跨文化交际 -中西方关于女性社会地位理论综述
跨文化交际理论-跨文化交际主要理论
跨文化交际主要理论跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的人们之间进行交流、沟通和互动的过程。
随着全球化进程的加速，跨文化交际在现代社会中变得越来越重要。
为了更好地理解和应对跨文化交际中的挑战，研究者们提出了许多跨文化交际理论。
本文将介绍其中几个主要的理论，以帮助读者更好地理解和应用跨文化交际理论。
一、文化相对论文化相对论是跨文化交际理论中的一个重要概念，它强调每个文化都有其独特的价值和观念，没有绝对的对错之分。
在跨文化交际中，我们应该尊重和理解不同文化的差异，避免将自己的文化观念强加给他人。
文化相对论提醒我们要保持开放的心态，接受和欣赏不同文化的独特之处。
二、文化适应理论文化适应理论认为，跨文化交际中的个体或群体会经历一个适应新文化的过程。
这个过程包括学习新文化、调整自己的行为和观念以适应新环境，以及与当地人建立联系和互动。
文化适应理论强调了适应的重要性，并提供了适应策略，如观察、模仿和学习当地文化，以促进跨文化交际的成功。
三、沟通风格理论沟通风格理论探讨了不同文化背景下人们沟通方式的差异。
不同文化的人们在沟通中可能使用不同的语言、非语言符号和沟通方式。
例如，一些文化倾向于直接和明确地表达自己的观点，而另一些文化则更注重委婉和含蓄的表达。
了解不同文化的沟通风格，有助于我们更好地理解对方的意思，避免误解和冲突。
四、文化智力理论文化智力理论认为，跨文化交际中的成功取决于个体的文化智力水平。
文化智力是指个体对文化差异的意识和理解，以及在不同文化环境中有效沟通和适应的能力。
文化智力包括认知智力、情感智力和行为智力三个方面。
通过培养和提高自己的文化智力，我们可以更好地理解和应对跨文化交际中的挑战。
五、文化冲突理论文化冲突理论探讨了跨文化交际中可能出现的冲突和摩擦。
不同文化的人们在价值观、信仰、行为习惯等方面可能存在差异，这可能导致误解、偏见和冲突。
文化冲突理论提出了冲突解决策略，如建立共同目标、寻求共识、尊重差异和建立信任等，以促进跨文化交际的和谐与成功。
chapter 2跨文化交际
Receiver response（信息接收者反应）:The receiver is the person who
response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
Context（情境）: The final component of communication is context.
Chapter 3 Communication
c. Communication is symbolic（符号性的）
Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to anther person.
Noise （干扰）
The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.
Noise can be of many forms: Chapter 3 Communication
跨文化交际学阅读笔记
《跨文化交际学》阅读笔记一、跨文化交际学的基本概念跨文化交际学是一门研究不同文化背景的人们在交际过程中如何进行交流、沟通以及相互理解的学科。
它涉及到不同文化间的语言、习俗、信仰、价值观等方面的差异，并探究这些差异如何影响人们的交流行为。
在全球化背景下，跨文化交际已成为我们日常生活和工作中不可或缺的一部分，对于增进国际间的合作与交流、促进世界和平与发展具有重要意义。
在跨文化交际学中，有几个核心概念是我们需要掌握的。
首先是“文化”，它是指一个群体或社会共有的语言、艺术、信仰、习俗、传统等行为模式和思想观念的集合。
其次是“交际”，它是指人们通过语言、符号等方式进行信息交流和情感沟通的过程。
而“跨文化交际”则是指来自不同文化背景的人们在交际过程中，通过语言、符号等交流工具，进行信息交换和文化理解的活动。
跨文化交际的核心特点包括多样性和复杂性，由于世界上存在众多不同的文化，每种文化都有其独特的价值体系和行为模式，这使得跨文化交际呈现出多样性。
由于文化差异带来的交流障碍和误解，也给跨文化交际带来了复杂性。
在跨文化交际中，我们需要具备开放的心态和包容的态度，尊重不同文化之间的差异，学会在交流中调整自己的交流策略，以达到更好的交流效果。
为了更好地进行跨文化交际，我们需要了解不同文化间的差异，包括语言、习俗、信仰、价值观等方面的差异。
这些差异可能导致交际中的误解和冲突，因此我们需要通过学习和实践来提升自己的跨文化交际能力，包括语言交际能力、文化适应能力、跨文化意识等方面。
我们才能在全球化的大背景下更好地适应和融入不同的文化环境，促进国际间的交流与合作。
1. 跨文化交际的定义与内涵跨文化交际学是一门研究不同文化背景的人们之间如何进行有效沟通的学科。
在全球化日益发展的今天，跨文化交际的重要性愈发凸显。
在阅读《跨文化交际学》我对其中的定义与内涵有了更深入的了解。
跨文化交际，指的是不同文化背景的人通过语言、符号等交流工具进行信息、情感、观点等的交换过程。
跨文化交际理论
跨文化交际理论一.文化、交际、跨文化交际：1.“文化”的含义：①“文化”二字最初没有联系在一起，它的意思是统治者通过观察天象，可以了解时序的变化，通过观察人类社会的各种现象，可以用教育感化的手段来治理天下。
②西方的“文化”引申出对人的性情的陶冶和品德的培养，泰勒认为，“文化”是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整理。
③马克思主义理论家认为文化分为两种：狭义的文化指的是历史上一定的物质资料生产方式的基础上产生和发展的社会精神生活形式的总和；广义的文化指的是人类在社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。
2.文化的分类：按内容分包括：物质文化、行为文化、制度文化、观念文化四个方面。
3.文化的特性：（1）文化史人类独有的，是区别人类和动物的主要标志，文化史社会遗产，而不是生理遗传。
（2）文化不是先天就有的，而是后天习得的。
（3）文化中的大部分是不自觉的，人总是自然而然地表现其文化色彩的。
（4）文化是人们行动的指南。
（5）文化是动态的，文化的形态与一定的历史时期相联系。
4.隐性文化的基本内容：包括以下内容：时间观念，对空间的利用，成就感，交际模式，对环境的取向，家庭关系，上下级关系模式，对个人的看法，对竞争和合作的偏爱，谦虚的挂念，对规章制度的需要，对宇宙的看法，法律的观念，工作积极性，对领导的看法，社交频率，友谊的性质，控制感情的模式，依据年龄、性别、阶级、职业、亲属的关系，确定地位及相关角色。
5.语言和文化的关系：①语言文化的重要组成部分，语言与文化是部分与整体的关系：一种文化不可能没有与之相应的语言；抽取文化内容，语言也不能独立存在。
②语言是用于记录文化的符号体系，是文化的主要载体。
③语言和文化相互依附、促进和制约。
6.人类交际的主要手段：符号是人们交际时使用的主要手段，任何符号都可以用来交际。
7.组成交际行为的八个重要因素：①信息源/行为源②编码③信息④渠道⑤信息接收者/反应者⑥译码⑦反应⑧反馈8.影响交际的因素：①宽泛的交际环境：包括价值观念，文化取向，宇宙观，社会结构，心理因素，物理环境因素等。
跨文化交际masculinity-and-femininity
Attitudes and behaviors Social values Social goals Gender role differences Assertiveness Family roles Toughness (Masculinity) Ambition, achievement, and maternal success Economic development; progress Different expectations for men and women; men are tough and women are less tough Men should be assertive and ambitious; womenshould not be ambitiousbut should teach children to be tough Fathers deal with facts and mothers deal with feelings Tenderness (Femininity)Caring for people and cooperation Protecting the environment; preserving what already exists Few differences in expectations for men andwomen; both should be tenderNo one should be too assertive or ambitious; everybody should be modestBoth fathers and mothers deal with facts and feelingsExpectations for children Resolving conflictsManagement styleDecision makingGirls cry; boys don’t;boys should fight backwhen attacked; girlsshouldn’t fightResolve conflicts byshowing strength andfighting them out ifnecessaryManagers should beresourceful, decisiveand assertive; they arevisibleAt meetings individualsshow how good they are;decisions are madeelsewhereBoth boys and girls are allowed to cry but neither should fightResolve conflicts by compromise and negotiationManagers should be resourceful but not visible; they use intuition and strive for consensusAt meetings common problems are discussedand solutions soughtSocial attitudesOpinion leadersReward the strong; bigand fast are beautifulThe top student in class;the most successfulbusinessman。
跨文化交际理论
第四章跨文化交际理论在过去的二十多年间，学者对跨文化交际理论的研究有了质的飞跃。
1983年，对于跨文化交际理论的初步探讨首次出现在《国际与跨文化交际年鉴》中。
随后，跨文化交际的理论探索渐入佳境，学者们互相借鉴、综合研究，使跨文化理论的发展突飞猛进，至今已有十几种之多，涵盖了跨文化交际研究的各个方面。
本章主要就一些研究比较成型、实践性较强的跨文化交际理论作以详细论述。
4.1 意义协调理论（Coordinated Management of Meaning, CMM）人们常常把谈话当成生活中最理所当然的事。
其实人们在交谈时经常按照大家预期的方式说话，这是约定俗成的方式。
为了了解交谈的本质，人们常常使用意义协调理论（Coordinated Management of Meaning, CMM）。
该理论是由美国传播学大师W·巴内特·皮尔斯和弗农·克罗农（W. Barnett Pearce and Vernon Cronen）提出的。
他们认为交际过程受到规则制约和指导，因此，规则在该理论中具有重要的地位。
意义协调理论一般指个体如何确立规则，创造和解释意义以及这些规则如何在交谈的意义协调中使用。
皮尔斯和克罗农把生活比作是“没有导演的戏剧”，谈话则是这场戏剧中的主要产品。
由于没有导演也没有剧本，所以情节错综复杂，演员们根据自己的经验获得意义，同时又不停地与他人协调着他们的剧本。
实际上，那些能够读懂他人剧本的人在交谈中能够保持前后一致；而那些读不懂剧本的人则需要协调他们的意义。
可见，对谈话剧本达成共识非常困难。
皮尔斯和克罗农这个鲜活的比喻阐明了意义协调理论的本质。
该理论是在哲学、心理学、教育学的研究成果之上提出的。
4.1.1 意义协调理论的前提假设意义协调理论关注的是个人以及个人与他人的关系，并且它揭示了个体如何把意义赋予某个信息。
该理论有以下几个前提假设：1．个人生活在交际之中。
对外经贸大学跨文化交际导论期末考试题
对外经济贸易大学《跨文化交际（英）》期末考试I. True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Write T for “true” and F for “false”. （每题 1 分，共 20 分）1. The term “intercultural communication” was first used by Geert Hofstede in1959.2. Hall defines culture as the "software of the mind" that guides us in ourdaily interactions.3. In most of Africa, Argentina and Peru, putting one’s index finger to his templemeans ‘You are crazy.’4. Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizesyour experiences and guides your behavior toward a particular group of people.5. Values are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture.They are the innermost “skin of the onion.”6. People from some cultures may lower their gaze to convey respect, whereasthis may be understood as evading or even insulting in other cultures.7. Unbuttoning one’s coat is a sign of openness, friendliness or willingness to reachan agreement.8. In order for intercultural negotiation to be successful, the parties must providefor a win-lose situation.9. Edward Hall’s theory states that the four levels embody the total conceptof culture like an onion – symbols, heroes, rituals, and values.10. Successful intercultural business communication involves knowing theethnocentrisms of persons in other cultures. Understanding the mindsets of both oneself and the person of another culture will result in more efficient communication.11. Ethnocentrism is the belief that somebody else’s cultural background, includingways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbalcommunication, is better than our own.12. People in the United States place a greater emphasis on history and do notlike change as compared with people of Asian and Latin cultures.13. When dealing with German business people, you should avoid jokes andother forms of humor during the actual business sessions.14. In the business circle, American business people use first names immediately.15. Companies should avoid sending female employees to the Middle East, as inArab countries men may refuse to work with women.16. In Southeast Asia, you should avoid presenting your business card with your righthand.17. When accepting a business card, German business people carefully look at thecard, observe the title and organization, acknowledge with a nod that theyhave digested the information, and perhaps make a relevant comment or aska polite question.18. The OK sign may be interpreted as asking for money by Japanese businesspeople.19. Nonverbal communication is important to the study of interculturalcommunication because a great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks auniversal language.20. In short, intercultural communication competence requires sufficientawareness knowledge, motivations, and skills. Each of these components alone is sufficient to achieve intercultural communication competence.II. Translation: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and English terms into Chinese.（每题 1 分，共 20 分）1. stereotypes2. paralanguage3. ethnocentrism4. masculinity5. high-context culture6. monochronic time7. speech act 8. conversation taboos9. vocal qualifiers 10. power distance11. 译码12.偏见13. 文化震惊14.不确定性回避15. 概念意义16.语用错误17. 礼貌原则18.归纳法19. 空间语言20.礼仪与礼节III. Multiple Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer. （每题 1 分，共20 分）1. Understanding another culture .a. enables businesspeople to know why foreign associates believe andact as they dob. is best achieved through “do’s and don’ts” listsc. is important for businesspeople because they can appear to bebetter informedd. isn’t necessary for businesspeople2. Non-linear languages .a. are object orientedb. see time as a continuum of present, past andfuture c. are circular, tradition oriented andsubjectived. lead to short-range planning in business practices3. Which statement about values is incorrecta. Values are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons ina culture.b. Values are learned by contacts with family members, teachers,and religious leaders.c. Values will be influenced by what is seen on television or read innewspapers.d. People in various cultures have basically similar values.4. People from cultures that follow the monochronic time system tendto a. do one thing at a time.b. be committed to people.c. borrow and lend things often.d. build lifetime relationships.5. Which statement regarding haptics is incorrecta. In Thailand, it is offensive to touch the head.b. Japan is considered a "don't touch" culture.c. Greece is considered a "touch" culture.d. In Latin American countries, touching between men is unacceptable.6. The opinion that everyone has a position and clearly defined privileges is .a. a view of hierarchical structure of social relationshipb. a view of group orientation structure of social relationshipc. a view of individual orientation structure of social relationshipd. none of the above7. General guidelines to follow when conversing with someone fromanother culture include all of the following except:a. politics is a safe topic in most cultures.b. avoid telling jokes.c. avoid personal questions.d. keep the conversation positive.8. Which statement best describes an incorrect handshakea. In the ., a handshake should be firm.b.An Asian handshake is usually gentle.c. Germans repeat a brusque handshake upon arrival anddeparture. d. A British handshake is firm and repeated frequently.9. Which statement referring to thought patterns is incorrecta. Asians typically use the inductive method of reasoning.b. Thought patterns impact oral communication.c. When using the deductive method of reasoning, one starts with thefacts and goes to generalizations.d. Recognizing different thought patterns is important in negotiation withdifferent cultures.10. Which statement is incorrecta. Costly business blunders are often the result of a lack of knowledgeof another culture's nonverbal communication patterns.b. Processes of reasoning and problem solving are the same in all cultures.c. Attitudes toward time and use of space convey nonverbal messagesin intercultural encounters.d. When in another culture, an appropriate caution would be to watchthe behavior of the persons you are talking with and match their style.11. Language is important because ita. helps us shape concepts, controls how we think, and controls howwe perceive others.b. allows us to be understood by foreigners.c. is determined by colonialism.d. is stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.12. Which of the following countries uses high-context languagea. Canadab. Germanyc. Japand. United States13. Slang is generallya. understood by everyone.b. spoken by the masses.c. easily translated.d. used by subgroups.14. Nonverbal communication does not includea. chromatics.b. chronemics.c. haptics.d. semantics.15. Dominance, harmony, and subjugation are all value orientations that correspond to which of the following cultural problemsa. What is the nature of human beingsb. What is the relationship of humans to naturec. What is the orientation of humans to timed. What is the human orientation to activity16. Proverbs are significant to the study of intercultural communicationbecause .a. they provide a compact description of a culture’s valuesb. they tell a great deal about what a culture praises and what itrejects c. they unite a people with the wisdom of their ancestorsd. all of the above17. Which statement highlights weak uncertainty avoidancea. One group's truth should not be imposed onothers. b. Scientific opponents cannot be personalfriends.c. Citizen protest should be repressed.d. Negative attitudes are expressed toward young people.18. The main idea of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is thata. language is just a device for reporting a person's experience.b. two languages can represent the same social reality.c. the social reality can be conveyed to a person who does not speakthe language.d. language functions as a way of shaping a person's experience.19. Many multinational firms find that cultural shock can be alleviated bya. sending only top executives abroad.b. sending only young, single associates on overseas assignments.c. testing associates to see who is most qualified.d. selecting employees for overseas assignments who possesscertain personal and professional qualifications.20. Which of the following statement is incorrecta. Knowing cultural variations in the use of silence is helpful whenconversing with persons in another culture.b. We need to keep things in perspective and not get offended each timewe deal with someone who has a different attitude toward touchingc. Good advice when communicating with persons in other cultures isto keep gestures to a minimumd. Although oral communication varies from culture to culture, non-verbal communication is almost always interpreted the same in eachculture.IV. Answer the following essay question. (共 20 分)Compare and contrast the following proverbs from two different cultures: “It is the duck that squawks that gets shot” and “The squeaky wheel gets the grease.”How do people from these cultures perceive silence and talk In light of their different perceptions, how might they view each other What problems might arise in their interactionsV. Case Analysis: Analyze the following conversation from an intercultural perspective. (共 20 分)The following conversation took place between two Chinese friends.A: We’re going to New Orleans this weekend.B: What fun! I wish we were going with you. How long are you going to be thereA: Three days.B: Do you need a ride to the airport I’ll take you.A: Are you sure it’s not too much troubleB: No, no. It’s no trouble at all.Case Analysis: Analyze the following conversation f rom an intercultural perspective.参考答案及评分标准A 卷VI. True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for “true” a nd F for “false”. （每题 1 分，共 20 分）1. F2. F3. F4. T5. T6. T7. T8. F9. F 10. T11. F 12. F 13. T 15. T 16. F 17. F 18. T 19. T 20. FVII.Translation: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and English terms into Chinese.（每题 1 分，共20 分）1. stereotypes 定势/刻板印象2. paralanguage 辅助语言/副语言3. ethnocentrism 民族中心主义4. masculinity 男性特征5. high-context culture 高语境文化6. m onochronic t ime 单一时间观念7. speech act 言语行为8. conversation taboos 对话禁忌9. vocal qualifiers 声音修饰10. power distance 权力距离11. 译码 decoding 12. 偏见prejudice13. 文化震惊 cultural shock 14. 不确定性回避uncertaintyavoidance15. 概念意义 denotational meaning 16. 语用错误 pragmatic f ailure17. 礼貌原则 the Politeness Principle 18. 归纳法inductivepattern19. 空间语言 spatial language/proximics 20. 礼仪与礼节etiquette andprotocolVIII. Multiple Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer. （每题 1 分，共 20 分）1. a2. a3. d4. a5. d6. a7. a8. d9. c 10. b11. a 12. c 13. d 14. d 15. b 16. d 17. a 18. d 19. d 20. d IX. Answer the following essay question. (共 20 分)测试重点： Compare and contrast the proverbs “It is the duck that squawks that gets shot”and “The squeaky wheel gets the grease.”The former is an English proverbwhile the latter is a Chinese proverb. In light of their different perceptions, the two cultures might differ in terms of silence and talk etc. and problems might arise in their interactions.评分标准：从以上角度进行分析，其他根据具体答题情况酌情。
跨文化交际心得(精品5篇)
跨文化交际心得(精品5篇)跨文化交际心得篇1跨文化交际心得在全球化的今天，跨文化交际变得越来越普遍。
不同文化背景的人需要相互理解和尊重，才能更好地沟通和合作。
*将探讨跨文化交际的重要性，以及如何在实际生活中运用所学知识，促进跨文化交际。
一、跨文化交际的重要性1.促进文化交流：跨文化交际有助于不同文化背景的人相互了解、学习和欣赏对方文化。
通过交流，可以更好地理解不同文化的价值观、习俗和传统。
2.增进友谊与合作：跨文化交际可以促进不同文化之间的友谊与合作。
通过交流，可以消除误解和偏见，建立互信和合作机制。
3.提升个人素养：跨文化交际可以提升个人的跨文化交际能力和素养。
通过学习和实践，可以更好地适应不同文化环境，提高沟通效果。
二、跨文化交际的实际运用1.了解文化差异：在跨文化交际中，了解文化差异是关键。
可以通过阅读相关书籍、参加文化交流活动等方式，了解对方文化的特点。
2.尊重对方文化：尊重对方文化是跨文化交际的基础。
在交流中，要尊重对方的文化传统和价值观，避免因文化差异而产生冲突。
3.调整交际策略：在跨文化交际中，要根据对方文化背景调整交际策略。
例如，在某些文化中，直接表达意见可能会被视为冒犯，而在其他文化中则可能被视为诚实和直接。
4.练习口语表达：在跨文化交际中，口语表达是关键。
要积极练习口语表达，提高口语能力，以便更好地与不同文化背景的人交流。
总之，跨文化交际是全球化时代的必然趋势。
要积极学习跨文化交际知识，并在实际生活中运用所学知识，促进跨文化交际。
跨文化交际心得篇2跨文化交际是一种涉及不同文化背景的交际活动，需要参与者具备跨文化知识和交际技巧。
近年来，随着全球化的不断发展，跨文化交际变得越来越普遍，也越来越重要。
*将探讨跨文化交际的重要性、过程和收获，并反思自己在跨文化交际中的问题和不足。
跨文化交际的重要性在于，不同文化之间的差异可能导致误解和冲突。
通过跨文化交际，我们可以更好地了解和尊重不同文化背景的人，促进文化交流和理解。