2016职称英语综合B概括大意原文及译文
2016年职称英语等级考试教材综合类WORD版(综合B)
文档2015年职称英语等级考试（综合类）----- word 版考试专用 涂红颜色部分为2016年教材新增文章（与2015年综合教材对比） 涂绿颜色部分为2015年教材新增文章（与2014年综合教材对比） 目录说明： 本书目录中未加符号标的文章难度相当于C 级考试水平，供报考C 级考试的学员阅读；标有“*”的文章相当于B 级考试水平；标有“+”的文章，相当于A 级考试水平。
我们希望，报考B 级的学员同时阅读未加标注的文章，报考A 级的学员同时阅读标有“*”的文章。
第一部分 词汇选项 词汇学习1-10 第二部分 阅读判断 *第五篇 Plants and Mankind *第六篇 Brands *第七篇 Moderate Earthquake Strikes England *第八篇 Easy Learning *第九篇 WhatIs a Dream? *第十篇 The Workers' Role in Management 第三部分 概括大意与完成句子 *第六篇 How We Form First Impression *第七篇 How to Argue with Your Boss *第八篇 Screen Test *第九篇 Transport and Trade *第十篇 Washoe Learned American Sign Language 第四部分 阅读理解 *第十七篇 Eiffel Is an Eyeful 引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔 *第十八篇 Goal of American Education 美国教育的目标 *第十九篇 The Family 家庭 *第二十篇 Tales of the Terrible Past 讲述可怕的过去 *第二十一篇 Spacing in Animals 动物的空间距离 *第二十二篇 Some Things We Know about Language 我们知道的关于语言的一些事情 *第二十三篇 The Only Way Is Up 只好向上 *第二十四篇 The Romance of Arthur （2015年新增） *第二十五篇 Income 收入*第二十六篇 Seeing the World CenturiesAgo 看许久以前的世界*第二十七篇 Importance of Services 服务业的重要性*第二十八篇 The National Park Service 国家公园的服务机构 *第二十九篇 I'll Be Bach 我是巴赫 *第三十篇 "Lucky" Lord Lucan - Alive or Dead “幸运的”鲁肯伯爵一是死是活 *第三十一篇 Pool Watch 泳池监护 *第三十二篇 The Cherokee Nation 柴罗基部落 *第三十三篇 Oseola McCarty 老妇人 第五部分 补全短文 *第六篇 Mobile Phones *第七篇The Apgar Test （2016年新增）*第八篇Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job （2016年新增） *第九篇 Style, Not Fashion （2015年新增） *第十篇 Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change第六部分 完形填空 *6第六篇 Teaching and Learning *7.第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer *8.第八篇 Look on The Bright Side *9.第九篇 The First Bicycle *10.第十篇 Working Mothers 第二部分 阅读判断第八篇 Easy Learning Students should be jealous. Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they ’ve also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep. By the time babies are a year old they can recognise a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the University of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake. To test the theory, Cheour and her colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first few days of their lives. They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds — one that sounds like “oo ”, another like “ee ” and a third boundaryvowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between1. EEG2 recordings of the infants brains before and after the session showedthat the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers, while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups3. One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels, while the others listened to other, easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.4 When tested in the morning, and again in the evening, the babies who’d heard the tricky boundary vowel all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognise this new sound. They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed, while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.Cheour doesn’t know how babies accomplish this night-time learning, but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults, babies don’t “turn off” their cerebral cortex while they sleep. The skill probably fades in the course of the first year of life, she adds — so forget the idea that you can pick up tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups, Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.翻译：轻松学习学生应该嫉妒。
2016年职称英语（卫生类）教材概括大意文章及练习（9）
Aspirin — a New Miracle Druging aspirin,an over-the-counter pill on sale1 in every supermarket without a prescription,to treat serious circulatory disease may seem almost like quackery.But today doctors recognize this drug as a potent compound as important as antibiotics,digitalis and other miracle drugs.2.In its natural form as willow bark and leaves,this remarkable remedy dates back to Hippocrates2.In 1829 the chemical in the willow tree that can relieve pain and reduce fever was discovered to be salicin.By 1899 the Bayer Company in Germany had marketed a variant,acetylsalicylic acid，3 under the name of aspirin.3.Since then,aspirin and confounds containing aspirin have been taken by tens of millions of arthritis patients.As a pain killer aspirin is,according to one study,more effective than all other analgesics and narcotics available for oral use.It also acts on4 the body's thermostat,turning down fever.4.But some of its powers remained unsuspected until recently.In 1950 the late Dr.Craven wrote to a small western medical journal about 400 overweight,sedentary male patients to whom he had given one or two aspirin tablets a day.None had had a heart attack.He enlarged his group to 8，000 and in 1956 reported："Not a single case of detectable coronary or cerebral thrombosis5 " and "no major stroke" had occurred in patients who had taken one or two tablets daily for from one to ten years.But his observations were largely ignored.5.Then Dr.Vane proved that aspirin turned off the body's prostaglandins6 hormonelike chemicals that can be secreted by every cell.Some potent prostaglandins are harmful compounds that create fever,pain and arthritis.One of them stimulates platelets in the blood to begin forming clots inside arteries.Aspirin blocks this dangerous effect.6.Vane's finding caused some researchers to recall Craven’s 1956 observations,which now had a possible scientific explanation.Numerous studies were begun to find out whether aspirin could indeed inhibit heart attacks and stroke.7.In 1972,ten US medical institutions began two "double-blind" trials7 of 303 patients who suffered from transient ischemic attacks （TIAs）8.Four aspirin tablets a day were given to 153 patients,while placebo tablets were given to 150.Neither patients nor doctors knew which was which.After six months,the patients on aspirin had experienced much fewer TIAs,and fewer strokes and deaths from strokes than the "controls"。
2016年职称英语（卫生类）教材概括大意文章及练习（8）
Lung Cancer1. The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts. There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air （smoke particles,smog,exhaust fumes）,and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.2. Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers —21 to 30 cigarettes per day —the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.3. Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an x-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation1 from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer. Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained2. Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger,at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed.34. A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma4,so-called because the malignancy originates in5 a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off6 the supply of air to that lung. The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected,with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes7 of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have had time to form,is to remove the lung completely. This operation is called pneumonectomy.5. Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland8 and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths.词汇：blameworthy 该受责备的 bronchus.⽀⽓管irritant刺激物；adj.有刺激性的 smog烟雾secretion .分泌（作⽤）；分泌物 fume （浓烈或难闻的）烟；⽓pneumonia .肺炎 correlation 相关，关联abscess 脓肿 mortality 死亡率pneumonectomy 肺切除术 tuberculosis 结核病malignant 恶性的，有害的注释：1.exposure to radiation：接触放射线2.if any possibility of cure is to be maintained：如果想要保持治愈的可能性的话。
2016职称英语综合B级阅读理解练习题及答案
2016职称英语综合B级阅读理解练习题及答案2016考试时间很快就到了，不知道大家都复习得怎样了呢?下面YJBYS店铺为大家带来综合B级阅读理解练习题及答案，供大家参考学习，希望对你有帮助!第一篇Human Space ExplorationWhile scientists are searching the cause of the Columbia disaster, NASA is moving ahead with plans to develop a new craft that would replace shuttles (航天飞机) on space station missions by 2012 and respond quickly to space station emergencies.The space agency released the first set of mission needs and requirements several days ago for the orbital space plane (轨道航天飞机) , which would be designed to transport a crew of four to and from the International Space Station.Although it includes few specifics, the plan states the orbiter (轨道航天飞机) will be safer,cheaper and require less preparation time than the shuttle. It would be able to transport four crew members by 2012--though it would be available for rescue missions by 2010. NASA says the craft should be able to transport injured or ill space station crew members to "definitive (决定性的) medical care" within 24 hours.The release of the requirements showed NASA remains focused on the long-term priorities of space exploration, even as questions exist concerning the loss of Columbia and its seven-member crew on February 1st,2003.Experts at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, have been working for years on a successor to the shuttle. The project, known as the Space Launch Initiative (倡议) , was divided last year into two parts--one focusing on a futurelaunch vehicle, the other on a space station orbiter. The orbiter is expected to be ready sooner.The program's managers say NASA officials have told them not to alter Space Launch Initiative in light of the Columbia disaster.U. S. President George W. Bush asked Congress for about US$1 billion for Space LaunchInitiative in 2004, funds that would be almost equally split between the Orbital Space Plane and Next Generation Launch Technology.1.NASA plans to design the new space craft to__________.A. control the International Space Station.B. carry astronauts to the International Space Station.C. transport equipment to the International Space Station.D. train astronauts in space flights.2.Besides its main mission, the orbiter would also be used as__________.A. a medical research center.B. a space station.C. a space ambulance.D. a passenger plane.3.The design of the orbiter indicates__________.A. NASA's determination to continue space exploration.B. NASA's disadvantage in space technology.C. the great pressure from Congress on NASA.D. a heavy defeat for NASA.4.When did NASA start working on a successor to the shuttle?A. One year before the Columbia disaster.B. One year after the Columbia disaster.C. Immediately after the Columbia disaster.D. Years before the Columbia disaster.5.According to the passage, the 1 billion funds, if granted, would__________.A. be used to rebuild the International Space Station.B. be awarded to the scientists working at NASA.C. be shared by the two projects under the Space Launch Initiative.D. be spent on the investigation of the Columbia disaster.第二篇Oil Exploitation Beneath ANWR'S Frozen EarthIs there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区 ) (ANWR) to help secure America's energy future? President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWR's oil would help ease California's electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the country's energy independence. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth with the last government survey, conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels.The oil industry goes with the high end of the range, which could equal as much as 10% of U.S. consumption for as long as six years. By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two or three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also mean a multibillion-dollar windfall (意外之财) in tax revenues, royalties ( 开采权使用费) and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all, advocates of drilling say, damage to the environment would be insignificant. "We've never had a document case of oil rig chasing deer out onto the pack ice." saysAlaska State Representative Scott Ogan.Not so fast, say environmentalists. Sticking to the low end of govemment estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America's energy problems. And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits, because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases,environmental permits and regulatory review. As for ANWR's impact on the California power crisis, environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1% of the Golden State's electricity output and just 3% of the nation's.。
职称英语真题及答案（综合类B级）
职称英语真题及答案（综合类B级）2016年职称英语真题及答案(综合类B级)职称英语是全国专业技术人员职称外语等级考试的一种，人事部组织全国统一标准的.职称外语考试，采取统一大纲、闭卷笔试的形式进行。
以下是店铺精心为大家整理的2016年职称英语真题及答案(综合类B级)，希望对大家有所帮助!更多内容请关注应届毕业生网!词汇选项1. All houses within 100 meters of the seas are at risk of flooding.A. In dangerB. out of controlC. between equalsD. in particular2. The course gives you basic instruction in maintenance.A. IdeaB. termC. aspectD. coaching3. We are aware of the potential problem.A. PossibleB. globalC. ongoingD. central4. Stock market price tumbled after rumor of a rise in interest rate.A. RegulatedB. increaseC. fellD. maintained5. The revelation of his pas led to his resignation.A. ImaginationB. confirmationC. recallD. disclosure6. The details of the costume were totally authentic.A. RealB. outstandingC. creativeD. false7. The new garment fits her perfectly.A. HaircutB. purseC. clothesD. necklace8. We are worried about this fluid situation full with uncertainty.A. StableB. suitableC. changeableD. adaptable9. The idea was quite brilliant.A. PositiveB. keyC. originalD. clever10. They have built canals to irrigate the desert.A. DecorateB. changeC. waterD. visit11. Her overall language proficiency remains that of a toddler.A. DisabledB. pupilC. babyD. teenager12. The coastal area has very mild winter, but the central plains remain extremely cold.A. WarmB. severeC. hardD. dry13. The phobia may have its roots in a childhood trauma.A. FearB. joyC. hurtD. memory14. You will have to sprint if you want to catch the train.A. JumpB. runC. escapeD. prepare15. Jensen is a dangerous man, and can be very brutal.A. CarelessB. strongC. cruelD. hard阅读判断Time to Stop Traveling by AirTwenty-five years ago a young British man called Mark Ellingham decided that he wanted a change of scenery. So he went to Australia, stopping off in many countries between. He also decided to write about the experience and produced a guide for other travelers making similar journeys.In 1970, British airports were used by 32million people. In 2004, the figure was 216 million. In 2030, according to government forecasts, it will be around 500 million. It's a growth driven by the emergence of low cost airlines, offering access to all parts of the world for less than £100.This has made a huge contribution to global warming. One return flight from Britain to the US produces the same carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)as a year's motoring(驾车). A return flight to Australia equals the emissions(排放)of three average cars for a year. And the pollution is released at a height where its effect onclimate change is more than double that on the ground.Mark Ellingham built his business on helping people travel. Now he wants to help people stop – at least by air.He is calling for a £100 green tax on all flights to Europe and Africa, and £250 on flights to the rest of the world. He also wants investment to create a low-carbon economy, as well as a halt to airport expansion.Mark Ellingham's commitment is important because his readers aren't just the sort of young and adventurous people who would happily jump on a plane to spend a weekend exploring a foreign culture. They are also the sort of people who say they care about the environment. It's a debate that splits people down the middle.The tourist industry has responded by offering offsetting(补偿)schemes. A small increase in the price of a ticket is used to plant trees.But critics say that it is not enough to just be carbon neutral. We should be actively cutting back on putting green house gases into the atmosphere. And for the average person, making a plane journey will be his or her largest contribution to global warming. It maybe good to repair the damage we do. But surely it is better not to do the damage in the first place.16.【题干】Mark Ellingham spent quite a few days in China on his way to Australia 25 years ago.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned17.【题干】Traveling from Britain to any other part of the world may cost you less than £100.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned18.【题干】A round trip flight from Britain to Australia produces the same amount of carbon dioxide as three average cars do in a year.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned19.【题干】Mark Ellingham has never hesitated to encourage people to travel by air.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned20.【题干】Mark Ellingham's readers are not interested in environmental protection.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned21.【题干】Critics argue that the best way to protect our environment is not to do any damage to it.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned22.【题干】Mark Ellingham will collaborate with the critics in his efforts to fight global warming.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned概括大意与完成句子Tunguska Event1 A hundred years ago this week, a gigantic explosion ripped (撕裂) open the day y above a forest in western Siberia, leaving a scientific riddle that endures to this day.2 A dazzling light pierced the heavens, followed by a shock wave as strong as 1,000 atomic bombs. The explosion flattened 80 million trees across an area of 2,000 square kilometers. The fireball was so great that, a day later, Londoners could read their newspapers under the night sky. What caused the so-called Tunguska Event, named after the nearby Podkamennaya Tunguska River, still remains a mystery.3 Experts suspect it was a rock that, after traveling in space for millions of years, was destined to crash to Earth at exactly 7:17 a.m. on June 30, 1908. This possibility worries scientists. “Imagine an unspotted asteroid (小行星) hitting a significant chunk(块) of land ... and imagine if that area, unlike Tunguska, were populated,” the British science journal Nature commented recently.4 But no fragments of the “rock” have ever been found. Finding such evidence would be important, for it would increase our knowledge about the risk posed by dangerous Near Earth Objects (NEOs), say Italian researchers Luca Gasperini, Enrico Bonatti and Giuseppe Longo. When the next Tunguska NEO approaches, scientists will have to decide whether to try to deflect (使偏转) it or blow it up in space.5 However, several rival theories for the Tunguska Event exist. Wolfgang Kundt, a professor at Germany's Bonn University, believes the Tunguska Event was caused by a massive escape of 10 million tons of methane(甲烷)-rich gas from deep within earth's crust. Some people hold that the explosion was caused by an alien spaceship crash, or a black hole in the universe.23. Paragraph 224. Paragraph 325. Paragraph 426. Paragraph 5A. Competing ExplanationsB. Unknown AttacksC. Mysterious ExplosionD. Star WarE. Importance of Finding EvidenceF. Explanation that Worries Scientists27. The gigantic explosion that occurred a hundred years ago28. The shock wave which followed the dazzling light29. The hypothesis that the explosion was caused by a rock colliding with the Earth30. Wolfgang Kundt, who has developed an alternative theoryA. has remained a puzzleB. lacks sufficient evidenceC. is a university professorD. was generated by the explosionE. will kill many animalsF. are attacked by aliens阅读理解Sports star Yao Ming 【运动明星姚明】If Yao Ming is not the biggest sports star in the world, he is almost certainly the tallest. At 2.26m, he is the tallest player in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and holds the record as the most towering Olympian ever to compete in the Games.But what really stands out about the giant center is his celebrity(名气). Few, if any, Chinese athletes are as well-known asYao around the world. People across the globe are fascinated with Yao, not only for his basketball prowess(杰出的才能)also for being a symbol of international commerce.When Yao joined the Houston Rockets as the No.1 pick in the 2002 NBA draft(选抜)， he was the first international player ever to be selected first. His assets on the court are clear enough—no NBA player of his size has ever possessed his mobility, so he is a handful(难对付的人)for opponents on either end of the court. But what makes Yao invaluable to the Rockets organization is his role as a global citizen and as a bridge to millions of potential basketball fans in China.When it was announced in February that Yao would miss the rest of the NBA season and possibly the Olympics with a stress fracture(骨折)in his left foot, a collective shudder(震动)spread across China. After considerable debate and discussion, Yao opted to get his foot surgically treated in an operation that placed several tiny screws across the bone, to offer his overburdened foot more support. The surgery was a success, and though the estimated four-month recovery period will leave him little time to prepare with Team China, Yao has vowed to be ready for the Beijing Olympics.Yao wrapped up a 10-day trip to China, where he underwent a series of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatments, hoping to accelerate his recovery process Western experts are generally skeptical of TCM's benefits although new research from the University of Rochester suggests that a certain compound derived from shellfish may indeed stimulate bone repair."There is no reason to dismiss TCM," Yao told a press conference in Beijing." It's been used in our country for thousands of years. I don't think that it's short on science."36. The word "towering" in Paragraph 1 means_____A. large.B. fat.C. tall.D. great.37. Opponents find it very difficult to control Yao Ming because of his_____B. Mobility.C. Assault.D. Defense.E. Celebrity.38. Yao Ming had to undergo a series of TCM treatments because_____A. his right foot had been hurting.B. he wanted to make a more rapid recovery.C. the surgical operation had been a failure.D. he couldn't afford all the medical expenses.39. Which statement about Yao Ming is NOT true?A. He missed the Athens Olympics.B. He is an NBA player.C. He fractured his left foot.D. He is an international figure.40. In general, the Western experts' attitude towards TCM is_____.A. indifferent.B. positive.C. negative.D. doubtful.Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel Prize Announcements【诺贝尔奖的公布从医学奖开始】Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday,kicking off six days of Nobel announcements.Australian-born U. S. citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a series of medical honors for their enzyme research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.Only seven women have won the medicine prize since the first Nobel Prizes were handed out in 1901. The last female winner was U. S. researcher Linda Buck in 2004, who shared the prize with Richard Axel.Among the pair's possible rivals are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen, who opened up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors.As usual, the award committee is giving no hints about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference at Stockholm's Karolinska Institute.Alfred Nobel, the Swede who invented dynamite, established the prizes in his will in the categories of medicine, physics, chemistry,, literature and peace. The economics prize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Sweden's central bank.Nobel left few instructions on how to select winners, but medicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of research.Hans Jornvall, secretary of the medicine prize committee, said the 10 million kronor ( US $1.3 million. prize encourages groundbreaking research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists."Individual researchers probably don't look at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they're at work," Jornvall toldThe Associated Press. "They get their kicks from their research and their interest in how life functions."In 2006, Blackburn, of the University of California, San Francisco, and Greider, of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, shared the Lasker prize for basic medical research with Jack Szostak of Harvard Medical School. Their work set the stage for research suggesting that cancer cells use telomerase to sustain their uncontrolled growth.1. Who is NOT a likely candidate for this year's Nobel Prize in medicine?A Elizabeth Blackburn.B Carol Greider .C Linda Buck.D Pierre Chambon.2. Which is NOT true of Alfred Nobel?A He was from SwedenB He was the inventor of dynamite.C He established the prizes in his willD He gave clear instructions on how to select winners.3. Which was NOT originally one of the Nobel Prizes?A The medicine prize.B The literature prize.C The peace prize.D The economics prize.4. The word "kicks" in line 6 from the bottom probably meansA excitement.B income.C motivation.D knowledge.5. The research by Blackburn and Greider helps suggest the role ofA money in medical research.B proteins in cancer treatment.C hormones in the functioning of life.D telomerase in the growth of cancer cells.Ethnic Tensions in BelgiumBelgium has given the world Audrey Hepburn Rene Magritte (surrealist artist), the saxophone(萨克斯管)and deep-fried potato chips that are somehow called French.But the story behind this flat, twice-Beijing-size country is of a bad marriage between two nationalities living together that cannot stand each other. With no new government, more than a hundred days after a general election, rumors run wild that the country is about to disappear."We are two different nations, an artificial state. With nothing in common except a king, chocolate and beer." Said Filp Dewinter, the leader of the Flemish Bloc, the extreme-right Flemish party.Radical Flemish separatists like Mr Dewinter want to divide the country horizontally along ethnic and economic lines: to the north. Flanders—where Dutch (known locally as Flemish) is spoken and money is increasingly made; to the south. French-speaking Wallonla, where today old factories dominate the landscape.The area of present-day Belgium passed to the French in the 18th century. Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. Belgium was given to the kingdom of the Netherlands, from which it gained independence as a separate kingdom of the Netherlands, from which it gained independence as a separate kingdom in 1830.Since then, it has struggled for cohesion(结合).Anyone who has spoken French in a Flemish city quickly gets a sense of the mutual hostility that is part of daily life there.But there are reasons Belgium is likely to stay together, at least in the short term.The economies of the two regions are tightly linked, and separation would be a financial nightmare.But there is also deep resentment in Flanders that its much healthier economy must subsidize(补贴)the south, where unemployment is double that of the north. French speakers in the south, meanwhile, favor the states quo(现状).Belgium has made it through previous threats of division. Although some political analysts believe this one is different, there is no panic just now."We must not worry too much." said Baudouln Bruggeman, a 55-year-old school-teacher." Belgium has survived on compromise since 1930. You have to remember that this is Magritte's country, the country of surrealism. Anything can happen."36Who was Magritte?A.A French novelistB.A saxophonistC.A separatistD.A surrealist artist37. when did Belgium become an independent kingdom?A.in 1800B.in 1830C.in 1815D.in 193038Which statement about Belgium is NOT true?A.it is twice as big as Beijing.B.it has two major ethnic groups.C.it has gone through quite a few threats of division.D.it has no government.39what does the passage main talk about?A.Surrealist artists.B.Belgium's economy.C.Cultural clashes in Belgium.D.Music in Belgium.40The word "stand" in Paragraph 2 means_____.A.handleB.meetbineD.bear补全短文What Is a Dream?【什么是梦】阅读判断改编为补全短文For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God.(46)___The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud', was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900) ,Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a person's wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud's. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. (47)___ For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about beingheroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior.(48)___Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different.(49)___This is not true of women's dreams.-3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways.(50)___The dream' may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.A. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.B. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.C. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn't panic.D. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting.E. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.F. Men and women dream about different things.完形填空Culture differences 【文化差异】People from different cultures sometimes do things that make each other uncomfortable, sometimes without realizing it. Most Americans ___A__1___ out of the country and have very __B___2____ experience with foreigners. But they are usually spontaneous, friendly and open, and enjoy __C__3____ new people, having guests and bringing people together formally or informally. They tend to use first names __D__4____ most situations and speak freely about themselves. So if your American hosts do something that ___A__5___ you uncomfortable, try to let them know how you feel. Most people will _C__6___ your honesty and try not to make you uncomfortable again. And you’ll all __C___7______ something about another culture!Many travelers find _____8__B___ easier to meet people in the U.S. than in other countries. They may just come up and introduce themselves or even invite you over ____9__D_ they really know you. Sometimes Americans are said to be _C___10___. Perhaps it seems so, but they are probably just __A__11____ a good time. Just like anywhere else, it takes time to become real friends __A__12____ people in the U.S..If and when you ___D__13____ American friends, they will probably _D___14____ introducing you to their friends and family, and if they seem proud ___A__15____ you, it’s probably because they are. Relax and enjoy it!1. A) have never been B) have been never C) has never beenD) has been never2. A) a little B) little C) much D) a great deal3. A) meet B) to meet C) meeting D) to have met4. A) on B) among C) within D) in5. A) makes B) make C) made D) making6. A) praise B) honor C) appreciate D) confirm7. A) pick B) select C) learn D) study8. A) this B) it C) them D) /9. A) when B) if C) after D) before10. A) superficially friend B) superficial friend C) superficially friendly D) superficial friendly11. A) having B) taking C) making D) killing12. A) with B) among C) to D) in13. A) get along with B) get rid of C) stay away from D) stay with14. A) hate B) forbid C) avoid D) enjoy参考答案词汇选项ADACD ACCDC CACBC阅读判断CABBBAC概括大意CFEAADBC阅读理解CBBAD CDDAA DBDCD补全短文EBADC完形填空DACDC ADBAC DCDAC下载全文。
职称英语综合类B级-概括大意与完成句子专项突破_真题-无答案
职称英语综合类B级-概括大意与完成句子专项突破(总分100,考试时间90分钟)概括大意与完成句子Things to Know about the UK1 From Buckingham Palace to Oxford, the UK is loaded with wonderful icons (标志) of past eras. But it has also modernized with confidence. It's now better known for vibrant (充满活力的) cities with great nightlife and attraction. Fashions, fine dining, clubbing, shopping - the UK is among the world's best.2 Most people have strong preconceptions about the British. But if you're one of these people, you'd be wise to abandon those ideas. Visit a nightclub in one of the big cities, a football match, or a good local pub and you might more readily describe the English people as humorous and hospitable. It's certainly true that no other country in the world has more bird-watchers, sports supporters, pet owners and gardeners than the UK.3 Getting around England is pretty easy. Budget (廉价的) airlines like Easyjet and Rynnair fly domestically. Trains can deliver you very efficiently from one major city to another. Long distance express buses are called coaches. Where coaches and buses run on the same route, coaches are more expensive (though quicker) than buses. London's famous black cabs are excellent but expensive. Minicabs are **petitors, with freelance (个体的) drivers. But usually you need to give a call first. London's underground is called the Tube. It's very convenient and can get you to almost any part of the city.4 The UK is not famous for its food. But you still need to know some of the traditional English foods. The most famous must be fish and chips. The fish and chips are deep fried in flour. English breakfast is something you need to try. It is fried bacon, sausages, fried eggs, black pudding, fried tomatoes, fried bread and baked beans, with toast and a pot of tea. Other things like shepherd's pie and Yorkshire pudding are also well-known as a part of English food culture.5 Pubbing and clubbing are the main forms of English nightlife, especially for the young. Pubbing means going to a pub with friends, having drinks, and chatting. Clubbing is different from pubbing and includes going to a pub, or a place of music, or a bar, or any other places to gather with friends. Clubbing can be found everywhere. Usually there is some kind of dress code for clubbing, such as no jeans, no sportswear, or smart clubwear, while pubbing is much more casual.1. A. EducationB. PeopleC. TransportD. DrinksE. FoodF. NightlifeParagraph 2 ______2. Paragraph 3 ______3. Paragraph 4 ______4. Paragraph 5 ______5. A. faster but more expensive than busesB. both ancient and modernC. humorous and hospitableD. cheap and efficientE. traditional and famousF. clever and hardworkingThe UK is a country that is ______.6. The British people are ______.7. Coaches in the UK are ______.8. Fish and chips are ______.Can Mobile Phones Cause Disease ?1 "Mobile phone killed my man," screamed one headline last year. Also came claims that an unpublished study had found that mobile phones cause memory loss. And a British newspaper devoted its front page to a picture supposedly (假定地) showing how mobile phones heat the brain.2 For anyone who uses a mobile phone, these are worrying times. But speak to the scientists whose work is the focus of these scares and you will hear a different story. According: to them, there is no evidence that mobile phones cause cancer or any other illness in people.3 What we do have, however, are some results suggesting that mobile phones' emissions havea variety of strange effects on living tissue that can't be explained by the general radiation biology. And it's only when the questions raised by these experiments are answered that we'll be able to say for sure what mobile phones might be doing to the head.4 One of the odd **es from the now famous "memory loss" study. Alan Preece and his colleagues at the University of Bristol placed a device that imitated the microwave emissions of mobile phones to the left ear of volunteers. The volunteers were just as good at recalling words and pictures they had been shown on a computer screen whether or rot the device was switched on. Preece says he still can't comment on the effects of using a mobile phone for years on end. But he rules out the suggestion that mobile phones have an immediate effect on our cognitive abilities. "I'm pretty sure there is no effect on short-term memory," he says.5 Another expert, Tattersall, remarked that his latest findings have removed fears about memory loss. One result, for instance, suggests that nerve cell synapses (突触) exposed to microwaves become more - rather than less - receptive (感受的) to undergoing changes linked to memory formation.6 Hopefully, microwaves might turn out to be good for you. It sounds crazy, but a couple of years ago a team led by William Adey at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in California found that mice exposed to microwaves for two hours a day were less likely to develop brain tumours when given a cancer-causing chemical.9. A. Bad ResultsB. Widespread OppositionC. Groundless AnxietyD. No Effect on Short-term MemoryE. Mysterious EffectsF. Further ReassuranceParagraph 2 ______10. Paragraph 3 ______11. Paragraph 4 ______12. Paragraph 5 ______13. A. different messagesB. is hopedC. public attentionD. solid evidenceE. attracted public attentionF. public anxietyThere is no ______ to indicate that mobile phones cause any illness.14. It ______ that mobile phones might be good for health.15. The safety problem with mobile phones has ______.16. Tattersall said for sure that the ______ over memory loss caused by mobile phones was ungrounded.Even Intelligent People Ban Fail1 The striking thing about the innovators who succeeded in making our modern world is how often they failed. Turn on a light, take a photograph, watch TV, search the Web, jet across the Pacific Ocean, talk on a cellphone (手机). The innovators who left us these things had to find the way to success through a maze (错综复杂) of wrong turns.2 We have just celebrated the 125th anniversary of American innovator Thomas Edison's success in heating a thin line to white-hot heat for 14 hours in his lab in New Jersey, U. S. He did that on October 22, 1879, and followed up a month later by keeping a thread of common cardboard alight (点亮着的) in an airless space for 45 hours. Three years later he went on to light up half a square mile of downtown Manhattan, even though only one of the six power plants in his design worked when he turned it on, on September 4, 1882.3 "Many of life's failures," the supreme innovator said, "are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up." Before that magical moment in October 1879, Edison had worked out no fewer than 3, 000 theories about electric light, but in only two cases did his experiments work.4 No one likes failure, but the smart innovators learn from it. Mark Gumz, the head of the camera maker Olympus America Inc, attributes some of **pany's successes in technology to understanding failure. His popular phrase is: "You only fail when you quit. "5 Over two centuries, the **mon quality of the innovators has been persistence. That is another way of saying they had the emotional ability to keep up what they were doing. Walt Disney, the founder of Disneyland, was so broke after a succession of financial failures that he was left shoeless in his office because he could not afford the U. S. $1.50 to get his shoes from the repair shop. Pioneering car maker Henry Ford failed with **pany and was forced out of another before he developed the Model T car.6 Failure is harder to bear in today's open, accelerated world. Hardly any innovation works the first time. But an impatient society and the media want instant success. When American music and movie master David Geffen had a difficult time, a critic said nastily that the only difference between Geffen Records (Geffen's company) and the Titanic (the ship that went down) was that the Titanic had better music. Actually, it wasn't. After four years of losses, Geffen had so many hits (成功的作品) he could afford a ship as big as the Titanic all to himself.17. A. Importance of learning from failureB. Quality shared by most innovatorsC. Edison's innovationD. Edison's comment on failureE. Contributions made by innovatorsF. Miseries endured by innovatorsParagraph 2 ______18. Paragraph 3 ______19. Paragraph 4 ______20. Paragraph 5 ______21. A. he developed 3, 000 theoriesB. he couldn't afford to buy a pair of shoesC. he found himself an unsuccessful manD. they quittedE. an innovation should work immediatelyF. failure is the mother of successPeople often didn't realize how close they were to success when ______.22. Before Henry Ford eventually developed the Model T car, ______.23. Walt Disney was once so poor that ______.24. The media demand that ______.Global Warming1 Smoke is clouding our view of global warming, protecting the planet from perhaps three-quarters of the greenhouse (温室) effect. That might sound like good news, but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades, we are facing a dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses.2 This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem, Berlin, where top atmospheric scientists got together, including Nobel prize winner Paul Crutzen and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin, former chairman of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).3 IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols (浮质) of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide (二氧化物) emissions. Until now, they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting increases by 0.2℃. So the 0.6~C of warming over the past century would have been 0.8℃ without aerosols.4 But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher-aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three-quarters, cutting increases by 1.8℃. If so, the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer than it is now. But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to greenhouse gases than previously guessed.5 As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall, that means "dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change", the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop.25. A. Atmospheric ScientistsB. The Calculations Made at the Berlin WorkshopC. The Previous Calculations of the Effect of AerosolsD. The Scientists' AgreementE. The Authoritative ConclusionF. Greenhouse GasesParagraph 2 ______26. Paragraph 3 ______27. Paragraph 4 ______28. Paragraph 5 ______29. A. will influence future climate changeB. was somewhat surprisingC. will rise rapidlyD. was known to us allE. was much higher than had been expectedF. will drop dramaticallyWhen the cover diminishes in **ing decades, temperature ______.30. The conclusion reached at the Berlin workshop ______.31. The Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure ______.32. The increase of greenhouse gases ______.。
历年职称英语考试综合B类概括大意题
历年职称英语考试综合B类概括大意题 Global Warming 1 Smoke is clouding our view of global warming, protecting the planet from perhaps three-quarters of the greenhouse （温室） effect. That might sound like good news, but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades, we are facing a dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses.
2 This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem, Berlin, where top atmospheric scientists got together, including Nobel prize winner Paul Crutzen and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin, former chairman of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC）.
3 IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols （浮质） of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide （二氧化物） emissions. Until now, they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting increases by 0.2℃. So the 0.6℃ of warming over the past century would have been 0.8℃ without aerosols.
2016职称英语综合B概括大意与完成句子模拟题
2016职称英语综合B概括大意与完成句子模拟题Milk Drinking1 People everywhere drink milk.Most people drink cows’ milk. In different parts of the world some people also use the milk of goats，buffaloes，sheep，horses，donkeys，camels，zebras, or reindeer.2 Milk has most things needed for helping people grow and keep well. Its three main parts are water，fatty matter，and other matter. These three food parts are easily used by the body.They build bones，teeth，and blood.They make the skin clear and the eyes bright，and they help repair worn-out or hurt body parts.3 Many animals feed their newly born babies milk from the mothers’ own bodies.It takes the place of the blood that carried food to the babies before they were born.In this way milk works like blood.But it doesn’t have the same red color.4 Cows’ milk is used mainly as a food.When it is used fresh it is first heated to kill germs.Then it is put into bottles or hard paper boxes.Some milk is canned or dried.This allows it to be kept longer.This means you can keep it in your house for many months.If you need milk every day，you just open a can or package.Some people like this better than going to the store every k is also made into buttermilk，cheese，butter，ice cream，and other foods.Foods made from milk are called dairy foods.5 Parts of milk are made into many things that have nothing to do with food.Among these are cold-water paints，face creams，buttons，combs，knife and brush handles medicines，and toys.It has many more uses than most people ever dream of.Think of that the next time you drink a glass of milk.1 Paragraph 12 Paragraph 23 Paragraph 44 Paragraph 5rmation about dairy foodsB. Usage of milk in food industryC. Daily allowance of milk drinkingD. Usage of milk in non-food industryE. Different types of milkF. Nutritious stuff in milk and the function5 In different parts of the world, people6 The nutritious stuff in milk7 When fresh milk is used, first we’d better8 Diary foodsA.does good to human body and healthB. heat it to kill something harmful to human bodiesC. are different from the colour of bloodD. prefer cows’ milk onlyE. use different types of milkF. are produced from milk参考答案:EFBD EABF更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。
2016年职称英语综合理工新增文章及译文
Common Questions about DreamsDoes everyone dream?Yes. Research shows that we all dream. We have our most vivid dreams during a type of sleep called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, the brain is very active. The eyes move quickly back and forth1 under the lids, and the large muscles of the body are relaxed. REM sleep occurs every 90-100 minutes, three to four times a night, and it lasts longer as the night goes on. The final REM period may last as long as 45 minutes. We dream at other times during the Do people remember their dreams?A few people remember their dreams. However, most people forget nearly everything that happened during the night —dreams, thoughts, and the short periods of time when they were awake. Sometimes, though, people suddenly remember a dream later in the day or on another day. It seems that the memory of the dream is not totally lost, but for some reason it is very hard to bring it back. If you want to remember your dream，the best thing to do is to write it down as soon as you wake up.Are dreams in color?Most dreams are in color. However, people may not be aware of it for two reasons ：They don’t usually remember the details of their dreams, or they don’t notice the colo r because it is such a natural part of our lives.People who are very aware of color when they are awake probably notice color more often in their dreams.Do dreams have meaning?Scientists continue to debate this issue.3 However, people who spend time thinking about their dreams believe that they are meaningful and useful. Some people use dreams to help them learn more about their feelings, thoughts, behavior, motives,tists, writers, and scientists often get creative ideas from dreams.How can I learn to understand my dreams?The most important thing to remember is that your dreams are personal. The people, actions, and situations in your dreams reflect your experience, your thoughts, and your feelings. Some dream experts believe that there are certain types of dreams that many people have，even if they come from different cultures or time periods. Usually, however, the same dream will have different meanings for different people. For example, an elephant in a dream may mean one thing to a zookeeper and something very different to a child whose favorite toy is a stuffed elephant. To learn to understand your dreams, think about what each part of the dream means to you or reminds you of. Then look for links between your dreams and what is happening in your daily life. If you think hard and you are patient, perhaps the meaning of your dreams will become clearer to you.关于梦的常见问题每个人都会做梦吗？是的。
2015-2016年职称英语考试理工类B级新增文章及译文
2015-2016年职称英语考试理工类B级新增文章及译文D依靠多种内置的感觉器来帮助寻找路径。
连接在机器人底部的天线能够探测到机器人撞到的任何物体。
在斜坡上移动的时候，如果机器人开始摇晃，机器人内部的陀螺仪和钟摆仪就会探测到水平方向的变化。
机器人探测自己与其他物体的距离以及到达该物体的时间的方法是发射激光束和超声波，通过反射的信号来判断这些信息。
这些探测器不断地向计算机提供信息，计算机将这些信息进行分析，从而纠正或调整机器人的进一步动作。
随着科技的进步，机器人也会在功能和人工智能程序等方面上取得发展。
When Our Eyes Serve Our StomachOur senses aren’t just delivering 汪strict view of what’s going on in the world; they’re affected by what’s going on in our heads. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly tha n people who’ve just eaten.Psychologists have known for decades that what’s going on,inside our head affects our senses. For example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis，France，wanted to investigate how this happens. Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain’shigh-level thinking processes get involved.Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index. On the day of his or her test, each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for about l/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word，each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they’d seen — a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food- related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this meansthat the difference is in perception ,not in thinking processes, Radel says.“This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs,” Radel says.我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口我们的五官不仅仅让我们感知世界;还受大脑活动的影响。
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第六篇 How We Form First Impression对别人的第一印象是怎样形成的 1 We all have first impression Of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about Someone without really knowing anything about him or her -aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits. 2 The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes，ears，nose，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as differene1.In fact，your brain continuously process incoming sensory information- the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against2 a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals " mean" . 3 If you see someone you know and like at school,your brain says "familiar and safe. " If you see someone new,it says,"new-potentially,threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other " known" memories. The height ，weight，dress ，ethnicity ， gestures ，and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics ,the more your brain may say,This is new. I don't like this person". Or else,"I'm intrigued" . Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes,ethnicity,gestures-like your other friends; so your brain says: "I like this person" . But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong. 4 When we stereotype people,we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history，interest，values， strengths，and true character - we categorize them as jocks，geeks，or freaks. 5 However,if we resist initial stereotypical impressions,we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person，hear about his or her life，hopes，dreams，and become aware of the person's character,we use a different,more mature style of thinking- and the most complex areas of our cortex，which allow us to be humane. 对刚刚遇到的人我们都会留下第一印象，为什么？为什么我们会对一无所知的人形成自己的 印象——除去一些描述或显而易见的特征？ 这与你的大脑如何感知世界是息息相关的。大脑对面部特征十分敏感，即使是每个人在眼睛、 耳朵或嘴部的细小差异也会使大脑察觉到其不同之处。实际上，大脑一直在不断地对接收到的感官信息进行处理——包括影像和声音。大脑将这些“信号”与储存在脑皮层系统的大量“记忆” 相比较，以便确定这些新收到的信号的“意思”。 如果你在学校看到某个你认识而且喜欢的人，你的大脑会做出“熟悉安全”的判断；如果你看见了一个陌生的人，你的大脑会告诉你“陌生，有潜在的威胁”。紧接着你的大脑会开始将这个陌生人的特征与“已知”的记忆进行比较。包括身高、体重、穿着、种族、手势以及音调等。特征越不相符，大脑越会告诫你，“这是陌生人，我不喜欢这个人”，或“我很好奇”。大脑也可 能观察到一张新面孔，但却有着熟悉的穿着、种族特征和手势——像你的朋友，这时大脑会告诉你“我喜欢这个人”。但这些第一印象却可能是完全错误的。 当区分人时，我们使用一种欠成熟的思维方式（与小孩子不成熟的想法一样）去对别人做出 简单并且范畴化的判断。（这样的后果是）我们将人区分为骗子、反常的人或怪人，而不是对人的深度和广度，即历史、兴趣、价值、力量或真正的性格有所了解。 但是，如果对模式化的第一印象加以抑制，我们就会有机会对一个人有真正的了解。如果我 们花一些时间与一个人在一起，倾听他或她的生活、希望和梦想，了解了这个人的性格，我们才会用一种不同的、更成熟的方式去思考——用脑皮层中最复杂的区域进行思考，而这会使我们更 富有人情味。 第七篇 How to Argue with Your Boss 怎样与老板争论 Before you argue with your boss, check with the boss’s secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast, it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the boss’s secretary, there are keys to timing: don’t apAproach the boss when he’s on deadline’; don’t go in right before lunch, when he is apt to be distracted and rushed; don’t go in just before or after he has taken a vacation. If you’re mad, that will only make your boss mad. Calm down first. And don’t let a particular concern open the floodgates for all your accumulated frustration. The boss will feel that you think negatively about the company and it is hopeless trying to change your mind. Then , maybe he will dismiss you. Terrible disputes can result when neither the employer nor the employee knows what is the problem the other wants to discuss. Sometimes the fight will go away when the issues are made clear. The employee has to get his point across clearly in order to make the boss understand it. Your boss has enough on his mind without your adding more. If you can’t put forward an immediate solution, at least suggest how to approach the problem . People who frequently present problems without solutions to their bosses may soon find they can’t get past the secretary. To deal effectively with a boss, it’s important to consider his goals and pressures. If you can put yourself in the position of being a partner to the boss, then he will be naturally more inclined to work you to achieve your goals. 在你与老板争论以前，先去老板秘书那里问一下老板的情绪，如果他情绪很糟，去向他提要求可不是一个好主意。即使没有老板的秘书，在选择时间方面也有窍门：别在老板赶期限时去找他;别在午饭前去找他，因为这时他最易走神，匆忙行事;别在他度假前后去找他。 如果你快发疯了，只会使你的老板也气疯。先平静一下。别让某件特别的事情打开你积怨的闸门。老板会认为，你对公司持完全否定的态度，而且无法改变你的观点。接下来，你可能要被开除。 当雇主和雇员双方都不明白对方要说什么时，会发生可怕的争执。有时问题弄清时，矛盾也就消除了。雇员必须清楚地传达他的观点，让老板明白。 即使你不给老板添麻烦，他要考虑的事也已经够多的了。如果你无法提出直接的解决方案，至少要表明怎样对待此问题。那些经常给老板提问题，而不提出解决方案的人会发现他们连秘书那一关也过不了。 要想和老板相处融洽，多考虑他的目标和压力非常重要。如果你能把自己摆在老板的合伙人的位置上，他自然会愿意与你合作，达到你的目的。