Academic Word List
Academic Word List
Academic Word List学术词表介绍：Academic Word List（简称AWL，即英语学术词汇表）包含了学术英语中使用频率最高的570个词目，也是在各种学术类英语考试（四六级、考研、雅思等）中极为常见的词汇，需要重点掌握。
掌握这些学术词汇不仅有助于理解阅读文章，而且对于解题技巧的运用也非常重要。
?Sublist 1sector ? available ? financial ? process ? individual ? specific ? principle ? estimate ? variables ? method ? data ? research ? contract ? environment ? export ? source ? assessment ? policy ? identified ? create ? derived ? factors ? procedure ? definition ? assume ? theory ? benefit ? evidence ? established ? authority ? major ? issues ? labour / labor ? occur ? economic ? involved ? percent ? interpretation ? consistent ? income ? structure ? legal ? concept ? formula ? section ? required ? constitutional ? analysis ? distribution ? function ? area ? approach ? role ? legislation ? indicate ? response ? period ? context ? significant ? similar ??Sublist 2community ? resident ? range ? construction ? strategies ? elements ? previous ? conclusion ? security ? aspects ? acquisition ? features ? text ? commission ? regulations ? computer ? items ? consumer ? achieve ? final ? positive ? uation ? assistance ? normal ? relevant ? distinction ? region ? traditional ? impact ? consequences ? chapter ? equation ? appropriate ? resources ? participation ? survey ? potential ? cultural ? transfer ? select ? credit ? affect ? categories ? perceived ? sought ? focus ? purchase ? injury ? site ? journal ? primary ? complex ? institute ? investment ? administration ? maintenance ? design ? obtained ? restricted ? conduct ??Sublist 3comments ? convention ? published ? framework ? implies ? negative ? dominant ? illustrated ? outcomes ? constant ? shift ? deduction ? ensure ? specified ? justification ? funds ? reliance ? physical ? partnership ? location ? link ? coordination ? alternative ? initial ? validity ? task ? techniques ? excluded ? consent ? proportion ? demonstrate ? reaction ? criteria ? minorities ? technology ? philosophy ? removed ? sex ? compensation ? sequence ? corresponding ? maximum ? circumstances ? instance ? considerable ? sufficient ? corporate ? interaction ? contribution ? immigration ? component ? constraints ? technical ? emphasis ? scheme ? layer ? volume ? document ? registered ? core ??Sublist 4overall ? emerged ? regime ? implementation ? project ? hence ? occupational ? internal ? goals ? retained ? sum ? integration ? mechanism ? parallel ? imposed ? despite ? job ? parameters ? approximate ? label ? concentration ? principal ? series ? predicted ? summary ? attitudes ? undertaken ? cycle ? communication ? ethnic ? hypothesis ? professional ? status ? conference ? attributed ? annual ? obvious ?error ? implications ? apparent ? commitment ? subsequent ? debate ? dimensions ? promote ? statistics ? option ? domestic ? output ? access ? code ? investigation ? phase ? prior ? granted ? stress ? civil ? contrast ? resolution ? adequate ??Sublist 5alter ? stability ? energy ? aware ? licence / license? enforcement ? draft ? styles ? precise ? medical ? pursue ? symbolic ? marginal ? capacity ? generation ? exposure ? decline ? academic ? modified ? external ? psychology ? fundamental ? adjustment ? ratio ? whereas ? enable ? version ? perspective ? contact ? network ? facilitate ? welfare ? transition ? amendment ? logic ? rejected ? expansion ? clause ? prime ? target ? objective ? sustainable ? equivalent ? liberal ? notion ? substitution ? generated ? trend ? revenue ? compounds ? evolution ? conflict ? image ? discretion ? entities ? orientation ? consultation ? mental ? monitoring ? challenge ??Sublist 6intelligence ? transformation ? presumption ? acknowledged ? utility ? furthermore ? accurate ? diversity ? attached ? recovery ? assigned ? tapes ? motivation ? bond ? edition ? nevertheless ? transport ? cited ? fees ? scope ? enhanced ? incorporated ? instructions ? subsidiary ? input ? abstract ? ministry ? capable ? expert ? preceding ? display ? incentive ? inhibition ? trace ? ignored ? incidence ? estate ? cooperative ? revealed ? index ? lecture ? discrimination ? overseas ? explicit ? aggregate ? gender ? underlying ? brief ? domain ? rational ? minimum ? interval ? neutral ? migration ? flexibility ? federal ? author ? initiatives ? allocation ? exceed ??Sublist 7intervention ? confirmed ? definite ? classical ? chemical ? voluntary ? release ? visible ? finite ? publication ? channel ? file ? thesis ? equipment ? disposal ? solely ? deny ? identical ? submitted ? grade ? phenomenon ? paradigm ? ultimately ? extract ? survive ? converted ? transmission ? global ? inferred ? guarantee ? advocate ? dynamic ? simulation ? topic ? insert ? reverse ? decades ? comprise ? hierarchical ? unique ? comprehensive ? couple ? mode ? differentiation ? eliminate ? priority ? empirical ? ideology ? somewhat ? aid ? foundation ? adults ? adaptation ? quotation ? contrary ? media ? successive ? innovation ? prohibited ? isolated ??Sublist 8highlighted ? eventually ? inspection ? termination ? displacement ? arbitrary ? reinforced ? denote ? offset ? exploitation ? detected ? abandon ? random ? revision ? virtually ? uniform ? predominantly ? thereby ? implicit ? tension ? ambiguous ? vehicle ? clarity ? conformity ? contemporary ? automatically ? accumulation ? appendix ? widespread ? infrastructure ? deviation ? fluctuations ? restore ? guidelines ? commodity ? minimises ? practitioners ? radical ? plus ? visual ? chart ? appreciation ? prospect ? dramatic ? contradiction ? currency ? inevitably ? complement ? accompany ? paragraph ? induced ? schedule ? intensity ? crucial ? via ?exhibit ? bias ? manipulation ? theme ? nuclear ??Sublist 9bulk ? behalf ? unified ? commenced ? erosion ? anticipated ? minimal ? ceases ? vision ? mutual ? norms ? intermediate ? manual ? supplementary ? incompatible ? concurrent ? ethical ? preliminary ? integral ? conversely ? relaxed ? confined ? accommodation ? temporary ? distorted ? passive ? subordinate ? analogous ? military ? scenario ? revolution ? diminished ? coherence ? suspended ? mature ? assurance ? rigid ? controversy ? sphere ? mediation ? format ? trigger ? qualitative ? portion ? medium ? coincide ? violation ? device ? insights ? refine ? devoted ? team ? overlap ? attained ? restraints ? inherent ? route ? protocol ? founded ? duration ??Sublist 10whereby ? inclination ? encountered ? convinced ? assembly ? albeit ? enormous ? reluctant ? posed ? persistent ? undergo ? notwithstanding ? straightforward ? panel ? odd ? intrinsic ? compiled ? adjacent ? integrity ? forthcoming ? conceived ? ongoing ? so-called ? likewise ? nonetheless ? levy ? invoked ? colleagues ? depression ? collapse ?。
AWL词表(学术词表--Academic Word List)
investment•administration•maintenance•design•obtained•restricted•conduct•
Sublist3
comments•convention•published•framework•implies•negative•dominant•illustrated•outcomes•constant•shift•deduction•ensure•specified•justification•funds•reliance•
•diversity•attached•recovery•assigned•tapes•motivation•bond•edition•nevertheless•transport•cited•fees•scope•enhanced•incorporated•instructions•subsidiary•input•
required•constitutional•analysis•distribution•function•area•approach•role•legislation•indicate•response•period•context•significant•similar•
Sublist2
community•resident•range•construction•strategies•elements•previous•conclusion•security•aspects•acquisition•features•text•commission•regulations•computer•items•consumer•achieve•final•positive•evaluation•assistance•normal•relevant•distinction•
(完整word版)ACADEMIC-WORD-LIST
Sublist 1•analyze [ˈænəlaiz] vt.〈美〉分析, 分解, 解释•constitute [ˈkɔnstitju:t] vt.构成, 组成建立, 制定选定, 任命•establish [isˈtæbliʃ] vt.建立, 成立安置确定, 证实•indicate [ˈindikeit] vt.标示, 指示, 指出象征; 表明或暗示…的可能性•occur [əˈkə:] vi.发生; 举行; 存在被发现; 想到[起]•role [rəul] n.作用, 职责角色•approac.[əˈprəutʃ.n.靠近.接近.临近通路.入口.途径方式.方.vt.接洽.交涉.着手处.vt..vi.接近.走近.靠近•context [ˈkɔntekst] n.背景, 环境上下文, 语境•estimat.[ˈestimeit.n.估计.估价报价判.vt..vi.估计.评价.评估•individual [ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl] adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的独特的n.个人人•percent [pəˈsent] n.百分比,百分数•section [ˈsekʃən] n.章节部分部门, 科截面, 剖面地区, 区•area [ˈɛəriə] n.面积区域, 地区领域, 方面•contrac.[kənˈtrækt.n.契约.合.vt.缔结.订契.vt..vi.染上(恶习.疾病等)缩小.紧缩•evident [ˈevidənt] adj.明显的, 明白的•interpre.[inˈtə:prit.vt.解释.说.vt..vi.口译.翻译•period [ˈpiəriəd] n.(一段)时间时期, 时代学时, 课时句号, 句点•sector [ˈsektə] n.部门; 领域防御地区, 防卫区域扇形, 扇形面•assess [əˈses] vt.估价, 估计评定, 核定•create [kriˈeit] vt.创造, 创作, 创建引起, 产生•expor.[eksˈpɔ:t.n.输出.出口输出[出口].vt..vi.出口.输出•involve [inˈvɔlv] vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果; 需要使参与, 牵涉•policy [ˈpɔləsi] n.政策, 方针策略, 精明的行为, 上策保险单•significant [siɡˈnifikənt] adj.重要的, 重大的, 可观的有意义的, 有用意的意味深长的•assume [əˈsju:m] vt.假设, 臆断, 猜想假装承担, 担任, 就职呈现, 采取•data [ˈdeitə] n.资料, 材料•factor [ˈfæktə] n.因素, 要素〈数〉因子, 因数•issue [ˈisju:] n.问题, 议题; 争论点发行物放出, 流出; 发出, 发行〈正〉结果, 结局vi.冒出, 流出; 传出vt.出版, 发行发表, 发布分配, 发给•principle [ˈprinsəpl] n.原则, 原理准则, 规范操守, 道义工作原理•similar [ˈsimilə] adj.类似的; 同类的; 相似的; 同样的•authority [ɔ:ˈθɔriti] n.权力, 职权官方, 当局权威, 专家•define [diˈfain] vt.精确地解释; 界定规定, 确定•finance [faiˈnæns] n.财政, 金融财源, 资金, 财务情况vt.为…供给资金, 从事金融活动•labour [ˈleibə] n.劳动, 努力; 工作劳工, 工人分娩, (分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动; 努力艰难行进•proceed [prəˈsi:d] vi.前进; 行进进行; 继续下去•source [sɔ:s] n.河流的源头, 发源地来源, 出处原因提供资料者, 资料来源•available [əˈveiləbl] adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的, 可与之交谈的•deriv.[diˈraiv.vt..vi.得到源于•formula [ˈfɔ:mjulə] n.准则, 原则公式, 方程式配方•legal [ˈli:ɡəl] adj.法律上的; 合法的; 法定的•process [ˈprəuses] n.过程, 进程工序, 制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工; 处理•specific [spiˈsifik] adj.明确的, 确切的, 详尽的具体的, 特有的, 特定的仅限于…的; 只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面, 细节•benefi.[ˈbenifit.n.益处.好处救济金.保险.vt..vi.有益于.得益•distribute [disˈtribju:t] vt.分配, 分给散发; 散播; 分布•function [ˈfʌŋkʃən] n.功能; 作用; 职责函数; 与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作, 运行, 起作用•legislat.[ˈledʒisleit.vt..vi.立法.制定法律•require [riˈkwaiə] vt.有赖于…; 需要命令, 指示要求, 规定想要•structure [ˈstrʌktʃə] n.结构, 构造有结构的事物; 复杂的整体; 建筑物vt.组织; 安排;构造; 制定•concept [ˈkɔnsept] n.概念; 观念; 想法•economy [iˈkɔnəmi] n.节约, 节省经济体制, 经济状况•identif.[aiˈdentifai.vt.认出.识别支持.同.vt..vi.等同于.有关联•major [ˈmeidʒə] adj.较大的; 主要的; 严重的n.少校专业; 主修科目vi.〈美〉主修, 专攻•research [riˈsə:tʃ] n.研究; 探讨vi.做研究, 探究, 研究, 探讨vt.从事…的研究, 为…而做研究•theory [ˈθiəri] n.学说理论, 原理意见, 看法•consist [kənˈsist] vi.组成, 构成在于, 存在于•environment [inˈvaiərənmənt] n.环境, 周围状况, 自然环境•income [ˈinkəm] n.收入, 所得, 收益•method [ˈmeθəd] n.方法, 办法秩序, 条理•respon.[riˈspɔnd.vi.有反应.有效果.有影.vt..vi.回答.回报.响应var.[ˈvɛəri.vi.呈现不.vt..vi.(使)变化.改变Sublist 2•achieve [əˈtʃi:v] vt.取得, 获得实现, 达到, 完成•community [kəˈmju:niti] n.社区, 社会, 团体大众, 公众共有, 共享•desig.[diˈzain.n.图样.设计图设计.布局目的.打.vt.计划.筹.vt..vi.设计.绘制•institute [ˈinstitju:t] n.协会, 学会; 学院, 研究院vt.建立, 制定; 开始, 着手•potential [pəˈtenʃəl] adj.潜在的, 有可能的n.潜力, 潜势, 可能性•restrict [risˈtrikt] vt.限制; 约束•acquire [əˈkwaiə] vt.获得, 得到, 养成•complex [ˈkɔmpleks] adj.由许多部分组成的, 复合的复杂的, 难懂的n.综合体, 集合体〈心〉情结, 夸大的情绪反应•distinct [disˈtiŋkt] adj.截然不同的, 完全分开的清晰的, 明白的, 明显的•inves.[inˈvest.vt.授.vt..vi.投资.花费•previous [ˈpri:viəs] adj.先前的, 以前的过早的, 过急的•secure [siˈkjuə] adj.牢固的; 可靠的有把握的; 确切的vt.握紧; 关牢使安全(使)获得;把…弄到手•administer [ədˈministə] vt.管理, 支配给予执行, 实施•compute [kəmˈpju:t] vt.计算, 估算•element [ˈelimənt] n.(化学)元素成分, 要素, 原件一伙人基础, 纲要, 原理•item [ˈaitəm] n.一项, 一件, 一条; 项目•primary [ˈpraiməri] adj.首要的; 主要的; 基本的最初的; 初级的•see.[si:k.vi.企图.试.vt.请求.征求.求.vt..vi.寻找.探寻•affect [əˈfekt] vt.影响感动假装•conclud.[kənˈklu:d.vt.得出结论.断定决.vt..vi.结束•equate [iˈkweit] vt.认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿•journal [ˈdʒə:nl] n.杂志, 期刊日志, 日记•purchase [ˈpə:tʃəs] n.购买, 购置买到的东西vt.购买•select [siˈlekt] adj.精选的, 挑选出来的限制性的, 选择严格的vt.选择; 挑选•appropriate [əˈprəupriit] adj.适当的, 恰当的vt.挪用; 占用; 盗用拨出(款项)•conduc.[kənˈdʌkt.n.举止.行为管理(方式).实施(方式.vt..vi.引导.带领.担任指挥控制.管理传导•evaluate [iˈvæljueit] vt.评价, 估计, 估价•maintain [meinˈtein] vt.保持; 继续保养, 维护坚持; 主张供给; 赡养•range [reindʒ] n.一系列变化幅度, 范围射程, 距离(山)脉vi.变化vt.排列•site [sait] n.位置, 场所, 地点vt.使坐落在; 设置•aspect [ˈæspekt] n.方面方位, 朝向面貌, 模样, 神态•consequent [ˈkɔnsikwənt] adj.作为结果的, 随之发生的•feature [ˈfi:tʃə] n.特征, 特色面貌, 相貌特写, 专题节目(电影的)正片, 故事片•normal [ˈnɔ:məl] adj.正常的, 平常的正规的; 标准的•region [ˈri:dʒən] n.地区; 地带; 区域; 范围•strategy [ˈstrætidʒi] n.战略学, 兵法战略, 策略策略, 计谋•assis.[əˈsist.vt..vi.帮助.促进•construct [kənˈstrʌkt] vt.修建, 建立构成, 组成•final [ˈfainəl] adj.最后的, 最终的决定性的, 确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试•obtain [əbˈtein] vi.通行; 流行vt.获得, 得到; 买到•regulate [ˈreɡjuleit] vt.控制, 管理调整; 调节•survey [səˈvei] n.调查vt.眺望; 纵览测量; 勘察检查, 鉴定通盘考虑, 回顾•category [ˈkætiɡəri] n.种类, 类别•consume [kənˈsju:m] vt.消耗, 消费, 耗尽大吃, 大喝烧毁, 毁灭•focu.[ˈfəukəs.n.焦点.焦距.中.vt..vi.(使)集中.(使)聚集调整(镜头.眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清•participat.[pɑ:ˈtisipeit.vt..vi.参加.参与•relevant [ˈreləvənt] adj.有关的, 切题的•text [tekst] n.正文, 本文原文, 全文教科书, 课本•chapter [ˈtʃæptə] n.章, 回, 篇•credit [ˈkredit] n.赊购; 赊购制度存款; 存款数额借款; 贷款赞扬, 荣誉, 功劳信任, 相信学分vt.相信, 信任把…记入贷方, 存入(账户)•impac.[ˈimpækt.n.影响.作用冲击(力).碰.vt..vi.对某事物有影响•perceive [pəˈsi:v] vt.感觉, 察觉, 理解•reside [riˈzaid] vi.居住; 定居•tradition [trəˈdiʃən] n.传统惯例•commission [kəˈmiʃən] n.授权, 委托委员会佣金, 回扣vt.委任, 委托•culture [ˈkʌltʃə] n.文化休养, 教养, 精神文明养殖, 培养, 栽培vt.培植, 培养•injure [ˈindʒə] vt.伤害, 损害•positive [ˈpɔzitiv] adj.确实的, 明确的积极的; 肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的, 确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的, 阳性的完全的; 纯粹的n.〈语〉原级形容词确实; 正量, 正数正片•resource [riˈsɔ:s] n.资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智; 机敏; 创造精神transfe.[trænsˈfə:.n.转移.转让.转录中转.换乘.改变路.vt.转.vt..vi.转移.迁移Sublist 3•alternative [ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv] adj.两者择一的, 供替代的不寻常的, 非传统性的非正统的n.取舍, 抉择, 可供选择的事物选择的余地, 可供选择的机会•conven.[kənˈvi:n.vt..vi.召开.召集•emphasis [ˈemfəsis] n.强调, 重点•interact [ˌɪntərˈækt] vi.相互作用[影响], 互相配合•philosophy [fiˈlɔsəfi] n.哲学人生哲学, 人生观达观•sex [seks] n.性别; 性男性; 女性性关系性活动, 性行为•circumstance [ˈsə:kəmstəns] n.环境, 条件, 情况境遇, 经济状况•coordinate [kəuˈɔ:dineit] adj.同等的, 并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt.使协调; 使调和•ensure [inˈʃuə] vt.确保, 担保担保获得[避免]•justify [ˈdʒʌstifai] vt.证明…有理; 为…辩护•physical [ˈfizikəl] adj.身体的, 肉体的物质的自然规律的, 按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n.身体检查, 体格检查•shif.[ʃift.n.转换.转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋.手段切换.vi.快速行.vt..vi.改变.变换.转移.移动去掉.摆脱掉换挡•commen.[ˈkɔment.n.评论.意见.解释.批.vt..vi.评论.谈论•core [kɔ:] n.果核核心, 精髓, 要点•exclude [iksˈklu:d] vt.排除; 不包括在内•layer [ˈleiə] n.层, 层次•proportion [prəˈpɔ:ʃən] n.均衡; 相称, 协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系; 比例部分; 份儿•specify [ˈspesifai] vt.详述指定•compensat.[ˈkɔmpenseit.vt..vi.补偿.报酬•corporate [ˈkɔ:pərit] adj.社团的, 法人的•framework [ˈfreimwə:k] n.构架; 结构•lin.[liŋk.n.环.联系.纽.vt..vi.连接.联系•publis.[ˈpʌbliʃ.vt..vi.出版公布•sufficient [səˈfiʃənt] adj.足够的; 充足的•component [kəmˈpəunənt] n.成分, 组成部分, 部件, 元件•correspond [ˌkɔrisˈpɔnd] vi.相符合, 相一致相当, 相类似通信•fund [fʌnd] n.基金, 专款现款; 资金储备, 蕴藏vt.为…提供资金, 给…拨款•locat.[ləuˈkeit.vt.找出.指出(地点或位置.vt..vi.(在…)设置.坐落于•react [riˈækt] vi.起反应; 有影响反对; 对抗•task [tɑ:sk] n.工作; 任务; 差事•consent [kənˈsent] n.准许, 同意, 赞成vi.同意; 赞成•criteria [kraɪˈtɪərɪə] n.标准•illustrate [ˈiləstreit] vt.给…加插图说明, 阐明; 表明•maximise [ˈmæksimaiz] vt.使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物)•registe.[ˈredʒistə.n.登记(表).注册(簿)记录器暖气.调风.vt..vi.记录.登记.注册显出注意到.记住•technical [ˈteknikəl] adj.技术的; 应用科学的艺术的, 工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的, 使用术语的, 专业的•considerable [kənˈsidərəbl] adj.相当大(或多)的•deduce [diˈdju:s] vt.推论, 演绎•immigrate [ˈimiɡreit] vi.移入•minor [ˈmainə] adj.较小的, 较少的, 低级的, 次要的n.未成年人副修科目•rely [riˈlai] vi.信任; 信赖; 依赖, 依靠•technique [tekˈni:k] n.技巧, 手法, 技术技能•constant [ˈkɔnstənt] adj.始终如一的, 恒久不变的不断的, 连续发生的忠实的, 忠诚的•demonstrate [ˈdemənstreit] vi.举行示威游行(或集会) vt.说明, 演示论证, 证明显示, 表露•imply [imˈplai] vt.暗示, 暗指必然包含•negate [niˈɡeit] vt.取消, 使无效否定; 否认•remove [riˈmu:v] vi.迁移; 移居vt.移走; 排除开除•technology [tekˈnɔlədʒi] n.科技(总称); 工艺; 应用科学工业技术•constrain [kənˈstrein] vt.强迫, 强使; 限制, 约束•document [ˈdɔkjumənt] n.公文, 文件, 文献vt.证明记录, 记载•initial [iˈniʃəl] adj.最初的, 开头的•outcome [ˈautkʌm] n.结果•schem.[ski:m.n.阴谋.诡计计划.方.vt..vi.策划.图谋•valid [ˈvælid] adj.正当的, 有充分根据的, 符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的•contribut.[kənˈtribjut.vi.起促成作.vt..vi.捐献.捐助.贡献出撰稿.投稿•dominat.[ˈdɔmineit.vt.耸立于.俯.vt..vi.控制.支配.统治在…中占首要地位•instance [ˈinstəns] n.例子, 实例•partner [ˈpɑ:tnə] n.伙伴, 同伙, 合伙人, 股东同伴, 搭档配偶, 情人vt.做…的搭档•sequence [ˈsi:kwəns] n.有关联的一组事物, 一连串先后次序, 顺序, 连续•volume [ˈvɔlju:m] n.卷, 册, 书卷体积; 容积, 容量音量, 响度Sublist 4•access [ˈækses] n.通道, 入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等] vt.存取(计算机文件)•communicat.[kəˈmju:nikeit.vi.通讯.交际.交流相连.相.vt..vi.传达.表达•error [ˈerə] n.错误过失, 失误•internal [inˈtə:nəl] adj.内部的国内的, 内政的体内的•parallel [ˈpærəlel] adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的; 相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物]类似(点), 相似(之处)比较纬线, 纬圈vt.与…平行; 与…相当•resolv.[riˈzɔlv.vt.(指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解.解析(某物.vt..vi.决定.决心•adequate [ˈædikwit] adj.充分的, 足够的适当的, 胜任的•concentrat.[ˈkɔnsəntreit.vt.浓.vt..vi.专心于.注意集中.聚集•ethnic [ˈeθnik] adj.种族的, 部落的某文化群体的•investigate [inˈvestiɡeit] vt.调查; 审查•parameter [pəˈræmitə] n.(限定性的)因素, 特性, 界限〈物〉〈数〉参量, 参数•retain [riˈtein] vt.保持; 保留止住; 容纳•annual [ˈænjuəl] adj.每年的, 年度的, 一年一次的n.一年生植物年刊, 年报, 年鉴•confer [kənˈfə:] vi.〈拉〉商谈, 商议vt.授予, 赋予•goal [ɡəul] n.球门进球得的分努力的对象, 目标•job [dʒɔb] n.职业, 职位(一件)工作职责, 责任•phase [feiz] n.阶段, 时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]•series [ˈsiəri:z] n.连续的同类事物, 系列串联•apparent [əˈpærənt] adj.显然的, 明白的, 清晰可见的表面上的, 貌似(真实)的•contras.[ˈkɔntræst.n.对比.对照差异.差别对照物.明显的对比.vt..vi.对比.对照•grant [ɡrɑ:nt] n.补助金, 助学金, 津贴vt.准许; 答应给予承认•label [ˈleibəl] n.标签, 标记称号; 符号; 标示vt.贴标签于把…列为•predic.[priˈdikt.vt..vi.预言.预测.预示•statistic [stəˈtistik] adj.统计的,统计学的n.统计量•approximat.[əˈprɔksimit.adj.近似的.大约.vt..vi.近似.接近•cycle [ˈsaikl] n.循环, 周期自行车, 摩托车vi.骑自行[摩托]车•hence [hens] adv.从此时起, 从此处因此, 所以•mechanism [ˈmekənizəm] n.机械装置构造, 机制办法, 技巧, 途径•principal [ˈprinsəpəl] adj.最重要的; 主要的n.负责人, 校长资本, 本金被代理人, 委托人•status [ˈsteitəs] n.身份, 地位情形, 状况•attitude [ˈætitju:d] n.态度, 看法姿态, 姿势•debat.[diˈbeit.n.讨论.辩.vt..vi.辩论.争论•hypothesis [haiˈpɔθisis] n.假说, 假设, 前提•obvious [ˈɔbviəs] adj.明显的; 显而易见的•prior [ˈpraiə] adj.优先的; 在前的; 较早的•stress [stres] n.压力, 紧张强调, 重要性重力重音vt.重读强调•attribute [əˈtribju:t] n.属性, 特性vt.认为…是; 归因于…认为某作品出自某人之手认为某事[物]属于某人[物]•despite [disˈpait] prep.不管, 尽管•implement [ˈimplimənt] n.工具, 器具, 用具vt.使生效, 贯彻, 执行•occupy [ˈɔkjupai] vt.占领; 占有使从事; 使忙于•professional [prəˈfeʃənəl] adj.职业的, 专业的内行的, 有经验的有意的, 故意的n.具有某专业资格的人, 专业人士内行, 专家专门职业者, 职业选手•subsequent [ˈsʌbsikwənt] adj.随后的, 继…之后的•civil [ˈsivl] adj.公民的, 平民的; 非军职的, 非宗教的; 国民间的, 民用的民事的, 民法的文明的, 有教养的•dimension [diˈmenʃən] n.尺寸, 度量方面, 部分规模, 程度•implicate [ˈimplikeit] vt.牵连, 涉及•option [ˈɔpʃən] n.选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件, 配件买卖选择权, 期权•projec.[prəˈdʒekt.n.项目.计划.方案.课.vt.规划抛.投..vt..vi.伸出.突出.表达特点•su.[sʌm.n.总数.总和金额算.vt..vi.合计总结.归纳•code [kəud] n.法典, 法规, 章程密码, 电码代号, 编码vt.将…译成电码•domestic [dəˈmestik] adj.本国的, 国内的家庭的, 家用的驯养的•impose [imˈpəuz] vi.利用, 占便宜; 欺骗vt.强迫, 强加课税, 惩罚•output [ˈautput] n.产量输出, 输出功率•promote [prəˈməut] vt.提升, 提拔筹划, 发起, 创立推销〈正〉促进; 推动; 增进•summary [ˈsʌməri] adj.即刻的, 立即的匆忙的, 草率的概括的; 简要的n.摘要, 概要•commit [kəˈmit] vt.犯罪; 犯错承诺; 使自己受约束托付; 交付•emerge [iˈmə:dʒ] vi.出现; 显出; 暴露•integrat.[ˈintiɡreit.vt.使结合成为整.vt..vi.(使)融入•overall [ˈəuvərɔ:l] adj.总体的; 全面的; 综合的全面考虑的adv.大体上, 总的来说一切包括在内, 全部的n.长罩衣工装裤; 工作裤•regime [reiˈʒi:m] n.政治制度, 政权, 政体•undertake [ˌʌndəˈteik] vt.担任, 承揽; 保证着手, 开始Sublist 5•academy [əˈkædəmi] n.专科学校研究院, 学会•consul.[kənˈsʌlt.vt.请教.咨询.找(医生)诊治翻阅.查阅顾及.考.vt..vi.商议.商量•evolv.[iˈvɔlv.vt..vi.演变.进化•licence [ˈlaisəns] n.许可证, 执照许可, 特许放纵, 放肆•orient [ˈɔ:riənt] n.东方, 亚洲vt.使熟悉, 使适应使朝向; 使确定位置•style [stail] n.风格, 格调; 文体行为方式, 作风种类, 类型; 流行式样; 款式风度; 格调;气派•adjus.[əˈdʒʌst.vt..vi.(改变…以)适应.调整.校正•contac.[ˈkɔntækt.n.接触联系.联络.交往社会关系.熟人.门路触点.接.vt..vi.联系•expan.[iksˈpænd.vt..vi.使…变大.扩大.扩张伸展.伸开.张开.展开•logic [ˈlɔdʒik] n.逻辑(学), 逻辑性推理方法合理的想法•perspective [pəˈspektiv] n.远景, 景前途; 希望透视透视图观点, 想法•substitut.[ˈsʌbstitju:t.vt..vi.代替.替换.代用•alte.[ˈɔ:ltə.vt..vi.改变.更改•declin.[diˈklain.n.下降.减少.衰.vi.(太阳)落.vt..vi.辞谢.谢绝(邀请等)•expose [iksˈpəuz] vt.曝光暴露; 显露揭露, 袒露•margin [ˈmɑ:dʒin] n.页边空白边, 边缘差数, 差额; 余地•precise [priˈsais] adj.精确的, 准确的恰好的; 正是的周密的, 细密的, 精细的•sustain [səˈstein] vt.承受, 支撑维持长期保持; 使继续经受, 遭受•amen.[əˈmend.vt..vi.改良.修改.修订•discrete [disˈkri:t] adj.分离的, 不相关联的•external [eksˈtə:nl] adj.外面的, 外部的外观的, 表面的外国的•medical [ˈmedikəl] adj.医学的, 医疗的, 医术的内科的•prime [praim] adj.首要的; 主要的; 基本的最好的, 第一流的n.全盛时期vt.使准备好, 使完成准备工作事先指导, 事先向…提供情况•symbol [ˈsimbəl] n.象征, 标志符号, 记号•aware [əˈwɛə] adj.意识到的, 知道的•draft [drɑ:ft] n.草稿, 草案, 草图汇票应召入伍者; 特遣队vt.起草, 画草图, 草拟选派, 抽调征募, 征召…入伍•facilitate [fəˈsiliteit] vt.使便利, 减轻…的困难•mental [ˈmentl] adj.精神的, 头脑的, 心理的, 智力的精神病的•psychology [saiˈkɔlədʒi] n.心理学心理; 心理特点•target [ˈtɑ:ɡit] n.(射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象; (攻击的)对象vt.瞄准某物•capacity [kəˈpæsiti] n.容量, 容积才能, 能力身份, 职位•enable [iˈneibl] vt.使能够; 提供做…的权利[措施]使可能•fundamental [ˌfʌndəˈmentəl] adj.基本的; 重要的, 必要的n.基本原则, 基本法则•modif.[ˈmɔdifai.vt.修.vt..vi.修改.更改•pursue [pəˈsju:] vt.追捕, 追击追求继续; 从事, 经营•transit [ˈtrænsit] n.搬运; 载运; 运输•challenge [ˈtʃælindʒ] n.挑战, 邀请比赛怀疑, 质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验•energy [ˈenədʒi] n.活力, 干劲, 能力精力〈物〉能, 能量, 能源•generate [ˈdʒenəreit] vt.生成, 产生引起, 导致•monitor [ˈmɔnitə] n.监视器, 监听器; 检测器(学校)班长; 纠察员vt.监听, 监视监测, 检测•ratio [ˈreiʃiəu] n.比, 比率•trend [trend] n.趋势, 倾向流行•clause [klɔ:z] n.从句(法律文件等的)条款•enforce [inˈfɔ:s] vt.实施, 执行强迫, 迫使•generation [ˌdʒenəˈreiʃən] n.同时代的人, 一代人, 一代产生, 发生•network [ˈnetwə:k] n.网状物(电视与计算机)网络, 网状系统广播网, 电视网•reject [riˈdʒekt] n.被拒货品, 不合格产品vt.拒绝, 谢绝; 驳回舍弃, 排斥, 退掉•version [ˈvə:ʃən] n.(个人对事件的)描述, 说法, 看法版本, 形式译本, 剧本•compound [ˈkɔmpaund] n.复合物, 化合物(筑有围墙的)院子, (围起来的)场地vt.使混合, 使合成使严重; 使恶化•entity [ˈentiti] n.实体, 独立存在体, 实际存在物•image [ˈimidʒ] n.形象, 概念镜像, 影像, 图像印象酷似的人[物], 翻版比喻, 引喻, 明喻外形, 外表, 模样•notion [ˈnəuʃən] n.概念, 观念, 看法突然的念头, 奇想; 意图, 打算•revenue [ˈrevənju:] n.收入, 收益; 财政收入, 税收•welfare [ˈwelfɛə] n.健康, 幸福, 繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)•conflict [ˈkɔnflikt] n.战斗, 斗争冲突, 抵触, 争论vi.抵触, 冲突•equivalent [iˈkwivələnt] adj.相等的, 相当的•liberal [ˈlibərəl] adj.心胸宽阔的, 无偏见的慷慨的, 大方的开放的; 主张变革的自由的, 不拘一格的n.宽容大度的人自由主义者•objective [əbˈdʒektiv] adj.客观的; 不带偏见的n.目标; 目的•stable [ˈsteibl] adj.稳定的; 安定的沉稳[持重]的•whereas [hwɛərˈæz] conj.但是, 而Sublist 6•abstract [ˈæbstrækt] adj.抽象的抽象派的n.抽象, 抽象概念, 抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要, 梗概vt.提取, 抽取做…的摘要•capable [ˈkeipəbl] adj.有能力的, 有技能的•exceed [ikˈsi:d] vi.(在数量、质量上)突出, 领先vt.超过; 超越•incidence [ˈinsidəns] n.发生率, 影响范围•migrate [maiˈɡreit] vi.迁移; 移往•recover [riˈkʌvə] vi.恢复健康(体力、能力等) vt.恢复; 重新获得, 找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)•accurate [ˈækjurit] adj.精确的, 准确的正确无误的•cite [sait] vt.引用, 举例表彰, 嘉奖传唤, 传讯•expert [ˈekspə:t] adj.专家的, 内行的, 熟练的n.专家, 能手•incorporate [inˈkɔ:pəreit] vt.包含, 加上, 吸收把…合并, 使并入组成公司•minimum [ˈminiməm] adj.最低的, 最小的n.最低限度, 最小量•reveal [riˈvi:l] vt.显示; 露出泄露; 透露•acknowledge [əkˈnɔlidʒ] vt.承认, 供认告知已收到鸣谢, 感谢•cooperate [kəuˈɔpəreit] vi.合作; 配合, 协助•explicit [iksˈplisit] adj.详述的, 明确的, 明晰的直言的, 毫不隐瞒的, 露骨的•index [ˈindeks] n.索引标志, 象征; 量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数, 幂vt.给…编索引, 指示出•ministry [ˈministri] n.(政府的)部•scope [skəup] n.余地, 机会(处理、研究事务的)范围•aggregat.[ˈæɡriɡit.n.〈正〉数.总.vt.总计达.vt..vi.(使)聚集•discriminat.[disˈkrimineit.vi.歧视.有差别地对.vt..vi.分别.辨别.区分•federal [ˈfedərəl] adj.联邦(制)的联邦政府的•inhibit [inˈhibit] vt.阻止; 抑制•motive [ˈməutiv] n.动机, 目的•subsidy [ˈsʌbsidi] n.补贴, 津贴, 补助金•allocate [ˈæləkeit] vt.分配, 分派把…拨给•display [disˈplei] n.陈列, 展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt.陈列, 展览显示, 显露•fee [fi:] n.费, 酬金•initiate [iˈniʃieit] vt.开始, 着手传授; 使初步了解接纳新成员, 让…加入•neutral [ˈnju:trəl] adj.中立的, 不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的; 非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士; 中立国•tap.[teip.n.带子录音磁带.录像.vt.用带子捆起.vt..vi.录音•assign [əˈsain] vt.分配; 交给指派, 选派指定, 订出•diverse [daiˈvəs] adj.不同的, 多种多样的•flexible [ˈfleksəbl] adj.易弯曲的, 柔韧的灵活的, 可变通的•input [ˈinput] n.输入, 投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑•nevertheless [ˌnevəðəˈles] adv.仍然, 然而, 不过conj.尽管如此, 然而•trac.[treis.n.踪迹.痕迹.形迹极微的.vt.追踪.追溯发现.找到描绘.标.vt..vi.缓慢而困难地书写•attac.[əˈtætʃ.vt..vi.贴上.系.附上•domain [dəuˈmein] n.范围, 领域版图, 领土地产, 产业•furthermore [ˈfə:ðəˌmɔ:] adv.而且, 此外•instruct [inˈstrʌkt] vt.命令, 指示教, 指导通知•overseas [ˌəuvəˈsi:z] adj.(在)海外的, (在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外;在[向]国外•transfor.[trænsˈfɔ:m.vt..vi.改变•author [ˈɔ:θə] n.著作家, 作者创造者, 创始人; 发起人•edi.[ˈedit.vt.剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等.vt..vi.编辑•gender [ˈdʒendə] n.〈语〉性•intelligent [inˈtelidʒənt] adj.聪明的; 理解力强的•preced.[ˌpriˈsi:d.vt..vi.在…之前.先于•transport [trænsˈpɔ:t] vt.运送; 流放使万分激动•bond [bɔnd] n.联系, 关系连接, 接合, 结合有息债券合同, 契约, 票据vt.使粘结, 使结合•enhance [inˈhɑ:ns] vt.提高, 增加, 加强•ignorant [ˈiɡnərənt] adj.无知的, 愚昧的•interval [ˈintəvəl] n.间隔时间幕间休息•presume [priˈzju:m] vi.冒昧地做某事; 错用自作主张, 放肆vt.以为; 假定•underlie [ˌʌndəˈlai] vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因); 引起•brief [bri:f] adj.短暂的, 短时间的简洁的, 简短的n.概要, 摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况, 作…的摘要•estate [isˈteit] n.土地, 地区庄园, 种植园地产, 财产; 遗产•incentive [inˈsentiv] n.激励某人做某事的事物; 刺激; 诱因, 动机•lectur.[ˈlektʃə.n.演讲.讲课冗长的训斥[谴责.vt.责备.教训.训.vt..vi.(向…)演讲.(给…)讲课•rational [ˈræʃənl] adj.神智清楚的理性的; 理智的; 合理的; 出于理性的•utilize [ˈju:tilaiz] vt.利用, 使用Sublist 7•adap.[əˈdæpt.vt.改编.改.vt..vi.(使)适应.(使)适合•contrary [ˈkɔntrəri] adj.相反的, 相违的n.相反, 反面, 对立面•empirical [emˈpirikəl] adj.以观察或实验为依据的•identical [aiˈdentikəl] adj.同一的•phenomenon [fiˈnɔminən] n.现象特殊的人[事物]•submit [səbˈmit] vi.屈服, 认输vt.提交, 呈递〈正〉建议, 主张, 申辩•adult [ˈædʌlt] adj.成熟的成年人的, 适宜于成年人的n.成年的人或动物•conver.[kənˈvə:t.vt..vi.(使)转变.(使)转化皈依.改变(信仰)•equip [iˈkwip] vt.装备, 配备使有能力, 使胜任•ideology [ˌaidiˈɔlədʒi] n.思想(体系), 思想意识•priority [praiˈɔriti] n.优先权, 重点优先考虑的事•successor [səkˈsesə] n.接替的人或事物, 继任者, 继承人•advocate [ˈædvəkeit] n.提倡者, 拥护者辩护律师, 辩护人vt.提倡, 主张•couple [ˈkʌpl] n.一对, 一双一些, 几个夫妻, 情侣vt.连接, 联结, 联系•extract [iksˈtrækt] n.摘录, 引用提炼物, 浓缩物vt.(费力地)拔出, 抽出提取, 榨出•infer [inˈfə:] vt.推断, 推知•prohibit [prəˈhibit] vt.禁止; 阻止•survive [səˈvaiv] vi.幸存, 活下来vt.比…活得长, 经历…之后还存在•aid [eid] n.帮助, 援助, 救助助手, 辅助物, 辅助手段vt.帮助, 援助•decade [ˈdekeid] n.十年, 十年间•file [fail] n.文件夹, 公文箱卷宗, 文件; 计算机文件纵列vi.排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等), 呈递用锉锉•innovate [ˈinəuveit] vi.改革, 创新•publication [ˌpʌbliˈkeiʃən] n.发表, 公布出版, 刊行, 发行出版物, 书刊•thesis [ˈθi:sis] n.论题, 命题, 论点论文, 毕业(或学位)论文•channel [ˈtʃænl] n.海峡通道; 水沟, 水渠渠道, 途径频道•definite [ˈdefinit] adj.明确的, 确切的一定的, 肯定的•finite [ˈfainait] adj.有限的, 有限度的〈语〉限定的•insert [inˈsə:t] n.添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图) vt.插入, 嵌入•quot.[kwəut.vt.提到…以支持某论点报(价).开(价.vt..vi.引用.援引•topic [ˈtɔpik] n.题目, 论题, 话题•chemical [ˈkemikəl] adj.化学的n.化学药品•deny [diˈnai] vt.否认知情拒绝•foundation [faunˈdeiʃən] n.建立, 设立, 创办基础, 基本原理, 根据地基基金(会)•intervene [ˌɪntəˈvi:n] vi.干涉, 干预; 调解干扰, 阻碍•release [riˈli:s] n.释放, 排放, 解除释放令公映的新影片, 发布的新闻[消息] vt.释放; 放开发布; 发行; 发售•transmi.[trænzˈmit.vt.传播.传染传.vt..vi.发射.播送.广播•classic [ˈklæsik] adj.(著作, 赛事等)最优秀的, (可作)典范的(病例等)典型的, 标准的(衣服, 设计等)传统式样的, 典雅的(因为时已久)著名的; 传统的n.文豪, 大艺术家; 文学名著, 经典作品, 杰作优秀的典范•differentiat.[ˌdifəˈrenʃieit.vi.区别对.vt..vi.区分.区别.辨别•globe [ɡləub] n.地球, 世界球体; 球状物地球仪•isolate [ˈaisəleit] vt.使隔离, 使孤立, 使脱离•revers.[riˈvə:s.adj.相反的.颠倒的.反向.n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败.挫.vt..vi.(使)反转.(使)颠倒.(使)翻转推翻.取消使倒退.逆转•ultimate [ˈʌltimit] adj.最后的, 最终的基本的, 根本的最大的, 极限程度的•comprehensive [ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv] adj.广泛的, 综合的•dispos.[disˈpəuz.vt.布置使愿意或准备.vt..vi.处理.处置•grade [ɡreid] n.(官阶、质量)等级, 品级, 阶段, 程度〈尤美〉(考试或作业的)分数, 评分等级〈尤美〉(学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级; (按年级划分的)小学生•media [ˈmi:djə] n.媒体•simulate [ˈsimjuleit] vt.假装模仿, 模拟•unique [ju:ˈni:k] adj.独一无二的, 仅有的, 惟一的异常的, 特有的, 少见的•comprise [kəmˈpraiz] vt.包含, 包括, 由…组成组成, 构成•dynamic [daiˈnæmik] adj.有活力的, 强有力的不断变化的动力的, 动态的•guarantee [ˌɡærənˈti:] n.保证, 保障; 保证书; 保用期担保, 担保人担保品, 抵押品vt.保证; 担保使(事情)可能发生•mode [məud] n.方式, 样式样式, 风格•sole [səul] adj.单独的, 惟一的专有的, 独占的•visible [ˈvizəbl] adj.看得见的, 可见的, 有形的明显的, 可察觉到的•confirm [kənˈfə:m] vt.证实, 证明; 肯定, 确认使巩固, 加强批准; 认可•eliminate [iˈlimineit] vt.消除, 排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉•hierarchy [ˈhaiərɑ:ki] n.等级制度统治集团, 领导层•paradigm [ˈpærədaim] n.(一词的)词形变化表范例; 样式; 模范•somewhat [ˈsʌmhwɔt] adv.稍微, 有点, 达到某种程度•voluntary [ˈvɔləntəri] adj.自愿的, 志愿的义务的, 无偿的Sublist 8•abandon [əˈbændən] n.放任; 纵情vt.离弃, 丢弃遗弃, 抛弃放弃•clarif.[ˈklærifai.vt..vi.使清楚.澄清•deviate [ˈdi:vieit] vi.偏离; 越轨•induce [inˈdju:s] vt.引诱, 劝导〈正〉引起, 导致•plus [plʌs] adj.正的比所示数量多的附加的, 称心的, 有利的n.加号, 正号prep.(表示包容)外加; 另有(表示运算)加, 加上(表示数目)在零(度)以上, 正•tense [tens] adj.拉紧的肌肉绷紧的神经紧张的n.〈语〉(动词的)时态vt.(使某人或某物)变得紧张•accompany [əˈkʌmpəni] vt.陪伴, 陪同伴随…同时发生伴奏•commodity [kəˈmɔditi] n.商品, 货物有用的东西•displace [disˈpleis] vt.替换, 取代移走•inevitable [inˈevitəbl] adj.不可避免的, 必然发生的〈非正〉总会发生的, 照例必有的, 惯常的•practitioner [prækˈtiʃənə] n.习艺者, 实习者从业者(尤指医师)•terminat.[ˈtə:mineit.vt..vi.结束.使终结•accumulat.[əˈkju:mjuleit.vt..vi.堆积.积累•complement [ˈkɔmplimənt] n.补充, 互为补充的东西需要的或允许的数额补足语vt.补足, 补充•drama [ˈdrɑ:mə] n.戏剧, 剧本戏剧文学[艺术]戏剧性事件[场面]•infrastructure [ˈinfrəˌstrʌktʃə] n.基础设施; 基础结构•predominant [priˈdɔminənt] adj.占主导地位的, 显著的•theme[θi:m] n.主题, 主旨, 题目•ambiguous [æmˈbiɡjuəs] adj.引起歧义的; 模棱两可的, 含糊不清的•conform [kənˈfɔ:m] vi.遵守, 符合顺应, 一致•eventual [iˈventjuəl] adj.(事件)最终发生的; 结果的•inspect [inˈspekt] vt.检查, 检验视察•prospect [ˈprɔspekt] n.景象, 景色前景; 前途可能成为主顾的人; 有希望的候选人vi.勘探; 勘察•thereby [ˈðɛəbai] adv.由此; 因而•append [əˈpend] vt.附加•contemporary [kənˈtempərəri] adj.当代的同时代的, 同属一个时期的n.同代人, 同龄人•exhibi.[iɡˈzibit.n.展览品.陈列品在法庭提出的证.vt.显示.显.vt..vi.陈列.展览•intense [inˈtens] adj.强烈的, 剧烈的; 极端的热情的, 热切的紧张的, 认真的•radical [ˈrædikəl] adj.根本的, 基本的; 彻底的, 完全的激进的, 激进派的•uniform [ˈju:nifɔ:m] adj.全都相同的, 一律的, 清一色的n.制服•appreciat.[əˈpri:ʃieit.vt.感激.感谢欣赏.赏识.重视意识到.体.vt..vi.(使)增值.涨价•contradic.[ˌkɔntrəˈdikt.vt.与…发生矛盾.与…抵.vt..vi.反驳.否认…的真实性•exploit [iksˈplɔit] n.业绩, 功绩, 功勋, 事迹vt.开采; 开发剥削•manipulate [məˈnipjuleit] vt.熟练控制[操作]•random [ˈrændəm] adj.任意的; 无计划的(统计)随机的•vehicle [ˈvi:ɪkl] n.交通工具, 车辆传播媒介, 手段•arbitrary [ˈɑ:bitrəri] adj.随意的, 主观的专横的, 独断专行的•crucial [ˈkru:ʃəl] adj.决定性的, 紧要关头的•fluctuate [ˈflʌktjueit] vi.波动, 涨落, 起伏•minimise [ˈminimaiz] vt.把…减至最低数量[程度]对(某事物)作最低估计; 极力贬低(某事物)的价值[重要性]。
(完整word版)最常用的570个Academic Word List
arbitrariness, arbitrarily
area
areas
aspect
aspects
assemble
assembled， assembles， assemblies， assembling，assembly
assess
assessable, assessed, assesses， assessing,assessment, assessments, reassess， reassessed， reassessing， reassessment, unassessed
academy
academia,academic， academically, academics， academies,e.g。
access
accessed， accesses， accessibility， accessible, accessing， inaccessible
accommodate
commit
commitment,commitments， commits， committed, committing
accommodated， accommodates, accommodating, accommodation
accompany
accompanied， accompanies， accompaniment, accompanying， unaccompanied
accumulate
accumulated, accumulating，accumulation，accumulates
aid
aided， aiding, aids， unaided
albeit
雅思AWL词汇表,最全版
1An Introduction to the Academic Word ListAveril Coxhead, Massey University, New ZealandThe Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of 570 word families that are commonly found in academic texts. This list was selected by examining a large corpus (or collection) of written academic texts and selecting the words that occurred:1 In texts from all four academic facultysections: Arts, Commerce, Law and Science. 2 Over 100 times in the corpus overall.3 At least 10 times in each academicfaculty section.4 Outside the 2000 most frequent wordson Michael West’s General Service List(GSL). The GSL includes everyday wordssuch as I, house and do.These principles ensured that only words that occurred reasonably frequently in a variety of study areas were selected.The AWL targets vocabulary that occurs most often in written academic texts. These words also occur in newspapers but not as often as they do in textbooks. The AWL words appear even less in fiction. If your focus is learning academic vocabulary, you need to make sure you read academic textbooks so that you encounter these words in context.The AWL is organized into Word Families. Word families are made up of the ‘parent word’ and ‘family members’. Take for example the word maximise. Its family members include inflections of the verb such as maximised,maximises and maximising as well as the noun maximum. The word family also includes the British spelling of the noun maximisation, as well as maximization, the US spelling.If you learn the verb maximise, you will be able to recognise other family members such as maximised when you encounter them in your reading. These words are closely related and the meaning is likely to be the same or similar. When you are looking for words in this dictionary, think about other word family members too. Finally, there are some academic words thatdo not have a word family. These words occur on their own and do not have any inflections. Examples include nonetheless,so-called and behalf.The AWL is intended as a reference for students who are studying or preparing to study at a tertiary level in English. As a university lecturer, I was aware of the difficulties that students had in mastering the vocabulary necessary for written assignments. The AWL does not include ‘content’ vocabulary for particular subjects which students obviously need to learn as well. The AWL focuses instead on the non-subject-specific vocabulary that students of any discipline will need to master in order to produce coherently-structured written assignments.The AWL covers up to 10% of the vocabulary covered in written academic texts. This means that, on average, one word in 10 in an academic textbook is in the AWL. Look at the following extract from an academic text:EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Environmental issues are truly global. Many of the problems, like the releasingof CFCs into the atmosphere, have global effects and require global action. Some problems link to the exploitation of global commons – the resources shared by the international community suchas ocean beds and the atmosphere. Sometimes small local problems, suchas poisonous gases leaking from landfills and water pollution, are multiplied so many times in any local contexts thatthey become major world hazards. The environment is a global concern requiring global policies.Academic Word ListAcademic Word List2The highlighted words are all on the AWL.This sample illustrates clearly that the AWLcan help with decisions about which words are important for you to learn if you are studying in an English-speaking country.Knowledge of academic vocabulary is vital for students studying at an English-speaking university, particularly for reading and writing.If you compare estimates of how many words a native English speaker might know by the age of 18 (approximately 18,000 to 20,000 words) and how many a learner who has had two or three hours of schooling in English overseveral years (roughly 2000 to 3000 words depending on the language background of the student), this gap is enormous. In order to read and write successfully you need to be able to recognize as many words as possible in your textbooks and use as many as possible in your essays. The bigger your vocabulary, the more you will be able to cope with the high reading and writing demands of your studies.Academic writing tends to be quite formal in style. The vocabulary items that you use in your writing can affect the level of formality. Writers need to know whether a word can be used in a particular situation. T ake for example consequent. This is marked as formal. You would probablynot choose to use this word when speaking with friends but you should use it in written English to take your language to a higher level of formality. The AWL will help you to focus on issues of formality. Look out for the formal label in this dictionary.Remember that the AWL covers approximately 10% of all vocabulary in a piece of academic writing. You should aim to have roughly the same percentage in your own academic writing too. If you go to the AWL highlighter websiteby Sandra Haywood (http://www.nottingham. /~alzsh3/acvocab/awlhighlighter.html) you can copy and paste your text into it and it will highlight the AWL words for you. This will enable you to see how many AWL words you are using overall and whether you repeat the same words many times in your writing.When looking up words from the AWL in this dictionary you should also focus on the bold phrases that are highlighted. These show you the key grammatical patterns and collocations for that word. Collocations are words that commonly occur together or near each other in a text, for example ‘effect on’. Collocations and phrases are important because they help with fluencyin writing and indicate that you are working at a higher level with academic vocabulary than just using a word from your own language and its translation. The collocations in the following text have been highlighted in blue.DECLINING BIODIVERSITYWhatever the effects on this planet’s climate, rain-forest clearance has another undeniable impact. The disappearance of rain forests is a major factor eroding the earth’s biodiversity, or, more simply causing many thousands of species of plant and animal life to disappear forever. While rain forests account for just seven percent of the earth’s surface, they are home to almost half of this planet’s living species. Estimatesof the total number of species of animalsand plants range from 1.5 million to as high as 30 million. Researchers, in fact, have identified more than 1,000 species of ants alone (Wilson, 1991).Remember that building your vocabulary takes time. You are not likely to learn everything you need to know about a word the very first time you see it. And don’t expect to remember everything about a word after looking it up in a dictionary once. Try some of these ideas to help you with vocabulary building:• Make the most of the information given in this dictionary to build up your knowledge of a word. Look at the bold phrases highlighted in the entry. These show important grammatical patterns and collocations. Learn these rather than the word in isolation.• Even if you think you already ‘know’ a word, look it up in the dictionary to see if there is any additional information that you don’t know.• Research has shown that repetition helps people to remember things. Make sure you build repetition into your learning. You could do this through using word cards to test yourself or by keeping a vocabulary notebook.Academic Word List3• Studying words ‘actively’ will help yourlearning. People do learn words through reading but the chances of remembering vocabulary is higher when you focus on the words and make a conscious effort to learn them.• Look out for common collocations, phrases and grammatical patterns of words when you are reading academic texts.• Work with the AWL alongside you when you are writing. Try to use words from the list that are relevant to your writing. The words on the AWL are marked with in this dictionary.The AWL does not include the 2000 most frequent words used in general everyday English. In this dictionary, however, the 3000 most frequent words in written English are also marked with 12and 3and the 3000 most frequent words in spoken English are marked with and .In some cases, these overlap with the AWL.Averil Coxhead is a lecturer in English for Academic Purposesat Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Shecompiled the AWL in 2000. For further information on the AWL go to Averil’s website at /staff/awl/index.shtml.Acknowledgement: Extracts on the subject of European environmental policy and declining biodiversity are reproduced with permission from Sociology:A Global Introduction, third edition, by John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer,©Pearson Education Limited 2005.abandon1v abandoned adj abnormal adj abstract1adj abstract2n abstract3v abstraction n academic1adj academic2n academy n access1n access2v accessible adj accommodate v accommodation n accompaniment n accompany v accumulate v accuracy n accurate adj achieve v achievement n acknowledge v acknowledgement n acquire v acquisition n adapt v adaptable adj adaptation n adequate adj adjacent adjadjust vadjustment nadministration nadministrative adjadult1nadult2adjadvocacy nadvocate1vadvocate2 naffect vaggregate1 naggregate2 adjaggregate3 vaid1 naid2 valbeit conjallocate vallocation nalter valteration nalternate1 adjalternate2 valternative1 adjalternative2 nambiguity nambiguous adjamend vamendment nanalogous adjanalogy nanalyse vanalysis nanalyst nanalytical adjanalyze vannual1 adjanticipate vanticipation napparent adjappend vappendix nappreciable adjappreciate vappreciation napproach1 vapproach2 nappropriate1 adjapproximate1 adjapproximate2 vapproximation narbitrary adjarea naspect nassemble vassembly nassess vassessment nassign vassignment nassist1 vassistance nassume vassuming conjassumption nassurance nassure vattach vattachment nattain vattainment nattitude nattributable adjattribute1 vattribute2 nauthor1 nauthor2 vauthoritative adjauthority nauthorship nautomate vautomated adjautomatic1 adjautomatically advautomation navailable adjaware adjawareness nAcademic Word ListThe following is a list of the words from the Academic Word List that are highlighted in this dictionary. Words shown in bold are one of the ‘parent words’.Academic Word List4behalf n beneficial adj beneficiary n benefit1 n benefit2 vbias1 nbias2 vbiased adjbond1 nbond2 v brevity nbrief1 adjbrief2 nbrief3 v briefing n briefly advbulk1 nbulky adjcapability n capable adj capacity n category n cease1 v challenge1 n challenge2 v challenging adj channel1 n channel2 v chapter nchart1 nchart2 v chemical1 n chemical2 adj circumstance n citation ncite vcivil adj clarification n clarify vclarity n classic1 adj classic2 n classical adj clause ncode1 ncode2 vcoded adj coding n coherence n coherent adj coincide v coincidence n coincident adj coincidental adj collapse1 v collapse2 n colleague n commence v commencement n comment1 ncomment2 vcommentary ncommentator ncommission1 ncommission2 vcommit vcommitment ncommitted adjcommodity ncommunicable adjcommunicate vcommunication ncommunicative adjcommunity ncompatibility ncompatible1 adjcompensate vcompensation ncompensatory adjcompilation ncompile vcomplement1 ncomplement2 vcomplementary adjcomplex1 adjcomplex2 ncomplexity ncomponent1 ncomponent2 adjcompound1 ncompound2 vcompound3 adjcomprehensive adjcomprise vcomputation ncompute vcomputer ncomputing nconceivable adjconceive vconcentrate1 vconcentration nconcept nconception nconceptual adjconclude vconcluding adjconclusion nconclusive adjconcurrent adjconduct1 vconduct2 nconfer vconference nconfine vconfined adjconfirm vconfirmation nconflict1 nconflict2 vconform vconformation nconformist adjconformity nconsensus nconsent1 nconsent2 vconsequence nconsequent adjconsequently advconsiderable adjconsiderably advconsist vconsistency nconsistent adjconstancy nconstant1 adjconstant2 nconstantly advconstituency nconstituent1 nconstituent2 adjconstitute vconstitution nconstitutional1 adjconstrain vconstrained adjconstraint nconstruct1 vconstruct2 nconstruction nconstructive adjconsult vconsultancy nconsultant nconsultation nconsultative adjconsume vconsumer nconsumption ncontact1 ncontact2 vcontact3 adjcontemporary1 adjcontemporary2 ncontext ncontextual adjcontextualize vcontract1 ncontract2 vcontractor ncontradict vcontradiction ncontradictory adjcontrary1 ncontrary2 adjcontrast1 ncontrast2 vcontrasting adjcontribute vcontribution ncontributor ncontroversial adjcontroversy nconvene vconvention nconventional adjconverse3 adjconversely advconversion nconvert1 vconvertible 1 adjconvince vconvinced adjconvincing adjcooperate vcooperation ncooperative1 adjcoordinate1 vcoordinate2 ncoordinate3 adjcoordination ncoordinator ncore1 ncore2 adjcore3 vcorporate adjcorporation ncorrespond vcorrespondence ncorresponding adjcouple1 ncouple2 vcreate vcreation ncreative1 adjcreativity ncreator ncredit1 ncredit2 vcreditor ncriterion ncrucial adjcultural adjculturally advculture1 ncurrency ncycle1 ncycle2 vcyclic adjdata ndebatable adjdebate1 ndebate2 vdecade ndecline1 ndecline2 vdeduce vAcademic Word List 5deduction n define vdefinite adj definitely adv definition n definitive adj demonstrable adj demonstrate v demonstration n demonstrative adj demonstrator n denial ndenote vdeny vdepress v depression n derivation n derivative1 n derivative2 adj derive vdesign1 ndesign2 v designer1 n despite prep detect v detection n detective n detector n deviate1 v deviation n device ndevote v devoted adj devotion n differentiate v dimension n diminish v diminution n discrete adj discretion n discretionary adj discriminate v discrimination n disestablish v displace v displacement n display1 n display2 v disposable adj disposal n dispose v disproportion n disproportionate adj dissimilar adj distinct adj distinction n distinctive adj distinctly adv distort v distribute v distribution ndistributive adjdiverse adjdiversify vdiversity ndocument1 ndocument2 vdocumentation ndomain ndomestic1 adjdomesticate vdomesticated adjdominance ndominant1 adjdominate vdraft1 ndraft2 vdraft3 adjdrama ndramatic adjdramatist ndramatize vduration ndynamic1 adjdynamic2 neconomic adjeconomical adjeconomically adveconomics neconomist neconomy1 nedit vedition neditor neditorial1 adjeditorial2 nelement neliminate velimination nemerge vemergence nemergent adjemerging adjemphasis nemphasize vemphatic adjempirical adjempiricism nenable venabling adjencounter1 vencounter2 nenergetic adjenergy nenforce venforced adjenforcement nenhance venhanced adjenormity nenormous adjenormously advensure ventity nenvironment nenvironmental adjenvironmentalist nequate vequation nequip vequipment nequivalent1 adjequivalent2 nerode verosion nerroneous adjerror nestablish vestablished adjestablishment nestate nestimate1 nestimate2 vestimation nethic nethical adjethnic1 adjethnic2 nevaluate vevaluation neventual adjeventuality neventually advevidence1 nevident adjevidential adjevidently advevolution nevolutionary adjevolve vexceed vexclude vexcluding prepexclusion nexclusive1 adjexclusively advexhibit1 vexhibit2 nexhibition nexpand vexpansion nexpansionism nexpansive adjexpert1 nexpert2 adjexpertise nexplicit adjexploit1 vexploitation nexport1 nexport2 vexporter nexpose vexposed adjexposure nexternal adjexternalize vextract1 vextract2 nextraction nfacilitate vfacilitator nfacility nfactor1 nfactor2 vfeature1 nfeature2 vfederal adjfederation nfee nfile1 nfile2 vfiling nfinal1 adjfinal2 nfinality nfinalize vfinally advfinance1 nfinance2 vfinancial adjfinancier nfinite adjflexibility nflexible adjfluctuate vfluctuation nfocus1 vfocus2 nfocussed adjformat1 nformat2 vformula nformulate vforthcoming adjfound2 vfoundation nfounder1 nfounding nframework nfunction1 nfunction2 vfunctional adjfund1 nfund2 vfundamental adjfundamentally advfunding nAcademic Word List6furthermore advgender n generate v generation n globalization n globe ngoal ngrade1 n grade2 v graded adj grant1 vgrant2 n guarantee1 v guarantee2 n guideline nhence adv hierarchical adj hierarchy n highlight1 v hypothesis n hypothesize v hypothetical adj identical adj identifiable adj identification n identify v identity n ideological adj ideology n ignorance n ignorant adj ignore v illegal1 adj illogical adj illustrate v illustration n illustrative adj image n imagery n immature adj immigrant n immigrate v immigration n impact1 n impact2 v implement1 v implement2 n implicate v implication n implicit adj imply v impose v imposition n imprecise adj inaccessible adj inaccuracy n inaccurate adj inadequacy ninadequate adjinappropriate adjincapable adjincapacitate vincentive nincidence nincident nincidentally advinclination nincline1 vincline2 nincoherent adjincome nincompatible adjinconceivable adjinconclusive adjinconsistency ninconsistent adjincorporate vincorporated adjindefinite adjindefinitely advindex1 nindex2 vindicate vindication nindicative1 nindicative2 adjindicator nindiscretion nindistinct adjindividual1 adjindividual2 nindividualism nindividualist nindividuality nindividually advinduce vinduction ninevitability ninevitable adjinevitably advinfer vinference ninfinite adjinfinitely advinflexible adjinfrastructure ninherent adjinhibit vinhibition ninitial1 adjinitially advinitiate1 vinitiation ninitiative ninitiator ninjure vinjured adjinjury ninnovate vinnovation ninnovative adjinnovator ninput1 ninput2 vinsecure adjinsert1 vinsertion ninsight ninsightful adjinsignificant adjinspect vinspection ninspector ninstability ninstance1 ninstance2 vinstitute1 ninstitute2 vinstitution ninstitutional adjinstitutionalized adjinstruct vinstruction ninstructive adjinstructor ninsufficient adjintegral adjintegrate vintegrated adjintegration nintegrity nintelligence nintelligent adjintense adjintensify vintensity nintensive adjinteract vinteraction ninteractive adjintermediate1 adjinternal adjinternalize vinterpret vinterpretation ninterpretative adjinterpretive adjinterval nintervene vintervening adjintervention nintrinsic adjinvalidate vinvalidity ninvariable adjinvariably advinvest vinvestigate vinvestigation ninvestigative adjinvestigator ninvestment ninvestor ninvisible adjinvoke vinvolve vinvolvement nirrational adjirrelevance nirrelevant adjirreversible adjisolate visolated adjisolation nisolationism nissue1 nissue2 vitem njob njournal njustifiable adjjustification njustified adjjustify vlabel1 nlabel2 vlabor nlabored adjlabour1 nlabour2 vlaboured adjlayer1 nlayer2 vlecture1 nlecture2 vlecturer nlegal adjlegality nlegally advlegislate vlegislation nlegislative adjlegislator nlegislature nlevy1 vlevy2 nliberal1 adjliberal2 nliberalism nliberalize vliberally advliberate vliberated adjlicence nlicense vAcademic Word List 7licensed adj likewise adv link1 vlink2 n linkage n locate v location n logic n logical adj logician n maintain v maintenance n major1 adj majority n manipulate v manipulative adj manual1 adj manual2 n margin n marginal adj marginally adv maturation n mature1 adj mature2 v maturity n maximize v maximum1 adj maximum2 n mechanism n media n mediate v medical1 adj medium1 adj medium2 n mental adj mentality n method n methodical adj methodology n migrant n migrate v migration n migratory adj military1 adj military2 n minimal adj minimize v minimum1 adj minimum2 n ministerial adj ministry n minor1 adj minority n misinterpret v mode n modification n modify v monitor1 v motivated adj motivation nmotive1 nmotive2 adjmutual adjmutually advnegate vnegative1 adjnegative2 nnetwork1 nnetwork2 vnetworking nneutral1 adjneutrality nneutralize vnevertheless advnonconformist nnonetheless advnorm nnormal1 adjnormal2 nnormality nnormalize vnormally advnotion nnotwithstanding prepnuclear adjobjective1 nobjective2 adjobjectively advobtain vobtainable adjobvious adjobviously advoccupancy noccupant noccupation noccupational adjoccupier noccupy voccur voccurrence nodd adjodds noffset1 vongoing adjoption noptional adjorient1 vorientate vorientated adjorientation noriented adjoutcome noutput1 noutput2 voverall1 adjoverall2 advoverestimate1 voverestimate2 noverlap1 voverlap2 noverseas1 advoverseas2 adjpanel nparadigm nparagraph nparallel1 nparallel2 adjparallel3 vparameter nparticipant nparticipate vparticipation nparticipatory adjpartner1 npartnership npassive1 adjpassive2 nperceive vpercent1 adjpercent2 npercentage nperception nperiod1 nperiodic adjperiodical npersist vpersistence npersistent adjperspective nphase1 nphase2 vphenomenal adjphenomenon nphilosopher nphilosophical adjphilosophize vphilosophy nphysical1 adjphysically advplus1 prepplus2 nplus3 adjpolicy nportion1 npose1 vpose2 npositive1 adjpositively advpotential1 adjpotential2 npotentially advpractitioner nprecede vprecedence nprecedent npreceding adjprecise adjprecisely advprecision1 nprecision2 adjpredict vpredictable adjprediction npredominance npredominant adjpredominantly advpredominate vpreliminary1 adjpreliminary2 npresumably advpresume vpresumption nprevious adjpreviously advprimacy nprimarily advprimary1 adjprime1 adjprincipal1 adjprincipally advprinciple nprincipled adjprior1 adjprioritize vpriority1 nprocedural adjprocedure nproceed vproceeding nproceeds nprocess1 nprocess2 vprocessed adjprofessional1 adjprofessional2 nprofessionalism nprofessionally advprohibit vprohibition nprohibitive adjproject1 nproject2 vprojection npromote vpromoter npromotion nproportion1 nproportional adjproportionate adjprospect1 nprospective adjprotocol npsychological adjpsychologist npsychology npublication nAcademic Word List8publish v publisher n publishing n purchase1 v purchase2 n pursue v pursuit n qualitative adj quotation n quote1 v quote2 n radical1 adj radical2 n random adj range1 n range2 vratio n rational adj rationalism n rationalize v react v reaction n reactionary1 adj reactionary2 n reactivate v reactive adj reactor n readjust v reassess v reconstruct v reconstruction n recover v recovery n recreate v redistribute v redistribution n refine v refined adj refinement n regime n region n regional adj register1 n register2 v registration n regulate v regulation 1 n regulator n regulatory adj reinforce v reinforcement n reinvest v reject1 v rejection n relax v relaxation n release1 v release2 n relevant adjreliable adjreliance nreliant adjrelocate vreluctance nreluctant adjrely vremovable adjremoval nremove1 vremove2 nrequire vrequirement nreschedule vresearch1 nresearch2 vreside vresidence nresident1 nresident2 adjresidential adjresolution nresolve1 vresolve2 nresource1 nresource2 vresourceful adjrespond vrespondent nresponse nresponsive adjrestoration nrestore vrestored adjrestrain vrestraint nrestrict vrestricted adjrestriction nrestrictive adjrestructure vretain vretainer nretention nretentive adjreveal vrevealing adjrevelation nrevenue nreversal nreverse1 vreverse2 nreverse3 adjreversible adjrevise vrevision nrevolution nrevolutionary1 adjrevolutionary2 nrevolutionize vrigid adjrole nroute1 nroute2 vscenario nschedule1 nschedule2 vschematic adjscheme1 nscheme2 vscope1 nsection1 nsection2 vsector nsecure1 adjsecure2 vsecurely advsecurity nseek vselect1 vselect2 adjselection nselective adjselector nsequence nsequencing nsequential adjseries nsex1 nsexism nsexual adjsexuality nshift1 vshift2 nsignificant adjsignificantly advsignify vsimilar adjsimilarity nsimilarly advsimulate vsimulated adjsimulation nsite1 nsole1 adjsolely advsomewhat advsource1 nsource2 vspecific1 adjspecific2 nspecifically advspecification nspecify vsphere nspherical adjstability nstabilize vstable1 adjstatistic nstatistician nstatus nstraightforward adjstrategic adjstrategist nstrategy nstress1 nstress2 vstressed adjstressful adjstructural adjstructure1 nstructure2 vstructured adjstyle1 nstyle2 vstyling nstylish adjstylized adjsubmission nsubmit vsubordinate1 adjsubordinate2 nsubordinate3 vsubsequent adjsubsequently advsubsidiary2 adjsubsidize vsubsidy nsubstitute1 nsubstitute2 vsubstitution nsuccession nsuccessive adjsuccessor nsufficiency nsufficient adjsum1 nsum2 vsummarize vsummary1 nsummary2 adjsummation nsupplement1 nsupplement2 vsupplementary adjsurvey1 nsurvey2 vsurvival nsurvive vsurvivor nsuspend vsuspension nsustain vsustainable adjsustained adjsustenance nsymbol n。
牛津高阶词典Academic Word List词汇表
analyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzing approachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessingassessmentassessmentsreassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessed assumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptions authorityauthoritativeauthorities availableavailabilityunavailable benefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingbenefits conceptconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisation conceptualiseconceptualised conceptualises conceptualising conceptually consistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistencies inconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituencies constituency constituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutionalcontextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualizedcontractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatecreatedcreatescreatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreatorsrecreaterecreatedrecreatesrecreatingdatadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefinedderivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderivingdistributedistributeddistributingdistributiondistributionaldistributionsdistributivedistributordistributorsredistributeredistributedredistributesredistributingredistributioneconomyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomicalenvironmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishmentsestimateestimatedestimatesestimatingestimationestimationsover‑estimateoverestimateoverestimatedoverestimatesoverestimatingunderestimateunderestimatedunderestimatesunderestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidentlyexportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredfactoringfactorsfinancefinancedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersfinancingformulaformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulatereformulatedreformulatingreformulationreformulationsSublists of the Academic Word ListEach word in italics is the most frequently occurring member of the word family in the Academic Corpus. For example, anal-ysis is the most common form of the word family analyse. British and American spelling is included in the word families, so contextualise and contextualize are both included in the family context.Sublist 1 contains the most common words in the AWL. Sublist 2 contains the next most common words, and so on. There are 60 families in each sublist, except for sublist 10 which has 30.Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctions identifyidentifiableidentificationidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiable incomeincomes indicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicatorindicators individualindividualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividuals interpretinterpretationinterpretations interpretativeinterpretedinterpretinginterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretation misinterpretations misinterpretedmisinterpreting misinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingreinterpretation reinterpretations involveinvolvedinvolvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolved issueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegal illegalityillegallylegalitylegallylegislatelegislatedlegislateslegislatinglegislationlegislativelegislatorlegislatorslegislaturemajormajoritiesmajoritymethodmethodicalmethodologicalmethodologiesmethodologymethodsoccuroccurredoccurrenceoccurrencesoccurringoccursreoccurreoccurredreoccurringreoccurspercentpercentagepercentagesperiodperiodicperiodicalperiodicallyperiodicalsperiodspolicypoliciesprincipleprincipledprinciplesunprincipledproceedproceduralprocedureproceduresproceededproceedingproceedingsproceedsprocessprocessedprocessesprocessingrequirerequiredrequirementrequirementsrequiresrequiringresearchresearchedresearcherresearchersresearchesresearchingrespondrespondedrespondentrespondentsrespondingrespondsresponseresponsesresponsiveresponsivenessunresponsiverolerolessectionsectionedsectioningsectionssectorsectorssignificantinsignificantinsignificantlysignificancesignificantlysignifiedsignifiessignifysignifyingsimilardissimilarsimilaritiessimilaritysimilarlysourcesourcedsourcessourcingspecificspecificallyspecificationspecificationsspecificityspecificsstructurerestructurerestructuredrestructuresrestructuringstructuralstructurallystructuredstructuresstructuringunstructuredtheorytheoreticaltheoreticallytheoriestheoristtheoristsvaryinvariableinvariablyvariabilityvariablevariablesvariablyvariancevariantvariantsvariationvariationsvariedvariesvaryingachieveachievableachievedachievementachievements achievesachieving acquireacquiredacquiresacquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrateadministratesadministration administrations administrative administratively administratoradministrators affectaffectedaffectingaffectiveaffectivelyaffectsunaffected appropriateappropriacyappropriatelyappropriateness inappropriacy inappropriate inappropriately aspectaspectsassistassistanceassistantassistantsassistedassistingassistsunassisted categorycategoriescategorisation categorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorization categorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissioned commissioner commissioners commissioning commissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputational computations computablecomputercomputedcomputerisedcomputerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusiveinconclusively conductconductedconductingconductsconsequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequentlyconstructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructsconsumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumptioncreditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorscreditscultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultureddesigndesigneddesignerdesignersdesigningdesignsdistinctdistinctiondistinctionsdistinctivedistinctivelydistinctlyindistinctindistinctlyelementelementsequateequatedequatesequatingequationequationsevaluateevaluatedevaluatesevaluatingevaluationevaluationsevaluativere‑evaluatere‑evaluatedre‑evaluatesre‑evaluatingre‑evaluationfeaturefeaturedfeaturesfeaturingfinalfinalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalizefinalizedfinalizesfinalizingfinalityfinallyfinalsfocusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizinginstitutionallyinstitutionsinvestinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsinvestorinvestorsinvestsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormallyobtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainableparticipateparticipantparticipantsSublist 2 of the Academic Word Listparticipated participates participating participation participatory perceive perceived perceives perceiving perception perceptions positive positively potential potentially previous previously primary primarily purchase purchased purchaser purchasers purchases purchasing range ranged ranges ranging region regional regionally regions regulate deregulated deregulates deregulating deregulation regulated regulates regulating regulation regulations regulator regulators regulatory unregulated relevant irrelevance irrelevant relevance reside resided residence resident residential residents resides residing resource resourced resourceful resources resourcing unresourceful under‑resourced restrict restricted restricting restriction restrictions restrictive restrictively restricts unrestricted unrestrictive secure insecure insecurities insecurity secured securely secures securing securities security seek seeking seeks sought select selected selecting selection selections selective selectively selector selectors selects site sites strategy strategic strategies strategically strategist strategists survey surveyed surveying surveys text texts textual tradition non‑traditional traditional traditionalist traditionally traditions transfer transferable transference transferred transferring transfers Sublist 3 of Academic Word List alternative alternatively alternatives circumstance circumstances comment commentaries commentary commentator commentators commented commenting comments compensate compensated compensates compensating compensation compensations compensatory component componentry components consent consensus consented consenting consents considerable considerably constant constancy constantly constants inconstancy inconstantly constrain constrained constraining constrains constraint constraints unconstrained contributecontributed contributes contributing contribution contributions contributor contributors conveneconvention convenes convened convening conventional conventionally conventions unconventional coordinatecoordinated coordinates coordinating coordination coordinator coordinators co‑ordinate co‑ordinated co‑ordinates co‑ordinating co‑ordination co‑ordinator co‑ordinators corecores coring cored corporatecorporates corporation corporations correspond corresponded correspondence corresponding correspondingly corresponds criteria criterion deduce deduced deduces deducing deduction deductions demonstrate demonstrable demonstrably demonstrated demonstrates demonstrating demonstration demonstrations demonstrative demonstratively demonstrator demonstrators document documentation documented documenting documents dominate dominance dominant dominated dominates dominating domination emphasis emphasise emphasised emphasisingemphasize emphasized emphasizes emphasizing emphaticemphatically ensureensuredensuresensuring excludeexcludedexcludesexcludingexclusionexclusionary exclusionist exclusions exclusiveexclusively frameworkframeworks fundfundedfunderfundersfundingfunds illustrateillustrated illustrates illustrating illustration illustrations illustrative immigrateimmigrant immigrants immigrated immigrates immigrating immigration implyimpliedimpliesimplying initialinitially instanceinstances interactinteracted interacting interaction interactions interactive interactively interacts justifyjustifiable justifiably justification justifications justifiedjustifiesjustifyingunjustified layerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinks locatelocatedlocatinglocationlocations relocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocationmaximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximumminorminoritiesminorityminorsnegatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegativesoutcomeoutcomespartnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipsphilosophyphilosopherphilosophersphilosophicalphilosophicallyphilosophiesphilosophisephilosophisedphilosophisesphilosophisingphilosophizephilosophizedphilosophizesphilosophizingphysicalphysicallyproportiondisproportiondisproportionatedisproportionatelyproportionalproportionallyproportionateproportionatelyproportionspublishpublishedpublisherpublisherspublishespublishingunpublishedreactreactedreactsreactingreactionreactionariesreactionaryreactionsreactivereactivatereactivationreactorreactorsregisterderegisterderegisteredderegisteringderegistersderegistrationregisteredregisteringregistersregistrationrelyreliabilityreliablereliablyreliancereliantreliedreliesrelyingunreliableremoveremovableremovalremovalsremovedremovesremovingschemeschematicschematicallyschemedschemesschemingsequencesequencedsequencessequencingsequentialsequentiallysexsexessexismsexualsexualitysexuallyshiftshiftedshiftingshiftsspecifyspecifiablespecifiedspecifiesspecifyingunspecifiedsufficientsufficiencyinsufficientinsufficientlysufficientlytasktaskstechnicaltechnicallytechniquetechniquestechnologytechnologicaltechnologicallyvalidinvalidateinvalidityvalidatevalidatedvalidatingvalidationvalidityvalidlyvolumevolumesvolSublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximateapproximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributableattributedattributesattributingattributioncivilcodecodedcodescodingcommitcommitmentcommitmentscommitscommittedcommitting communicatecommunicablecommunicatedcommunicatescommunicating communication communications communicativecommunicatively uncommunicative concentrateconcentratedconcentratesconcentratingconcentration conferconferenceconferencesconferredconferringconferscontrastcontrastedcontrastingcontrastivecontrastscyclecycledcyclescycliccyclicalcyclingdebatedebatabledebateddebatesdebating despitedimensiondimensionaldimensionsmultidimensional domesticdomesticallydomesticate domesticateddomesticatingdomesticsemergeemergedemergenceemergentemergesemergingerrorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypotheticallyimplementimplementationimplementedimplementingimplementsimplicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplicationsimposeimposedimposesimposingimpositionintegrateintegratedintegratesintegratingintegrationinternalinternaliseinternalisedinternalisesinternalisinginternalizeinternalizedinternalizesinternalizinginternallyinvestigateinvestigatedinvestigatesinvestigatinginvestigationinvestigationsinvestigativeinvestigatorinvestigatorsjobjobslabellabeledlabelinglabelledlabellinglabelsmechanismmechanismsobviousobviouslyoccupyoccupancyoccupantoccupantsoccupationoccupationaloccupationsoccupiedoccupieroccupiersoccupiesoccupyingoptionoptionaloptionsoutputoutputsoverallparallelparalleledparallelledparallellingparallelsunparalleledparameterparametersphasephasedphasesphasingpredictpredictabilitypredictablepredictablypredictedpredictingpredictionpredictionspredictsunpredictabilityunpredictableprincipalprincipallypriorprofessionalprofessionallyprofessionalsprofessionalismprojectprojectedprojectingprojectionprojectionsprojectspromotepromotedpromoterpromoterspromotespromotingpromotionpromotionsregimeregimesresolveresolutionresolvedresolvesresolvingunresolvedretainretainedretainingretainerretainersretainsretentionretentiveseriesstatisticstatisticianstatisticiansstatisticalstatisticallystatisticsstatusstressstressedstressesstressfulstressingunstressedsubsequentsubsequently sumsummationsummedsummingsums summarysummariessummarisesummarisedsummarisessummarising summarisation summarisations summarization summarizations summarizesummarizedsummarizessummarizing undertakeundertaken undertakes undertaking undertookSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademyacademiaacademicacademically academicsacademies adjustadjustedadjustingadjustment adjustments adjustsreadjustreadjustedreadjusting readjustment readjustments readjusts alteralterablealterationalterationsalteredalteringalternatealternating altersunalterable unaltered amendamendedamendingamendment amendments amends awareawarenessunaware capacitycapacitiesincapacitate incapacitated challengechallengedchallengerchallengers challengeschallenging clauseclauses compoundcompounded compounding compounds conflictconflictedconflictingconflicts consultconsultancy consultantconsultants consultation consultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsultingcontactcontactablecontactedcontactingcontactsdeclinedeclineddeclinesdecliningdiscretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretiondraftdrafteddraftingdraftsredraftredraftedredraftingredraftsenableenabledenablesenablingenergyenergeticenergeticallyenergiesenforceenforcedenforcementenforcesenforcingentityentitiesequivalentequivalenceevolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolvesevolutionaryevolutionistevolutionistsexpandexpandedexpandingexpandsexpansionexpansionismexpansiveexposeexposedexposesexposingexposureexposuresexternalexternalisationexternaliseexternalisedexternalisesexternalisingexternalityexternalizationexternalizeexternalizedexternalizesexternalizingexternallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacilityfundamentalfundamentallygenerategeneratedgeneratesgeneratinggenerationgenerationsimageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalisingliberalizationliberalizeliberalizedliberalizesliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesliberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberalslicencelicenceslicenselicensedlicensinglicensesunlicensed logicillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogicians marginmarginalmarginally margins medicalmedically mentalmentalitymentally modifymodification modifications modifiedmodifiesmodifyingunmodified monitormonitored monitoring monitorsunmonitored networknetworked networking networks notionnotions objectiveobjectively objectivity orientorientateorientatedorientatesorientation orientating orientedorientingorientsreorientreorientation perspectiveperspectivespreciseimprecisepreciselyprecisionprimeprimacypsychologypsychologicalpsychologicallypsychologistpsychologistspursuepursuedpursuespursuingpursuitpursuitsratioratiosrejectrejectedrejectingrejectionrejectsrejectionsrevenuerevenuesstableinstabilitystabilisationstabilisestabilisedstabilisesstabilisingstabilizationstabilizestabilizedstabilizesstabilizingstabilityunstablestylestyledstylesstylingstylishstylisestylisedstylisesstylisingstylizestylizedstylizesstylizingsubstitutesubstitutedsubstitutessubstitutingsubstitutionsustainsustainablesustainabilitysustainedsustainingsustainssustenanceunsustainablesymbolsymbolicsymbolicallysymbolisesymbolisessymbolisedsymbolisingsymbolismsymbolizesymbolizedsymbolizessymbolizingsymbolstargettargetedtargetingtargetstransittransitedtransitingtransitiontransitionaltransitionstransitorytransitstrendtrendsversionversionswelfarewhereasSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstractabstractionabstractionsabstractlyabstracts accurateaccuracyaccuratelyinaccuracyinaccuraciesinaccurate acknowledgeacknowledgedacknowledgesacknowledgingacknowledgement acknowledgemens aggregateaggregatedaggregatesaggregatingaggregation allocateallocatedallocatesallocatingallocationallocations assignassignedassigningassignmentassignmentsassigns reassignreassignedreassigningreassignsunassignedattachattachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattachedauthorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorshipbondbondedbondingbondsbriefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefscapablecapabilitiescapabilityincapablecitecitationcitationscitedcitingcitescooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperativelyco‑operateco‑operatedco‑operatesco‑operationco‑operativeco‑operativelydiscriminatediscriminateddiscriminatesdiscriminatingdiscriminationdisplaydisplayeddisplayingdisplaysdiversediverselydiversificationdiversifieddiversifiesdiversifydiversifyingdiversitydomaindomains editeditededitingeditioneditionseditoreditorialeditorialseditorsedits enhanceenhancedenhancement enhancesenhancing estateestates exceedexceededexceedingexceeds expertexpertiseexpertlyexperts explicitexplicitly federalfederationfederations feefeesflexibleflexibilityinflexibleinflexibility furthermoregendergenders ignorantignoranceignoreignoredignoresignoring incentiveincentives incidenceincidentincidentally incidents incorporateincorporated incorporates incorporating incorporation indexindexedindexesindexing inhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibits initiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiators inputinputs instructinstructioninstructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructsintelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentintervalintervalslecturelecturedlecturerlecturerslectureslecturingmigratemigrantmigrantsmigratedmigratesmigratingmigrationmigrationsmigratoryminimumministryministeredministeringministerialministriesmotivemotivatemotivatedmotivatesmotivatingmotivationmotivationsmotivesunmotivatedneutralneutralisationneutraliseneutralisedneutralisesneutralisingneutralityneutralizationneutralizeneutralizedneutralizesneutralizingneverthelessoverseasprecedeprecededprecedenceprecedentprecedesprecedingunprecedentedpresumepresumablypresumedpresumespresumingpresumptionpresumptionspresumptuousrationalirrationalrationalisationrationalisationsrationaliserationalisedrationalisesrationalisingrationalismrationalityrationalizationrationalizationsrationalizerationalizedrationalizesrationallyrecoverrecoverablerecoveredrecoveringrecoversrecoveryrevealrevealedrevealingrevealsrevelationrevelationsscopesubsidysubsidiarysubsidiessubsidisesubsidisedsubsidisessubsidisingsubsidizesubsidizedsubsidizessubsidizingtapetapedtapestapingtracetraceabletracedtracestracingtransformtransformationtransformationstransformedtransformingtransformstransporttransportationtransportedtransportertransporterstransportingtransportsunderlieunderlayunderliesunderlyingutiliseutilisationutilisedutilisesutilisingutiliserutilisersutilityutilitiesutilizationutilizeutilizedutilizesutilizing。
Academic Word List(学术写作单词表)
1An Introduction to the Academic Word ListAveril Coxhead, Massey University, New ZealandThe Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of 570 word families that are commonly found in academic texts. This list was selected by examining a large corpus (or collection) of written academic texts and selecting the words that occurred:1 In texts from all four academic facultysections: Arts, Commerce, Law and Science. 2 Over 100 times in the corpus overall.3 At least 10 times in each academicfaculty section.4 Outside the 2000 most frequent wordson Michael West’s General Service List(GSL). The GSL includes everyday wordssuch as I, house and do.These principles ensured that only words that occurred reasonably frequently in a variety of study areas were selected.The AWL targets vocabulary that occurs most often in written academic texts. These words also occur in newspapers but not as often as they do in textbooks. The AWL words appear even less in fiction. If your focus is learning academic vocabulary, you need to make sure you read academic textbooks so that you encounter these words in context.The AWL is organized into Word Families. Word families are made up of the ‘parent word’ and ‘family members’. Take for example the word maximise. Its family members include inflections of the verb such as maximised,maximises and maximising as well as the noun maximum. The word family also includes the British spelling of the noun maximisation, as well as maximization, the US spelling.If you learn the verb maximise, you will be able to recognise other family members such as maximised when you encounter them in your reading. These words are closely related and the meaning is likely to be the same or similar. When you are looking for words in this dictionary, think about other word family members too. Finally, there are some academic words thatdo not have a word family. These words occur on their own and do not have any inflections. Examples include nonetheless,so-called and behalf.The AWL is intended as a reference for students who are studying or preparing to study at a tertiary level in English. As a university lecturer, I was aware of the difficulties that students had in mastering the vocabulary necessary for written assignments. The AWL does not include ‘content’ vocabulary for particular subjects which students obviously need to learn as well. The AWL focuses instead on the non-subject-specific vocabulary that students of any discipline will need to master in order to produce coherently-structured written assignments.The AWL covers up to 10% of the vocabulary covered in written academic texts. This means that, on average, one word in 10 in an academic textbook is in the AWL. Look at the following extract from an academic text:EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Environmental issues are truly global. Many of the problems, like the releasingof CFCs into the atmosphere, have global effects and require global action. Some problems link to the exploitation of global commons – the resources shared by the international community suchas ocean beds and the atmosphere. Sometimes small local problems, suchas poisonous gases leaking from landfills and water pollution, are multiplied so many times in any local contexts thatthey become major world hazards. The environment is a global concern requiring global policies.Academic Word ListAcademic Word List2The highlighted words are all on the AWL.This sample illustrates clearly that the AWLcan help with decisions about which words are important for you to learn if you are studying in an English-speaking country.Knowledge of academic vocabulary is vital for students studying at an English-speaking university, particularly for reading and writing.If you compare estimates of how many words a native English speaker might know by the age of 18 (approximately 18,000 to 20,000 words) and how many a learner who has had two or three hours of schooling in English overseveral years (roughly 2000 to 3000 words depending on the language background of the student), this gap is enormous. In order to read and write successfully you need to be able to recognize as many words as possible in your textbooks and use as many as possible in your essays. The bigger your vocabulary, the more you will be able to cope with the high reading and writing demands of your studies.Academic writing tends to be quite formal in style. The vocabulary items that you use in your writing can affect the level of formality. Writers need to know whether a word can be used in a particular situation. T ake for example consequent. This is marked as formal. You would probablynot choose to use this word when speaking with friends but you should use it in written English to take your language to a higher level of formality. The AWL will help you to focus on issues of formality. Look out for the formal label in this dictionary.Remember that the AWL covers approximately 10% of all vocabulary in a piece of academic writing. You should aim to have roughly the same percentage in your own academic writing too. If you go to the AWL highlighter websiteby Sandra Haywood (http://www.nottingham. /~alzsh3/acvocab/awlhighlighter.html) you can copy and paste your text into it and it will highlight the AWL words for you. This will enable you to see how many AWL words you are using overall and whether you repeat the same words many times in your writing.When looking up words from the AWL in this dictionary you should also focus on the bold phrases that are highlighted. These show you the key grammatical patterns and collocations for that word. Collocations are words that commonly occur together or near each other in a text, for example ‘effect on’. Collocations and phrases are important because they help with fluencyin writing and indicate that you are working at a higher level with academic vocabulary than just using a word from your own language and its translation. The collocations in the following text have been highlighted in blue.DECLINING BIODIVERSITYWhatever the effects on this planet’s climate, rain-forest clearance has another undeniable impact. The disappearance of rain forests is a major factor eroding the earth’s biodiversity, or, more simply causing many thousands of species of plant and animal life to disappear forever. While rain forests account for just seven percent of the earth’s surface, they are home to almost half of this planet’s living species. Estimatesof the total number of species of animalsand plants range from 1.5 million to as high as 30 million. Researchers, in fact, have identified more than 1,000 species of ants alone (Wilson, 1991).Remember that building your vocabulary takes time. You are not likely to learn everything you need to know about a word the very first time you see it. And don’t expect to remember everything about a word after looking it up in a dictionary once. Try some of these ideas to help you with vocabulary building:• Make the most of the information given in this dictionary to build up your knowledge of a word. Look at the bold phrases highlighted in the entry. These show important grammatical patterns and collocations. Learn these rather than the word in isolation.• Even if you think you already ‘know’ a word, look it up in the dictionary to see if there is any additional information that you don’t know.• Research has shown that repetition helps people to remember things. Make sure you build repetition into your learning. You could do this through using word cards to test yourself or by keeping a vocabulary notebook.Academic Word List3• Studying words ‘actively’ will help yourlearning. People do learn words through reading but the chances of remembering vocabulary is higher when you focus on the words and make a conscious effort to learn them.• Look out for common collocations, phrases and grammatical patterns of words when you are reading academic texts.• Work with the AWL alongside you when you are writing. Try to use words from the list that are relevant to your writing. The words on the AWL are marked with in this dictionary.The AWL does not include the 2000 most frequent words used in general everyday English. In this dictionary, however, the 3000 most frequent words in written English are also marked with 12and 3and the 3000 most frequent words in spoken English are marked with and .In some cases, these overlap with the AWL.Averil Coxhead is a lecturer in English for Academic Purposesat Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Shecompiled the AWL in 2000. For further information on the AWL go to Averil’s website at /staff/awl/index.shtml.Acknowledgement: Extracts on the subject of European environmental policy and declining biodiversity are reproduced with permission from Sociology:A Global Introduction, third edition, by John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer,©Pearson Education Limited 2005.abandon1v abandoned adj abnormal adj abstract1adj abstract2n abstract3v abstraction n academic1adj academic2n academy n access1n access2v accessible adj accommodate v accommodation n accompaniment n accompany v accumulate v accuracy n accurate adj achieve v achievement n acknowledge v acknowledgement n acquire v acquisition n adapt v adaptable adj adaptation n adequate adj adjacent adjadjust vadjustment nadministration nadministrative adjadult1nadult2adjadvocacy nadvocate1vadvocate2 naffect vaggregate1 naggregate2 adjaggregate3 vaid1 naid2 valbeit conjallocate vallocation nalter valteration nalternate1 adjalternate2 valternative1 adjalternative2 nambiguity nambiguous adjamend vamendment nanalogous adjanalogy nanalyse vanalysis nanalyst nanalytical adjanalyze vannual1 adjanticipate vanticipation napparent adjappend vappendix nappreciable adjappreciate vappreciation napproach1 vapproach2 nappropriate1 adjapproximate1 adjapproximate2 vapproximation narbitrary adjarea naspect nassemble vassembly nassess vassessment nassign vassignment nassist1 vassistance nassume vassuming conjassumption nassurance nassure vattach vattachment nattain vattainment nattitude nattributable adjattribute1 vattribute2 nauthor1 nauthor2 vauthoritative adjauthority nauthorship nautomate vautomated adjautomatic1 adjautomatically advautomation navailable adjaware adjawareness nAcademic Word ListThe following is a list of the words from the Academic Word List that are highlighted in this dictionary. Words shown in bold are one of the ‘parent words’.Academic Word List4behalf n beneficial adj beneficiary n benefit1 n benefit2 vbias1 nbias2 vbiased adjbond1 nbond2 v brevity nbrief1 adjbrief2 nbrief3 v briefing n briefly advbulk1 nbulky adjcapability n capable adj capacity n category n cease1 v challenge1 n challenge2 v challenging adj channel1 n channel2 v chapter nchart1 nchart2 v chemical1 n chemical2 adj circumstance n citation ncite vcivil adj clarification n clarify vclarity n classic1 adj classic2 n classical adj clause ncode1 ncode2 vcoded adj coding n coherence n coherent adj coincide v coincidence n coincident adj coincidental adj collapse1 v collapse2 n colleague n commence v commencement n comment1 ncomment2 vcommentary ncommentator ncommission1 ncommission2 vcommit vcommitment ncommitted adjcommodity ncommunicable adjcommunicate vcommunication ncommunicative adjcommunity ncompatibility ncompatible1 adjcompensate vcompensation ncompensatory adjcompilation ncompile vcomplement1 ncomplement2 vcomplementary adjcomplex1 adjcomplex2 ncomplexity ncomponent1 ncomponent2 adjcompound1 ncompound2 vcompound3 adjcomprehensive adjcomprise vcomputation ncompute vcomputer ncomputing nconceivable adjconceive vconcentrate1 vconcentration nconcept nconception nconceptual adjconclude vconcluding adjconclusion nconclusive adjconcurrent adjconduct1 vconduct2 nconfer vconference nconfine vconfined adjconfirm vconfirmation nconflict1 nconflict2 vconform vconformation nconformist adjconformity nconsensus nconsent1 nconsent2 vconsequence nconsequent adjconsequently advconsiderable adjconsiderably advconsist vconsistency nconsistent adjconstancy nconstant1 adjconstant2 nconstantly advconstituency nconstituent1 nconstituent2 adjconstitute vconstitution nconstitutional1 adjconstrain vconstrained adjconstraint nconstruct1 vconstruct2 nconstruction nconstructive adjconsult vconsultancy nconsultant nconsultation nconsultative adjconsume vconsumer nconsumption ncontact1 ncontact2 vcontact3 adjcontemporary1 adjcontemporary2 ncontext ncontextual adjcontextualize vcontract1 ncontract2 vcontractor ncontradict vcontradiction ncontradictory adjcontrary1 ncontrary2 adjcontrast1 ncontrast2 vcontrasting adjcontribute vcontribution ncontributor ncontroversial adjcontroversy nconvene vconvention nconventional adjconverse3 adjconversely advconversion nconvert1 vconvertible 1 adjconvince vconvinced adjconvincing adjcooperate vcooperation ncooperative1 adjcoordinate1 vcoordinate2 ncoordinate3 adjcoordination ncoordinator ncore1 ncore2 adjcore3 vcorporate adjcorporation ncorrespond vcorrespondence ncorresponding adjcouple1 ncouple2 vcreate vcreation ncreative1 adjcreativity ncreator ncredit1 ncredit2 vcreditor ncriterion ncrucial adjcultural adjculturally advculture1 ncurrency ncycle1 ncycle2 vcyclic adjdata ndebatable adjdebate1 ndebate2 vdecade ndecline1 ndecline2 vdeduce vAcademic Word List 5deduction n define vdefinite adj definitely adv definition n definitive adj demonstrable adj demonstrate v demonstration n demonstrative adj demonstrator n denial ndenote vdeny vdepress v depression n derivation n derivative1 n derivative2 adj derive vdesign1 ndesign2 v designer1 n despite prep detect v detection n detective n detector n deviate1 v deviation n device ndevote v devoted adj devotion n differentiate v dimension n diminish v diminution n discrete adj discretion n discretionary adj discriminate v discrimination n disestablish v displace v displacement n display1 n display2 v disposable adj disposal n dispose v disproportion n disproportionate adj dissimilar adj distinct adj distinction n distinctive adj distinctly adv distort v distribute v distribution ndistributive adjdiverse adjdiversify vdiversity ndocument1 ndocument2 vdocumentation ndomain ndomestic1 adjdomesticate vdomesticated adjdominance ndominant1 adjdominate vdraft1 ndraft2 vdraft3 adjdrama ndramatic adjdramatist ndramatize vduration ndynamic1 adjdynamic2 neconomic adjeconomical adjeconomically adveconomics neconomist neconomy1 nedit vedition neditor neditorial1 adjeditorial2 nelement neliminate velimination nemerge vemergence nemergent adjemerging adjemphasis nemphasize vemphatic adjempirical adjempiricism nenable venabling adjencounter1 vencounter2 nenergetic adjenergy nenforce venforced adjenforcement nenhance venhanced adjenormity nenormous adjenormously advensure ventity nenvironment nenvironmental adjenvironmentalist nequate vequation nequip vequipment nequivalent1 adjequivalent2 nerode verosion nerroneous adjerror nestablish vestablished adjestablishment nestate nestimate1 nestimate2 vestimation nethic nethical adjethnic1 adjethnic2 nevaluate vevaluation neventual adjeventuality neventually advevidence1 nevident adjevidential adjevidently advevolution nevolutionary adjevolve vexceed vexclude vexcluding prepexclusion nexclusive1 adjexclusively advexhibit1 vexhibit2 nexhibition nexpand vexpansion nexpansionism nexpansive adjexpert1 nexpert2 adjexpertise nexplicit adjexploit1 vexploitation nexport1 nexport2 vexporter nexpose vexposed adjexposure nexternal adjexternalize vextract1 vextract2 nextraction nfacilitate vfacilitator nfacility nfactor1 nfactor2 vfeature1 nfeature2 vfederal adjfederation nfee nfile1 nfile2 vfiling nfinal1 adjfinal2 nfinality nfinalize vfinally advfinance1 nfinance2 vfinancial adjfinancier nfinite adjflexibility nflexible adjfluctuate vfluctuation nfocus1 vfocus2 nfocussed adjformat1 nformat2 vformula nformulate vforthcoming adjfound2 vfoundation nfounder1 nfounding nframework nfunction1 nfunction2 vfunctional adjfund1 nfund2 vfundamental adjfundamentally advfunding nAcademic Word List6furthermore advgender n generate v generation n globalization n globe ngoal ngrade1 n grade2 v graded adj grant1 vgrant2 n guarantee1 v guarantee2 n guideline nhence adv hierarchical adj hierarchy n highlight1 v hypothesis n hypothesize v hypothetical adj identical adj identifiable adj identification n identify v identity n ideological adj ideology n ignorance n ignorant adj ignore v illegal1 adj illogical adj illustrate v illustration n illustrative adj image n imagery n immature adj immigrant n immigrate v immigration n impact1 n impact2 v implement1 v implement2 n implicate v implication n implicit adj imply v impose v imposition n imprecise adj inaccessible adj inaccuracy n inaccurate adj inadequacy ninadequate adjinappropriate adjincapable adjincapacitate vincentive nincidence nincident nincidentally advinclination nincline1 vincline2 nincoherent adjincome nincompatible adjinconceivable adjinconclusive adjinconsistency ninconsistent adjincorporate vincorporated adjindefinite adjindefinitely advindex1 nindex2 vindicate vindication nindicative1 nindicative2 adjindicator nindiscretion nindistinct adjindividual1 adjindividual2 nindividualism nindividualist nindividuality nindividually advinduce vinduction ninevitability ninevitable adjinevitably advinfer vinference ninfinite adjinfinitely advinflexible adjinfrastructure ninherent adjinhibit vinhibition ninitial1 adjinitially advinitiate1 vinitiation ninitiative ninitiator ninjure vinjured adjinjury ninnovate vinnovation ninnovative adjinnovator ninput1 ninput2 vinsecure adjinsert1 vinsertion ninsight ninsightful adjinsignificant adjinspect vinspection ninspector ninstability ninstance1 ninstance2 vinstitute1 ninstitute2 vinstitution ninstitutional adjinstitutionalized adjinstruct vinstruction ninstructive adjinstructor ninsufficient adjintegral adjintegrate vintegrated adjintegration nintegrity nintelligence nintelligent adjintense adjintensify vintensity nintensive adjinteract vinteraction ninteractive adjintermediate1 adjinternal adjinternalize vinterpret vinterpretation ninterpretative adjinterpretive adjinterval nintervene vintervening adjintervention nintrinsic adjinvalidate vinvalidity ninvariable adjinvariably advinvest vinvestigate vinvestigation ninvestigative adjinvestigator ninvestment ninvestor ninvisible adjinvoke vinvolve vinvolvement nirrational adjirrelevance nirrelevant adjirreversible adjisolate visolated adjisolation nisolationism nissue1 nissue2 vitem njob njournal njustifiable adjjustification njustified adjjustify vlabel1 nlabel2 vlabor nlabored adjlabour1 nlabour2 vlaboured adjlayer1 nlayer2 vlecture1 nlecture2 vlecturer nlegal adjlegality nlegally advlegislate vlegislation nlegislative adjlegislator nlegislature nlevy1 vlevy2 nliberal1 adjliberal2 nliberalism nliberalize vliberally advliberate vliberated adjlicence nlicense vAcademic Word List 7licensed adj likewise adv link1 vlink2 n linkage n locate v location n logic n logical adj logician n maintain v maintenance n major1 adj majority n manipulate v manipulative adj manual1 adj manual2 n margin n marginal adj marginally adv maturation n mature1 adj mature2 v maturity n maximize v maximum1 adj maximum2 n mechanism n media n mediate v medical1 adj medium1 adj medium2 n mental adj mentality n method n methodical adj methodology n migrant n migrate v migration n migratory adj military1 adj military2 n minimal adj minimize v minimum1 adj minimum2 n ministerial adj ministry n minor1 adj minority n misinterpret v mode n modification n modify v monitor1 v motivated adj motivation nmotive1 nmotive2 adjmutual adjmutually advnegate vnegative1 adjnegative2 nnetwork1 nnetwork2 vnetworking nneutral1 adjneutrality nneutralize vnevertheless advnonconformist nnonetheless advnorm nnormal1 adjnormal2 nnormality nnormalize vnormally advnotion nnotwithstanding prepnuclear adjobjective1 nobjective2 adjobjectively advobtain vobtainable adjobvious adjobviously advoccupancy noccupant noccupation noccupational adjoccupier noccupy voccur voccurrence nodd adjodds noffset1 vongoing adjoption noptional adjorient1 vorientate vorientated adjorientation noriented adjoutcome noutput1 noutput2 voverall1 adjoverall2 advoverestimate1 voverestimate2 noverlap1 voverlap2 noverseas1 advoverseas2 adjpanel nparadigm nparagraph nparallel1 nparallel2 adjparallel3 vparameter nparticipant nparticipate vparticipation nparticipatory adjpartner1 npartnership npassive1 adjpassive2 nperceive vpercent1 adjpercent2 npercentage nperception nperiod1 nperiodic adjperiodical npersist vpersistence npersistent adjperspective nphase1 nphase2 vphenomenal adjphenomenon nphilosopher nphilosophical adjphilosophize vphilosophy nphysical1 adjphysically advplus1 prepplus2 nplus3 adjpolicy nportion1 npose1 vpose2 npositive1 adjpositively advpotential1 adjpotential2 npotentially advpractitioner nprecede vprecedence nprecedent npreceding adjprecise adjprecisely advprecision1 nprecision2 adjpredict vpredictable adjprediction npredominance npredominant adjpredominantly advpredominate vpreliminary1 adjpreliminary2 npresumably advpresume vpresumption nprevious adjpreviously advprimacy nprimarily advprimary1 adjprime1 adjprincipal1 adjprincipally advprinciple nprincipled adjprior1 adjprioritize vpriority1 nprocedural adjprocedure nproceed vproceeding nproceeds nprocess1 nprocess2 vprocessed adjprofessional1 adjprofessional2 nprofessionalism nprofessionally advprohibit vprohibition nprohibitive adjproject1 nproject2 vprojection npromote vpromoter npromotion nproportion1 nproportional adjproportionate adjprospect1 nprospective adjprotocol npsychological adjpsychologist npsychology npublication nAcademic Word List8publish v publisher n publishing n purchase1 v purchase2 n pursue v pursuit n qualitative adj quotation n quote1 v quote2 n radical1 adj radical2 n random adj range1 n range2 vratio n rational adj rationalism n rationalize v react v reaction n reactionary1 adj reactionary2 n reactivate v reactive adj reactor n readjust v reassess v reconstruct v reconstruction n recover v recovery n recreate v redistribute v redistribution n refine v refined adj refinement n regime n region n regional adj register1 n register2 v registration n regulate v regulation 1 n regulator n regulatory adj reinforce v reinforcement n reinvest v reject1 v rejection n relax v relaxation n release1 v release2 n relevant adjreliable adjreliance nreliant adjrelocate vreluctance nreluctant adjrely vremovable adjremoval nremove1 vremove2 nrequire vrequirement nreschedule vresearch1 nresearch2 vreside vresidence nresident1 nresident2 adjresidential adjresolution nresolve1 vresolve2 nresource1 nresource2 vresourceful adjrespond vrespondent nresponse nresponsive adjrestoration nrestore vrestored adjrestrain vrestraint nrestrict vrestricted adjrestriction nrestrictive adjrestructure vretain vretainer nretention nretentive adjreveal vrevealing adjrevelation nrevenue nreversal nreverse1 vreverse2 nreverse3 adjreversible adjrevise vrevision nrevolution nrevolutionary1 adjrevolutionary2 nrevolutionize vrigid adjrole nroute1 nroute2 vscenario nschedule1 nschedule2 vschematic adjscheme1 nscheme2 vscope1 nsection1 nsection2 vsector nsecure1 adjsecure2 vsecurely advsecurity nseek vselect1 vselect2 adjselection nselective adjselector nsequence nsequencing nsequential adjseries nsex1 nsexism nsexual adjsexuality nshift1 vshift2 nsignificant adjsignificantly advsignify vsimilar adjsimilarity nsimilarly advsimulate vsimulated adjsimulation nsite1 nsole1 adjsolely advsomewhat advsource1 nsource2 vspecific1 adjspecific2 nspecifically advspecification nspecify vsphere nspherical adjstability nstabilize vstable1 adjstatistic nstatistician nstatus nstraightforward adjstrategic adjstrategist nstrategy nstress1 nstress2 vstressed adjstressful adjstructural adjstructure1 nstructure2 vstructured adjstyle1 nstyle2 vstyling nstylish adjstylized adjsubmission nsubmit vsubordinate1 adjsubordinate2 nsubordinate3 vsubsequent adjsubsequently advsubsidiary2 adjsubsidize vsubsidy nsubstitute1 nsubstitute2 vsubstitution nsuccession nsuccessive adjsuccessor nsufficiency nsufficient adjsum1 nsum2 vsummarize vsummary1 nsummary2 adjsummation nsupplement1 nsupplement2 vsupplementary adjsurvey1 nsurvey2 vsurvival nsurvive vsurvivor nsuspend vsuspension nsustain vsustainable adjsustained adjsustenance nsymbol n。
(完整word版)ACADEMIC WORD LIST中文版本
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesanalysis n.分析, 分解approach n.接近, vt.接近, vi.靠近area n.范围,面积, 地区, 空地assessment n.估价, 被估定的金额assume vt.假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现authority n.权威, 威信, 权威人士, 权力, 职权, 典据, 著作权威available adj.可利用的,有空的, 接受探访的benefitn.利益, 好处vt.有益于, 有助于vi.受益concept n.观念, 概念consistentadj.一致的, 调和的, 坚固的, [数、统]相容的constitutionaladj.构成的, 增强体质的, 宪法的, 拥护宪法的context n.上下文, 文章的前后关系contractn.合同, 契约, 婚约v.使缩短, 感染, 订约createvt.创造, 创作, 引起, 造成data n.datum的复数, 资料, 数据definition n.定义, 解说, 精确度, (轮廓影像等的)清晰度derived vt得到distribution n.分配，established adj.已制定的, 确定的estimate v.估计,评估n.估计, 评估evidencen.明显,明白, 迹象,根据, [物]证据, 证物export vt.输出 n.出口货,factorsn.因素, 要素, 因数,代理人financialadj.财政的, 金融的formulan.公式, 规则, 客套语functionn.官能, 功能, 作用,职责, 典礼, 仪式, [数]函数vi.(器官等)活动, 运行, 行使职责identifiedvt.识别, 鉴别, 把...和...看成一样v.确定income n.收入, 收益,进款, 所得indicatevt.指出, 显示, 象征,预示, 需要, 简要地说明individualn.个人, 个体adj.个别的, 单独的,个人的interpretationn.解释, 阐明, 口译,通译n.解释, 阐明, 口译,通译involved adj.复杂难懂的issues n.问题,争论点labour n,劳动,努力legal adj.合法的legislation n.法律,法规major adj.主要的method n.方法,办法occur vi.发生, 出现percent n.百分比, 百分数Period .n时期 adj.过去某段时期的policy n.政策, 方针Principle n.法则, 原则, 原理proceduren.程序, 手续process n.过程vt.加工, 处理Required adj.必需的researchn.研究, 调查vi.研究,调查responsen.回答, 响应, 反应role n.角色, 任务sectionn.部分, 断片, 部件,节, 项, 区, 地域, 截面sectorn.部分, 部门, [计]扇区, 地区, 象限, 扇形v.使分成部分, 把...分成扇形significant adj.有意义的, 重大的, 重要的Similar adj.相似的, 类似的sourcespecificn.特效药, 细节adj.详细而精确的, 明确的, 特殊的, 特效的,[生物]种的structuren.结构, 构造, 建筑物vt.建筑, 构成, 组织theory n.理论, 学说Variablesn.[数]变数, 可变物,变量adj.可变的, 不定的,易变的, [数]变量的Sublist 2 of Academic Word List –Second Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAchieve vt.完成Acquisition vt.收购Administration n.管理Affect vt. 影响Appropriateadj适当的, 恰当的aspects n. 粗暴, 粗鲁assistance n.帮助, 援助categories vt. 把…归类chapter n.章, 回, 篇commission n.授权, 委托vt.. 委任, 委托community n. 社区, 社会, 团体complex adj. 由许多部分组成的, 复合的compute n.估计估算conclusion n.信念，结尾conduct v. 控制, 管理consequencesn. 重要(性), 重大constructionn.建造, 建设; 建筑业consumer n.消费者, 顾客credit n.存款，借贷cultural adj.文化的,与文化有关的design v.设计, 绘制n. 图样,目的distinctionn.特征,区别，荣誉elements n. 原理,基础equation n. 方程式,等式evaluation n.估价,评价features n. 容貌final adj最后的, 最终的focus vt. (使)集中,(使)聚集n. 焦点,焦距; 中心impact n.影响, 作用冲击(力), 碰撞v.对某事物有影响injuryn. 伤害, 损害，受伤处institute vt.建立, 制定;investment n. 协会,学会; 学院, 研究院items n.名目journal n.杂志, 期刊,日记maintenance n. 维持;维护; 保养; 维修,赡养费normal adj. 正常的obtained n.获得participation n. 分享,参与perceived v.感知positive adj.确实的积极的potential adj.潜在的, 有可能的previous adj.先前的,以前的primary ad.j首要的;主要的;purchase n+vt购买range v. 一系列region n. 地区; 地带; 区域; 范围regulations n.规程;规章; 守则; 条例relevant adj.有关的,切题的resident adj.定居的;常驻的n.居民，房客resources n.资源;资源restricted adj.限制的,禁止的security n. 安全, 抵押品sought seek的过去式和过去分词select vt. 选择; 挑选adj.精选的, 挑选出来的site n.位置, 场所, 地点.vt.使坐落在; 设置strategies n. 策略survey vt眺望; 纵览text n. 正文, 本文traditional adj.传统的, 惯例的transfer v. 转移; 迁移n. 转移; 转让; 转录Sublist 3 of Academic Word List – Third Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAlternative adj.两者选一的,供替代的circumstances n.环境，条件comments n.注解，注释compensation n.赔偿，补偿金components n.成分,组成部分consent n. 准许,同意considerable adj.相当大(或多)的constant adj.始终如一的,不断的constraints n.强制,约束contribution n.贡献,捐款物convention n.大会,惯例coordination n.协调,和谐core n.果核,核心corporate adj.社团的,法人的corresponding adj. 相当的, 对应的criteria n.标准deduction n.扣除,减除demonstrate v.说明,演示document n.公文,文件, dominant adj.占优势的emphasis n.强调,重点ensure v.确保,担保excluded v.排除,不包括在内framework n.构架,结构funds n.基金illustrated n.有插图的报章杂志immigration n.移民局检查站implies v.暗示,暗指initial adj.最初的,开头的instance n.例子,事例interaction n.一起活动,合作justification n,正当的理由layer n.层,层次link n.环,联系location n.位置,场所maximum adj.最大值的,最大量的minorities n.少数,小部分negative adj.拒绝的,怀疑的outcomes n.结果partnership n.合作关系philosophy n.哲学,人生哲学physical adj.身体的,物质的proportion n.均衡,相称published vt.出版,公布reaction n.反应,回应registered adj.已注册的.Reliance n.依靠,依耐Removed adj.离开的,Scheme n.阴谋,诡计Sequence n.有关联的一组事物Sex n.性别,性Shift n.转换,转变Specified v.详述,指定Sufficient adj.足够的.充足的Task n.工作,任务technical n.技术学院和学校techniques n.技巧,手法technology n.科技,工业技术validity n.有效,合法性volume n.卷,册,书卷Sublist 4 of Academic Word List –Fourth Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAccess n. 接近; 使用; 进入的权利, 接近的机会; 门路, 通道,入口; 病菌的侵入; 允许进入一个电脑系统和/或接受资料 (计算机用语)v. 取出; 接近; 使用emergev. 浮现, 脱出, 形成outputn.产量,输出,输出功率vt. 输出adequate adj. 足够的, 能满足需要的; 胜任的; 适当的; 差强人意的, 尚可的error n. 错误, 失误, 过失overall n. 工作裤; 防护服; 工作服; 罩衫adj. 从头到尾的;总的, 全面的, 全部的adv. 从头到尾; 大体上; 总的来说annual n. 年鉴, 年刊; 一年生植物adj. 每年的; 一年一次的; 一年生的ethnicadj. 种族的; 人种学的paralleln. 平行, 相匹敌之物, 对比v. 与...平行, 相比, 与...相似adj. 平行的, 相似的apparent adj. 显然的; 外观上的goaln. 目标, 得分, 终点parametern. 参数, 参量; 界限;因素, 特征; 决定功能形式的变数approximatev. 近似, 接近; 大致估计; 使接近; 模拟;近于adj. 近似的, 大约的grantedconj. 假定; 就算phasen. 时期, 阶段, 局面v. 使调整相位, 实行,逐步执行attituden. 态度; 看法; 姿势henceadv. 因此; 从此predictv. 预言; 预报; 预料; 作预言; 作预报;作预料attribute n. 属性;标志, 象征; 特质, 特性; 定语v. 归于, 属于hypothesis n. 假设principaln. 校长, 本金, 首长adj. 主要的, 首要的, 重要的civil adj. 市民的,有礼貌的, 公民的implementationn. 履行; 成就; 完成prioradj. 在先的, 在前的; 优先的, 更重要的;居先的coden. 编码, 密码, 电码;原密码, 编程语言命令的继位 (计算机用语)v. 把...编码, 制成法典implicationn. 含意, 暗示professionaln. 专业人才adj. 专业的, 职业的commitmentn. 托付, 交托; 下狱;委任; 收监impose v. 征; 把...强加于; 加于; 利用; 施影响; 欺骗project n. 计划, 事业, 方案v. 计划, 投掷, 设计;突出, 伸出; 投射communicationn. 沟通, 交通; 通信integrationn. 整合, 集成, 完成promotev. 晋升; 促进; 使升级; 发扬concentration n. 集中; 专心; 集合internal n. 本质, 本性; 内部器官, 内脏adj. 内在的; 国内的regime n. 政体,政权制度, 政权conference n. 会议;协商会; 讨论会investigation n. 调查; 研究resolution n. 决心; 正式决定, 决议; 决定; 分解, 解析contrast n. 对比;差异;对照,相反,变化; 清晰度v. 使对比,使对照; 形成对照job n. 工作, 职业, 零活v. 做零工; 假公济私; 做股票经纪; 代客买卖; 承包; 批发retain v. 保持,保留cycle n.周期; 自行车; 循环v. 循环; 骑自行车;轮转; 使循环; 使轮转label n.票;标签;商标;签条, 一小条纸; 小名v. 贴标签于;分类;指...为seriesn. 连续,丛书,系列debaten. 辩论, 讨论v. 辩论, 争论, 讨论;思考; 参加辩论; 辩论,争论, 讨论;思考, 盘算; 与...辩论mechanismn. 机械,结构,机构statisticn. 统计量; 统计数值adj. 统计的, 统计学的despite prep.不管.尽管obvious adj. 明显的,显然的,明白的status n. 状态, 地位,情形Dimension n.尺寸, 容积, 次元Occupational adj.职业的, 占领的Stress n. 重压, 压力,逼迫v. 着重, 重读,强调Domestic n.仆人, 佣人;国货adj. 家庭的,驯服的, 国内的Option n.选择权, 选项Subsequent adj. 后来的, 并发的Sum n.总数, 金额,和v.计算...的总和;概括;总结; 概述summary n. 摘要,概要adj. 摘要的,简略的undertakev. 承担,许诺,担任Sublist 5 of Academic Word List – Fifth Most Frequent Words in Familiesacademic adj.学科的，理论的adjustment n.调整，适应alter v.变更amendmentn.改良，改正aware adj.机警的，觉察的capacity n.容量，资格challenge n/v.挑战clause n. 从句compounds v. 混合，增加conflict n/v.冲突consultation n.咨询contact v.联系decline v.拒绝，跌落discretion n.谨慎，明辨draft n/v.草稿，选拔enable v.使能够energy n.能量enforcement n.实施，强迫entities n.实体，本质equivalent adj/ n相等的，向等物evolution n.进化expansion n.扩大exposure n.暴露，曝光external adj.外在的facilitate v.使容易，促进fundamentaladj/ n.基本的generated a. 产生的generation n.一代，子孙image n.形象liberala.自由主义的licence n.执照logic n.逻辑marginal adj.边缘的medical adj.医药的mental adj.精神的modified adj.修饰的monitoring adj.监控的network n.人际关系notion n.想法，观念objective adj.客观的orientation n.东方，潮流perspective n/adj.远景/透视的precise adj.精确的prime n.首要的psychology n.心理学pursue v.追捕，从事ratio n.比率rejected adj.否定的revenue n.收入stability n.稳定性styles n.风格substitution n.代替sustainable adj.可维持的symbolic adj.象征的target n.目标transition n.转换trend n.趋势，倾向version n.翻译/说明/版本welfare n.福利whereas conj.虽然,但是Sublist 6 of Academic Word List – Sixth Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAbstract adj.抽象的accurate adj.精确的,准确的acknowledged n.答谢的表示aggregate n.〈正〉数, 总计vt. 总计达…v使)聚集allocation n. 配给, 分配, 拨出assignedn. 受托人,代理人attachedadj.爱慕的, 关心的author n.著作家, 作者bond n. 联系, 关系. Vt. 使粘结,使结合briefadj.短暂的,短时间的capableadj有能力的, 有技能的cited v.引用。
(完整版)TheAcademicWordList学术词汇表
The Academic Word List 学术词汇表这是由美国院校总结的，在学术论文中使用率最高，最有用的500个词汇。
熟练掌握和应用此词汇表中的单词，可以使你的遣词造句更标准，更书面化。
对于写作发表英文文章会有很大帮助。
The Academic Word List学术词汇表Useful academic vocabulary is contained in the Academic Word List, which is divided into10 sublists in order of frequency, ie Sublist 1 has the most frequent academic words.You can try to learn these words from the lists but to learn to use them correctly you need to study them in context.Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in FamiliesThis sublist contains the most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.analysis definition indicate procedure approach derived individual process area distribution interpretation required assessment economic involved research assume environment issues response authority established labour role available estimate legal section benefit evidence legislation sector concept export major significantconsistent factors method similar constitutional financial occur source context formula percent specific contract function period structurecreate identified policy theory data income principle variableSublist 2achieve categories conduct distinctionacquisition chapter consequenceselementsadministration commission construction equation affect community consumer evaluationappropriate complex credit featuresaspects computer cultural finalassistance conclusion design focusimpact obtained range soughtinjury participation region selectinstitute perceived regulations siteinvestment positive relevant strategiesitems potential resident surveyjournal previous resources textmaintenance primary restricted traditionalnormal purchase security transfeSublist 3alternative criteria interaction registeredcircumstances deduction justification reliance comments demonstrate layer removedcompensation document link scheme components dominant location sequence consent emphasis maximum sex considerable ensure minorities shift constant excluded negative specifiedconstraints framework outcomes sufficient contribution funds partnership taskconvention illustrated philosophy technical coordination immigration physical techniquescore implies proportion technologycorporate initial published validitycorresponding instance reaction volumeSublist 4access contrast implementation overalladequate cycle implications parallelannual debate imposed parametersapparent despite integration phaseapproximated dimensions internal predictedattitudes domestic investigation principalattributed emerged job priorcivil error label professionalcode ethnic mechanism projectcommitment goals obvious promotecommunication granted occupational regime concentration hence option resolutionconference hypothesis output retainedseries status subsequent summarystatistics stress sum undertakenSublist 5academic enable licence pursueadjustment energy logic ratio alter enforcement marginal rejectedamendment entities medical revenue aware equivalent mental stabilitycapacity evolution modified styles challenge expansion monitoring substitutionclause exposure network sustainablecompounds external notion symbolicconflict facilitate objective targetconsultation fundamental orientation transition contact generated perspective trend decline generation precise versiondiscretion image prime welfaredraft liberal psychology whereasSublist 6abstract diversity incidence neverthelessaccurate domain incorporated overseasacknowledged edition index precedingaggregate enhanced inhibition presumptionallocation estate initiatives rationalassigned exceed input recoveryattached expert instructions revealedauthor explicit intelligence scopebond federal interval subsidiarybrief fees lecture tapescapable flexibility migration tracecited furthermore minimum transformationcooperative gender ministry transportdiscrimination ignored motivation underlyingdisplay incentive neutral utilitySublist 7adaptation converted extract innovationadults couple file insertadvocate decades finite interventionaid definite foundation isolatedchannel deny global mediachemical differentiation grade mode classical disposal guarantee paradigmcomprehensive dynamic hierarchical phenomenon comprise eliminate identical priority confirmed empirical ideology prohibitedcontrary equipment inferred publicationquotation solely survive ultimatelyrelease somewhat thesis uniquereverse submitted topicvisiblesimulation successive transmission voluntary Sublist 8abandon accompanied accumulation ambiguousappendix appreciation arbitrary automaticallybias chart clarity conformitycommodity complement contemporary contradictioncrucial currency denote detecteddeviation displacement dramatic eventuallyexhibit exploitation fluctuations guidelineshighlighted implicit induced inevitablyinfrastructure inspection intensity manipulationminimised nuclear offset paragraphplus practitioners predominantly prospectradical random reinforced restorerevision schedule tension terminationtheme thereby uniform vehiclevia virtually widespread visual。
AWL英语学术词汇表
《英语常用学术词汇表》《英语学术词汇表》(The Academic Word List, AWL)是一个由Victoria University of Wel lington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来的词汇表，它包含了学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)。
《英语学术词汇表》分10个sublists (小类)，除了第10小类包含30个词目外，其他小类均含有60个词目。
Sublist 1（第1类）包含的词汇最常用，sublist 2（第2类）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublist3 依次类推。
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzing approachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessing economyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomical environmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishments estimateestimatedestimateslegismajormethooccurperceassessmentassessmentsreassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessedassumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptions authorityauthoritativeauthorities availableavailabilityunavailablebenefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingbenefitsconceptconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualisesconceptualisingconceptually consistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistencies estimatingestimationestimationsover-estimate overestimateoverestimated overestimates overestimating underestimate underestimated underestimates underestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidently exportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredfactoringfactorsfinancefinancedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersfinancing formulaformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulate periopolic princproceproce requi resea respoinconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituenciesconstituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatecreatedcreatescreatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreators reformulated reformulating reformulation reformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableidentificationidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiable incomeincomesindicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicatorindicators individualindividualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividuals interpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpreted role sectisecto signisimil sourc speci strucrecreaterecreatedrecreatesrecreatingdatadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderiving distributedistributeddistributingdistributiondistributionaldistributionsdistributivedistributordistributorsredistributeredistributedredistributesredistributingredistributioninterpretinginterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretationmisinterpretationsmisinterpretedmisinterpretingmisinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingreinterpretationreinterpretations involveinvolvedinvolvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolvedissueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalitylegallytheorvarySublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieve achievable achieved achievement achievements achievesachievingacquire acquiredacquires acquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrate administratesadministration administrationsadministrative administratively administratoradministrators affect affected affecting affective affectively affectsunaffected appropriate appropriacy appropriately appropriateness inappropriacy inappropriateinappropriately aspectaspects assistassistance assistant assistants assisted assistingassists distinctdistinction distinctions distinctive distinctively distinctly indistinct indistinctlyelementelements equate equatedequatesequating equationequations evaluate evaluated evaluates evaluatingevaluationevaluations evaluative re-evaluate re-evaluated re-evaluates re-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturefeatured features featuring final finalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalize finalized finalizes finalizing finality finallyfinalspartipercepositpotenpreviprimapurchrangeregioregulunassisted categorycategoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissioningcommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputationalcomputationscomputablecomputercomputedcomputerisedcomputerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusive focusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizinginstitutionallyinstitutionsinvestinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsrelevresidresourestrsecurinconclusively conductconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption creditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorscreditscultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultured designdesigneddesignerdesignersinvestorinvestorsinvestsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormallyobtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainableseekselecsitestratsurvetexttraditransdesigningdesignsSublist 3 of the Academic Word Listalternativealternativelyalternatives circumstancecircumstances commentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensationscompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsents considerableconsiderably constantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantly constrainconstrained emphasisemphasiseemphasisedemphasisingemphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizingemphaticemphatically ensureensuredensuresensuring excludeexcludedexcludesexcludingexclusionexclusionaryexclusionistexclusionsexclusiveexclusively frameworkframeworks fundfundedfunderfundersfundingfundsillustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrationsconstrainingconstrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contributecontributedcontributescontributingcontributioncontributionscontributorcontributors conveneconventionconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatescoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators corecorescoringcored corporatecorporatescorporationcorporationsillustrative immigrateimmigrantimmigrantsimmigratedimmigratesimmigratingimmigration implyimpliedimpliesimplying initialinitially instanceinstances interactinteractedinteractinginteractioninteractionsinteractiveinteractivelyinteracts justifyjustifiablejustifiablyjustificationjustificationsjustifiedjustifiesjustifyingunjustified layerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinkslocatecorrespondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriterion deducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductions demonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstrateddemonstratesdemonstratingdemonstrationdemonstrationsdemonstrativedemonstrativelydemonstratordemonstrators documentdocumentationdocumenteddocumentingdocuments dominatedominancedominantdominateddominatesdominatingdominationlocatedlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocation maximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximumminorminoritiesminorityminors negatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegatives outcomeoutcomes partnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipsSublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximateapproximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributableattributedattributesattributingattribution civilcodecodedcodescodingcommitcommitmentcommitments errorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypothetically implementimplementationimplementedimplementingimplementsimplicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplicationsimposeimposedimposesimposingimpositionparallelparameterphasepredictprincipalpriorprofessioprojectpromotecommits committed committing communicate communicable communicated communicates communicatingcommunication communications communicative communicativelyuncommunicative concentrate concentrated concentratesconcentrating concentration conferconference conferences conferred conferring confers contrast contrasted contrasting contrastive contrasts cycle cycled cycles cyclic cyclical cycling debate debatable debated debatesdebating despite dimensiondimensionaldimensions integrate integrated integrates integrating integration internal internalise internalised internalises internalising internalize internalized internalizes internalizing internally investigate investigated investigates investigating investigation investigations investigative investigator investigators job jobs label labeled labeling labelled labelling labels mechanism mechanisms obvious obviously occupy occupancy occupant occupants occupation occupational occupations occupied regimeresolve retainseries statisticstatus stresssubsequensumsummarymultidimensional domestic domestically domesticate domesticated domesticating domestics emerge emerged emergence emergent emerges emergingoccupieroccupiers occupies occupyingoption optionaloptions outputoutputsoverall undertakeSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademy academia academic academically academics academies adjust adjusted adjusting adjustment adjustments adjusts readjust readjusted readjusting readjustment readjustments readjusts alter alterable alteration alterations altered alteringalternate expandexpanded expandingexpands expansionexpansionismexpansive expose exposed exposes exposing exposure exposures external externalisation externalise externalisedexternalisesexternalising externality externalization externalize externalized externalizesexternalizingalternatingaltersunalterableunaltered amendamendedamendingamendmentamendmentsamendsawareawarenessunaware capacitycapacitiesincapacitateincapacitated challengechallengedchallengerchallengerschallengeschallenging clauseclauses compoundcompoundedcompoundingcompounds conflictconflictedconflictingconflicts consultconsultancyconsultantconsultantsconsultationconsultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsulting contact externallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacility fundamentalfundamentally generategeneratedgeneratesgenerating generationgenerations imageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalisingliberalizationliberalizeliberalizedliberalizesliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesliberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberals licencecontactablecontactedcontactingcontacts declinedeclineddeclinesdeclining discretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretion draftdrafteddraftingdraftsredraftredraftedredraftingredrafts enableenabledenablesenabling energyenergeticenergeticallyenergies enforceenforcedenforcementenforcesenforcing entityentities equivalentequivalence evolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolves licences licenselicensed licensing licenses unlicensedlogicillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogicians marginmarginalmarginallymargins medicalmedically mentalmentalitymentally modifymodificationmodificationsmodifiedmodifiesmodifyingunmodified monitormonitoredmonitoringmonitorsunmonitored networknetworkednetworkingnetworks notionnotions objectiveobjectivelyobjectivityevolutionary evolutionist evolutionistsSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstract abstraction abstractions abstractlyabstracts accurate accuracy accurately inaccuracy inaccuracies inaccurate acknowledge acknowledged acknowledges acknowledging acknowledgement acknowledgements aggregate aggregated aggregates aggregating aggregation allocate allocated allocates allocating allocation allocations assignassigned assigning assignment assignments assigns reassign reassignedreassigning enhanceenhanced enhancement enhancesenhancingestateestates exceed exceeded exceedingexceeds expertexpertise expertly expertsexplicitexplicitly federalfederation federations feefees flexibleflexibility inflexible inflexibility furthermore gendergenders ignorant ignorance ignore ignored ignoresignoringincentiveincentives neutralneverthe overseasprecedepresumerationalreassignsunassigned attachattachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattached authorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbondsbriefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilitiescapabilityincapablecitecitationcitationscitedcitingcites cooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperativelyco-operateco-operatedco-operates incidenceincidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingincorporationindexindexedindexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputsinstructinstructioninstructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructsintelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentrecoverrevealscopesubsidytapetracetransforco-operation co-operative co-operatively discriminate discriminated discriminates discriminating discrimination displaydisplayed displaying displays diverse diversely diversification diversified diversifies diversify diversifying diversity domaindomains editedited editing edition editions editor editorial editorials editors edits interval intervals lecturelectured lecturer lecturers lectureslecturingmigratemigrant migrantsmigratedmigratesmigratingmigration migrations migratoryminimum ministryministeredministeringministerialministries motive motivate motivated motivates motivating motivation motivations motivesunmotivatedtransporunderlieutiliseSublist 7 of the Academic Word Listadapt adaptability adaptable adaptation adaptations adapted adaptingadaptiveequip equipment equipped equipping equipsextract extractedextractingprohibitpublicatadaptsadultadulthoodadults advocateadvocacyadvocatedadvocatesadvocatingaidaidedaidingaidsunaided channelchannelledchannellingchannels chemicalchemicallychemicals classicclassicalclassics comprehensivecomprehensively comprisecomprisedcomprisescomprising confirmconfirmationconfirmedconfirmingconfirms contrarycontrarily convertconversionconversionsconvertedconvertibleconvertingconvertsextractionextractsfilefiledfilesfilingfiniteinfiniteinfinitely foundationfoundationsglobeglobalgloballyglobalisationglobalizationgradegradedgradesgradingguaranteeguaranteedguaranteeingguaranteeshierarchyhierarchicalhierarchiesidenticalidenticallyideologyideologicalideologicallyideologiesinferinferenceinferencesinferredinferringinfersinnovateinnovationinnovatedinnovatesinnovatingquotereleasereversesimulatesolesomewhatsubmitsuccessosurvivecouplecoupledcouplingcouplesdecadedecadesdefinitedefinitelydefinitiveindefiniteindefinitely denydeniabledenialdenialsdenieddeniesdenyingundeniable differentiatedifferentiateddifferentiatesdifferentiatingdifferentiation disposedisposabledisposaldisposeddisposesdisposing dynamicdynamicallydynamics eliminateeliminatedeliminateseliminatingelimination empiricalempiricallyempiricisminnovationsinnovativeinnovatorinnovatorsinsertinsertedinsertinginsertioninsertsinterveneintervenedintervenesinterveninginterventioninterventionsisolateisolatedisolatesisolatingisolationisolationismmediamodemodesparadigmparadigms phenomenonphenomenaphenomenalpriorityprioritiesprioritisationprioritiseprioritisedprioritisesprioritisingprioritizationprioritizeprioritizedprioritizesprioritizingthesistopictransmitultimateuniquevisiblevoluntarSublist 8 of the Academic Word Listabandonabandonedabandoningabandonmentabandons accompanyaccompaniedaccompaniesaccompanimentaccompanyingunaccompanied accumulateaccumulatedaccumulatingaccumulationaccumulates ambiguousambiguitiesambiguityunambiguousunambiguously appendappendixappendedappendsappendingappendicesappendixes appreciateappreciableappreciablyappreciatedappreciatesappreciatingappreciationunappreciated arbitraryarbitrarinessarbitrarily automateautomaticautomatedautomatesautomating detectdetectabledetecteddetectingdetectiondetectivedetectivesdetectordetectorsdetectsdeviatedeviateddeviatesdeviatingdeviationdeviationsdisplacedisplaceddisplacementdisplacesdisplacingdramadramasdramaticdramaticallydramatisedramatiseddramatisingdramatisesdramatisationdramatisationsdramatistdramatistsdramatizationdramatizationsdramatizedramatizeddramatizesdramatizingeventualeventualityeventuallyexhibitexhibitedminiminucleaoffsetparagrpluspractipredomprosperadicarandomreinforestorautomaticallyautomationbiasbiasedbiasesbiasingunbiasedchartchartedchartingchartsunchartedclarifyclarificationclarifiedclarifiesclarifyingclarity commoditycommodities complementcomplementarycomplementedcomplementingcomplements conformconformableconformabilityconformanceconformationconformedconformingconformistconformistsconformityconformsnonconformistnonconformistsnonconformitynon-conformistnon-conformistsnon-conformity contemporarycontemporaries exhibiting exhibition exhibitions exhibitsexploitexploitationexploitedexploitingexploits fluctuatefluctuatedfluctuatesfluctuatingfluctuationfluctuations guidelineguidelines highlighthighlightedhighlightinghighlights implicitimplicitly induceinducedinducesinducinginduction inevitableinevitabilityinevitably infrastructureinfrastructures inspectinspectedinspectinginspectioninspectionsinspectorinspectorsinspects intenseintenselyintenseness revise schedu tense termintheme thereb unifor vehiclvia virtuacontradictcontradictedcontradictingcontradictioncontradictionscontradictorycontradicts crucialcrucially currencycurrencies denotedenotationdenotationsdenoteddenotesdenotingintensificationintensifiedintensifiesintensifyintensifyingintensionintensityintensiveintensively manipulatemanipulatedmanipulatesmanipulatingmanipulationmanipulationsmanipulativevisualwidespSublist 9 of the Academic Word Listaccommodateaccommodatedaccommodatesaccommodatingaccommodation analogyanalogiesanalogous anticipateanticipatedanticipatesanticipatinganticipationunanticipated assureassuranceassurancesassuredassuredlyassuresassuring attainattainable diminishdiminisheddiminishesdiminishingdiminutionundiminisheddistortdistorteddistortingdistortiondistortionsdistortsdurationerodeerodederodeserodingerosionethicethicalethicallyethicsunethicalpreliminprotocolqualitatrefinerelaxrestrainattainedattainingattainmentattainmentsattainsunattainable behalfbulkbulkyceaseceasedceaselessceasesceasing coherentcoherencecoherentlyincoherentincoherently coincidecoincidedcoincidescoincidingcoincidencecoincidencescoincidentcoincidental commencecommencedcommencescommencementcommencingrecommencesrecommencedrecommencing compatiblecompatibilityincompatibilityincompatible concurrentconcurrently confineconfinedconfines formatformattedformattingformatsfoundfoundedfounderfoundersfoundingunfoundedinherentinherentlyinsightinsightfulinsightsintegralintermediatemanualmanuallymanualsmatureimmatureimmaturitymaturationmaturationalmaturedmaturesmaturingmaturitymediatemediatedmediatesmediatingmediationmediummilitaryminimalminimalisationminimaliseminimalisesminimalisedminimalisingminimalistminimalistsrevolutirigidroutescenariospheresubordinsupplemesuspendteamconfiningunconfined controversycontroversiescontroversialcontroversiallyuncontroversial converseconversely devicedevicesdevotedevoteddevotedlydevotesdevotingdevotiondevotionsminimalisticminimalizationminimalizeminimalizedminimalizesminimalizingminimallymutualmutuallynormnormsoverlapoverlappedoverlappingoverlapspassivepassivelypassivityportionportionstemporartriggerunifyviolatevisionSublist 10 of the Academic Word Listadjacentalbeitassembleassembledassemblesassembliesassemblingassembly collapsecollapsedcollapsescollapsiblecollapsing colleaguecolleagues compilecompilation depressdepresseddepressesdepressingdepressionencounterencounteredencounteringencountersenormousenormityenormouslyforthcominginclineinclinationinclinationsinclinedongoingpanelpersistposereluctance。
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Sbutitle 1 of the Academic Word List-Most Frequent Words in FamiliesThis sublist contains the most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.analysis percentapproach periodarea policyassessment principleassume procedureauthority processavailable requiredbenefit researchconcept responseconsistent roleconstitutional sectioncontext sectorcontract significantcreate similardata sourcedefinition specificderived structuredistribution theoryeconomics variableenvironmentestablishedestimateevidenceexportfactorsfinancialformulafunctionidentifiedincomeindicateindividualinterpretationinvolvedissueslabourlegallegislationmajormethodoccurThe sublist contains the second most frequent words in the Academic Word List from the Academic Corpus.achieve instituteacquisition investmentadministration itemsaffect journalappropriate maintenanceaspects normalassistance obtainedcategories participationchapter parceivedcommission positivecommunity potentialcomplex previouscomputer primaryconclusion purchaseconduct rangeconsequences regionconstruction regulationsconsumer relevantcredit residentcultural resourcesdesign restricteddistinction securityelements soughtequation selectevaluation sitefeatures strategiesfinal surveyfocus textimpact traditionalinjury transferThis sublist contains the third most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.alternative interactioncircumstances justificationcomments layerconpensation linkcomponents locationconsent maximumconsiderable minoritiesconstant negativeconstaints outcomescontribution partnershipconvention philosophycoordination physicalcore proportioncorporate publishedcorresponding reactioncriteria registereddeduction reliancedemonstrate removeddocument schemedominant sequenceemphasis sexensure shiftexcluded specifiedframework sufficientfunds taskillustrated technicalimmigration techniquesimplies technologyinitial validityinstance volumeThis sublist contains the fourth most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.access parametersadequate phaseannual predictedapparent principalapproximated priorattitudes professionalattributes projectcivil promotecode regimecommitment resolutioncommunication retainedconcentration seriesconference statisticsconstract statuscycle stressdebate subsequentdespite sumdimensions summarydomestic undertakenemergederrorethnicgoalsgrantedhencehypothesisimplementationimplicationsimposedintergrationinternalinvestmentgationjoblabelmechanismobviousoccupationaloptionoutputoverallparallelacademic prime adjustment psychology alter pursue amendment ratio aware rejected capacity revenue challenge stability clause styles compounds substitution conflict sustainable consultation symbolic contact transition decline trend discretion version draft welfare enable whereas energyenforcemententitiesequivalentevolutionexpansionexposureexternalfacilitatefundanmentalgeneratedgenerationimageliberallicencelogicmarginalmedicalmentalmodifiedmonitoringnetworknotionobjectiveorientationperspectivepreciseabstract incidence accurate incorporated acknowledged index aggregate inhibition allocation initiatives assigned input attached instructions author intelligence bond intervalbrief lecture capable migration cited minimum cooperative ministry discrimination motivation display neutral diversity nevertheless domain overseas edition preceding enhanced presunmption estate rational exceed recovery expert revealed explicit scope federal subsidiary fees tapes flexibility traces furthermore transformation gender transport ignored underlying incentive utilityadaptation priority adults prohibited advocate publication aid quatation channel release chemical reverse classical simulation comprehensive solely comprise somewhat confirmed submitted contrary successive converted survive couple thesis decades topic definite transmission deny ultimately differentiation unique disposal visible dynamic voluntary eliminateempiricalequipmentextractfilefinitefoundationglobalgradeguaranteehierarchicalidenticalideologyinferredinnovationinsertinterventionisolatedmediamodeparadigmphenomenonabandon prospect accompanied radical accumulation random ambiguous reinforced appendix restore appreciation revision arbitrary schedule automatically tension bias termination chart theme clarity therby conformity uniform commodity vechicle complement via contemporary virtually contradiction widespread crucial visual currencydenotedetecteddeviationdisplacementdramaticeventuallyexhibitexploitationfluctuationsguidelineshighlightedimplicitinducedinevitablyinfrastructureinspectionintensitymanipulationminimisednuclearoffsetparagraphpluspractitionerspredominantlyaccomodation refine analogous relaxed anticipated restaints assurance revolution attained rigidbehalf routebulk scenario ceases sphere coherence subordinate coincide supplementary commenced suspended incompatible team concurrent temporary confined trigger controversy unified conversely violation device vision devoteddiminisheddistortiondurationerosionethicalformatfoundedinherentinsightsintegralintermediatemanualmaturemediationmediummilitaryminimalmutualnormsoverlappassiveportionpreliminaryprotocolqualitativeThis sublist contains the least frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.adjacentalbeitassemblycollapsecolleaguescompliedconceivedconvinceddepressionencounteredenormousforthcominginclinationintegrityintrinsicinvokedlevylikewisenonethelessnotwithstandingoddongoingpanelpersistentposedreluctantso-calledstraightforwardundergowhereby。