is therefore a competitive imperative”. BI starts with day to day information that organisations need to run the business and assist to take correct decision based on facts at right time and at right place through out the life of business by doing analytics. This is a modern mantra for modern approaches to BI.As per Cody et al. (2002), BI and knowledge management technologies have been used in improving the quantitative and qualitative value of the knowledge available todecision-makers. BI has applied the functionality, scalability, and reliability of modern database management systems to build ever-larger data warehouses, and to utilise BI tools to extract business analytics from the vast amount of available enterprise data. BI systems facilitate the decision-makers to correct their intuition by taking advantage of analytical tools, which can test and verify intuition before applying it to the decision-making process. Decision-maker can also use predictive models to improve their decision-making. The current state of decision-making is forcing companies, to reap the real benefits of BI. BI solution can turn dynamic, detail data into information, and make it available in real-time to thedecision-makers. Actionable information must be accessible on-demand when it is required. It provides trends and patterns that might otherwise go undetected and unseen bydecision-makers.3. Framework for implementation of BI in cold chainsThe BI can be built with the use of technology through BI system, refining the processes and BI tools for analytics. BI can be applied at all three levels in the cold chains, i.e., strategic, tactical and operational. A framework has been proposed in Figure 1. The framework includes four basic components which are existing IT setup, Transformation tools, data warehousing and various BI tools for analytics.3.1 Existing IT setup for data collectionIn an organisation, online transaction processing system and other enterprise application generate huge volume of data. These data are stored in databases. These databases along with application software, present the business information to the business user through IT infrastructure including PC, Notebook, Tablet, Smart Phone and networks. All the applications for running cold chain business including warehouse management, logistic management, network planning, RFID tracking and monitoring, CRM, inventory management, quality assurance, HR application, order management and data management generate huge volume of data with different database at different location. There are certain external information, and data about the financial and market information which are taken from research organisations, government, regulatory bodies and company’s websites, audio, video, spatial and supplier data. Data can also come from e-mail, voice application, images, spatial data taken from satellite and regulatory compliance (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP)/ISO 22000 norms) (Keener, 2007). Cold chain business has to heavily rely on radio frequency identification (RFID) tags attached to items, cases or pallets, monitor and log the environment temperature at predefined intervals duringtransportation or product lifecycle. The recorded data can be read and analysedin real time for better analytics.3.2 Data transformation toolsThe objective of this stage is to define and design data management strategy to ensure that organisation has right information and uses it properly. The greatest challenge is to collect the clean data, that too from various sources so that BI solution delivers the correct actionable information to management at different levels. The organisation should concentrate on quality of data, and investment must be made to ensure high levels of data quality. The duplicate data should be unified as it comes from various sources. The data coming from transaction system is atomic level data and should be recorded in detailed form. It is necessary to first clean and validate it using business rules through data cleansing tools. Transformation procedure defines business logic which maps data from its source to destination. Extract, transfer and load (ETL)tools are very helpful to reduce the development time, manage the flow of data from source to destination and upload data to tables of data warehouse.3.3 Data warehousing and data martInmon (1995) defined a “data warehouse as a centralized repository (collection of resources that can be accessed to retrieve information) of an organization’s electronically stored data, designed to facilitate reporting and analysis”. Kimball and Ross (2002) have given another approach where data marts are first created to provide reporting and analytical capabilities for specific business processes. Data marts contain, primarily, dimensions and facts. Facts cancontain either atomic data and, if necessary, summarised data. The single data mart can be build for specific business area such as sales or production. These data marts can eventually beintegrated to create a comprehensive data warehouse. The data warehouse is a play ground for analytics and it provides retrieval of data without slowing down operational systems.3.4 BI tools for analyticsThere are many categories of tools available in the BI market. BI vendors are now also consolidating tools in every category to provide complete BI solution to companies. However, some organisations still prefer to have best of breed strategy in which they select BI tools in each category from different vendors. The various categories are query and reporting, online analytical processing, dashboards and scorecards, performance management, predictive analytics and data mining and advanced visualisation.BI can derive better return on investment (ROI) from complex integrated cold chain management software and other operational systems implemented by unlocking the wealth of information stored in these systems.4.Application areas of BI for cold chainsThe cold chain business is constantly searching for cost effective methods to remain competitive in fast changing world where margins are thin, customer expectation is very high, regulatory compliances are mandatory, and product life is very short. Companies in cold chain are working hard to adopt the information technology to get the rich insight into the hidden trends through cold chain analytics. The BI system provides reports, analyses, and monitors the vast corporate data. It also helps companies to reduce supply chain production cost,improve efficiencies, accuracy, increase revenue and performance. The cold chain analytics also provides the details to reduce waste, produce fresher, higher quality products, and enhance the economic value generated from perishable food industry by giving 360-degree overview of financial and operational results. As per suggested framework, various BI tools can be utilised to generate various analytics in following areas of cold chain business.4.1 Supply chain intelligenceSupply chain intelligence allows cold chains to evaluate supplier performance to negotiate prices, ensure timely deliveries and maintain high standard of quality by analysing the demand patterns, supply networks, operations and customer service requirements.Wal-Mart has set the standard of supply chain analytics. With the analytics driven intelligence, supply chain disruption can be reduced to better manage suppliers. Commodity classification provides information regarding procurement data from various sources within or outside company and classify the spend information into meaningful categories to understand true volumes per commodity. This can be used to develop the sourcing strategies. Spend analysis provides a dynamic ranking system for identifying and prioritising the most valuable suppliers. Demand driven forecasting allows planning of future requirements and management of supply chain by using statistical models. Scenario planning and what if analysis reduces the finished goods inventory and stockouts. The complete process of optimisation of plans and procedures creates an everlasting and sustainable competitive advantage for the organisation throughout a supply chain despite the risks associatedso commonly with unbounded challenges.4.2 Transportation analyticsIncreasing fuel costs, international expansion, and global competition has forced to useBI to streamline operations, distribution, and fleet management. BI optimises service and ensures consistent on-time performance for cold chains. Customers are demanding more services at lower prices, making operational efficiency improvements a requirement for maintaining acceptable profitability. The process of getting products delivered from one place to another on time, efficiently, and at the lowest costwithout losing life are main objectives of cold chains. The temperature conditions at origin and destination, seasonal temperature, load configurations, transport routes and modes, total duration of transit, duration and location of handling and stopover points are very important factors for temperature sensitive transportation. In thisextremely competitive business, one late delivery or losing quality of products can miss revenue opportunities and a lost customerforever. BI tools can help gain insight into the complex process of transportation by providing carrier performance evaluation, mode-cost analysis, supplier compliance analysis, carrier relationship management, capacity planning, cycle time analysis, routing and scheduling, truck and driver performance analysis, and root cause and claims analysis.4.3 Warehouse analyticsWarehouse management provides the ability to know the location of stock, time of requirement, and transporting it correctly in the shortest time. BI provides inventory analysis, warehouse performance analysis based on picking accuracy, shipping accuracy, lines per hour, overtime hours and on time shipments, picking analysis to improve warehouse efficiency and layout design, and warehouse space utilisation analysis for getting cost per unit of space over a period of time.4.4 Inventory analysisInventory optimisation analysis enables to reduce the over capacity and ensure sufficient supplies, monitor carrying cost for obsolete and slow moving items and usage across location and time. These analyses provides inventory carrying costs, inventory turns, order fulfilment lead time, percentage of backorders, average item inventory, finished goods on hands, etc. The intelligent analytics provides improved quality, reduces spoilage, and lowers rejections to make the customer or retailer more satisfied.4.5 Quality life cycle analysis4.6 Asset maintenance analytics4.7 Customer intelligence4.8 Financial analytics4.9 Customer profitability analysis6 Conclusions5.ConclusionsLike every other business, cold chain business has also become fiercely competitive. In order to stay ahead, and remain competitive, the cold chains should implement BI solution. Huge volume of data generation from existing applications like warehouse management, logistics management, inventory management, RFID tracking and monitoring, order management, quality assurance, CRM, and supply chain management has given an opportunity to manager to take smart decision based on analytics rather than intuition. The suggested framework will guide cold chains to streamline their operation. BI solution implementation requires basic operational system in place. With rapid development of information technology, communication system and reduction of cost of smart phones has opened the new doors for cold chains to provide the mobile BI to their executives. There are some new trends like BI search, BI gadgets, and query as web service will make a lot of difference in future BI and those who implement BI solutions intelligently will definite have an edge over others.摘要随着全球竞争的加剧，企业如何控制成本，使企业运营变得更加高效越来越成为世界上所有企业不得不面对的课题。
冷链物流中心英语
冷链物流中心英语Cold Chain Logistics CenterThe rapid advancement of technology and the ever-increasing global demand for perishable goods have led to the rise of the cold chain logistics industry. Cold chain logistics centers play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient transportation of temperature-sensitive products, such as fresh produce, pharmaceuticals, and frozen goods. These specialized facilities serve as the backbone of the cold chain, providing a seamless and reliable supply chain solution for businesses and consumers alike.One of the primary functions of a cold chain logistics center is to maintain the optimal temperature and humidity levels required for the storage and transportation of temperature-sensitive products. This is achieved through the implementation of state-of-the-art refrigeration systems, which are designed to maintain a consistent temperature throughout the facility. These systems are carefully monitored and adjusted to ensure that the products remain in pristine condition, preserving their quality and freshness.In addition to temperature control, cold chain logistics centers alsoemploy advanced tracking and monitoring systems to ensure the integrity of the products throughout the supply chain. This includes the use of real-time data collection and analysis tools, which allow for the continuous monitoring of temperature, humidity, and other critical factors. By leveraging these technologies, cold chain logistics centers can quickly identify and address any issues that may arise, minimizing the risk of product spoilage or damage.Another key aspect of a cold chain logistics center is its efficient and well-organized layout. These facilities are designed to maximize the flow of goods, with strategically placed loading docks, storage areas, and distribution channels. This allows for the seamless movement of products in and out of the center, ensuring that the supply chain remains uninterrupted and that deliveries are made in a timely manner.One of the most significant advantages of a cold chain logistics center is its ability to handle a wide range of temperature-sensitive products. From fresh produce to pharmaceuticals, these facilities are equipped to accommodate the specific storage and handling requirements of a diverse range of goods. This versatility allows businesses to streamline their supply chain operations, reducing the need for multiple storage and transportation solutions.Moreover, cold chain logistics centers play a crucial role in the globalfood supply chain. By ensuring the safe and efficient transportation of perishable goods, these facilities help to reduce food waste and ensure that consumers have access to high-quality, fresh produce. This not only benefits businesses but also contributes to the overall sustainability of the food system.In recent years, the demand for cold chain logistics services has grown exponentially, driven by the increasing global trade, the rise of e-commerce, and the growing consumer preference for fresh and high-quality products. To meet this demand, cold chain logistics centers have evolved, incorporating the latest technologies and best practices to enhance their efficiency and responsiveness.One such technological advancement is the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into cold chain logistics operations. By equipping vehicles, storage facilities, and even individual products with sensors, cold chain logistics centers can collect real-time data on temperature, humidity, and other critical factors. This data can then be analyzed to optimize operations, identify potential issues, and improve the overall efficiency of the supply chain.Another area of innovation in the cold chain logistics industry is the use of renewable energy sources to power their facilities. Many cold chain logistics centers are now incorporating solar panels, wind turbines, and other sustainable energy solutions to reduce theircarbon footprint and contribute to a more environmentally-friendly supply chain.As the global economy continues to evolve and consumer demands shift, the role of cold chain logistics centers will only become more crucial. These specialized facilities will need to adapt and innovate to meet the changing needs of the market, ensuring that temperature-sensitive products are delivered safely, efficiently, and in a sustainable manner.In conclusion, cold chain logistics centers are the unsung heroes of the modern supply chain, playing a vital role in the safe and efficient transportation of temperature-sensitive goods. Through their advanced technology, rigorous monitoring, and commitment to sustainability, these facilities are ensuring that businesses and consumers have access to the high-quality products they need, while also contributing to the overall well-being of the global community.。
物流相关的英文文献
物流相关的英文文献英文回答：Logistics: A Comprehensive Overview.Logistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient and effective flow of goods, services, and information from the point of origin to the point of consumption. It involves the coordination of a wide range of activities, including transportation, warehousing, inventory management, order fulfillment, and customer service.Key Concepts in Logistics.Transportation: Moving goods from one location to another using various modes of transport, such as trucks, trains, ships, and airplanes.Warehousing: Storing goods in a secure and efficientmanner until they are needed.Inventory Management: Managing the levels of stock to ensure availability while minimizing costs.Order Fulfillment: Processing customer orders, selecting and packaging goods, and delivering them to the desired destination.Customer Service: Providing support and assistance to customers throughout the logistics process.Types of Logistics.Inbound Logistics: The process of acquiring raw materials and components from suppliers.Outbound Logistics: The process of distributing finished goods to customers.Reverse Logistics: The process of managing the return of goods, such as defective products or excess inventory.Third-Party Logistics (3PL): The use of external providers to handle all or part of the logistics operations.Importance of Logistics.Logistics plays a crucial role in businesses by:Reducing costs through efficient operations and optimization.Improving customer satisfaction through timely and accurate deliveries.Enhancing supply chain visibility and responsiveness.Increasing flexibility and adaptability to market changes.Challenges in Logistics.The logistics industry constantly faces variouschallenges, including:Globalization: Increasingly complex and global supply chains.Technology: Keeping up with advancements in transportation, warehousing, and information systems.Demand Fluctuations: Managing supply and demand variations while maintaining service levels.Environmental Concerns: Minimizing the environmental impact of logistics operations.Trends in Logistics.The logistics industry is continuously evolving, with key trends emerging such as:Automation and Robotics: Increased use of technology to automate tasks and improve efficiency.Sustainability: Focus on reducing the environmental footprint of logistics operations.Data Analytics: Leveraging data to optimize processes and make informed decisions.E-commerce: Growing impact of e-commerce on logistics demand and delivery expectations.中文回答：物流，全面概述。
冷藏运输的早期尝试外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录A 英文文献Early attempts at refrigerated transportAttempts were made during the mid-19th century to ship agricultural products by rail. As early as 1842, the Western Railroad of Massachusetts was reported in the June 15 edition of the Boston Traveler to be experimenting with innovative freight car designs capable of carrying all types of perishable goods without spoilage.[2] The first refrigerated boxcar entered service in June 1851, on the Northern Railroad (New York) (or NRNY, which later became part of the Rutland Railroad). This "icebox on wheels" was a limited success since it was only functional in cold weather. That same year, the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad (O&LC) began shipping butter to Boston in purpose-built freight cars, utilizing ice for cooling.The first consignment of dressed beef left the Chicago stock yards in 1857 in ordinary boxcars retrofitted with bins filled with ice. Placing meat directly against ice resulted in discoloration and affected the taste, and proved impractical. During the same period Swift experimented by moving cut meat using a string of ten boxcars with their doors removed, and made a few test shipments to New York during the winter months over the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR). The method proved too limited to be practical.The interior of a typical ice-bunker reefer from the 1920s. The wood sheathing was replaced by plywood within twenty years. Vents in the bunker at the end of the car, along with slots in the wood floor racks, allowed cool air to circulate around the contentsDetroit's William Davis patented a refrigerator car that employed metal racks to suspend the carcasses above a frozen mixture of ice and salt. He sold the design in 1868 to George H. Hammond, a Detroit meat packer, who built a set of cars to transport his products to Boston using ice from the Great Lakes for cooling.[3] The load had the tendency of swinging to one side when the car entered a curve at high speed, and use of the units was discontinued after several derailments. In 1878 Swift hired engineer Andrew Chase to design a ventilated car that was well insulated, and positioned the ice in a compartment at the top of the car, allowing the chilled air to flow naturallydownward.[4] The meat was packed tightly at the bottom of the car to keep the center of gravity low and to prevent the cargo from shifting. Chase's design proved to be a practical solution to providing temperature-controlled carriage of dressed meats, and allowed Swift and Company to ship their products across the United States and internationally.Swift's attempts to sell Chase's design to major railroads were rebuffed, as the companies feared that they would jeopardize their considerable investments in stock cars, animal pens, and feedlots if refrigerated meat transport gained wide acceptance. In response, Swift financed the initial production run on his own, then —when the American roads refused his business —he contracted with the GTR (a railroad that derived little income from transporting live cattle) to haul the cars into Michigan and then eastward through Canada. In 1880 the Peninsular Car Company (subsequently purchased by ACF) delivered the first of these units to Swift, and the Swift Refrigerator Line (SRL) was created. Within a year the Line's roster had risen to nearly 200 units, and Swift was transporting an average of 3,000 carcasses a week to Boston, Massachusetts. Competing firms such as Armour and Company quickly followed suit. By 1920 the SRL owned and operated 7,000 of the ice-cooled rail cars. The General American Transportation Corporation would assume ownership of the line in 1930.附录B 文献翻译冷藏运输的早期尝试19世纪中夜人们做了很多由铁路运送农产品的尝试，早在1842年初，马萨诸塞州西部在6月15日报道波士顿实验室设计出新型的旅客与货运汽车具有不腐坏携带各类易腐货物的能力。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
有关冷链物流的英文文献
Title: Literature Review on Cold Chain Logistics
Abstract: Cold chain logistics is an essential aspect of the supply chain for perishable goods. This paper provides a literature review on cold chain logistics, including its definition, importance, challenges, and solutions. The review also covers the latest trends and technologies in the field, such as Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and artificial intelligence.
Introduction: Cold chain logistics refers to the transportation and storage of temperature-sensitive products, such as food, vaccines, and pharmaceuticals, in a controlled environment. The goal is to maintain the product quality and safety from the point of origin to the point of consumption. Cold chain logistics is critical for ensuring the availability and accessibility of perishable goods, particularly in the healthcare and food industries.
Importance: Cold chain logistics plays a vital role in reducing food waste, improving food safety, and increasing access to healthcare products. It enables the transportation and storage of perishable goods over long distances and across borders, opening up new markets and
opportunities for businesses. Cold chain logistics is also essential in emergency situations, such as natural disasters or disease outbreaks, where timely delivery of vaccines and medical supplies can save lives.
Challenges: Cold chain logistics faces various challenges, such as infrastructure limitations, lack of standardization, and high costs. The complexity of the supply chain, coupled with the need for temperature monitoring and control, requires significant coordination and collaboration among different stakeholders. The risk of product spoilage or contamination also poses a significant challenge.
Solutions: To address these challenges, various solutions have been proposed, such as investing in infrastructure and technology, adopting industry standards, and improving supply chain visibility and transparency. The emergence of new technologies, such as IoT, blockchain, and artificial intelligence, has also provided opportunities for innovation and optimization in cold chain logistics.
Conclusion: Cold chain logistics is a critical component of the supply chain for perishable goods. It is essential for ensuring product quality and safety, reducing waste, and increasing accessibility to healthcare products. However, cold chain logistics faces various challenges, which
require collaboration and innovation from different stakeholders. The latest trends and technologies offer new opportunities for optimization and improvement in cold chain logistics.。