ASP外文翻译(中文+英文7000字)
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 和SQL Server 2000
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 作为 .NET Framework 的一部分提供。当您编写 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 应用程序的代码时，可以访问 .NET Framework 中的类。您可以使用与公共语言运行库 (CLR) 兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码，这些语言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。使用这些语言，可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 应用程序。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 包括：
?页和控件框架
?https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 编译器
?安全基础结构
?状态管理功能
?应用程序配置
?运行状况监视和性能功能
?调试支持
?XML Web services 框架
?可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理
?可扩展的设计器环境
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 页和控件框架是一种编程框架，它在 Web 服务器上运行，可以动态地生成和呈现 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 网页。可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 网页，https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 会向请求浏览器呈现标记（例如 HTML）。通常，您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页，因为 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。但是，您可以针对诸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定浏览器设计https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 网页，并利用该浏览器的功能。https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 支持基于 Web 的设备（如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理 (PDA)）的移动控件。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 网页是完全面向对象的。在 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 网页中，可以使用属性、方法和事件来处理 HTML 元素。https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 页框架为响应在服务器上运行的代码中的客户端事件提供统一的模型，从而使您不必考虑基于 Web 的应用程序中固有的客户端和服务器隔离的实现细节。该框架还会在页处理生命周期中自动维护页及该页上控件的状态。
使用 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 页和控件框架还可以将常用的 UI 功能封装成易于使用且可重用的控件。控件只需编写一次，即可用于许多页并集成到 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 网页中。这些控件在呈现期间放入 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 网页中。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 页和控件框架还提供各种功能，以便可以通过主题和外观来控制网站的整体外观和感觉。可以先定义主题和外观，然后在页面级或控件级应用这些主题和外观。
除了主题外，还可以定义母版页，以使应用程序中的页具有一致的布局。一个母版页可以定义您希望应用程序中的所有页（或一组页）所具有的布局和标准行为。然后可以创建包含要显示的页特定内容的各个内容页。当用户请求内容页时，这些内容页与母版页合并，产生将母版页的布局与内容页中的内容组合在一起的输出。
所有 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 代码都经过了编译，可提供强类型、性能优化和早期绑定以及其他优点。代码一经编译，公共语言运行库会进一步将 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 编译为本机代码，从而提供增强的性能。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 包括一个编译器，该编译器将包括页和控件在内的所有应用程序组件编译成一个程序集，之后 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 宿主环境可以使用该程序集来处理用户请求。
除了 .NET 的安全功能外，https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 还提供了高级的安全基础结构，以便对用户进行身份验证和授权，并执行其他与安全相关的功能。您可以使用由 IIS 提供的 Windows 身份验证对用户进行身份验证，也可以通过您自己的用户数据库使用 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, Forms 身份验证和 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 成员资格来管理身份验证。此外，可以使用 Windows 组或您自己的自定义角色数据库（使用 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 角色）来管理
Web 应用程序的功能和信息方面的授权。您可以根据应用程序的需要方便地移除、添加或替换这些方案。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 始终使用特定的 Windows 标识运行，因此，您可以通过使用Windows 功能（例如 NTFS 访问控制列表 (ACL)、数据库权限等等）来保护应用程序的安全。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 提供了内部状态管理功能，它使您能够存储页请求期间的信息，例如客户信息或购物车的内容。您可以保存和管理应用程序特定、会话特定、页特定、用户特定和开发人员定义的信息。此信息可以独立于页上的任何控件。https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 提供了分布式状态功能，使您能够管理一台计算机或数台计算机上同一应用程序的多个实例的状态信息。
通过 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 应用程序使用的配置系统，可以定义 Web 服务器、网站或单个应用程序的配置设置。您可以在部署 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 应用程序时定义配置设置，并且可以随时添加或修订配置设置，且对运行的 Web 应用程序和服务器具有最小的影响。https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 配置设置存储在基于 XML 的文件中。由于这些 XML 文件是ASCII 文本文件，因此对 Web 应用程序进行配置更改比较简单。您可以扩展配置方案，使其符合自己的要求。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 包括可监视 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 应用程序的运行状况和性能的功能。使用https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 运行状况监视可以报告关键事件，这些关键事件提供有关应用程序的运行状况和错误情况的信息。这些事件显示诊断和监视特征的组合，并在记录哪些事件以及如何记录事件等方面提供了高度的灵活性。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 支持两组可供应用程序访问的性能计数器：
?https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 系统性能计数器组
?https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 应用程序性能计数器组
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 利用运行库调试基础结构来提供跨语言和跨计算机调试支持。可以调试托管和非托管对象，以及公共语言运行库和脚本语言支持的所有语言。
此外，https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 页框架提供使您可以将检测消息插入 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 网页的跟踪模式。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 支持 XML Web services。XML Web services 是包含业务功能的组件，利用该业务功能，应用程序可以使用 HTTP 和 XML 消息等标准跨越防火墙交换信息。XML Web services 不用依靠特定的组件技术或对象调用约定。因此，用任何语言编写、使用任何组件模型并在任何操作系统上运行的程序，都可以访问 XML Web services。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 包括一个可扩展的宿主环境，该环境控制应用程序的生命周期，即从用户首次访问此应用程序中的资源（例如页）到应用程序关闭这一期间。虽然https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 依赖作为应用程序宿主的 Web 服务器 (IIS)，但 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 自身也提供了许多宿主功能。通过 https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 的基础结构，您可以响应应用程序事件并创建自定义 HTTP 处理程序和 HTTP 模块。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, 中提供了对创建 Web 服务器控件设计器（用于可视化设计工具，例如 Visual Studio）的增强支持。使用设计器可以为控件生成设计时用户界面，这样开发人员可以在可视化设计工具中配置控件的属性和内容。
C# 是一种简洁、类型安全的面向对象的语言，开发人员可以使用它来构建在 .NET Framework 上运行的各种安全、可靠的应用程序。使用 C#，您可以创建传统的 Windows 客户端应用程序、XML Web services、分布式组件、客户端 - 服务器应用程序、数据库应用程序以及很多其他类型的程序。Microsoft Visual C# 2005 提供高级代码编辑器、方便的用户界面设计器、集成调试器和许多其他工具，以在 C# 语言版本 2.0 和 .NET Framework 的基础上加快应用程序的开发。
C# 语法表现力强，只有不到 90 个关键字，而且简单易学。C# 的大括号语法使任何熟悉 C、C++ 或 Java 的人都可以立即上手。了解上述任何一种语言的开发人员通常在很短的时间内就可以开始使用 C# 高效地工作。C# 语法简化了C++ 的诸多复杂性，同时提供了很多强大的功能，例如可为空的值类型、枚举、委托、匿名方法和直接内存访问，这些都是 Java 所不具备的。C# 还支持泛型方法和类型，从而提供了更出色的类型安全和性能。C# 还提供了迭代器，允许集合类的实现者定义自定义的迭代行为，简化了客户端代码对它的使用。
作为一种面向对象的语言，C# 支持封装、继承和多态性概念。所有的变量和方法，包括 Main 方法（应用程序的入口点），都封装在类定义中。类可能直
接从一个父类继承，但它可以实现任意数量的接口。重写父类中的虚方法的各种方法要求 override 关键字作为一种避免意外重定义的方式。在 C# 中，结构类似于一个轻量类；它是一种堆栈分配的类型，可以实现接口，但不支持继承。除了这些基本的面向对象的原理，C# 还通过几种创新的语言结构加快了软件组件的开发，其中包括：
?封装的方法签名（称为委托），它实现了类型安全的事件通知。
?属性 (Property)，充当私有成员变量的访问器。
?属性 (Attribute)，提供关于运行时类型的声明性元数据。
?内联 XML 文档注释。
在 C# 中，如果需要与其他 Windows 软件（如 COM 对象或本机 Win32 DLL）交互，可以通过一个称为“Interop”的过程来实现。互操作使 C# 程序能够完成本机 C++ 应用程序可以完成的几乎任何任务。在直接内存访问必不可少的情况下，C# 甚至支持指针和“不安全”代码的概念。
C# 的生成过程比 C 和 C++ 简单，比 Java 更为灵活。没有单独的头文件，也不要求按照特定顺序声明方法和类型。C# 源文件可以定义任意数量的类、结构、接口和事件。
C# 程序在 .NET Framework 上运行，它是 Windows 的一个必要组件，包括一个称为公共语言运行时 (CLR) 的虚拟执行系统和一组统一的类库。CLR 是Microsoft 的公共语言基础结构 (CLI) 的一个商业实现。CLI 是一种国际标准，是用于创建语言和库在其中无缝协同工作的执行和开发环境的基础。
用 C# 编写的源代码被编译为一种符合 CLI 规范的中间语言 (IL)。IL 代码与资源（如位图和字符串）一起作为一种称为程序集的可执行文件存储在磁盘上，通常具有的扩展名为 .exe 或 .dll。程序集包含清单，它提供关于程序集的类型、版本、区域性和安全要求等信息。
执行 C# 程序时，程序集将加载到 CLR 中，这可能会根据清单中的信息执行不同的操作。然后，如果符合安全要求，CLR 执行实时 (JIT) 编译以将 IL 代码转换为本机机器指令。CLR 还提供与自动垃圾回收、异常处理和资源管理有关
的其他服务。由 CLR 执行的代码有时称为“托管代码”，它与编译为面向特定系统的本机机器语言的“非托管代码”相对应。下图演示了 C# 源代码文件、基类库、程序集和 CLR 的编译时与运行时的关系。
语言互操作性是 .NET Framework 的一个关键功能。因为由 C# 编译器生成的
IL 代码符合公共类型规范 (CTS)，因此从 C# 生成的 IL 代码可以与从 Visual Basic、Visual C++、Visual J# 的 .NET 版本或者其他 20 多种符合 CTS 的语言中的任何一种生成的代码进行交互。单一程序集可能包含用不同 .NET 语言编写的多个模块，并且类型可以相互引用，就像它们是用同一种语言编写的。
除了运行时服务，.NET Framework 还包含一个由 4000 多个类组成的内容详尽的库，这些类被组织为命名空间，为从文件输入和输出到字符串操作、到 XML 分析、到 Windows 窗体控件的所有内容提供多种有用的功能。典型的 C# 应用程序使用 .NET Framework 类库广泛地处理常见的“日常”任务。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html,
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of coding. https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, is part of the .NET Framework, and when coding https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, applications you have access to classes in the .NET Framework. You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime (CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic, C#, JScript .NET, and J#. These languages enable you to develop https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, applications that benefit from the common language runtime, type safety, inheritance, and so on.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, includes:
? A page and controls framework
?The https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, compiler
?Security infrastructure
?State-management facilities
?Application configuration
?Health monitoring and performance features
?Debugging support
?An XML Web services framework
?Extensible hosting environment and application life cycle management
?An extensible designer environment
The https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, page and controls framework is a programming framework that runs on a Web server to dynamically produce and render https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, Web pages. https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, Web pages can be requested from any browser or client device, and https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, renders markup (such as HTML) to the requesting browser. As a rule, you can use the same page for multiple browsers, because https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, renders the appropriate markup for the browser making the request. However, you can design your https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, Web page to target a specific browser, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer 6, and take advantage of the features of that browser. https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, supports
mobile controls for Web-enabled devices such as cellular phones, handheld computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, Web pages are completely object-oriented. Within https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, Web pages you can work with HTML elements using properties, methods, and events. The https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, page framework removes the implementation details of the separation of client and server inherent in Web-based applications by presenting a unified model for responding to client events in code that runs at the server. The framework also automatically maintains the state of a page and the controls on that page during the page processing life cycle.
The https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, page and controls framework also enables you to encapsulate common UI functionality in easy-to-use, reusable controls. Controls are written once, can be used in many pages, and are integrated into the https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, Web page that they are placed in during rendering.
The https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, page and controls framework also provides features to control the overall look and feel of your Web site via themes and skins. You can define themes and skins and then apply them at a page level or at a control level.
In addition to themes, you can define master pages that you use to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. A single master page defines the layout and standard behavior that you want for all the pages (or a group of pages) in your application. You can then create individual content pages that contain the
page-specific content you want to display. When users request the content pages, they merge with the master page to produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page.
All https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, code is compiled, which enables strong typing, performance optimizations, and early binding, among other benefits. Once the code has been compiled, the common language runtime further compiles https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, code to native code, providing improved performance.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, includes a compiler that will compile all your application components including pages and controls into an assembly that the https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, hosting environment can then use to service user requests.
In addition to the security features of .NET, https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, provides an advanced security infrastructure for authenticating and authorizing user access as well as performing other security-related tasks. You can authenticate users using Windows authentication supplied by IIS, or you can manage authentication using your own user database using https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, forms authentication and https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, membership. Additionally, you can manage the authorization to the capabilities and information of your Web application using Windows groups or your own custom role database using https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, roles. You can easily remove, add to, or replace these schemes depending upon the needs of your application.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, always runs with a particular Windows identity so you can secure your application using Windows capabilities such as NTFS Access Control Lists (ACLs), database permissions, and so on. For more information on the identity of https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html,,
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, provides intrinsic state management functionality that enables you to store information between page requests, such as customer information or the contents of a shopping cart. You can save and manage application-specific, session-specific, page-specific, user-specific, and developer-defined information. This information can be independent of any controls on the page.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, offers distributed state facilities, which enable you to manage state information across multiple instances of the same application on one computer or on several computers.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, applications use a configuration system that enables you to define configuration settings for your Web server, for a Web site, or for individual applications. You can make configuration settings at the time your https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, applications are deployed and can add or revise configuration settings at any time
with minimal impact on operational Web applications and servers. https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, configuration settings are stored in XML-based files. Because these XML files are ASCII text files, it is simple to make configuration changes to your Web applications. You can extend the configuration scheme to suit your requirements.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, includes features that enable you to monitor health and performance of your https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, application. https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, health monitoring enables reporting of key events that provide information about the health of an application and about error conditions. These events show a combination of diagnostics and monitoring characteristics and offer a high degree of flexibility in terms of what is logged and how it is logged.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, supports two groups of performance counters accessible to your applications:
?The https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, system performance counter group
?The https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, application performance counter group
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, takes advantage of the run-time debugging infrastructure to provide cross-language and cross-computer debugging support. You can debug both managed and unmanaged objects, as well as all languages supported by the common language runtime and script languages.
In addition, the https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, page framework provides a trace mode that enables you to insert instrumentation messages into your https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, Web pages.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, supports XML Web services. An XML Web service is a component containing business functionality that enables applications to exchange information across firewalls using standards like HTTP and XML messaging. XML Web services are not tied to a particular component technology or object-calling convention. As a result, programs written in any language, using any component model, and running on any operating system can access XML Web services.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, includes an extensible hosting environment that controls the life cycle of an application from when a user first accesses a resource (such as a page) in the application to the point at which the application is shut down. While https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, relies on a Web server (IIS) as an application host, https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, provides much of the hosting functionality itself. The architecture of https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, enables you to respond to application events and create custom HTTP handlers and HTTP modules.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, includes enhanced support for creating designers for Web server controls for use with a visual design tool such as Visual Studio. Designers enable you to build a design-time user interface for a control, so that developers can configure your control's properties and content in the visual design tool.
Introduction to the C# Language and the .NET Framework C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a wide range of secure and robust applications that run on the .NET Framework. You can use C# to create traditional Windows client applications, XML Web services, distributed components, client-server applications, database applications, and much, much more. Microsoft Visual C# 2005 provides an advanced code editor, convenient user interface designers, integrated debugger, and many other tools to facilitate rapid application development based on version 2.0 of the C# language and the .NET Framework.
Note
C# syntax is highly expressive, yet with less than 90 keywords, it is also simple and easy to learn. The curly-brace syntax of C# will be instantly recognizable to anyone familiar with C, C++ or Java. Developers who know any of these languages are typically able to begin working productively in C# within a very short time. C# syntax simplifies many of the complexities of C++ while providing powerful features such as nullable value types, enumerations, delegates, anonymous methods and direct memory access, which are not found in Java. C# also supports generic methods and types, which provide increased type safety and performance, and iterators, which enable implementers of collection classes to define custom iteration behaviors that are simple to use by client code.
As an object-oriented language, C# supports the concepts of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. All variables and methods, including the Main method, the application's entry point, are encapsulated within class definitions. A class may inherit directly from one parent class, but it may implement any number of interfaces. Methods that override virtual methods in a parent class require the override keyword as a way to avoid accidental redefinition. In C#, a struct is like a lightweight class; it
is a stack-allocated type that can implement interfaces but does not support inheritance.
In addition to these basic object-oriented principles, C# facilitates the development of software components through several innovative language constructs, including:
?Encapsulated method signatures called delegates, which enable type-safe event notifications.
?Properties, which serve as accessors for private member variables.
?Attributes, which provide declarative metadata about types at run time.
?Inline XML documentation comments.
If you need to interact with other Windows software such as COM objects or native Win32 DLLs, you can do this in C# through a process called "Interop." Interop
enables C# programs to do just about anything that a native C++ application can do. C# even supports pointers and the concept of "unsafe" code for those cases in which direct memory access is absolutely critical.
The C# build process is simple compared to C and C++ and more flexible than in Java. There are no separate header files, and no requirement that methods and types be declared in a particular order. A C# source file may define any number of classes, structs, interfaces, and events.
C# programs run on the .NET Framework, an integral component of Windows that includes a virtual execution system called the common language runtime (CLR) and a unified set of class libraries. The CLR is Microsoft's commercial implementation of the common language infrastructure (CLI), an international standard that is the basis for creating execution and development environments in which languages and libraries work together seamlessly.
Source code written in C# is compiled into an intermediate language (IL) that conforms to the CLI specification. The IL code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is stored on disk in an executable file called an assembly, typically with an extension of .exe or .dll. An assembly contains a manifest that provides information on the assembly's types, version, culture, and security requirements.
When the C# program is executed, the assembly is loaded into the CLR, which might take various actions based on the information in the manifest. Then, if the security requirements are met, the CLR performs just in time (JIT) compilation to convert the IL code into native machine instructions. The CLR also provides other services related to automatic garbage collection, exception handling, and resource management. Code that is executed by the CLR is sometimes referred to as "managed code," in contrast to "unmanaged code" which is compiled into native machine language that targets a specific system. The following diagram illustrates the compile-time and run time relationships of C# source code files, the base class libraries, assemblies, and the CLR.
Language interoperability is a key feature of the .NET Framework. Because the IL code produced by the C# compiler conforms to the Common Type Specification (CTS), IL code generated from C# can interact with code that was generated from the .NET versions of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J#, or any of more than 20 other CTS-compliant languages. A single assembly may contain multiple modules written in different .NET languages, and the types can reference each other just as if they were written in the same language.
In addition to the run time services, the .NET Framework also includes an extensive library of over 4000 classes organized into namespaces that provide a wide variety of useful functionality for everything from file input and output to string manipulation to XML parsing, to Windows Forms controls. The typical C# application uses the .NET Framework class library extensively to handle common "plumbing" chores.
出处：本外文资料出自由Russ Basiura, Mike Batongbacal, 康博. 编写的Professional https://www.360docs.net/doc/8415581435.html, Web Services.
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
外文翻译 - 英文
The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication
机械设计设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
机械设计 摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要
计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
外文翻译computerprogram英文.doc
Computer Program 1 Introduction Computer Program, set of instructions that directs a computer to perform someprocessing function or combination of functions. For the instructions to be carried out, a computer must execute a program, that is, the computer reads the program, and then follow the steps encoded in the program in a precise order until completion. A program can be executed many different times, with each execution yielding a potentially different result depending upon the options and data that the user gives the computer. Programs fall into two major classes: application programs and operating systems. An application program is one that carries out somefunction directly for a user, such as word processing or game-playing. An operating system is a program that manages the computer and the various resources and devices connected to it, such as RAM,hard drives, monitors, keyboards, printers, and modems,so that they maybe used by other programs. Examples of operating systems are DOS, Windows 95, OS\2, and UNIX. 2 Program Development Software designers create new programs by using special applications programs, often called utility programs or development programs. A programmer uses another type of program called a text editor to write the new program in a special notation called a programming language. With the text editor, the programmer creates a text file, which is an ordered list of instructions, also called the program source file. The individual instructions that make up the program source file are called source code. At this point, a special applications program translates the source code into machine language, or object code— a format that the operating system
外文翻译中文
运作整合 供应链协作的首要问题是提高运作整合的程度。供应链协作课达到的好处，直接关系到捕捉效率之间的职能的企业，以及全国的企业，构成了国内或国际供应链。本章重点阐述的挑战，一体化管理，由研究为什么一体化创造价值，并通过详列的挑战，双方的企业集成和供应链整合。必不可少的供应链流程是确定的。注意的是，然后向信息技术提供，以方便集成化供应链规划。本章最后审查了定价。在最后的分析，定价的做法和政府是至关重要的供应链的连续性。 为什么整合创造价值 基本的优点与挑战的综合管理介绍了在第1章。进一步解释整合管理的重要性，有用的指出客户都至少有三个角度的价值。 传统的角度来看，价值是经济价值。第二个价值的角度来看，是市场价值。 实现双方经济和市场价值是很重要的客户。然而，越来越多的企业认识到商业上的成功也取决于第三个角度来看，价值，被称为关联性。 物流一体化目标 为实现物流一体化的供应链背景下，6个业务目标必须同时取得：（ 1 ）响应，（ 2 ）差额减少，（ 3 ）库存减少，（ 4 ）托运巩固，（ 5 ）质量，（ 6 ）生命周期支持。的相对重要性，每个直接关系到公司的物流战略。 响应 一公司的工作能力，以满足客户的要求，及时被称为反应。作为一再指出，信息技术是促进反应为基础的战略，允许业务的承诺被推迟到最后可能时间，其次是加速投放。实施对应策略服务，以减少库存承诺或部署在预期客户的需求。响应服务转向业务重点从预测未来的需求，以容纳顾客对快速订单到出货的基础上。理想的情况是，在一个负责任的系统中，库存是没有部署，直到客户承诺。支持这样的承诺，公司必须有物流的属性，库存的可用性和及时交付，一旦客户订单收到。 差异减少 所有经营领域的物流系统很容易受到差额。方差结果从未能履行任何预期的层面后勤业务不如预期。举例来说，毫不拖延地在客户订单处理，意想不到的干扰，以便选择，抵港货物损坏，在客户的位置，和/或未能提供在适当的位置上的时间，所有创造无计划的差异，在订单到交货周期。一个共同的解决办法，以保障对不利的差异是使用库存安全库存，以缓冲行动。这亦是共同使用的首选运输，以克服意想不到的差异延误交货计划。这种做法，鉴于其相关的成本高，可以尽量减少使用资讯科技，以维持积极的物流控制。向程度的差异是最小化，物流的生产力将提高。因此，差异减少，消除系统中断，是一个基本的目标，综合物流管理。 库存减少 要达到的目标，库存减少，一个综合物流系统必须控制资产的承诺，并把速度。资产的承诺，是财政的价值部署清单。把速度，反映了利率，这是充实库存随着时间的推移。高转率，再加上预期的库存供货，平均资产用于库存正在迅速而有效利用，这就是整体资产承诺支持一个综合运作减至最低。 库存能够而且确实方便可取的好处这是很重要的要请记住。库存是至关重要的实现规模经济，在制造业和采购。目的是要减少和管理存货，以尽可能最低的水平，同时实现整体供应链绩效的目标。
机械设计外文翻译(中英文)
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
博物馆 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
第一篇： 航空博物馆与航空展示公园 巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基 飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素，并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。在此基本形态上进一步发展，如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机，生成了一座巨大的建筑。其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成，却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。这个机翼宽大通透，向各个方向开敞。它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面，使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性，并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。 新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区，并与历史体验建立联系。从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重，旧的道路得到了完善，朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台，为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器，如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。 The first passage: Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition park Bartiomiej Kislelewski The idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form and arrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset
机械设计外文翻译(中英文)
盛年不重来，一日难再晨。及时宜自勉，岁月不待人。 机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
外文翻译中文版(完整版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄
最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721
机器人外文翻译(文献翻译-中英文翻译)
外文翻译 外文资料： Robots First, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need. Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for