英汉语言对比与翻译作业
英汉语言对比与翻译
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第二小点：‘有人就提前’
Unfortunately, the grey and blue cotton pieces reached us whereas our order was for a selection of the green and orange ones. 很遗憾，我们收到的棉制品是灰色的和蓝色的，而 我们订货时选的是绿色的和桔黄色的。 A fair comparison of quality between our products and similar articles from other sources will convince you of the reasonableness of our quotation. 贵方只要把我们的产品质量与别处的同类产品质量 比一比，就会知道我们的报价是合理的。
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第五小点：抽象变火人
If understanding prevails, WTO is in a position to replace confrontation with agreement; it cannot be pull off. 如果大家能普遍接受的话，WTO就能用协议 取代对抗，而这项工作不能在拖延下去了。
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第三小点：人多挑一个
Spectacular economic results ultimately won impressive staff support for the reformer manager. A.惊人的经济成果最终赢得了职工对这位改革派经 理的热情支持。 B. 到头来，职工们对这位改革派经理取得的惊人的 经济成果给予了热情的支持。 C. 这位改革派经理取得了惊人的经济成果，最终赢 得了职工们热情的支持。 D.这位改革派经理取得了惊人的经济成果，职工们 给予了热情的支持。
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习注意事项：１．英汉语言句法／句式差别；２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律；Sentences:1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in mostcases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar.2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。
3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marchingrapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed.4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointedto a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and thekind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born..7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated inthe United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds,pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned.9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load.10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down.11.Starvation was a remote threat.12.There is a crying need for a new remedy.13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on thephone.14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me.15.She was always a crier any way.16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he wasvery hungry because he had had no food for two days.18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office andno returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57)19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities iscompounded by the paucity of the information media.20.Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon as she snapped out of her original depressionat coming to Prague.21.Under these conditions there is a large store of energy available to maintain the pressure of theoil zone while production is taking place. This energy actually comes from the expansion of the aquifer water caused by the reduction in pressure resulting from the removal of oil from the reservoir.22.Two hundred pounds of muscle and sinew created by hard work and clean living had meltedto a hundred and sixty-odd; his senior clothing flagged about him.23.Because of the definite feeling in the country that the recession has bottomed out, only 31% ofthose surveyed now believe that the U.S. runs a risk of a major depression, down from 43% in February.24.The community of fowls to which Tess had been appointed as supervisor, purveyor, nurse,surgeon, and friend, made its headquarters in an old thatched cottage standing in an enclosure that had once been a garden, but was now a trampled and sanded square.( Tess of the D’urberville P60)25.By this time there had arisen a shout of laughter at the extraordinary appearance of Car’s back;which irritated the dark queen into getting rid of the disfigurement by the first sudden means available and independently of the help of the scoffers. She rushed excitedly into the field they were about to cross, and flinging herself flat on her back upon the grass began to wipe her gown as well as she could by spinning horizontally on the herbage and dragging herself over it upon her elbows. (Tess P70)26.The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band, and their heads of luxuriant hairreflected the sunshine every tone of gold, and black, and brown. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. A difficulty of arranging their lips in this crude exposure to public scrutiny, an inability to balance their heads, and to dissociate self-consciousness from their features, was apparent in them, and showed that they were genuine country girls, unaccustomed to many eyes. (Tess of the D’urbervilles, Chapter II)27.林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇.她掼下书包,并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉,却倒在床上看着帐子出神.28.八一嫂正气得抱着孩子发抖，忽然见赵七爷满脸油汗，瞪着眼，准对伊冲过来，便十分害怕，不敢说完话，回身走了。
英汉语言系统对比与翻译
英汉语⾔系统对⽐与翻译英汉语⾔系统对⽐与翻译⼀、被动与主动（⼀）英语多⽤被动式原因1、施事的原因。
2、句法的要求。
（1）为了使句⼦承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接。
（2）为了使句⼦平衡。
（3）修辞的考虑。
（4）⽂体的需要。
（⼆）汉英多主动式原因1、汉语被动式的使⽤受到限制。
2、使⽤受事主语(Receptor subject)导致⼤量的“当然被动句”。
3、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可以采⽤⽆主句或主语省略句来保持句⼦的主动形式。
4、当施事者难以指明时，汉语还可以采⽤通称(generic person)或泛称作主语。
5、当不便使⽤被动式时，汉语可采⽤某些转换式来表达被动意义。
（1）处置式(即“把字式”或“将字式”)（2）“为……所”式。
（3）“是……的”式。
（4）“……的是”（5）“……加以／予以”式。
⼆、物称与⼈称（Impersonal vs Personal ）（⼀）、英语常⽤⾮⼈称，主语汉语常⽤⼈称主语1、⽤抽象名词或⽆⽣命的事物名称作主语。
2⽤⾮⼈称代词“it”作主语。
代词“it”除了⽤来代替除⼈以外的⽣物或事物之外还⼴泛⽤作填补词expletive。
（⼆）英语常⽤被动式，采⽤物称表达法：汉语常⽤主动式，采⽤⼈称、泛称或隐称表达法。
三、静态与动态（Static vs. Dynamic)1、名词化倾向是英语的特征之⼀2、名词作为施事者对动词的替代3、名词构成标题式短语对形容词的替代4、名词优势引起的介词优势5、动词的弱化6、形容词副词对动词的替代7、动词连⽤是汉语的常态8、动词可以充当汉语的任何句⼦成份9、汉语句⼦中的动词可重复重叠⼀、被动与主动(Passive vs．Active) 被动语态在英语⾥是⼀种常见的语法现象。
在某些⽂体中，使⽤被动句⼏乎成了⼀种表达习惯。
Baker 指出：“被动句促成了物称倾向，物称倾向也滋长了被动句”。
（⼀）英语多⽤被动式原因1、施事的原因。
⼈们表达思想的时候，通常使⽤主动句。
2016级 汉英对比与翻译课后练习(1)
MTI 2016级汉英对比与翻译课后练习（1） 28/02/2017句子翻译练习：请注意英汉之间动态与静态的转换英译汉1.Fear of abduction, rape, landmines and crossfire makes travel to school treacherous and parents reluctant to letchildren go to school during conflicts.由于担心绑架，强奸，地雷，交战，这使通向学校的道路危险重重，因此家长们不太愿意让孩子在交战时去学校。
2.It is clear that she saw these source materials as models for the creation of an expressive art that was unburdenedby tradition.很显然，她将这些素材视为模范，用于创造被传统抛弃的富于表现力的艺术。
3.Gates says a lack of visibility is preventing people from realizing the crisis occurring in so many countriesaround the globe.盖茨说，因为没有亲眼所见，因此人们不能理解发生在众多国家的危机4. Consciously and unconsciously，we all make judgment about others based in large part on their use of language---- judgment about social class, about intelligence, about education, and so on.不论是有心或无意，我们评价别人，评价社会阶层，智力，教育等因素，很大程度上基于他们使用的语言。
汉英语言比较及汉译英例句
一．中西文化、语言比较：语言是思维的载体，首先来比较中西思维方式的区别1．中国人在哲学上注重心理时空，在思维上尤其突出悟性，主张天人合一、物我交融、和谐、了然；文化求全、求圆满，对称平衡。
不注重形式论证、强调整体性的、和谐的辩证法；中国人过着一种心灵的生活（拥有悠久的历史，既有成年人的智慧，又能过着孩子般的生活，所谓赤子之心）2．而西方人：思维以逻辑、分析、线性linear为特点，是直线形的，片面掘进break-through，single-minded, 崇尚个体思维、重形式论证、注重分析。
人为万物之尺度；（对比：音乐、文学、书法、绘画、医学、哲学、直觉）中国人的心态是一种恬静如沐天恩的心境The serene and blessed mood: 富于想象力的理性；语言也是心灵的语言；心灵是纤细而敏感的，就像毛笔，难于掌握，但一旦掌握，能够得心应手，创造促美妙优雅的书画。
二．语言区别：汉语：意合（Parataxis），靠句子内部逻辑关系联系结构：无主语及主语省略很多，主动语态多、连词少，不怕重复；汉语重质、质实结劲、词语内涵丰富，文句结构流洒自如，在词语和句法组织上重意合而非形合；英语: 形合(hypotaxis), 主要靠语言本身语法手段。
多用连词、介词构建句子，非人称主语多用，被动句，主语不省略；主干结构突出，主谓机制突出，名词（尤其是抽象名词）、介词突出。
所以中国的语言也是一种心灵的语言；因此：英语好比一棵大树；汉语好比一节节竹子；红楼梦：和尚；He bought six pens, which cost him 42 yuan.When he brought them home, he found they were all used.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？前途是光明的，道路是曲折的；While the prospects are bright, the road ahead has twists and turns;has zigzags; tortous这是一项宏伟的工程，所有类似的工程与之相比都黯然失色；It is a gigantic project before which all similar projects pale significantly;典型的例子就是连词：so…. that 和when….1.What was the forbidden city in Beijing like? It wasso interesting that I went several times.北京的紫禁城是个什么地方？它是如此有趣以至我去参观了好几次；When 也不是总译成当…..时候..甚至大部分时间不译成“当……时候”有时甚至出现：“当他转过身来看见我手里握着那根上面刻着亨利.史密斯的名字的旧鱼竿的时候….”这样的怪句子；2．汉语：远看山有色，近听水无声，春去花还在，人来鸟不惊；英语：When you look afar, the mountains are green and clear;But no sound of stream is heard when listening near.The flowers remain in full bloom when spring’s away,A human being’s approach the bird doesn’t fray.汉语是婴儿语言；（1）隐含条件从句的意合早知今日，何必当初；If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.（2）隐含结果从句的意合；He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him.他说得太快，我们不能理解他的意思；It was so cold that the river froze.天气寒冷，河水都结冰了；It couldn’t make out who he was as I only saw his back;我只见到他的背影，认不清是谁；（3）隐含转折的意合：江山易改，本性难移；It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature.三．英汉两种语言句型具体区别及翻译中的应用：核心区别：汉语：并列型coordination, 表面上是没有主次之分的；英语：从属型subordination，一定是有主次之分的；Eg.7 将国有企业提供社会保障待遇与雇佣关系脱钩，这将有助于使国企经理在作出商业决策时不用考虑政府对社会问题的顾虑，同时还可使员工在调动工作不用担心失去社会福利待遇，这就能够提高劳动力的流动性。
英汉语言对比与翻译(一)分析
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
刘宓庆：“西方各语种在SLT与TLT之间的 实现形式转换的可行性比汉外翻译大得 多。……即既实现意义对应，又实现形式对 应。这在汉语与西方语言之间的转换中是根 本办不到的。基本上，汉外互译必须放弃拘 守形式的努力而倾全力于意义。”1
例句
例2 山西省是中国古代文明发祥地之一，有 悠久的历史。
1. Shanxi is one of homes of ancient civilization in China. It has a long history or Shangxi is one of homes of ancient civilization in China and has a long history
连接词的使用与否不能保证译成的汉语就 是线性序列的，或者译成的英语就是空间 结构的。
重估英汉语言比喻对实践的价值
英语的空间结构，实际上是一种“修饰”结构，也就是 “主从”结构；
汉语的线性序列，实际上是一种“并列”结构，亦即每个 子句都是“主谓”结构(含隐性主谓结构)。
汉译英： Step 1：找出句子的重心，用主谓形式将它表示出来，作
“波浪形”结构：汉语的句子关系往往是并列、并行的，因 此是以时序或逻辑顺序排列的。子句与子句之间的关系须 透过上下文才能决定，所以句子是意合的；而且连词的使 用也不像英语中普遍，结构也较为简练明快。汉语的句式 称之为“流水句”，整个句子像由一个一个独立的子句， 按时间顺序或逻辑顺序层层推进。因此，有人把汉语句子 结构比作“波浪形”结构，每个子句犹如波浪，前浪推后 浪，宛如“万顷碧波，层层推进”。
He also quotes from Edmond Cary: “Two languages can both be inflected and belong to the same family yet nevertheless differ considerably in the way they express ideas and convey meanings.” 1
英汉语言对比及翻译作业
英汉语言对照与翻译作业1.It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressedso clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does notoccur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.翻译：以为自己的思想高深，不行能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念想。
这样的作家产然不会想到，问题仍是出在自己脑子缺少精准思虑的能力。
2. He had a disconcerting habitof expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个见解，自相矛盾，变化无常。
3．While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of MissPinkerton ’ s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness,driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译： (当时 )这个世纪刚过了十几年。
英汉对比与翻译(全)
语义型与形态型
Please translate the following:
不要人云亦云。 Don‟t say what others have said. 这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。 Whether you do the matter or he does it, I‟m afraid neither will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources before petroleum resources are used up.
Zuo Biao
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer （语言迁移） 2. Linguistic contrast（语言对比） 欢迎光临 （对比与翻译） 3. Contrast and translation
Part One
Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?
Two Typesnsfer • Positive Transfer (负迁移) （正迁移） Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
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英汉语言对比与翻译作业1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound tobe expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which havenot the faculty of precise reflection. 翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。
这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。
2. He had a disconcerting habito f expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
3． While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton ' s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness,d riven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. （Thackeray）翻译：（当时）这个世纪刚过了十几年。
六月的一天早上，天气晴朗。
契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。
拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子，赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。
（萨克雷）has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.翻译：长期以来，大家都知道心脏与肝脏的关系最为密切。
illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post.翻译：《华盛顿邮报》的一篇社论提供了一个例子。
challenge from the Third World has always been foreseenb y our shipping companies.翻译：我们的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。
7.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 翻译：这位曾使全世界发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。
8.A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in. 翻译：伴随着一团雪茄烟雾，欧吉维进屋了。
”9.“Hi! Hi! ” said the cabw dhroivs e r ,d oor popped open at the very sight of a traveler.翻译：“嗨！嗨！”出租车司机一瞅见有客人就叫道，同时碰地一声打开车门。
10．I am afraid of your misunderstanding me. 翻译：我害怕你误解我。
woman with fair opportunities, and without an absolutehump may marry whom she likes.翻译：一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害，机会好的话，想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。
12.A chemical change iso ne in which the structure of particles ischanged and a new substance is formed. 翻译：化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。
13.You should help him since you have promised tod o so. 翻译：你既然已经答应帮忙就应该帮助他。
14.Factories known to produce components for missiles andsubmarines are being camouflaged,a s are missile launching and test sites throughout the USSR .翻译：人们所知道的生产导弹部件和潜艇部件的工厂，都进行了伪装。
苏联全国各地的导弹发射和试验场地，也都进行了伪装。
15.Thales thought water was the beginning of everything;Anaximenes, air; Heraclitus, fire.翻译：泰利斯认为水是万物的之源，阿那克西美尼认为气是万物的之源；赫拉克利特认为火是万物的之源。
16.非洲人民正在为争取非洲的彻底解放进行着艰巨的斗争。
翻译：The Africans are fighting hard for the Africa 's absolute liberation英汉语言对比与翻译作业1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound tobe expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。
这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。
2. He had a disconcerting habito f expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
3． While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton ' s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a lamrgiely fa coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness,d riven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. （Thackeray）翻译：（当时）这个世纪刚过了十几年。
六月的一天早上，天气晴朗。
契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。
拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子，赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。
（萨克雷）has been known for a long time that there is a firstrelationship between the heart and the liver.翻译： 长期以来，大家都知道心脏与肝脏的关系最为密切。
illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post.翻译：《华盛顿邮报》的一篇社论提供了一个例子。
challenge from the Third World has always been foreseenb y our shipping companies.翻译：我们的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。
7. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 翻译：这位曾使全世界发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。
8. A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in. 翻译：伴随着一团雪茄烟雾，欧吉维进屋了。
sight of a traveler.翻译： “嗨！嗨！ ”出租车司机一瞅见有客人就叫道，同时碰地一声 打开车门。
10．I am afraid of your misunderstanding me. 翻译：我害怕你误解我。
woman with fair opportunities, and without an absolute hump may marry whom she likes.翻译：一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害，机会好的话，想嫁给谁就嫁 给谁。
9. “Hi! Hi!12.A chemical change iso ne in which the structure of particles ischanged and a new substance is formed. 翻译：化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。
13.You should help him since you have promised tod o so. 翻译：你既然已经答应帮忙就应该帮助他。
14.Factories known to produce components for missiles andsubmarines are being camouflaged,a s are missile launching and test sites throughout the USSR .翻译：人们所知道的生产导弹部件和潜艇部件的工厂，都进行了伪装。
苏联全国各地的导弹发射和试验场地，也都进行了伪装。