Unit 英汉对比与翻译 (二)
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英汉语言对比与翻译(总结)
This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in
adj.（形容词）: degree
ad.（副词） : degree
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up
so long as we are still living.
人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations,
必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
(Condition 条件)
病来如山倒， Sickness comes like an avalanche, 病去如抽丝。 but goes like reeling silk.
(Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折)
the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in
the house that was built by Jack. …
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。
adj.（形容词）: degree
ad.（副词） : degree
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up
so long as we are still living.
人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations,
必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
(Condition 条件)
病来如山倒， Sickness comes like an avalanche, 病去如抽丝。 but goes like reeling silk.
(Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折)
the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in
the house that was built by Jack. …
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。
英汉对比与翻译(全)
Examples of Negative Transfer
5、他建议我接受这个报价。 He suggested me to accept this offer . He suggested that I (should) accept this offer . He suggested my (me) accepting this offer .
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer 2. Linguistic contrast 欢迎光临 3. Contrast and translation
Causes: • analogical use of one‟s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 • scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 • unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Please translate the following:
unit 2 词汇翻译 2
春节，又称农历新年，它是中国最重大的传统节 日。时间通常在一月底，二月初，象征着一年辛 劳后，冬春之交的休息和放松，也象征了喜庆。 The Spring Festival, also known as the Lunar New Year, is the greatest traditional festival. It is usually a time between late January or early February, which means rest and relaxation between winter and spring after a year’s toil, and means celebration as well.
春节前，人们打扫屋子、在大门上贴大红对联、 放鞭炮。据传说，这样做是为了驱赶一个叫“年 ”的魔鬼。除夕之夜，一大家子定会在一起会餐 ，最受欢迎的主食是饺子，人们认为它能带来好 运吉祥。 Before the Spring Festival, people clean their houses, put red couplets on their gates, and set off firecrackers, according to fairy tales, for driving a demon named Nian away. On the eve of the Spring Festival, a gettogether banquet is a must, and the most popular food is Jiaozi, which is supposed to bring good fortune.
1） 减省语气助词 汉译英时语气助词多半要省略。 真的呢，再没有比这种童子面更好看的茶花了。（杨朔，《 茶花赋》） It’s true. No flowers are lovelier than children’s faces. 我想到李白杜甫在那遥远的年代，以一叶扁舟搏浪急进，该 是多么雄伟的搏斗，会激发诗人多少瑰丽的诗思啊！（刘白 羽，《长江三日》） This makes me think of the poets Li Bai and Du Fu in those ancient days when they sailed upstream against the current and how such a magnificent struggle would stir the poets’ great imagination.
英汉对比翻译Lesson 2(无作业版)
二、个性 1. 英语重视名词的分类 专有名词（proper noun）、普通名词（common noun） 普通名词：个体名词（individual noun）、集体名词 （collective noun）、物质名词（material noun）、抽 象名词（uncountable noun） • 个体名词+集体名词=可数名词（countable noun） • 物质名词+抽象名词=不可数名词（uncountable noun）
• • • • •
2）表示无生命的东西，一般前面加of Eg. the door of the teaching building 3）双重所有格 Eg. He is a good friend of my father’s.
说明父亲的好朋友不止一个。
He is a good friend of my father.
• 2. 复数名词 • 1）汉语在表达复数时，通常用语缀“们” • Eg. The students may work in teams or individually on this problem. • 同学们可以合作或独立解决这个问题。 • 2）有泛指意义的英语复数名词在汉译时不需使用复 数形式 • Eg. Cigarettes are harmful to our health. • 吸烟有害健康。
• 有些名词在不同场合，代表的意义不同， 可以 兼属两类（可数、不可数） • Eg. She bought chicken and turkey. 她买了鸡肉和火鸡肉。 • • She keeps chickens and turkeys. • 她饲养了一些小鸡和火鸡。
• 2. 名词性（gender）的形态化和词汇手段 • 1）汉语和英语中多数名词都是中性的，少数有生命 的名词需要阴阳性形式，通常采用词汇手段。 • Eg. she, girl, woman (she-wolf, girl-scout, woman-friend) • boy, man (boy-wonder, fireman) • 男/ 女（用于人）、公/母（用于动物）、雌/ 雄 （用于学名） • 坤（女性的）：坤包（lady’s handbag）、坤表 （women’s watch）、坤车（women’s bike）
英汉对比与翻译(全)
语义型与形态型
Please translate the following:
不要人云亦云。 Don‟t say what others have said. 这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。 Whether you do the matter or he does it, I‟m afraid neither will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources before petroleum resources are used up.
Zuo Biao
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer （语言迁移） 2. Linguistic contrast（语言对比） 欢迎光临 （对比与翻译） 3. Contrast and translation
Part One
Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?
Two Typesnsfer • Positive Transfer (负迁移) （正迁移） Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
Unit 2 汉英对比与翻译(一)
注意谓语动词的选择的准确性
1) 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR. 2) 中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。 The economy of China will converge with that of the world.
英语多用被动式
1) 成都新改建的府南河两岸将修建许多草坪和居民 大楼。 Plenty of lawns and apartment houses will be built along both the banks of the newly-renovated Funan River. 2) 公共场所禁止吸烟。 Smoking is forbidden in public places. 3) 这件事至今还没有得出正确的结论。 So far no correct conclusion has been drawn on the matter.
（二）谓语的确立
谓语只能由动词（ 系动词或实义动词） 或 谓语只能由动词 （ 系动词或实义动词 ） 动词短语担当。
1）北京很好玩。 Beijing is a great city to have fun. 2）北京外来人口逐年增多。 The number of people from other places in Beijing increases year by year.
3) 新的景点不断出现，观光人数不断 增加，地区经济也有了很大发展。 The emergence of one new scenic spot after another and the influx of more and more tourists have also boosted the economy.
汉英语言对比与翻译
21
化
• • • • • • • • • • • • 经济法制化: manage economic affairs within a framework 经济全球化: economic globalization 社会知识化: build a knowledge-driven society 国际关系民主化: the practice of democracy in international relations 国民经济信息化: build an information-based national economy 科研成果产业化: apply scientific research results to industrial production
5
第三章 词语的翻译——词义的引申
[<]
Case 4
• That’s a tall story about the town’s high street.
原译：这就是有关镇上高处街道的大故事。
改译: 有关这城主街的说法是在令人难以 置信。
high street: the main street of a town or a city; tall: a. hard to believe, exaggerated
3
第三章 词语的翻译——词义的引申
[<]
Case 2
• Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend. • 译：不管你对它的态度如何，经济全球化已成为 我们生活的一部分，这个趋势不可逆转。 • 析：若把它死译为“呆在这里”，不通顺。但引 申为“已成为我们生活的一部分”，把原文的信 息充分地传达出来，且易于读者理解。
化
• • • • • • • • • • • • 经济法制化: manage economic affairs within a framework 经济全球化: economic globalization 社会知识化: build a knowledge-driven society 国际关系民主化: the practice of democracy in international relations 国民经济信息化: build an information-based national economy 科研成果产业化: apply scientific research results to industrial production
5
第三章 词语的翻译——词义的引申
[<]
Case 4
• That’s a tall story about the town’s high street.
原译：这就是有关镇上高处街道的大故事。
改译: 有关这城主街的说法是在令人难以 置信。
high street: the main street of a town or a city; tall: a. hard to believe, exaggerated
3
第三章 词语的翻译——词义的引申
[<]
Case 2
• Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend. • 译：不管你对它的态度如何，经济全球化已成为 我们生活的一部分，这个趋势不可逆转。 • 析：若把它死译为“呆在这里”，不通顺。但引 申为“已成为我们生活的一部分”，把原文的信 息充分地传达出来，且易于读者理解。
应用翻译unit 2 Culture and Translation
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
2) 人到齐就开会。
The meeting will begin when all are here.
英、汉语言的差异涉及多方面、多层面。更多 具体的差异我们在今后章节还会继续学习。本章的 主要目的是让大家在明白社会文化翻译的制约，翻 译中不能忽略文化因素分析。
Thank You for Listening !
• A more academic definition: “Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.”
飞流直下三千尺， 疑是银河落九天。
英语：“法制”之语，以形统意，语言表达相对汉语逻 辑严谨，但缺乏意境，过于平白直叙。
中英思维习惯差异图
中国人表达大都含蓄，往往开始不点明主题，拐弯抹角， 藏头揶尾，直至最后才表明观点、态度。因此，中国的 文章大都按“摆事实”、说道理、下结论的顺序。
英美人大都直来直去，对某一主题的表达，往往开门见 山，直奔主题，然后再给出证据/理由。这是大多数英美 文章谋篇布局的思路。
3. 黄毛丫头 a mere chit of a girl.
4. 我们都是来自五湖四海 We are from every corner of the country.
2) 人到齐就开会。
The meeting will begin when all are here.
英、汉语言的差异涉及多方面、多层面。更多 具体的差异我们在今后章节还会继续学习。本章的 主要目的是让大家在明白社会文化翻译的制约，翻 译中不能忽略文化因素分析。
Thank You for Listening !
• A more academic definition: “Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.”
飞流直下三千尺， 疑是银河落九天。
英语：“法制”之语，以形统意，语言表达相对汉语逻 辑严谨，但缺乏意境，过于平白直叙。
中英思维习惯差异图
中国人表达大都含蓄，往往开始不点明主题，拐弯抹角， 藏头揶尾，直至最后才表明观点、态度。因此，中国的 文章大都按“摆事实”、说道理、下结论的顺序。
英美人大都直来直去，对某一主题的表达，往往开门见 山，直奔主题，然后再给出证据/理由。这是大多数英美 文章谋篇布局的思路。
3. 黄毛丫头 a mere chit of a girl.
4. 我们都是来自五湖四海 We are from every corner of the country.
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➢顷刻间，“嗖”的一声，火箭飞向 太空。
➢4) Then came the day we had been looking forward to.
➢我们期盼的这一天终于到来了！
➢ only
➢ 5) Only when one is ill does he realize the value of health.
英语的时态有十六种，与汉语的时态相比要复杂得 多，汉语一般没有时态的变化。
如：I will go to Beijing tomorrow afternoon. ( 我明天下午去北京)
Jack used to be a government official, but he is in prison now.
➢ Now tourism has grown in importance to such an extent that many Third World countries cannot balance their financial budget accounts without their considerable earnings from tourism.
➢ 现在，旅游业越来越重要，如果少了这一块巨额 收入，第三世界国家就无法平衡其财政预算。
➢ 条件句中，英语的条件可前可后，汉 语，先条件，再结果
➢ If the system is used in the proper way to train umpires, we can look at this and see if there’s some kind of flaw.
➢To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber. When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.
➢ Thus, it means “ He who loves women is a stupid person”. (孙利民, 2005:74)
➢ 在翻译实践中，我们通常把句子作为操作处理的 基本单位。英语和汉语的句子结构及句法既有相 似之处，更有明显的区别。（傅晓玲等，2004： 58）
1）时态对比：
➢It was at 9:00, September 1st, 1889 ,that the meeting was held in a secrete place.
➢ B）空间顺序
➢Arable lands are few and limited; with but slight exceptions the prospect is a broad rich mass of grass and trees, mantling minor hills and dales within the major. Such is the vale of Blackmore. (Tess of the D’Urbeverills, Hardy)
➢大自然为保护鲸，使它不致在北 冰洋受冻，便让它长了一曾厚厚 的脂肪，叫做鲸脂。鲸杀死后， 把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有 的在船上进行，有的在岸上进行。
3）复合句顺序（短语顺序）
➢ 翻译下列句子，注意排列顺序的差异：
➢ Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its centre roughly thirty miles above the ground.
➢ 只有当一个人生病时，才会意识到健康 的价值。
➢ 6) Not only was Jack London a wellknown novelist, but (he was) also a poet.
➢ 杰克·伦敦不仅是著名的小说家，还是一 位诗人。
➢ 否定意义的副词或副词短语（never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, nowhere, in no case, under no cin no way, by no means, on no account）
➢(他一回到家，天就下起了瓢泼大雨。） ➢D）Little did I then know the meaning
of war and what it was in reality. (inverted)
➢当时我确实 还不太懂战争的意义以及 战争实际上是怎么回事。
➢ E） By the time he entered college, he had been exposed to English for 6 years.
➢ 上大学前，他学英语已经有六年时间了。 ➢ 英语和汉语句子中语态的使用频率存在一定的差异。被
动语态在英语中的使用比率相对与汉语而言要多。
➢Nothing was gained by all the over caution.
➢所有这些谨小慎微，到头来一无所得。
➢I must have been cheated again. ➢我准是又上当了。
➢长庄稼的地块数不多，面积有限， 全副景物，除了很小的例外，是大 山抱小山，大谷套小谷，而在那些 小山小谷上盖着一片连绵、茂盛的 草和树。布蕾谷就是这种样子。 （张谷若翻译）
➢Hardy让人先看到的是草和树，再 是小山和小谷再是大山和大谷；而 以上译文根据汉语的习惯作了适当
C) 逻辑顺序
➢ 英语——因可前可后，汉语——先因后果；
➢ 1) Here is the very passport that you have lost.
➢ 这正是你所丢失的那本护照。
➢ 2) There stands a great temple on the top of that mountain.
➢ 那座山的山顶上有一座巨大的寺庙。
➢3) Up went the rocket into the space in an instant.
英汉对比与翻译 （二） 英汉句法现象的对比
2. 句法现象的对比
A: People are always talking about “the problem of youth”. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.
➢ (尽管两国高唱关系改善，但双方仍像在 冷战期间一样互相侦察对方）
➢ B）The question is whether he can understand what she said about her position.
➢ (问题是他能不能理解她的立场）
➢C）Hardly had he got home, it began to rain cats and dogs.
(杰克从前是个政府官员，现在是犯人。）
2）句子结构
➢ A）The two countries—with all the talk of warmer relations—are spying on each other as avidly as at the height of the cold war.
➢人们总是在谈论 “青年人问题”。如 果真有这么一个问题——对这一点我 要不揣冒昧地表示怀疑——那也是年 长者造出来的，而不是青年人自己造 成的。让我们认真考虑一下问题的根 本吧，而且我们要承认青年人毕竟是 人——跟他们长辈一样的人。青年人 和老年人之间只有一点不同，那就是 青年人的光辉未来在他们前头，而老 年人的辉煌已经留在他们身后，或许 这就是问题之所在。
➢ 人们早就怀疑，大气层中 有一个“高温带”， 其中心在距地面约30英里的高空。利用火箭进 行研究后，这一奇异的事实已得到证实。
➢ A. 时间顺序
➢In any case, it was the most independent and self-reliant families who were the first to push westward to the Appalachian Mountains, then southward along the mountain valleys, then into the great Central Basin and finally westward beyond the Rockies.
➢ 无论如何，他们都非常独立，不靠别人只靠自己。 他们先往西走，到达阿巴拉契亚山脉，后顺着山 谷往南走，进入中央大盆地，后又向西越过了落 矶山脉。
➢They went to see a film after they visited their old friends.
➢4) Then came the day we had been looking forward to.
➢我们期盼的这一天终于到来了！
➢ only
➢ 5) Only when one is ill does he realize the value of health.
英语的时态有十六种，与汉语的时态相比要复杂得 多，汉语一般没有时态的变化。
如：I will go to Beijing tomorrow afternoon. ( 我明天下午去北京)
Jack used to be a government official, but he is in prison now.
➢ Now tourism has grown in importance to such an extent that many Third World countries cannot balance their financial budget accounts without their considerable earnings from tourism.
➢ 现在，旅游业越来越重要，如果少了这一块巨额 收入，第三世界国家就无法平衡其财政预算。
➢ 条件句中，英语的条件可前可后，汉 语，先条件，再结果
➢ If the system is used in the proper way to train umpires, we can look at this and see if there’s some kind of flaw.
➢To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber. When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.
➢ Thus, it means “ He who loves women is a stupid person”. (孙利民, 2005:74)
➢ 在翻译实践中，我们通常把句子作为操作处理的 基本单位。英语和汉语的句子结构及句法既有相 似之处，更有明显的区别。（傅晓玲等，2004： 58）
1）时态对比：
➢It was at 9:00, September 1st, 1889 ,that the meeting was held in a secrete place.
➢ B）空间顺序
➢Arable lands are few and limited; with but slight exceptions the prospect is a broad rich mass of grass and trees, mantling minor hills and dales within the major. Such is the vale of Blackmore. (Tess of the D’Urbeverills, Hardy)
➢大自然为保护鲸，使它不致在北 冰洋受冻，便让它长了一曾厚厚 的脂肪，叫做鲸脂。鲸杀死后， 把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有 的在船上进行，有的在岸上进行。
3）复合句顺序（短语顺序）
➢ 翻译下列句子，注意排列顺序的差异：
➢ Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its centre roughly thirty miles above the ground.
➢ 只有当一个人生病时，才会意识到健康 的价值。
➢ 6) Not only was Jack London a wellknown novelist, but (he was) also a poet.
➢ 杰克·伦敦不仅是著名的小说家，还是一 位诗人。
➢ 否定意义的副词或副词短语（never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, nowhere, in no case, under no cin no way, by no means, on no account）
➢(他一回到家，天就下起了瓢泼大雨。） ➢D）Little did I then know the meaning
of war and what it was in reality. (inverted)
➢当时我确实 还不太懂战争的意义以及 战争实际上是怎么回事。
➢ E） By the time he entered college, he had been exposed to English for 6 years.
➢ 上大学前，他学英语已经有六年时间了。 ➢ 英语和汉语句子中语态的使用频率存在一定的差异。被
动语态在英语中的使用比率相对与汉语而言要多。
➢Nothing was gained by all the over caution.
➢所有这些谨小慎微，到头来一无所得。
➢I must have been cheated again. ➢我准是又上当了。
➢长庄稼的地块数不多，面积有限， 全副景物，除了很小的例外，是大 山抱小山，大谷套小谷，而在那些 小山小谷上盖着一片连绵、茂盛的 草和树。布蕾谷就是这种样子。 （张谷若翻译）
➢Hardy让人先看到的是草和树，再 是小山和小谷再是大山和大谷；而 以上译文根据汉语的习惯作了适当
C) 逻辑顺序
➢ 英语——因可前可后，汉语——先因后果；
➢ 1) Here is the very passport that you have lost.
➢ 这正是你所丢失的那本护照。
➢ 2) There stands a great temple on the top of that mountain.
➢ 那座山的山顶上有一座巨大的寺庙。
➢3) Up went the rocket into the space in an instant.
英汉对比与翻译 （二） 英汉句法现象的对比
2. 句法现象的对比
A: People are always talking about “the problem of youth”. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.
➢ (尽管两国高唱关系改善，但双方仍像在 冷战期间一样互相侦察对方）
➢ B）The question is whether he can understand what she said about her position.
➢ (问题是他能不能理解她的立场）
➢C）Hardly had he got home, it began to rain cats and dogs.
(杰克从前是个政府官员，现在是犯人。）
2）句子结构
➢ A）The two countries—with all the talk of warmer relations—are spying on each other as avidly as at the height of the cold war.
➢人们总是在谈论 “青年人问题”。如 果真有这么一个问题——对这一点我 要不揣冒昧地表示怀疑——那也是年 长者造出来的，而不是青年人自己造 成的。让我们认真考虑一下问题的根 本吧，而且我们要承认青年人毕竟是 人——跟他们长辈一样的人。青年人 和老年人之间只有一点不同，那就是 青年人的光辉未来在他们前头，而老 年人的辉煌已经留在他们身后，或许 这就是问题之所在。
➢ 人们早就怀疑，大气层中 有一个“高温带”， 其中心在距地面约30英里的高空。利用火箭进 行研究后，这一奇异的事实已得到证实。
➢ A. 时间顺序
➢In any case, it was the most independent and self-reliant families who were the first to push westward to the Appalachian Mountains, then southward along the mountain valleys, then into the great Central Basin and finally westward beyond the Rockies.
➢ 无论如何，他们都非常独立，不靠别人只靠自己。 他们先往西走，到达阿巴拉契亚山脉，后顺着山 谷往南走，进入中央大盆地，后又向西越过了落 矶山脉。
➢They went to see a film after they visited their old friends.