新托福综合写作模板.doc

新托福综合写作模板.doc
新托福综合写作模板.doc

新综合写作模板

TOEFL iBT综合写作详解及写作模板策略

在写作考试中,第一板块是持续25分钟左右的综合写作测试(Integrated task based on what is read and heard)。综合写作(Integrated Writing)是新考试中新增加的项目,题目内容一般是学术性的,通常涉及课堂、讲座、师生对话等教学活动。在这种场合中,使用语言的目的是获取所涉及学科的信息,以利于学生更好地完成在北美大学的学业。具体地讲,考生先读一段资料,然后听一段与所读资料相关的讲座,写作时,考生需要联系所听资料与所读资料以复述的方式将其描述出来,但是要用不同的语言和方式,否则会被认为是剽窃。所以,综合写作旨在考核考生通过写作来对所读到的和听到的学术信息进行交流的能力。

l 综合写作的考试流程

1)考生用3分钟左右的时间阅读一篇230~300词的短文。文章内容是学术性的,主题比较单一,难度中等。结构布局具有条理性。阅读时应试者可以做笔记。由于速度不是很快,考生一般应有充分的时间归纳文章的主旨大意,既可为后面的听力部分做出一些预测,也可为听完后的写作积累素材。注意这一部分要带着耳机看阅读材料,因为三分钟结束时没有提示戴耳机的步骤,直接就开始放听力了。

2)3分钟后阅读文章隐去,进入听力部分。屏幕上将出现老师在讲课的照片,注意不要尝试在照片上找什么线索,考生可以在耳机中听到一段讲课录音,其内容是从不同的视角对同一学术

话题的讨论,长度为250~300个单词,时间约为1分半钟。由此可见,听力的语速是比较快的。在听录音的过程中,要凭借自己的记忆力,并通过笔记记录下听到的主要内容,以帮助答题。

3)听力篇章结束后,考生有20分钟的时间归纳、组织和回答问题。在20分钟内完成一篇短文,ETS建议考生的写作长度是150~225词;写作过程中,隐去的文章会重现,考生可以阅读、参考。此外,写作要求也会出现在屏幕上。屏幕上的时钟开始计时。考生最后要以连贯而有逻辑的方式对听力段落中的主要观点进行概括,并且解释听力段落中的这些观点是如何与阅读段落中的观点相关联的。

l 综合写作任务

1)在20分钟内完成一篇短文,ETS建议考生的写作长度是150~225词

2)阅卷者将根据考生所写文章内容的准确性和完整性以及遣词造句水平的高低给分;

3)充分理解题目的要求,找出阅读短文以及听力材料中的主要信息,包括隐含信息,以及这两个材料中信息的相关性;

4)对每一条主要信息,考生能提供一定的细节或事实来支持它;

5)文章不要求应试者表达自己的观点,只要求应试者用自己的语言全面而准确地再现阅读、听力材料中的主要信息。必要的时候,可引用原文中的内容,但只能意译,不能生搬硬抄,否则会有剽窃嫌疑。

根据《ETS新考试官方指南》(TOEFL IBT Tips),ETS对考生的建议是对所听和所读的材料都做好笔记,然后对原材料做好概括(summarize)、转述(paraphrase)和引证(cite),最后描述出所听信息和所读信息之间是如何相互关联的。针对写作任务中的问题,可以用几种不同的方式来表达。

1.如果讲座对阅读文章里面的信息提出质疑,那么写作任务通常是通过下列方式中的一个来表达:

1)Summarize the points made in the lecture,being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage.(总结讲座中的要点,解释它们怎样对阅读文章中的具体要点提出质疑。)

2)Summarize the points made in the lecture.being sure to explain how they challenge specific claims/arguments made in the reading passage.(总结讲座中的要点,解释它们怎样对阅读文章中的具体主张/论据提出驳斥。)

3)Summarize the points made in the lecture,being sure to specifically explain how they answer the problems raised in the reading passage.(总结讲座中的要点,具体解释它们怎样回答阅读文章中提出的问题。)

2.如果讲座支持或加强了阅读文章中的信息,写作的要求通常会以下面的方式来表达:

1)Summarize the points made in the lecture,being sure to specifically explain how they support the explanations in the reading

passage.(总结讲座中的要点,具体解释它们怎样支持阅读文章中的解释。

2)Summarize the points made in the lecture,being sure to specifically explain how they strengthen specific points made in the reading passage.(总结讲座中的要点,具体解释它们是怎样加强阅读文章里面的具体要点的。)

对于综合写作,很多准备参加考试的考生可能会有望而却步、无从下手的感觉。这主要是因为:

1)首先,这种题型在国内却极为少见,考生对这种题型几乎没有什么实战经验,并且与此相关的参考资料相对较少,从而使很多刚接触新的考生感到无所适从;

2)再次,由于读、听两个输入环节与写这个输出环节紧密相连,无论前面哪一个环节出现了障碍,都会影响到下面的写作环节。而听力对大多数中国考生来说又都是弱项;

3)最后,尽管这种题型的阅读部分难度不大,但阅读材料在写作时的再现,会导致一些写作能力差的考生照搬原文,而不能用自己的语言完成答题,最后导致分数过低。

很显然,综合写作大体上可分为阅读、听力和写作三个环节,所以要成功完成综合写作任务,考生必须做到以下三点:完全弄懂阅读材料和听力材料;抓住阅读材料和听力材料的主旨大意、要点和必要的细节;用正确、清晰的英语表达阅读材料和听力材料的主旨大意、要点和必要的细节。这三个环节,一环扣一环,尤其是读、听两个环节,无论哪个环节出现疏漏,都会影响

到写作环节。

下面我们将结合实例,重点讲解一下考生如何完成综合写作第一个步骤----边读边记笔记。

尽管阅读材料隐去后还会再次出现,但笔者建议,在阅读时尽量将主要的东西记下来。这是因为:

·阅读时间有3分钟,在3分钟内阅读250~300个单词的文章,速度要求并不算高,考生有一定的时间做笔记;

·边读边记确实能减少你的压力,使你不必记住每一个细节;

·边读边记可以加深理解,也有助于记住要点,为听懂听力材料做好必要的准备;

·阅读文章再现时,可将精力放在寻找必要的细节上。

这部分阅读文章这通常具有下面的基本结构:

Evidence 1---Supporting example…

Main point Evidence 2---Supporting example…

Evidence 3---Supporting example…

在阅读的过程中,由于文章显示在屏幕上,考生不能直接在文章上做记号。但是考生可以在空白草纸上记笔记、考生应该把上面的结构当作模板牢记于心,在3分钟的阅读时间里,不仅要读完文章,还要迅速地做出简要的笔记.以便作为辅助,为听

清、听懂随后的讲话录音做准备。具体来讲,考生在阅读阶段,要按以下几个步骤进行:

1)通读文章一遍,抓住大意,确定文章的结构。

2)再快速浏览一遍文章,留意关键词和论据

要点的记录可以简单一些,不必是一个完整的句子。在时间紧迫的情况下,考生可以用一些关键词来表达主要的信息。不必担心忘记阅读材料:开始写作的时候,阅读材料会重新出现在计算机屏幕上。你第一遍阅读的最重要的目的是为讲座中的思想和论点做准备。

在听到讲座以前,考生不会知道讲座的突出要点是什么。但是,毫无疑问,讲座的主要内容将围绕这些要点展开,所以认真记下这些要点对听力是相当有帮助的。

l 如何记笔记

阅读和听力都要做好笔记,也只有做好笔记,你才有信息可以比较,可以寻找关联,因为ETS不是在让你表达自己的个人观点,而是要求你对所听和所读资料进行转述和比较。所以,做好结构清楚、简而全的笔记就变得尤为关键。记笔记不能只是罗列所读到或者听到的东西,而是要记一份结构化的笔记,这样会有效地发现阅读文章和讲座各自的组织架构,以及讲座中的观点是如何与阅读文章相关联的。

1.笔记方法

综合写作要求考生把讲座中的观点与阅读文章相关联,所

以考生在记笔记时将草稿纸一分为二(横向或纵向对折一下就可以了),根据读听的先后顺序以及我们的日常习惯把左半部分定为阅读记录区,右半部分定为听力记录区。

2.笔记原则

作为非母语使用者,考生很难仅凭大脑的记忆就能够妥善地处理并分析读和听的信息。考生应该通过平时积累,建立一套适合自己使用的速记方法。听清楚每句话,但是只记重点。一份成功的笔记是这样的:发现所听材料的隐含结构,找出观点的构架及演讲者是如何在这些构架的基础上构建自己的讲座的。为避免在听力的过程中记笔记会影响对讲座内容的把握,考生应当遵循以下原则:

1)记笔记遵循“二八原则”,听占80%,记占20%,只记要点

2)笔记尽量简单,自己能看懂即可,

3)多用缩写,不要记完整的词句

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