最新高中英语语法专题讲义(110页_很实用)

高中英语语法专题讲义（110页）

第一节冠词

一、冠词知识点:

冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a pen, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old bike, an hour, an interesting story等。the是定冠词。

（一）、不定冠词的用法

1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl.

I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple.

2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library.

A Wang is looking for you. 一位姓王的同志正在找你。

3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如：

I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.

4、用于某些固定词组中。如：a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, mass of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。

5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如：

This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。

It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。

It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。（二）、定冠词的用法：

1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如：

Beijing is the capital of China.

The pen on the desk is mine.

2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如：

Where is the teacher?

Open the window, please.

3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如：

There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.

The baby was thin.

4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the earth, the moon, the sun.

5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。（副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如：

He is always the first to come to school.

Bob is the tallest in his class.

6、用在某些专有名词前（由普通名词构成的专用名词）。如：the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Children’s Palace, the Party等。

7、用在一些习惯用语中。如：on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way等。

8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如：the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas

9、用在报刊、杂志前。如：the People’s Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。

10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如：

The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如：the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。

12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如：

The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car).

（三）、零冠词（即不用冠词）：

1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如：China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。

2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如：

Go down this street.

3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如：

We are students. I like reading stories.

4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如：Teachers’ Day, Children’s Day, National Day, in summer, in July等。

Today is New Year’s Day.It is Sunday. March 8 is Women’s Day.

5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前，尤其作表语、宾补时。如：

What’s the matter, Granny?We elected him monitor.

6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如：at noon, at night, at first, at last, at most, at least, by bus(train, air, sea), in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed, go to college, on foot, at table, in ink, in pencil等。

7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如：

She goes to school after breakfast every morning.

We are going to play football.

We usually have lunch at school.

8、科目前不加。如：

We learn Chinese, maths, English and some other subjects.

【专项训练】：

1、We can’t live without air.

A．an B．×C．the D．some 2、——Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning.

——Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere.

A．a; the B．the; the C．the; a D．a; a

3、I’ve been waiting for him for hour and half.

A．×; ×B．the; a C．a; the D．an; a

4、What fine weather we have today!

A．a B．×C．some D．an

5、Have you ever seen as tall as this one?

A．a tree B．such tree C．an tree D．tree

6、Children usually go to school at age of six.

A．×; the B．a; an C．the; ×D．the; the

7、Himalayas is highest mountain in world.

A．×; the;×B．The; the; the C．A; a; a D．×;×;×8、They each have __book. Li Hua’s is about writer. Wang Lin’s is

on science.

A．a; a; ×B．the; ×; the C．×; the; ×D．a; the; a

9、Physics is science of matter and energy.

A．The; ×B．×; ×C．×; the D．A; a

10、sun rises in east and sets in west.

A．A; an; a B．The;×;×C．The; the; the D．A; the; a

11、Many people agree that__knowledge of English is a must

in international trade today.

A．a;×B．the; an C．the; the D．×; the 12、__Mr. Jones called while you were out (neither of us knows this man). He was in bad temper.

A．×;a B．A;×C．The; the D．A; a

13、They were at dinner then. It was delicious one.

A．a; the B．×;×C．×;a D．a; a

14、what kind of car do you want to buy?

A．×B．the C．a D．an

15、Alice is fond of playing piano while Henry is interested in listening

to music.

A．×; the B．×;×C．the; ×D．the; the

16、Beyond stars, the astronaut saw nothing

but space.

A．the; ×B．×; the C．×;×D．the; the 17．（安徽）We can never expect bluer sky unless we create less polluted world. 2

A. a; a

B. a; the

C. the; a

D. the; the

18.（北京）The biggest whale is ___ blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters long—the height of ____ 9-story building.

A. the; the

B. a; a

C. a; the

D. the; a

19.（江西）Some people fear that ________ air pollution may bring about changes in _______ weather around the world.

A. /; the

B. the; /

C. an; the

D. the; a

20.（海南）Let’s go to cinema-that’ll take your mind off the problem

for while

A. the; the

B. the; a

C. a; the

D. a ; a

21.（陕西）What pity that you couldn’t be there to receive prize!

A. a; a

B. the; a

C. a; the

D. the; the

22.（四川）In order to find _______ better job, he decided to study _________ second foreign language.

A. the; a

B. a; a

C. the; the

D. a; the

23.（浙江）I don’t understand what the engineer means, but I’ve got ______ rough idea of _____ project plan.

A. the; a

B. 不填; the

C. the; 不填

D. a; the

24.（重庆）Washing machines made by China have won worldwide attention and Haier has become popular name.

A. a; the

B. /; a

C. /; the

D. the; a

25.（全国2 ）What I need is book that contains ABC of oil painting.

A. a; 不填

B. the; 不填

C. the; an

D. a; the

【总结提高】：

请从课本或报刊中抄写五个含有冠词典型用法的句子，并标明用法。

第二节名词

知识要点：

（一）、名词的种类：

1、专有名词：

1）China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack（不加冠词）

2）the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People’s Republic of China, the United States等。（由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。）

2、普通名词

1）不可数名词

注意：?不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化

了。如：have a wonderful time.

?不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

?不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式。

如：fishes, newspapers, waters, snows……

| | | |

各种各样的鱼各种报纸河湖、海水积雪

…有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times时代，works著作，difficulties困难

…在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如：a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of p aper….

2）可数名词：

?可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：A bird

The frog is a kind of hibernating animal.

Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.

?有复数形式：

a）规则变化——加“s”或“es”（与初中同，略）

b）不规则变化——child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men), woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen), phenomenon(phenomena)…

注意：

c）单、复数同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一种鱼）……。如，a sheep, two sheep

d）只用复数形式：thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,…

e）形复实单：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics（塑料），means.

f）形单实复：people (人民，人们)，the police, cattle等

g）集合名词如：family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作为整体中的各个成员时，为复数。如：My family is a big one. My family are music lovers. h）复合名词变复数时，(a)只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如：sister(s)-in-law 嫂子，弟妹；step-son (s)继子；editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。(b)如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s)中间人(c）woman, man作定语时，要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如：a man servant—men servants, a woman doctor—women doctors

（二）、名词的所有格：

1、表有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格，一般在名词后加“’s”。如：Mike’s bag, Children’s Day, my brother’s room, women’s rights…

注意：

1）名词复数的词尾是-s或-es，它的所有格只在词后加“’”。如：Teachers’ Day, the workers’ rest-home（工人疗养院），the students’ reading-room

2）复合名词的所有格，在后面的词后加“’s”。如：her son-in-law’s photo（她女婿的照片）；anybody else’s book（其他任何人的书）

3）如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有，则在最后的一个名词后面加

“’s”；如果不是共有，则每个词后都要加“’s”。如：Jane and Helen’s room. 珍妮和海伦的房间（共有）. Bill’s and Tom’s radios. 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机（不共有）

4）表地点（店铺，某人的家等）的名词所有格后面，一般省去它所修饰的名词。如：the tailor’s (裁缝铺) the doctor’s (诊所) Mr Brown’s (布朗先生的家)

5）有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词，也可加“’s”表所有格。

如：half an hour’s walk (半小时的路程) China’s agriculture (中国的农业)

2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组，表示所有格。如：the cover of the book

3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of，特别是名词较长，有较多的定语时。如：

the story of Dr Norman Bethune

Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?

4、“of词组+所有格”的用法：

在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词（如：a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等）时，常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如：

a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友。

some inventions of Edison’s 爱迪生的一些发明

those exercise-books of the students’ 学生们的那些练习本。

【专项训练】：

1、There are only twelve in the hospital.

A．woman doctors B．women doctors

C．women doctor D．woman doctor

2、Mr Smith has two , both of whom are teachers in a school.

A．brothers-in-law B．brother-in-laws

C．brothers-in-laws D．brothers-in law

3、——How many does a cow have?

——Four.

A．stomaches B．stomach C．stomachs D．stomachies 4、Some visited our school last Wednesday.

A．German B．Germen C．Germans D．Germens 5、The of the building are covered with lots of .

A．roofs; leaves B．rooves; leafs C．roof; leaf D．roofs; leafs

6、When the farmer returned home he found three missing.

A．sheeps B．sheepes C．sheep D．sheepies 7、That was a fifty engine.

A．horse power B．horses power

C．horse powers D．horses powers

8、My father often gives me .

A．many advice B．much advice C．a lot of advices D．a few advice 9、Mary broke a while she was washing up.

A．tea cup B．a cup of tea C．tea’s cup D．cup tea 10、Can you give us some about the writer?

A．informations B．information

C．piece of informations D．pieces information

11、I had a cup of and two pieces of this morning.

A．teas; bread B．teas; breads

C．tea; breads D．tea; bread

12、As is known to us all, travels much faster than .

A．lights; sounds B．light; sound

C．sound; light D．sounds; lights

13、She told him of all her and .

A．hope; fear B．hopes; fear

C．hopes; fears D．hope; fears

14、The rising did a lot of to the crops.

A．water; harm B．water; harms

C．waters; harm D．waters; harms 15、——How far away is it from here to your school?

——It’s about .

A．half an hour’s drive B．half hours drives

C．half an hour drives D．half an hour drive

16．（安徽）China has got a good for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.

A. reputation

B. influence

C. impression

D. knowledge

17．（福建）The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April, 20.

A. delay

B. effort

C. schedule

D. consideration

18．（湖北）Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for ______ building.

A. respect

B. friendship

C. reputation

D. character

19.（湖北）In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was

a ______ for everyone to stand up.

A. signal

B. chance

C. mark

D. measure

20.（江西）The ____________ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into __________ car.

A. girl’s; Tom’s

B. girls’; Toms’

C. girls’; Tom’s

D. girl’s; Toms’ K5u

21.（海南）Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to them too hard.

A. draw

B. strike

C. rush

D. push

22.（山东）-------He says that my new car is a ____________ of money.

-------Don’t you think those words are just so ur grapes?

A. lack

B. load

C. question

D. waste

23. （陕西）Form their ________ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have

a better view of the city.

A. stage

B. position

C. condition

D. situation

24.（天津）I’m trying to break the _______ of getting up too late .

A. tradition

B. convenience

C. habit

D. Leisure

25. （浙江）The system has been designed to give students quick and easy

______ to the digital resources of the library.

A. access

B. passage

C. way

D. approach

【自我总结提高】：

第四节介词

【要点点拨】

复习时要把握三点：

A. 要注意理解情景意义：同一介词可表达多种意义，同一场合意义不同则介词不同。

He hasn’t come for a month .(for 持续时间)

The day is warm for April .（for 就……而言）

B. 要突破几个关键介词in , on , at , with , by , from , of , to , for .

1 . 表示时间的：at; in ; on , since , from , to , after , within , during , throughout , towards , over , by , till ;

2 . 表示穿越的:through , across , over

3．表示地理位置的：in ; on; to ;

4．表示原因、目的的：for ;with ; from ;

5. 表示关于的:about , concerning , regarding , with regard to , as for ,as to ;

6. 表示根据：on ; according to ;

7. in the corner ;on the corner , at the corner 的区别

8．between 和among

9．besides ;except ; but ;except for

10．in 和with

C. 要注意介词搭配，集中归纳，反复练习。

1. 固定与to 构成搭配的名词：key , answer , visit , apology , introduction ,note , etc.

2. 与on 有关的：mercy , congratulations

3. 与at有关的：angry , good , bad , clever , terrified , surprised ;

4. 与of 有关的：afraid , sure , full , tired , fond , proud , worthy , certain ;

5. 与with 有关的：angry , strict , careful , busy , poplar ;

6. 与to 有关的：next, good , polite , kind , cruel , rude , known , anxious , married , close , near , similar, due ;

7. 与for 有关的：sorry , good , free , fit , unfit , eager, anxious , hungry ;

8. 与from 有关的：far , different , free, safe , absent , tired .

【各个击破】

1.---What do you want _______ those old boxes ?

--- To put things in when I move to the new flat .

A. by

B. for

C. of

D. with

2.Luckily , the bullet narrowly missed the captain ________ an inch .

A. by

B. at

C. to

D. from

3.The train leaves at 6:00pm, so I have to be at the station _______ 5:30 pm.

A. until

B. after

C. by

D. around

4.The little boy was quite alone in the world ________ an aunt in the United States .

A. except for

B. except

C. besides

D. except that

5.________ his great surprise , his shop was robbed ________ computers .

A. To ; of

B. For ; of

C. From ; with

D. To ; with

6.We offered him our congratulations _________ his passing the driving test .

A. at

B. for

C. of

D. on

7. Einstein’s sp ecial theory of relativity is quite _______ me .

A. for

B. beyond

C. to

D. against

8. How much did you pay ________ the tickets ________ tonight’s New Year Concert ?

A. for; for

B. for ; to

C. for ; of

D. to ; for

9. He has been caught ________ the rain and is wet ________ skin .

A. by ; to

B. in ; to

C. in ; through

D. with ; in

10. ---How long have you been like this ?

---_______ last Friday .

A. From

B. Since

C. In

D. After

11. Besides being able to walk on for three days without drinking , camels can also live for a long time ________ small quantities of food .

A. with

B. on

C. by

D. without

12. I’m sorry it’s ________ my power to make a final decision on the project .

A. over

B. above

C. off

D. beyond

13. ---Did you lose the match ?

---Yes , we lost the match _______ one goal .

A. by

B. at

C. with

D. only

14. The study you have been making ________ the living things in the ocean is an instructive job .

A. to

B. for

C. of

D. from

15. I felt it rather difficult to take a stand ________ the opinion of the majority .

A. to

B. by

C. in

D. against

16. ---Your daughter is tall enough ________ her age.

---Yes. I was much ________ when I was her age.

A. for ; taller

B. at ; taller

C. at ; shorter

D. for ; shorter

17.---When will the game begin ?

---It will begin later than usual _______ ten minutes .

A. in

B. on

C. by

D. at

18.---Is your grandma still with you ?

--- No . She still prefers to live in the countryside _________ all its disadvantages .

A. for

B. except

C. with

D. to

19.Let’s keep in touch . You can reach me ________ this number .

A. at

B. on

C. from

D. in

20.---Miss Li , Jack is ill , so he can’t come to school .

---Then we’ll begin our class _________ him .

A. except for

B. apart from

C. except

D. without

21.---It’s so noisy upstairs .Peter , better go and see what they have been up ________.

---OK .

A. to

B. in

C. with

D. for

22.---What’s your f avorite sport?

---Jogging . I run _________ the river every morning .

A. around

B. on

C. along

D. in

23._________ running , learning English needs will .

A. As with

B. As to

C. As for

D. As if

24.________ left before the deadline , it doesn’t seem likely that he will finish the job .

A. Though such a short time

B. Because such a short time

C. With such a short time

D. As such a short time

25.He reminded me _______ the time _______ the meeting .

A. at ; at B . of; of C. in ; in D. at ; in

26.The sun will rise ________ about a quarter of an hour .

A. on

B. in

C. after

D. at

27.Liu Xiang’s parents were overjoyed and burst ______ tears _______ the news of their son’s victory in the Olympic Games .

A. into ; at

B. out ; for

C. forth ; on

D. to ; after

28.Hellen used to be a shy girl , but she has grown _______ it now.

A. without

B. over

C. away

D. out of

29.This is the Audi car __________ she came here .

A. by which

B. by that

C. in which

D. with which

30. My house is ________ a stone’s throw from school , so I often go to school _______ foot .

A. within ; on

B. to ; by

C. on ; on

D. of ; with

31. We went on a picnic ________ the heavy rain .

A. although

B. in spite of

C. because of

D. for

32. ---Can I borrow some money from you ?

--- You’re already in debt _________ me for sixty dollars .

A. to

B. for

C. from

D. by

33.His best -known work that is ________ all praise can be seen in the museum .

A. without

B. beyond

C. with

D. within

34.He likes his coffee with sugar ; I like mine ________.

A. not

B. of no

C. none

D. without

35. Without a thorough grasp ________biology , a student cannot hope to study medicine .

A. in

B. for

C. of

D. with

36.We decided to climb the mountain , but _______ second thought realized that it was too dangerous .

A. after

B. on

C. in

D. at

37._________ success I don’t mean what is usually thought of when that word is used .

A. In

B. By

C. With

D. For

38.Mr. Smith apologized _________ the children ________ the lady ________ what they had done .

A. for ; to ; to

B. for ; to ; for

C. to ; to ; for

D. to ; for ; for

39.We live _______ a small river that flows ________ the Thames .

A. in ; into

B. on ; into

C. at ; onto

D. in; onto

40.________ curiosity , I went to the customer service counter and asked why .

A. Beyond

B. Besides

C. Apart from

D. Out of