英语高级表达方式
【高级表达方式——抽象名词的使用】
1. ABSENCE: (with/there is) the absence of attempt/ work
A．Many medical experts are now agreed that with the general absence
of roughage，modem citizens are literally---via heart attacks and cancer--eating and drinking themselves into the grave．
许多医学专家现在一致认为，由于食物中总体缺少粗粮，现代公民们就是这样一日三餐，不知不觉地患上了心脏病和癌症。最终送命，这样说并非言过其实。
B．There seems to have been an absence of attempt at conciliation between rival sects．
似乎没有进行任何尝试去调解对立派之间的矛盾。
C．For large numbers of people, the absence of work is harmful to their health．
对大多数人来说，没有工作对他们的身体反而有害。
2. ACCEPTANCE: have/find/obtain/gain/win (general/immediate/wide) acceptance for/among/of A．Academic dishonesty has had relatively strong peer support and acceptance among some students，partly because we did not make a serious
effort to explain why such behavior is contemptible．
学习上的作弊得到同伴相对有力的支持，也被一些学生所接受。部分原因是我们没有真正努力去解释为什么这种行为是可耻的。
B．If that can be done，the high way will serve the purposes users want．
Then it will gain broad acceptance and become a reality．
如果做到这一点的话，高架就会达到使用者所希望的目的。这样就会得到广泛的支持而成为现实。
3. ACCESS: gain/get/have/attain/give (ready/easy) access to
A．Advances in technology have smoothed access to information, rendering superfluous whole layers of management.
技术的发展使我们能较容易获取信息，也使整个管理层变得有些多余。
B．While it is true that U．S．sources may have better access to the information，they might also have more reason to conceal or alter that information．
美国新闻机构获取情报或许较为方便，但它们也可能有较多的理由去隐瞒或篡改情报。
4. ACQUISITION: acquisition of knowledge/ a language/information
A. Newspaper reading，rather than being simply the acquisition of new
information，is a kind of passive participation in the life of the
national community.
读报不仅仅是获得新的信息，而是一种被动地参与国家生活的活动。
B．But in the past trying to accelerate children's acquisition of academic skills in their early age was seen as evidence of bad parenting．
但在过去，若家长们在孩子还很小时就加快对他们的文化知识的学习，这种做法被认为是不好的教育法。
5. AGREEMENT: there is general agreement that
A. There is total agreement that the activity of humans is at least partly responsible for the
problem.
有一点大家的意见是一致的：人类的活动对这个问题至少应当负部分责任。
B．To come to agreement on control and reduction of weapons between the superpowers is difficult.
超级大国之间要在控制和削减武器方面达成一致意见是很困难的。
6. ANAL YSIS: make a careful/close analysis of; attempt/defy/resist analysis
A．Yet close analysis of such people often reveals the existence of what
might be called “stability zones” in their lives．
仔细分析这些人，往往会发现，在他们生活中也存在可能称为的“稳定区域”。
B．It requires a very unusual mind，Whitehead said，to undertake the analysis of a fact．
怀特黑德说过，需要一种极不寻常的头脑去分析一个事件。
7．ANTICIPATION：in anticipation of a rise／fall／success
A．All experience a good deal of anticipation，but the anticipation pales
next to the excitement of first communicating verbally．
所有这一切都经历了许多的盼望，但这种盼望比起第一次语言交流的兴奋要逊色多了。B．The financial markets had raised interest rates in anticipation of a squeeze.
金融市场因预计到银根紧缩而提高了利率。
C．in anticipation of an early reply期待早复
8. ANTIDOTE: (serve) as an (strong/powerful) antidote to boredom
A．He supported，for example，universal education as an antidote to the numbing effects of economic specialization.
例如他支持全民教育可以克服经济专业化带来的麻木的影响。
9. ANTIPATHY: have/arouse/provoke/natural antipathy to/towards
A．Without question，however，the first major thinker to express a clear antipathy to the urban way of life was Thomas Jefferson．
毫无问题，第一个表示出对城市生活反感的大思想家是托马斯?杰佛逊。
10. APA THY: show/have/with an (political/election) apathy toward sth.
A．How can we curb this growing student apathy and assure ourselves of capable，responsible leadership for the future?
如何才能制止学生中日益发展的冷漠态度，以确保我们在将来成为有能力、有责任的领导人?
11. APPEAL: make a direct/strong appeal to
A．The appeal to venture capitalists of investing in United States high technology companies is quite obvious．
对风险资本家来说，投资于美国高技术公司的吸引力是显而易见的。
B．He holds a special appeal to little children.
他对小孩有种特殊的吸引力。
12. APPETITE have/stimulate a strong/keen appetite for（爱好，追求）
1. He has a great appetite for knowledge.他强烈的求知欲。
2．The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward，not only the means of sustenance，but a keen appetite for
pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms．
在办公室或工厂里长时间的工作，给他们带来的报酬不仅仅是生活给养，而且是对乐趣的强烈追求，即使是最简单、最朴实的乐趣。
13. APPLICATION: the application of knowledge/theory
A. We ale dealing with the application of psychology to advertising and political propaganda．
我们说的是把心理学应用于广告和政治宣传。
B．In general，the application---or misapplication---of science and technology in all fields is certain to affect the structure of society as a whole．
总的说来，科学技术在各个领域中的应用或误用，必然会影响整个社会的
结构。
14. APPRECIATION: cultivate/deepen/express/show an (better/keen)
appreciation of
A．cultivate the appreciation of good music培养对音乐的欣赏能力
B．We take this opportunity of expressing / to express our sincere appreciation of your help.
对于你们的帮助，我们趁这个机会向你们表示衷心的感谢。
C．promote/deepen the appreciation of Chinese arts and letters in the United States of America促进/加深美国对中国文学艺术的理解。
D．He has a keen appreciation of the students’ needs.
他深刻了解学生们的需要。
15. ASSESSMENT: make an assessment of
A．Although it is，of course，much more difficult，he can also make a subjective assessment of the percentage of his emotional energy invested in the job．
虽然这很困难，但是他还能对在这份工作中投入多少精力作一个主观的评价。
B．The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair．
我们必须注意的另一件事是，对智力评估实质上是相对的。
16. ASSOCIATION: be/have an association with；in association with
A．do sth in association with sb和某人一起做某事
B．They suggest the answer may be the lack of association with other humans during the period of sleep．
他们暗示这个回答或许和睡眠中缺少与其他人的联系有关。
17．A TTACK: come under (personal/sharp) attack
A．Today, American colleges and universities originally modeled on German ones are under strong attack.
今天美国大学(最初是按照德国大学模式)正受到社会的激烈批评。
18. A TTAINMENT: the attainment of goals/aim/objective
A．This will deeply impress them on your memory, and these memory traces will soon start influencing your everyday behavior toward the attainment of the goal．
这将会把它们深深地铭记在你的脑海里。而这些记忆痕将很快开始影响你的日常行为，促使你朝着实现目标而努力。
B．Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of a person．
学校通常把一个人获得平衡发展作为教育的目标。
19. A TTENTION: bring...to public attention/claim/draw/come to the attention of
A．Many of these workers are poorly educated and unskilled，and they often lack the union representation that has helped bring other industrial disease to public attention．
这些工人中许多没受过什么教育，又缺乏技术，他们往往没有自己的工会代表可以帮助他们让公众知道其他的职业病。
B．As for sowing methods-probably over half of Europe's seed was wasted every year before the Chinese idea of the seed drill came to the attention of Europeans．
至于播种方法，在中国人关于种子条播机的想法引起欧洲人的注意之前，也许欧洲每年要浪费一半以上的种子。
C. The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.
今年初几个透明度颇高的案例中，有关世界各地女佣的悲惨状况引起了新闻媒体的关注。
20. A TTEMPT: make an attempt/in an attempt to
A．Attempts to break up this old system have been made in every presidential election in the past one hundred years．
在过去的100年中，人们极力想打破这个在历届总统大选中都实行的旧体制。
B．In an attempt to do sth, ...为了...
do sth in an attempt to do 做某事是为了
21. A V AILABILITY: the availability of information/money
A．They do this in order that births occur with the arrival of the rains, the availability of grazing, and the mother's adequate supply of milk for the young.
它们这样做，是为了使生育正好与雨季相遇，并有大量的青草生长，这样母畜就有足够的奶水喂养幼仔。
22. AW ARENESS: heighten/reduce/increase/sharpen/spark/obscure one's awareness of
A．The Bhopal tragedy five years ago, when thousands of Indians died after an escape of chemicals, sparked a belated environmental awareness among India's middle classes.
5年前，因化学气体的泄漏而发生的伯帕尔惨剧使成千上万的印度人丧生。这个惨剧在印度的中产阶级中唤起了一种姗姗来迟的环保意识。
B．The computer could obscure man's awareness of the need to come to terms with himself．
电脑可能模糊了人需要对自身有限能力妥协的认识。
C．The intelligent listener must be prepared to increase his awareness of the musical material and
what happens to it．
聪明的听众必须随时提高自己对音乐素材的认识以及有关这方面的意识。
23. BARRIER: a barrier to the development/progress
A．But it is the lack of political will and the ineptness of established sociopolitical structures that are major barriers to the progress in this field．
但是，由于缺少政治意志加上现有的社会政治结构的不完善，这就极大地阻碍了这个领域的发展。
B．A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off on his own；and anyway，language is always a barrier to the contact with the local population．
紧凑的日程安排使得旅游者不可能自己随便闲逛。不管怎样，语言总会阻碍他们同当地人的接触。
24. BELIEF: express/foster/hold a belief in; there is a widely accepted/held belief that; contrary to popular/general/growing belief
A．The enormous success of science has led to the general belief that scientists have developed and are employing effective methods in gaining new knowledge．
科学的巨大成功，使一般人认为，科学家人数在发展，他们在利用有效的方法获得新的知识。
25. BOREDOM: to escape/interrupt/relieve boredom
A．Only an occasional stop at a gasoline station or at a drugstore to read movie magazines interrupts their boredom．
去加油站溜溜歇歇脚或到药店走走，读读电影画报这样可以解解闷气。
B．This includes keeping them in more suitable cages, allowing social animals like dogs to live together and trying to reduce the boredom that these animals can experience.
其中包括把它们饲养在较合适的笼子里，让狗这一类爱结交的动物生活在一起，尽量减少它们的寂寞。
26. CAPACITY: ( have a ) capacity for development/organization
A．Hitler，aided by a phenomenal capacity for organization and by the readiness of Germany's great industrialists to finance his campaign，shrewdly utilized the prevailing attitude to establish his power．
由于他非凡的组织能力以及德国大企业家们愿意资助他的竞选，希特勒精明地利用了社会上的这种态度，建立了他的政权。
B．But of all our problems，the most immediate and pressing, the one which threatens to paralyze our very capacity to act，to obliterate our vision of the future，is the plight of the Negro of the center city．
但是，在所有我们最直接和紧迫的问题中，威胁到损伤我们的行动能力，威胁到遮住我们对未来的展望的就是市中心黑人的困境。
27. CELEBRATION: a celebration of freedom/achievement/success
A．Any celebration of what has been accomplished during our first two centuries also requires a commitment to what remains to be done during the third century．
庆祝在过去两个世纪里所取得的成就，同样需要对第三个世纪里所要做的事情承担起责任。
B．At this time，and in the place where so many great names in American history have trod，we renew this celebration of freedom in the full and certain knowledge that with it comes great responsibility．
此时，在美国历史上许多伟人所踩过的地方，我们重新庆祝获得的自由，确信随之而来的是巨大的责任。
28. CERTAINTY: be/become a certainty with/has certainty
A．It can be said wit h certainty that… 可以断言
B．I had the certainty that he was at home.我确信他在家。
C．Some children learn best by rote，in structured environments with high certainty and strict discipline．0thers gain success in the less structured“permissive” atmosphere of a“progressive”school.
有的孩子在高度稳定和严明纪律的严格环境中以死记硬背取得好成绩，另有一些则在“先进”学校比较宽松的环境里获得了成功。
29. CHALLENGE: meet/accept the challenge
A．Because I had no formal training in any of these fields with the exception of engineering，I had to learn to meet each challenge of managing a business as it arose．
除了工程学，在所有这些领域里我都没受过正规的教育，所以每当出现一个工商管理方面的挑战时，我只好学着去迎接它。
30. CHANGE: undergo/bring about/inaugurate great/marked change
A．After crossing several time zones，sleep rhythms undergo marked changes during the first night.
经过几个时区后，睡眠规律就会在第一个晚上发生很大变化。
31. CHOICE: make a wise choice
A．Not only do lies not provide any hope，they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health．
对病人隐瞒真情，不仅不能给予病人任何希望，还会侵犯病人的自由，使他们不能对自己的健康做出明智的选择。
B．When choices are made among alternatives such as those just described，it becomes plain that choosing one alternative often involve giving up another．
在上述几个方案中做出选择，显然，挑选一个意味着放弃另一个．
32. COMBINATION: (express/symbolize) a rare/ happy combination of
A．He turned out to be an incredible combination of strength and relaxation on the track．
在这方面他证明是把力量和放松结合得最好的人。
B．The modern world is a combination of Eastern and Western ingredients which are inextricably fused．
现代世界是一个东西方紧密融合的结合体。
33．COMFORT: take/derive/seek comfort from/enjoy the comfort of
A．People have taken comfort from the idea that our brains are magically unique and could never
be duplicated，never mind surpassed，by machines．
人的大脑是神奇般独特的、不能被复制、不用担心会被机器超过，想到这一点，人们感到了极大的安慰。
34. COMMAND: acquire/has/secure a good command of
A．But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will.
但这种事并非一天就能做成的，也不是靠征服意志就能一蹴而就的。
35. COMMENT: make comment about
A．Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true．
老年人总是说年轻人不像他们同龄时那样了。一代一代人做出相同的评论，而且总是真实的。
36. COMPARAISON: in comparison with/to make comparison
A．Yet culture shock is relatively mild in comparison with the much more
serious malady，future shock．
与更严重的弊证、即未来冲击相比，文化冲击相对来说要轻些。
B．The boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessary though uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days．
一个人当他在必须做无趣味的工作时所感到的乏味，和他成天无所事事而感到的乏味相比，几乎算不了什么。
C．The first two must be equal for all who are being compared，if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made．
如果就智力进行比较的话，前两个因素对所有要比较的人必须是一样的。
37. COMPETITION: enter/get into competition with
in competition with/for
A．In the Olympic Games，women not only cannot win any medals in competition with men，the gulf between them is so great that they cannot even qualify for the contests with men．
在奥运会上，女运动员在同男的竞争中不仅不能夺奖牌，而且他们之间的鸿沟这么大，她们甚至没有资格和男运动员同场竞技。
B．It would also place him in competition with other workers，which
would be playing into the bosses’hands．
这样做还会把他置于同其他工人的竞争中，而这正中老板之意。
38. CONCENTRATION: the concentration of
A．The lack of goods，services，and household aids，brought on by the country's concentration on heavy industry at the expense of consumer goods, affects women much more than men．
国家重视重工业，忽视消费品生产，由此带来的商品、服务设施和家用器具的短缺对女士的影响要比男士的大。
B．Strong economic and social currents encourage the continued concentration of the urban population which otherwise might disperse into more sparsely settled areas．
经济和社会的向上形势鼓励人们不断向城市集中，要不然的话这些人口会分散到人口较少的地区。
39. CONCERN: there is/express/arouse/show/give concern over/for/about/with
A．I have a deeper concern about higher education and the current national mood．
我对高等教育和目前国家形势所处的状态的深深关切。
B．Meanwhile the public show little concern about the danger of total destruction by nuclear weapons：a possibility people are consciously aware of．
同时公众对核武器造成的全球毁灭的危险很少关心，虽然他们意识到这种可
能性。
40. CONSIDERATION: give consideration/thought to;
take sth. into consideration
A．All the argument sounds logical，but it is obvious that no consideration is to be given to his concern for either the women or the children．
所有这些论点听上去有道理，但它没有考虑到对妇女或者对孩子的关心。
41. CONNECTION: there is/bear connection to
A．It also enables us to tell ourselves that the despair of homeless people bears no intimate connection to the privileged existence we enjoy-- when，in fact，we rent or purchase one of those restored townhouses that once provided shelter for people now huddled in the street．
同时也使我们告诫自己，无家可归者的绝望和我们享受到的特权生活没有密切关系的。而实际上，我们租的或买的那些修建过的市中心房子，曾经是现在流浪街头人的住所。
42. CONSCIOUSNSS: a national/world/class/ deep consciousness
A．In other words，the world of urban America as a dark place undeserving of support or help has become fixed in the American consciousness．And we are paying for that attitude in our cities today．
换句话说，美国城市作为一个黑暗的地方，不值得投资和帮助，这种想法已深深扎根于美国人民的思想意识中。今天我们的城市正在为这种态度付出代价。
B．Further study and better public understanding are needed，of course．
But what is essential is a global consciousness．
当然，需要进一步研究和更好地理解公众，当然，更为重要的是全球的意识。
C．the moral consciousness of a nation一个民族的道德意识
recover national consciousness恢复民族意识
It has awakened millions to political consciousness.
它唤起了千百万人的政治觉悟。
43. CONTACT: come into/establish/create/need/ regain/retain/strengthen (close/frequent/understanding) contacts with/between; bring/take sb. into contact with
A．But our modern world of music also brings us into contact with music that is not always so quickly grasped.
然而，现代音乐世界却也让我们总是不能很快理解接触的音乐。
B．Hence，it can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various
contexts are all likely to have exerted some influence in shaping our attitudes，interests and even skills relevant to how we handle leisure．
因此可以这么说，我们在这些不同的环境所接触到的人们，很可能对我们的态度和兴趣的形成、甚至包括如何处理有关空闲时间的能力产生一定的影响。
C．National governments，also，will be brought into closer and closer contact with science．
同时，这将使各国政府同科学保持越来越密切的联系。
44. CONTRIBUTION: make a contribution to society/ human
A．“Someone who has made a lasting contribution to human civilization is great，”said Dean Keith Simonton．
西门顿教务长说，“长期为人类文明作出贡献的人是伟大的。”
B．Their increasing demand for continuing education offers unprecedented opportunities for universities to increase and extend their contributions to society．
他们对继续教育的不断要求给大学以空前的机会来增加和扩大对社会的
贡献。
45. CONTROL: exert control over; bring ... under control
A. Yet studies show that job satisfaction comes less from how much people earn than from the challenge of their jobs and the control they are able to exert．
调查表明，工作所提供的满足不是来自攒多少钱，而是来自工作的挑战和对工作的控制力。B．To protect the value of their invested capital, venture capitalists desire control over various corporate decisions．
为保障其投入资本的价值，风险资本家希望对公司的各种决定进行控制。C．However, very little control can be exercised over the media used to generate information that comes to you．
然而，对曾经用来给你提供信息的媒体几乎没有什么控制。
D．But although this form of genetic engineering will give us great control over mankind's future, there are several reasons for caution．
但是,虽然这种基因工程会让我们极大地控制人类的未来，我们还是有诸多理由表现出谨慎。
46. CONVICTION: confirm/express/deepen/hold/ voice the conviction; carry/bring conviction to sb.; have/there is a strong/widespread conviction that；be in the conviction that
A．He is in the full conviction that real knowledge is the end product of a thorough study of the history．
他深信，只有对历史加以透彻研究，才能真正学到知识。
B．confirm a conviction维持原判
bring conviction to sb使某人信服
His words carried conviction.他的话令人信服。
deepen one’s conviction加深某人的信念
She expressed her firm conviction that television was harmful to children.她坚持认为电视对儿童有害。
47. CORRELATION: there is/find correlation between
A．If he is bored and secure，he may invest very little--there being no necessary correlation
between time devoted and emotion invested．
如果他感到厌烦但又安全，他可以几乎不用投资，因为在奉献的时间和投资的精力之间没有必然的联系。
B．Yet when they studied the various sleep stages, they found no correction between sleep physiology and unhappy mood．
然而，当他们研究不同的睡眠阶段时，他们便发现睡眠生理学与不愉快的心情毫无联系。
48. CREDIBILITY: lose/enhance the credibility of/with
A．For the emerging company the association with a corporate partner may not only enhance the emerging company's balance sheet，but may enhance its credibility with customers，supplier investors and others．
对于新兴公司而言，与大公司合伙人联合，不仅可以使公司的资产负债表大为改观，而且还可以提高客户、供应商、投资者和其他人对公司的信任度。
B．“Lies also do harm to those who tell them：harm to their integrity and in the long run，to their credibility.
谎言也伤害说谎者自己，损害他们的真诚，并最终损害他们的信誉。
49. CRITICISM: be subjected to (harsh/sharp) criticism; challenge /defy/excite/invite/offer/resent/tolerate/ survive (considerable/hostile/frank/severe/harsh) criticism; come under (fierce/sharp) criticism for
A．A commonplace criticism of American culture is its excessive preoccupation with material goods and corresponding neglect of the human spirit.
对美国文化最常见的批评是其过分追求物质商品而忽视人的精神因素。
B．White collar office workers，too，have come under criticism recently
for robbing their bosses of their full-time services．
最近白领工作者同样受到批评，说他们没让他们的雇主得到全日制服务。
C．In a sense，science fiction is criticism of reality．
从某种意义上来说，科幻小说是对现实世界的批评。
D．defy every criticism拒不接受任何批评
excite/arouse/provoke/stir up criticism引起批评
invite/welcome customers’criticisms欢迎顾客批评
offer some criticisms of the argument brought forward by Mr. Smith
对史密斯先生提出的论点提几点批评意见
50. CULTIVATION: the cultivation of personality/skill
A．Those with a better education and in professional occupations may tend to seek recreation and personal development(eg．cultivation of skills and hobbies)in leisure．
那些接受过较好教育的专业人员可能在空闲时更倾向于寻求娱乐和个人发展(如培养技能和爱好等)。
B．Second is，the development of character，especially the cultivation of military virtues such as obedience，loyalty，strength of will, self-control，capacity for sacrifice, and pride in responsibility．
第二是培养一个人的性格，尤其是军事素质如服从、忠诚、意志力、自控力、牺牲精神和责任感。
51. CURE: there is/develop no cure for
A．Needs are limited，but not greeds．Science has developed no cure for envy，so our wealth boosts our happiness only briefly while shrinking that of our neighbors．
需要是有限的，而贪婪是没有止境的。科学并没有研制出克服妒忌的良方。所以财富也只可以有限地增进我们的幸福，而同时却会损害我们邻居的幸福。
52. DEMAND: there is an increasing demand (pressure) for
A．The fear may also bring increasing demands for police protection, and election of law-and-order politicians．
这种恐惧心理带给人们的是：要求警察的保护和选举执法官的呼声越来越高。
B．As the world demand for new information technologies continues to experience unprecedented growth，a significant portion of available venture capital funds call be expected to be funneled into information, technology throughout the world in the next few years．
由于世界各国的需求，新信息技术继续以前所未有的速度增长，今后几年，世界各地的风险资本基金的大部分可望投入信息技术部门。
53. DENIAL: the denial of
A．His denial of our petition caused the students to rebel．
由于他拒绝了我们的请求，引起了学生们的反抗。
B．The need for gratitude is something we all feel，and denial of it can do much to harm the spirit of kindness and cooperation．
我们都需要感激，因此拒绝接受就会损害友好和合作的精神。
54. DEPARTURE: make/justify/mark a new departure in/from the traditional value/old method A．make a new departure成为一个新的开始
His dictionary marked a new departure in lexicography.
他的词典标志了词典学的新起点。
A departure was made from old custom.背弃旧习俗。
There are occasions justifying departure from custom.
有时违背惯例是有道理的。
55. DEVOTION: have devotion to
A．Devotion to that land has been the source of conflict in this area in the last decade．
人们对土地的热爱是过去10年中地区矛盾冲突的根源。
B．Success factor is largely a matter of luck-being in the right place at the right time．Others speak of utter devotion to work，combined with a degree of ruthlessness．
成功的因素主要是运气，即在合适的地方和合适的时间。但有的人认为是对工作极端的献身精神，加上一定程度的残忍。
C．Young people have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort．They are not anxious social climber, and they have no devotion to material things．
年轻人自由自在，他们并不为自私的抱负、舒适的追求所束缚。他们不急于爬社会的阶梯，他们不想投身物质利益的追求。
56. DESIRE: (have)a desire to/for
A．It is a product of Americans’ increasing prosperity and of their desire to own a piece of land．这是美国人日益繁荣和有一块土地的愿望的结果。
B．Driven by the government's desire for a credible auto industry and by their own need to achieve economics of scale．automakers have embarked on expansion programs that envisage annual output of 600 000 vehicles by the mid－1990s．
政府有建立可信的轿车工业的愿望，企业有实现其规模经济效益的需要。受这两个因素的驱动，轿车生产厂家开始实施一系列发展规划，指望在20世纪90年代中期，轿车年产量可达60万辆。
57. DESIRABILITY: question/prove the desirability（好处；可取之处）of
A．They questioned the desirability and utility, in the light of the international situation，of continuing the search for such a definition. 鉴于当时的国际形势，对于继续谋求这样一个定义是否可取或是否有用，他们表示怀疑。
B．This debate over the desirability of continued economic growth is of prime importance to business and industry．
这场有关持续经济发展的辩论对商业和工业都非常重要。
C．Nobody doubts the desirability of good health.
没有人会怀疑健康的好处。
58. DISAGREEMENT: express/there is disagreement
A．express one’s disagreement with表达某人与…的不同意见
59. DISCOVERY: (make) the discovery of
A．A young man's first car is less a means of transportation than a monument to this discovery of youthful freedom．
一个年轻人的第一辆汽车与其说是一种交通工具还不如说是发现年轻人自由的标志。B．He is doomed to a wasted life；he has as little prospect of making a scientific discovery as an electronic brain has．
他注定要虚度一生。他就像电脑一样。不大可能做出任何科学发现。
60. DISPLAY: make/with a display of
A．The public display of fear，sorrow，anger，and irritation reveals a lack of self-discipline that should be avoided by the Positive Women just as much as by the Positive Man.
在公众场合表现出害怕、伤感、气愤和恼怒是缺乏自控能力的表现，而作为“自信女士”和“自信男士”都应该避免。
B．make a display of炫耀，卖弄；表示
make a display of one’s wealth炫耀自己的财富
He made a great display of his learning.他大肆卖弄自己的学问。
make a display of one’s affection表示亲热
61. DISSATISFACTION: there is/express/voice/cause a deep/growing/ widespread dissatisfaction with
A．Those reporting a supportive home, work and social life remained far healthier than those
expressing dissatisfaction with their private and work lives.
那些说他们有一个能支撑的家、稳定的工作和社会生活的人要比那些表示对他们的生活和工作不满的人健康得多。
B．Even so，social analysts see no early end to the growing dissatisfaction of women that is causing many to seek an outlet by running away from home and family．
即使如此，社会分析家们认为妇女的日趋不满不会很快消失，而这种不满造成许多人通过出走家庭来发泄。
62. DIVERSITY: There is/obtain wide/ great diversity of opinion as to
A．The division of labor brought diversity of occupation and with it individual variability.
劳动分工给职业带来多样性，伴随的是个人的变化。
B．Mary has a great diversity of interests.玛丽的兴趣非常广泛。
63. DRAIN: a great/heavy drain on
A．Dropout is more than an academic failure．It is thought of as a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity．
退学不仅仅是学习上的失败。它还被认为是对教师宝贵时间的浪费，是对早已紧缺的大学资源的消耗。
B．The rapidly increasing drain on resources comes not only from the population explosion but also from the “expectation explosion”.
不仅是人口的快速增长，同样，不断膨胀的期望都迅速耗尽了国家的资源。
C．brain drain人才外流
D．Defense costs have been a heavy drain on the country’s resources.
国防开支严重地消耗了该国的财力。
64. EAGERNESS: one's eagerness to do sth.
A．In their eagerness to extend a popular brand’s recognition and reputation to a new type of product，managers often overlook basic problems with the fit between the old name and the new item．
经营者们因渴望将著名品牌的信誉展现到一种新产品上，而常常忽视了旧名称和新产品之间“一致”的一些基本问题。
65. EFFECT: exert/have a harmful effect on
A．Although they did have some influence，heavy television viewing still showed a significant effect．
虽然它们确实有些影响，但是过多地看电视还会显示其重大影响。
B．A highway code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate．
被大家普遍接受的公路法规对降低事故只会产生显著而有利的影响。
66. EFFICIENCY: improve/raise/increase/decrease/lower the efficiency of
A．It is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds．
显然，一个国家的经济实力和这个国家的农业、工业产出的效率有直接关系，而这一点又依赖于各个领域的科学家和技术人员的努力。
67. EFFORT: make/have/exert a(great/tremendous/ persistent/sustained) effort to
A．If clear definitions of academic dishonesty have been developed, and if a reasonable effort has been made to in form students that such offenses ale treated seriously，the appropriate punishment for a willful offense should be some form of separation from the university．
如果学习上的作弊定义清楚，如果做出恰当的努力使学生知道这种作弊要受到严肃处理，那么对故意作弊的惩罚应当是开除出大学。
B．India is making a determined effort to bring down its birth rate，which is currently about 35 per l 000，more than twice that in the United States．
印度正在作坚决的努力把出生率降下来，而目前的出生率是35％，是美国的两倍多。
68. EMANCIPATION: represent an emancipation from errors/prejudice/ control
A．It can argued that all this represents a welcome emancipation from Victorian morality, and that it is a wholesome affirmation of independence．
人们认为：所有这些代表了对维多利亚道德观的一种可喜的解放，是对独立的全盘肯定。B．emancipation of women from discriminative treatment
妇女从受歧视的待遇中解放出来
69. EMIGRATION: the emigration of people
A．Many Third World nations with high unemployment and low wages have seen an emigration of workers to the developed nations．
在很多失业率高、工资低的第三世界国家里出现了工人移居到发达国家的
现象。
70. EMPHASIS: place/put emphasis on
A．His emphasis on other worldliness in his songs certainly suggested grim dissatisfaction with his worldly status．
他在歌中强调了其他世俗之事，当然也表明了他对自己社会地位的不满。
B．They place great emphasis on their individual differences，on having a great number of choices，and on doing things their own way．
他们极为重视个性差异，注重拥有大量选择，强调各行其是。
71. ENCOURAGEMENT: provide/give encouragement
A．Along with hire-purchase，rental and leasing schemes，they provide encouragement to spend more money．
信用卡同分期付款、租赁等赊购方式一样，鼓励人们多花钱。
72. END: bring.., to an end; put an end to
A. Management, up to a certain level at least, is aware of the practice, and in some industries employs entire cadres of people to curtail or put an end to it．
管理层(至少是某一层)意识到了这种做法，在某些产业里雇佣了一大批干部去阻止或结束这一做法。
B．On the contrary，the rapid growth in enrollment over the last 40 years has come to an end．相反，过去40多年学生入学率快速增长的情况已经结束。
C．Wherever they occurred，inefficiency and waste were attacked and non-essential projects were brought swiftly to an end．
无论哪里出现低效率和浪费现象，都会遭到打击，非必要的项目也会迅速停下来。
D．If such a method is put to broad practical use in the near future, it could very well bring the population explosion to an end once and
for all．
如果这种方法能在不远的将来广泛使用，它就可以从此结束人口激增的情况。
73. ENJOYMENT: enhance/heighten/find/afford/ block the enjoyment of
A．A continual exposure of a generation to the enjoyment of violence and cruelty is one way to corrode the foundations of a civilized society．
一代人不断从观看暴力和残忍中得到乐趣，这是侵蚀文明社会基石的一种
因素。
B．enhance the enjoyment of a journey增加旅途的愉快
He found great enjoyment in his work.他在工作中感受到很大的乐趣。
afford enjoyment to给…提供乐趣
block sb’s enjoyment of 妨碍某人享受
74. ESCAPE: an escape from life realities/responsibilities
A．Until recently day dreaming was generally considered either a waste of time or a symptom of neurotic tendencies, and habitual daydreaming was regarded as evidence of maladjustment or an escape from life's realities and responsibilities．
直到前不久，人们还普遍认为做白日梦不是浪费时间就是精神病的潜在症状，经常做白日梦被认为是心理失调的表现或是逃避生活现实和生活责任。
B．Within this synthesis we live our daily lives，and from it there is no escape．
在这个综合体中我们每天过着生活，我们是无法从这个综合体里逃脱的。
75. EXAMINATION: examination of
A．An examination of all the variables in the test concluded that the unusually good results were due to the way he had handled the mice, the way he talked to them and the tone，the confidence，the reassurance and the certainty in his voice．
对实验中所有变量进行检查可以得出结论：这些结果非同寻常的好，是因为他对待老鼠的方式，对它们讲话的方式和语调，他声音中的信心、安抚和坚定。
76. EXCESS: excess of
A．There is certainly much work which is exceedingly troublesome, and an excess of work is always very painful.
当然有许多工作特别令人难受，而过多地工作总是痛苦的。
B．But such extremes are relatively rare，and there is a growing body of evidence to support the fact that most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it．
但这种极端的情况相对较少，大量证据表明：绝大多数人不是做白日梦太多，而是不做白日梦。
77. EXCHANGE: conduct/have/promote an exchange of
A．A negotiation is more than an exchange of material objects．
谈判不仅仅是交换物质而已。
B．During this period, they conducted a secret exchange of message, via Pakistan.这期间他们通过巴基斯坦秘密交换信息。
C．Let’s have an exchange of views on this matter.
让我们就这一问题交换一下意见吧。
D．A special committee was set up to promote cultural exchanges between the two countries.为增进两国间的文化交流而建立了一个特别委员会。
英语时间表达方法
英语时间表达方法 Document serial number【LGGKGB-LGG98YT-LGGT8CB-LGUT-
英语时间通常用以下两种方法表达： 钟点 1. 直接表达法 A. 用基数词 + o'clock来表示整点，注意o'clock须用单数，可以省略。如： eight o'clock 八点钟，ten (o'clock) 十点钟 B. 用基数词按钟点 + 分钟的顺序直接写出时间,表示非整点，后不可加o'clock。如：eleven-o-five 十一点过五分， six forty六点四十 2. 间接表达法 A. 如果分钟数少于30分钟，可用分钟 + past + 钟点表示，其中past是介词，意思是“过”。如： twenty past four 四点二十 eight past one 一点八分 B. 如果分钟数多于30分钟，可用（60分钟-原分钟数）+ to +（原钟点数+ 1）表示，其中to是介词，意思是“差”。如： 8:35 可表示为twenty-five to nine 差二十五分钟九点，即八点三十五（其中的分钟数twenty-five 是由60分钟减去35分钟得到的；钟点数nine是由8加上1得到的）。 注：A. 当分钟数是15分钟时，可用名词quarter （一刻钟）表示。如： 7:15可表示为 a quarter past seven， 12:15可表示为 a quarter past twelve
B. 当分钟数是30分钟时，可用名词half （一半）表示。如： 9:30 可表示为 half past nine，3:30可表示为 half past three。 C. 若想表明是上午，可在时间后加上am或a.m.。如：thirteen past six a.m. （上午六点十三分）等。若想表明是下午，可在时间后加上pm或p.m.。如：four o'clock p.m. （下午四点）等。 D. 若表示的时间不够准确，可在时间前加上介词about。如：about eight （大约八点）等。 E. 在时间前面应用介词at 来表示在的意思。如：at nine 在九点钟，at about five thirty-five p.m. 大约在下午五点三十五分等。 年月日表示法 1. 世纪可以用定冠词加序数词加世纪century表示，也可以用定冠词加百位进数加's表示 the sixth（6th）century 公元六世纪the eighteenth（18th）century 公元十八世纪 the 1900's 二十世纪the 1600's 十七世纪 这里，用百位数整数表示的世纪比这一百位阿拉伯数字本身多一个世纪。 2. 年代用定冠词及基数词表示的世纪加十位整数的复数形式构成 in the 1930's（in the thirties of the twentieth century或 in the nineteen thirties）
大学英语翻译课堂教学存在的问题以及对策
大学英语翻译课堂教学存在的问题以及对策 【摘要】自翻译成为一门独立的学科以来，翻译教学的重要性越来越受到重视。但在大学英语翻译课堂中仍然存在一些问题，导致翻译教学效果不佳，学生的翻译水平有限。本文探讨了大学英语翻译教学的现状和存在的问题，以及如何采取必要措施，切实提高学生的翻译能力，为社会、市场输出更多符合需求的翻译人才。 【关键词】大学英语翻译教学问题 1.大学英语翻译教学的现状及存在问题 随着经济的全球化以及对外交流的进一步扩大，翻译能力的重要性得到进一步的凸显。而翻译成为一个正式的学科，也极大地推动了翻译教学的发展。根据国家教委颁发的《大学英语教学大纲》，对学生英语翻译能力的要求指能借助词典，将难度略低于课文的英语短文翻译成汉语，能达到基本的翻译要求，译速为每小时300个英语单词。但目前的翻译教学还存在很多问题，使达到这个目标有一定困难，亟待解决。 1.1教师定位不准确，与学生的互动和交流有待加强 翻译是一门注重实践的学科，学生需要大量的练习才能磨练出翻译水平，而在练习的过程中，翻译的技巧起着指导
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高考英语写作高级表达方式
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大学课程英文翻译
BASIC 语言BASIC Language BASIC 语言及应用BASIC Language & Application C 语言C Language C++程序设计C++ Program Designing CAD 概论Introduction to CAD CAD/CAM CAD/CAM CET-4 College English Test (Band 4) CET-6 College English Test (Band 6) C与UNIX环境C Language & Unix Environment C语言科学计算方法Scientific Computation Method in C C语言与生物医学信息处理C Language & Biomedical Information Processing dBASE Ⅲ课程设计Course Exercise in dBASE Ⅲ Programming Languages Internet与Intranet技术Internet and Intranet Technology PC机原理Principle of PC Unix编程环境Unix Programming Environment Unix操作系统分析Analysis of Unix System Windows系统Windows Operation System 办公自动化Office Automatization 办公自动化系统毕业设计Office Automatization Thesis 办公自动化系统设计Office Automatization Design 编译方法Compilation Method 编译方法Methods of Compiling 编译技术Technique of Compiling 编译原理Fundamentals of Compiling, Principles of Compiler 编译原理课程设计Course Design of Compiling 操作系统Disk Operating System (DOS) 操作系统课程设计Course Design in Disk Operating System 操作系统与编译原理Disk Operating System & Fundamentals of Compiling 操作系统原理Fundamentals of Disk Operating System, Principles of Operating System 常微分方程Ordinary Differential Equations 程序设计Program Designing 程序设计方法学Methodology of Programming, Methods of Programming 程序设计及算法语言Program Designing & Algorithmic Language 程序设计语言Programming Language
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英文日期表示方法
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英语翻译课程学习方法
英语翻译课程学习方法 一、传统教材与新教材的关系从今年始，英汉互译的自学考试将由全国高等教育自学考试 指导委员会统一组织实施和管理。这对统一全国考生的要求，提高翻译实践能力和水平都是件好事。目前，相关的统编教材，由庄绎传所编写的《英汉翻译教程》已出版发行。这本教材采用了与传统教材不一样的编写思路。不再是以词、句为单位进行翻译方法，如直译、意译等方法及词类转换，增词、减词之类的技巧进行学习，而是直接进入篇章，以各种文体的篇章为单位进行练习。这是一种创新，是有助于提高考生实际翻译能力的。因为我们在翻译实践中很少情况只是译词或译句，而是篇章的翻译。所以，这将更接近于我们的工作实际了。但这也会为初学翻译的学生带来一些不利条件，那就是对翻译的基本方法与技巧缺乏认识。所以在新教材的第404 页“有关说明与实施要求”中提到参考书，明确指出由张培基等人编写的《英汉翻译教程》（上海外语教育出版社）一书，以及吕瑞昌等人编写的《汉英翻译教程》(陕西人民出版社）一书仍是重要的参考书，我认为作为初学翻译的同志这两本书是一定要看一看的。当然这两本教材也有其明显的不足，即仅以词、句为单位探讨翻译，而没有进入篇章的层次。我们如果把两种教材结合起来，以老教材为辅，以新教材为主，会有较好的成效。 二、篇章翻译的几个问题首先，凡是一个篇章，就会遇到文体的问题，就是我们必须明确 我们所要译的文章是文学作品还是科学、法律方面的文章，是一篇简介性的文字还是一篇讲演词。因为不同文体的文章在表现形式上是很不一样的，如法律文体有一些法律常用词语，科技也会各自有一些专门术语，应用文有时有严格的格式要求，文学则更为复杂，因为其中对话，描述，心理描写，景物或人物描写又各有不同。议论文句式严谨，语言正式，长句较多，等等，这在遣词用句上都有差异。这本教材在P395页“课程内容与考核目标” 都有粗略的说明。请学员认真看一下，并可结合其他有关参考书丰富其内容，以便有更好的掌握。 其次是语域问题。 所谓“语域”（register）是指具有某种具体用途的语言变体，我们可以从交际领域、交际方式和交际关系把语言分成不同的语域，如从交际双方的社会地位和社会关系来说，英语可以分为冷漠体，正式体，商量体，随便体，亲密体等五种，如果从交际领域来分又可以分成正式体，半正式体，公共核心体，半非正式体，非正式体等。不同的语域语言变体彼此是有区别的，如果用几个简单的例子来说明一下就会看得很清楚。如“汤姆病了，今天没去上学”，如果说Tom didn't go to school ，because he was ill. 这就是一句公共核心语，而如果说Tom was ill ，so he didn't go to school.这就是口语体，即非正式语体，如果说：Being ill ，T om didn't go to school 或Tom didn't go to school because of illness. 都是正式语体（当然这句话的内容用这种句式表达并不合适）。从中我们可以看到用原因从句的表达方式是比较正常的，用so连接的句子显得不怎么正式，用抽象名词和分词短语的形式都显得十分正式。另外有些表示相同意思的不同表示形式也有语域方面的区别。如according to和in accordance with，前者为公共核心语，而后者为正式用语，It is important 和It is of importance相比，也是前者为公共核心语，而后者为正式体。甚至连冠词的用法都可以表示这种区别，The horse is a useful animal；A horse is a useful aninal；Horses are useful animals.第一种用定冠词加单数名词表示类属的是正式用法，而用不定冠词加单数名词表示类属的则为公共核心语，最后一种，复数泛指的类属表示法则为非正式语体。 所以，我们在接触一个篇章时，弄清它的语域情况是十分重要的。因为这将决定我们在翻译时如何选词组句，例如，我们看到下面一个句子：After an hour of climbing，we finally found ourselue's at zhurong Peak，the very apex of Mt ，Hengshan，towering 1，296m
英语作文高级表达方式-抽象名词
英语作文高级表达方式－抽象名词 1. ABSENCE: (with/there is) the absence of attempt/ work A．Many medical experts are now agreed that with the general absence of roughage，modem citizens are literally---via heart attacks and cancer--eating and drinking themselves into the grave． 许多医学专家现在一致认为，由于食物中总体缺少粗粮，现代公民们就是这样一日三餐，不知不觉地患上了心脏病和癌症。最终送命，这样说并非言过其实。 B．There seems to have been an absence of attempt at conciliation between rival sects． 似乎没有进行任何尝试去调解对立派之间的矛盾。 C．For large numbers of people, the absence of work is harmful to their health． 对大多数人来说，没有工作对他们的身体反而有害。 2. ACCEPTANCE: have/find/obtain/gain/win (general/immediate/wide) acceptance for/among/of A．Academic dishonesty has had relatively strong peer support and acceptance among some students，partly because we did not make a serious effort to explain why such behavior is contemptible． 学习上的作弊得到同伴相对有力的支持，也被一些学生所接受。部分原因是我们没有真正努力去解释为什么这种行为是可耻的。 B．If that can be done，the high way will serve the purposes users want． Then it will gain broad acceptance and become a reality．如果做到这一点的话，高架就会达到使用者所希望的目的。这样就会得到广泛的支持而成为现实。 3. ACCESS: gain/get/have/attain/give (ready/easy) access to A．Advances in technology have smoothed access to information, rendering superfluous whole layers of management. 技术的发展使我们能较容易获取信息，也使整个管理层变得有些多余。B．While it is true that U．S．sources may have better access to the information，they might also have more reason to conceal or alter that information．
高级英语修辞手法总结归纳
英语修辞手法 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.
III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力 气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。 通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。