Statistics on head and neck cancers in Korea
晚期头颈部鳞癌的内科治疗
Bonner et al, ASCO 2004
Arm 1 (RT)
随
放疗
机
分
Arm 2 (RT+E)
放疗 +
组
西妥昔单抗每周方案
研究入组424 名患者 参加国家: 欧洲，美国，澳大利亚，
南美洲，新西兰，以色列
25
BONNER研究－ 研究结果
总有效率 2 年无疾病生存率
RT+E (N=213)
与单放疗比，西妥昔单抗联放疗提高保喉率
74%
46 %
3 年无疾病生存率
37 %
RT (N=211)
64 %
42 %
31 %
P-value 0.02
0.04
中位局部控制时间 24.4月
14.9月
0.005
中位总生存期
49.0月
29.3月
中位PFS
17.1月
12.4月
JAMES BONNER ,NEJ FERBUARY 9,2006,VOL.354 NO.6,
Dose Escalation Study of NDP with 5-FU in Combination with Alternating Radiotherapy in Patients with HNC
N=52 Stage II-IV(M0)
PS 0-2
R 36GY
5FU 700 mg/m2/ days 1–5 NDP 120 mg/m2 day 6
BONNER研究－总生存期
总生存率 (%)
100
风险比 = 0.74 (95% CI: 0.57 - 0.97)
Log rank p=0.03
miR-31在结肠癌中的研究进展
miR-31在结肠癌中的研究进展杨碧兰;尹艳;钟军;刘丽娟【期刊名称】《实用癌症杂志》【年(卷),期】2014(000)012【总页数】3页(P1721-1723)【关键词】miR-31;结肠癌;肿瘤发生【作者】杨碧兰;尹艳;钟军;刘丽娟【作者单位】330006 南昌大学医学院;330006 南昌大学医学院;330029 江西省肿瘤医院;330029 江西省肿瘤医院【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R735.3+52013美国癌症学会公布最新统计数据显示：结肠癌发病率、死亡率均居恶性肿瘤第三位[1]。
结肠癌患者如能早期发现，经手术治疗效果较好。
然而结肠癌患者确诊时往往已是中晚期。
因此，寻找与结肠癌诊断、分期及预后相关的生物学分子具有重要的意义。
miRNA自1993年首次被发现以来，一直广受人们的关注。
miRNA是一类广泛存在于动植物体内的非编码小RNA，主要参与基因转录水平后调控，通过与其目标mRNA分子的3’端非编码区域(3’-untranslated region，3’UTR)互补匹配降解靶mRNA或抑制其翻译，从而调控细胞生长、分化和凋亡等多种生命过程[2]。
研究发现miRNA在肿瘤的发生、发展过程中具有重要的地位。
miRNA虽只约占人类基因组的1%，却能调控30%～60%的人类基因[3-4]，因此miRNA不但能参与许多正常生命程序的调控，对肿瘤的调控可能也具有重要的意义。
随着基因芯片、PCR等实验技术的成熟，研究人员已发现多种miRNA在肿瘤组织及其癌旁正常组织间存在差异性表达。
某些miRNA在肿瘤中高表达，可通过负性调节相应抑癌基因或调控肿瘤细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡等过程来促进肿瘤的发展。
相反，那些低表达的miRNA则可通过降低对癌基因的抑制作用而促进肿瘤的发展[5-6]。
如，结肠癌及复发癌组织中高表达的miR-21能通过降解PDCD4(程序性细胞凋亡因子4)相关mRNA，导致PDCD4低表达，从而增加肿瘤细胞的侵袭性，进而影响结肠癌预后[7]；结肠癌组织中高表达的miR-27a起着致癌基因的作用，能明显提高癌细胞的增殖和侵袭力[8]；结肠癌发生肝转移与低表达miR-200降低了对EMT(上皮间质转化)相关信号通路的调控有关[9]；高表达miR-153能从多方面促进结肠癌的发展进程，提高癌细胞的侵袭力[10]。
口咽癌治疗研究进展
• 52•国际耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志202丨年丨月第45卷第丨期Int J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, January 2021, Vol.45, No.l•头颈肿瘤：综述•口咽癌治疗研究进展冯恩梓张睿杨洁昆明医科大学第三附属医院头颈外科650118通信作者：杨洁，Email:189****1975@Progress of treatment in oropharyngeal cancerFeng Enzi, Zhang Rui, Yang JieDepartment o f Head and Neck Surgery, the 3rd Affiliated Hospital o f Kunming Medical University,Kunming 650118, ChinaCorresponding author: Yang Jie, Email:189***************DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn. 1673-4106.2021.01.013【摘要】过去几十年，人乳头状瘤病毒在口咽癌中的致病作用逐渐被揭示，口咽癌的治疗模式也发生了巨大变化。
随着放射技术的不断发展以及为满足器官功能保护的需要，放化疗成为口咽癌的重要治疗方式之一 _此外，免疫治疗、微创外科技术也取得显著成果，但目前针对人乳头状瘤病毒相关口咽癌的治疗尚处于研究阶段：现结合国内外报道就口咽癌诊疗的相关研究进展做一•综述。
【关键词】口咽肿瘤；免疫疗法；乳头状瘤病毒感染DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4106.2021.01.013口咽癌是指发生于舌根、扁桃体、软聘及咽后壁的肿瘤，其中以扁桃体癌及舌根癌最常见。
口咽癌好发于中老年男性，90%以上为鱗状细胞癌。
据统计，2018年全球口咽癌新增92 887例，死亡51 005例，欧洲发病率最高，其次为北美、中南亚等地m。
人教版全国全部高考专题英语高考真卷试卷及解析
人教版全国全部高考专题英语高考真卷1.阅读理解第1题.Many years ago, when we first went to Canada, we were driving through Montana to Colorado with our two children. We thought we would find a motel（汽车旅馆）on the way and had not made a booking. As it was getting late, we started looking for a motel, only to find that all were booked.Finally, around 9 p.m. we stopped at a gas station to fill up on gas. My husband asked for a phone book and told the woman at the counter that we were trying to find a motel. He tried for 15 minutes. When he was unsuccessful, the woman, Linda, said she and her family lived near by and would be happy if we spent the night at her home.My husband was stunned at her offer. She called her son to direct us, since she had to hold fort at the gas station till midnight.When we reached their home, her husband greeted us. He took out two sleeping bags for the children. He invited us to have coffee and chat while we waited for his wife. When she came back, we asked if we could slip away in the morning so as not to disturb them. They said we were now guests and we would have to have breakfast with them.We woke up to table set for breakfast. They'd made a mountain of pancakes and bacon. We ate breakfast, and when we were leaving, my husband asked if he could offer some payment.They insisted we were their guests. We left moved by their spirit of hospitality（好客）. We were amazed that they would take in a family of total strangers from a different country. We kept in touch for many years. Over the years, we lost touch, but have never forgotten their kindness.（1）What made the author upset at first?A: They got lost in Canada.B: They ran out of gas.C: They had nowhere to stay.D: They were late for dinner.（2）What does the underlined word "stunned" in Paragraph 3 mean?A: Troubled.B: Surprised.C: Disappointed.D: Confused.（3）What did the author's family do the next morning?A: They slipped away.B: They paid for their breakfast.C: They met some strangers.D: They had a big breakfast.（4）What is the best title for the text?A: Unexpected HospitalityB: A Kind WomanC: Be Kind to StrangersD: Looking for Motel【答案】CBDA【解答】（1）C 细节理解题。
NCCN2011版之放疗原则(PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION THERAPY)
NCCN
®
Practice Guidelines in Oncology – v.2.2010
Head and Neck Cancers
Cancer of the Lip
Guidelines Index Head and Neck Cancers TOC Staging, Discussion, References
PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION THERAPY 1 Definitive RT · Primary and gross adenopathy: Conventional fractionation: 66-74 Gy (2.0 Gy/fraction; daily Monday-Friday) Altered fractionation: > 6 fractions/week accelerated; 66-74 Gy to gross disease, 44-64 Gy to subclinical disease. > Concomitant boost accelerated RT: 72 Gy/6 weeks (1.8 Gy/fraction, large field; 1.5 Gy boost as second daily fraction during last 12 treatment days) > Hyperfractionation: 81.6 Gy/7 weeks (1.2 Gy/fraction, twice daily) · Neck Uninvolved nodal stations: 44-64 Gy (1.6-2.0 Gy/fraction) Postoperative RT · Indicated for pT3 or pT4 primary; N2 or N3 nodal disease, selected pT2, N0-N1 disease, nodal disease in levels IV or V, perineural invasion, vascular embolism. · Preferred interval between resection and postoperative RT is £ 6 weeks. · Primary: ³ 60 Gy (2.0 Gy/fraction) · Neck > Involved nodal stations: 60-66 Gy (2.0 Gy/fraction) > Uninvolved nodal stations: 44-64 Gy (1.6-2.0 Gy/fraction) Postoperative chemoradiation · Indicated for extracapsular nodal spread and/or positive margins 2-4 · Consider for other risk features: pT3 or pT4 primary; N2 or N3 nodal disease, nodal disease in levels IV or V, perineural invasion, vascular embolism. · Concurrent single agent cisplatin at 100 mg/m 2 every 3 wks is recommended.
各种疼痛治疗指南解读
临床广泛使用的给药方式： 按时 按需 患者自控镇痛
阿片类药物的给药途径
目的： 确保达到有效镇痛，而且创伤最低、最简便、 最安全。 首选： 口服给药是慢性疼痛治疗的首选途径。能口服的患者尽量 口服。 经胃肠外输注、静滴或皮下给药推荐用于无法吞咽或有 吸收阿片类药物障碍的患者。
进入新世纪后疼痛治疗快速发展得益于以下方面的进步
现代社会伦理学的发展 疼痛基础医学的研究 镇痛药物的改进与开发 影像学诊断和导航技术 微创镇痛技术 计算机技术
从伦理及人道主义的角度而言，“缓解疼痛是基本人权（pain relief is a basic human right）” 。 疼痛是继心率、呼吸、血压、体温后的第五大生命体征。 全世界的共识“慢性疼痛是一类疾病”
《 临床医师处方指南：总 原 则 阿片类疼痛药在慢性、复发的非癌性疼痛的合理应用 》
在治疗骨关节炎（OA）的任何阶段，当用 非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs) 不能有效缓解疼 痛时，可以单独应用曲马多或者曲马多与 非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）联合使用。
《Guideline For The Management of Pain in Osteoarthritis，Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Juvenile Chronic Arthritis 》
阿片类药物的处方、滴定和维持
转换为芬太尼透皮贴剂 1.在使用贴剂前，需先应用短效阿片类药物控制疼痛到较好的状态。对疼痛不稳定、需频繁调整剂量的患者不推荐使用贴剂。 2.计算出所需的24小时肠外吗啡的等效剂量。 3.贴剂的疗效持续时间为72小时，对于有些患者可能只维持48小时。发热、用热灯或电热毯加热等，会加速药物的释放，应尽量避免 4.同时应处方按需给药的吗啡或其他短效阿片类药物，在最初的8-24小时尤为需要。
耳鼻喉教案模板范文
耳鼻喉教案模板范文英文回答：Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of conditionsrelated to the ears, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck. As an ENT specialist, I am trained to provide comprehensive care for patients with a wide range of conditions, including ear infections, sinusitis, tonsillitis, voice disorders, and hearing loss.One common condition that I frequently encounter in my practice is chronic sinusitis. This is a condition characterized by inflammation of the sinuses, which can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain, and postnasal drip. To diagnose chronic sinusitis, I would perform a thorough examination of the nose and sinuses, and may also order imaging studies such as a CT scan. Treatment options for chronic sinusitis may include antibiotics, nasal sprays, and in some cases, surgery to removeblockages or correct structural abnormalities.Another condition that I often see is otitis media, or middle ear infection. This is a common childhood condition that can cause ear pain, fluid buildup, and temporary hearing loss. In addition to a physical examination, I may also use a specialized instrument called an otoscope tolook inside the ear and assess the condition of the eardrum. Treatment for otitis media may include antibiotics, pain relievers, and in some cases, the placement of ear tubes to help drain fluid from the middle ear.In addition to these common conditions, I also treat patients with more complex issues such as vocal cord nodules, sleep apnea, and head and neck cancers. As an ENT specialist, I have undergone extensive training in both medical and surgical management of these conditions, and I work closely with other specialists such as speech therapists, audiologists, and oncologists to provide comprehensive care for my patients.中文回答：耳鼻喉科（ENT）是一门专注于诊断和治疗与耳鼻喉及头颈部相关结构有关的疾病的医学专业。
有头脑的人的选择
有头脑的人的选择各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢The Thinking Man’s ChoiceContact is made。
Nerves order the heart to pump faster。
Adrenalin surges to action。
Nerves constrict the blood vessels in the extremities of the body。
Skin temperature drops。
Fingers and toes grow colder。
Blood pressure jump。
An alcoholic or a dope addict in the first stages of a “cure”? A man being catapulted into outer space? No! These effects stem from smoking just one cigarette。
The United States Public Health Service is issuing continual warnings to smokers。
If they abstain completely from smoking，their chances of acquiring lung cancer will be one in 275。
Their chances of dying of lung cancer will be one in 10 if they become heavy smokers─two or morepacks a day。
Lung cancer is fatal in 95 per cent of all cases。
But in spite of glaring evidence and frequent warnings，the public is smoking more and more。
光动力疗法治疗宫颈病变的临床应用
系统医学 2024 年 1 月第 9 卷第 2期光动力疗法治疗宫颈病变的临床应用朱园园1，管东东2，史文燕2，陈迎港11.滨州医学院附属医院妇产科，山东滨州 256600；2.滨州医学院附属医院妇科，山东滨州 256600[摘要] 光动力疗法（Photodynamic Therapy, PDT ）是一种微创疗法，通过光化学反应选择性破坏靶组织，不仅达到治愈的作用，而且对正常组织损伤较小。
因其安全性高、局部创伤小、可重复治疗、不易耐药等特点，现广泛应用于临床肿瘤、皮肤病、妇科疾病等。
文章通过总结国内外临床研究，对PDT 治疗宫颈病变的临床应用进行综述。
[关键词] 光动力疗法；宫颈病变；宫颈癌；人乳头瘤病毒[中图分类号] R711 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2096-1782（2024）01(b)-0186-04Clinical Application of Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Cervi⁃cal LesionsZHU Yuanyuan 1, GUAN Dongdong 2, SHI Wenyan 2, CHEN Yinggang 11.Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong Province, 256600 China;2.Department of Gynaecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong Province, 256600 China[Abstract] Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive therapy that selectively destroys target tissue through a photochemical reaction. It not only has the effect of healing, but also has less damage to normal tissue. Because of its high safety, small local trauma, repeatable treatment, not easy drug resistance and other characteristics, it is widelyused in clinical tumors, skin diseases, gynecological diseases. This article reviewed the clinical application of PDT in the treatment of cervical lesions by summarizing clinical studies at home and abroad.[Key words] Photodynamic therapy; Cervical lesions; Cervical cancer; Human papillomavirus宫颈癌（Cervical Cancer, CC ）是全世界女性第四常见的癌症，也居于女性癌症病死率第四位[1]。
黏附分子CD44与头颈部恶性瘤关系的研究进展
黏附分子CD44与头颈部恶性瘤关系的研究进展细胞黏附分子（cell adhesion mdecules CAM）是指细胞产生、存在于细胞表面、介导细胞与细胞间或细胞与基质间相互接触和结合的一类分子。
一般分为免疫球蛋白、整合素、超基因家族、钙粘附素、选择素和CD44。
其中CD44是尚未归类的一类重要的黏附分子，是将来自不同实验室的单克隆抗体所识别的膜分子由国际白细胞分化抗原协作组会议统一命名的。
1980年由Dalchau等[1]通过单克隆抗体技术检测研究发现。
CD44分子分布广泛，主要存在于T细胞中的记忆T细胞，正常情况下，发挥的功能是淋巴细胞向炎症部位和黏膜相关淋巴组织归位、黏附细胞外基质（ECM）、介导淋巴细胞的归巢等。
近几年发现，多数恶性瘤的轉移、侵袭都与CD44分子有着密切的联系，CD44分子在这些恶性瘤细胞表面都有异常表达。
1 CD44的生物功能CD44促进成纤维细胞和淋巴细胞与细胞外基质的黏附；参与细胞之间的黏附；参与淋巴细胞的活化；介导淋巴细胞归巢或再循环，即作为归巢受体（homing receptor）介导淋巴细胞在淋巴液和血液间的运行；和细胞骨架蛋白相结合后，参与细胞的运动和细胞内外的信号传导，而且通过胞质尾部外显子的变异拼接，使其发挥不同的转导功能；与透明质酸结合并中和，使间质组织成分更新；可以调节细胞对药物的敏感性，以及调节药物的吸收性。
部分CD44分子可以调节细胞膜通道，和恶性瘤转移有着密切的关系[2-3]。
2 CD44与头颈部瘤的关系头颈部肿瘤（head and neck cancers，HNCs）是全球最常见的肿瘤之一，全世界发病率约14/10万，每年新发病例约50万。
我国是高发国家，约占全身恶性肿瘤的10%[4]。
尽管CD44细胞虽然只占全部头颈部肿瘤细胞不到10%，但这部分CD44+细胞可以通过自我更新，形成极强的克隆形成能力。
具有起始肿瘤能力的这些细胞，通过流式细胞仪成功分离出喉癌细胞系的侧群细胞，并且证明了CD44分子可能是头颈部鳞癌肿瘤干细胞表面标记物之一。
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Statistics on head and neck cancers in KoreaKyung-Ja Cho a,*,Shin-Kwang Khang a ,Sang-Yoon Kim b ,Seung-Sook Lee c ,Yoon-Sang Shim daDepartment of Pathology,Ulsan University College of Medicine,Asan Medical Center,388-1Pungnap-2dong,Songpa-gu,Seoul 138-736,South KoreabDepartment of Otolaryngology,Ulsan University College of Medicine,Asan Medical Center,Seoul,South KoreacDepartment of Pathology,Korea Cancer Center Hospital,South Korea dDepartment of Otolaryngology,Korea Cancer Center Hospital,South KoreaAbstractCancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT)are mostly carcinomas of mucosal epithelium or secretory gland origin.The majority type is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC),which in USA comprised 95%of UADT cancers registered in the recent SEER registry.Pattern of UADT cancers in Asia has not been known much,although some difference is expected,considering much use of tobacco and alcohol,prevalence of Epstein–Barr virus and different dietary habit.Cases registered in the Surgical Pathology File of Department of Pathology,Korea Cancer Center Hospital,were retrieved from 1988through 1998.Tumors of the skin,eyelids,eyeball,teeth,ear and brain,benign tumors and repetitive biopsies from the same patients were excluded,and 2842cases were subjected to pathologic review and necessary reclassification.The tumors were analyzed according to the locations and histologic types.The larynx was the most common site (26%),followed by oral cavity (25%)and oropharynx (13%).Carcinoma comprised 87.8%of total cases,followed by malignant lymphoma (9.0%),sarcoma (1.5%)and malignant melanoma (1.4%).SCC and variants accounted for 76.5%.Sinonasal cancers provided the most diverse histologic types,of which SCC comprised only 52%.Malignant lymphoma most frequently occurred in the oropharynx,while sarcomas and melanomas preferred the oral cavity and sinonasal tract.Relative incidence of SCC among head and neck cancers was lower,and those of sarcoma and malignant melanoma were higher in Korea than in the North America.The etiologic and epidemiologic study on sarcomas and melanomas of the head and neck is required.D 2003Published by Elsevier B.V .Keywords:Cancer;Upper aerodigestive tract;Squamous cell carcinoma0531-5131/D 2003Published by Elsevier B.V .doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)00801-X*Corresponding author.Tel.:+82-2-3010-4545;fax:+82-2-472-7898.E-mail address:kjc@amc.seoul.kr (K.-J.Cho).International Congress Series 1240(2003)1015–1018Table 1Distribution and histologic categories of upper aerodigestive tract cancers in Korea Categories Sites TotalLx Hpx Opx OC Npx NC PNS SG Carcinoma 7342372466402231101481572495(87.8%)Sarcoma 2–2161414443(1.5%)Melanoma 11–15–1310–40(1.4%)Lymphoma 221204332391611255(9.0%)Others––1–143–9(0.3%)Total739(26.0%)240(8.4%)369(13.0%)714(25.1%)257(9.0%)170(6.0%)181(6.4%)172(6.1%)2842(100%)Lx:larynx;Hpx:hypopharynx;Opx:oropharynx;Npx:nasopharynx;OC:oral cavity;NC:nasal cavity;PNS:paranasal sinuses;SG:salivary glands.Table 2Distribution and histologic types of epithelial malignancies of upper aerodigestive tract Types Sites TotalLx Hpx Opx OC Npx NC PNS SG SCC 727(33.4%)237(10.9%)222(10.2%)637(29.3%)144(6.6%)72(3.3%)112(5.1%)24(1.1%)2175(100%)Variants 10131416125–61UDC ––24–791224121NEC 4––3–33–13ADC3––––2331129186ADC,NOS 3––––891131ACC –––––13205083MEC –––––123336MMT –––––1–1314PLGA –––––––1010Others –––––––1212Total734(29.4%)237(9.5%)246(9.9%)640(25.7%)223(8.9%)110(4.4%)148(5.9%)157(6.3%)2495(100%)Lx:larynx;Hpx:hypopharynx;Opx:oropharynx;Npx:nasopharynx;OC:oral cavity;NC:nasal cavity;PNS:paranasal sinuses;SG:salivary glands;SCC:squamous cell carcinoma;UDC:undifferentiated carcinoma;NEC:neuroendocrine carcinoma;ADC:adenocarcinoma;NOS:not otherwise specified;ACC:adenoid cystic carcinoma;MEC:mucoepidermoid carcinoma;MMT:malignant mixed tumor;PLGA:polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma.K.-J.Cho et al./International Congress Series 1240(2003)1015–10181016mentTable1shows the frequency percentages and categories of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract(UADT).Histologic types of the carcinomas according to each site are shown in Table2.Table3shows the types and distribution of non-epithelial malignancies. According to the recent Annual Report of the Central Cancer Registry in Korea,cancers of the head and neck accounted for3.6%of total(82,320)malignancies and4.9%of46,908 male patients.This rate is very close to that in the previous SEER statistics by National Cancer Institute,USA,in which cancers of the UADT represented3.5%of all malignan-cies[1].In regard of the tumor type,our incidence of SCC and its variants(76.5%)was lower than those reported in the US/Canadian statistics[1,2].If we exclude malignant lymphoma to render the data to be comparable with them,SCC represented84.1%of total, still lower than88.6%,94.1%or94.6%of US/Canadian statistics.This study demon-strated higher incidences of nasopharyngeal undifferentiated carcinoma,sinonasal adeno-carcinoma,sarcoma and malignant melanoma in Korea than in Western countries[1–4]. Considering the socioeconomic situation of Korea with high risk factors,such as tobacco and alcohol consumption,it was an unexpected finding that a relatively higher incidence of non-epidermoid malignancy was noted among head and neck cancer patients in Korea. Epidemiologic and pathogenetic studies on non-epidermoid malignancy of the UADT should be continued.Table3Distribution and histologic types of non-epithelial malignancies of upper aerodigestive tractTypes Sites TotalLx Hpx Opx OC Npx NC PNS SGSarcoma2–2161414443 Osteosarcoma–––5––218 Rhabdomyosarcoma–––4–1218 Hemangiopericytoma–––1–13–5 Hemangioendothelioma–––1––1–2 Kaposi’s sarcoma–––1––––1 MFH–––1––4–5 Synovial sarcoma––––––213 Chondrosarcoma–––––2––2 Fibrosarcoma–––2––––2 Leiomyosarcoma1–––1–––2 Unclassified1–21–––15 Malignant melanoma11–15–1310–40 Malignant lymphoma22120433239611255 Others––––––––9 Esthesioneuroblastoma––––14––5 Paraganglioma––1–––––1 Meningioma––––––3–3Total5(1.4%)3(0.9%)123(35.4%)74(21.3%)34(9.8%)60(17.3%)33(9.5%)15(4.3%)347(100%)Lx:larynx;Hpx:hypopharynx;Opx:oropharynx;Npx:nasopharynx;OC:oral cavity;NC:nasal cavity;PNS: paranasal sinuses;SG:salivary glands;MFH:malignant fibrous histiocytoma.K.-J.Cho et al./International Congress Series1240(2003)1015–10181017References[1] D.P.Skargard,P.A.Groome,W.J.Mackillop,S.Zhou,D.Rothwell,P.F.Dixon,B.O’Sullivan,S.F.Hall,E.J.Holowaty,Cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in Ontario,Canada,and the United States,Cancer 88(2000)1728–1738.[2] C.Muir,L.Weiland,Upper aerodigestive tract cancers,Cancer 75(1995)147–153.[3]P.F.Odell,Head and neck sarcomas:a review,J.Otolaryngol.25(1996)7–13.[4]V .Nandapalan,N.J.Roland,T.R.Helliwell,E.M.Williams,J.W.Hamilton,A.S.Jones,Mucosal melanomaof the head and neck,Clin.Otolaryngol.23(1998)107–116.K.-J.Cho et al./International Congress Series 1240(2003)1015–10181018。