《语言学导论》复习提纲
《语言学导论》复习提纲1、Termsrecursiveness：It mainly means that a constituent can be embedded within（i.e.，be dominated by）another constituent having the same category，but it can be used to any means to extend any constituent. Together with openness，recursiveness is the core of creativity of language. For example，“I met a man who had a son whose wife sold cookies that she had baked in her kitchen that was fully equipped with electrical appliances that were new”.duality：the structural organization of language into two abstract levels：meaningful units（e.g. words）and meaningless segments（e.g. sounds，letters）.compositionality：Compositionality refers to the principle that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined. Take，for example，the sentence“Socrates was a man”. Once the meaningful lexical items are taken away－“Socrates”and“man”－what is left is the pseudo-sentence，“S was a M”.ontological metaphors：Ontological metaphors mean that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events，activities，emotions，ideas，etc.，as entities and substances. Take the experience of rising prices as an example，which can be metaphorically viewed as an entity via the noun inflation. This gives us a way to refer to experiences：INFLATION IS AN ENTITYmorpheme：Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning，a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning，such as boy and –s in boys，check and –ing in checking，dis-，appoint，and –ment in disappointment. Morphemes cannot be further analyzed. For instance，chair cannot be analyzed into ch and air because there is no relationship between the parts ch，air，and the whole chair.displacement：the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker’s immediate situation. When a man，for example，is crying to a woman，about something，it might be something that had occurred，or something that is occurring，or something that is to occur.2、Short questionsChapter 16、Does the traffic light system have duality？Can you explain by drawing a simple graph？Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously，it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks theexpression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language？On a whole，body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality，displacement，creativity and so on. Body language exhibitsarbitrariness a little bit. For instance，nod means“OK/YES”for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying“NO”. Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.15、Why is the distinction between competence and performance important in linguistics？Do you think the line can be neatly drawn between them？How do you like the concept communicative competence？This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical pair－competence and performance.Chapter 33、MORPHEME is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammatical concept or a semantic one？What is its relation to phoneme？Can a morpheme and a phoneme form an organic whole？As a matter of fact，morpheme is both a grammatical concept and a semantic one. For instance，we can recognize that English word-forms such as talks，talker，talked and talking must consist of one element talk，and a number of other elements such as -s，-er，-ed，-ing. All these elements are described as morphemes. The definition of morpheme is“the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content”. We would say that the word reopened in the sentence The police reopened the investigation consists of three morphemes. One minimal unit of meaning is open，another minimal unit of meaning is re-（meaning again），and a minimal unit of grammatical function is -ed（indicating past tense）. Therefore，we are in a position to conclude that those which can stand by themselves as single words，e.g. open，are semantic concepts，and those which cannot normally stand alone，but which are typically attached to another form，e.g. re-，-ist，-ed，-s，are grammatical concepts.As we know，each one of the meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language is described as a phoneme. An essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively. If we substitute one sound for another in a word and there is a change of meaning，then the two sounds represent different phonemes.The relation between morpheme and phoneme is also of twofold feature，viz. one-to-one，one-to-more. As with the former type，one-to-one，re-is the kind of morpheme that always consists of two phonemes /ri:/；as for the latter type，one-to-more relation，a typical example would be the plural morpheme that follows a noun or a verb. {s} after a noun can be pronounced in three ways，viz. /s/，/z/，and /iz/，as in locks，bags，and watches；{z} after a verb can also be pronounced in three ways，viz. /s/，/z/，and /iz/，as in stops，drags，and catches.Seem from an integrative perspective，a morpheme and a phoneme，indeed，can form an organic whole，as the number of the sound of each morpheme cannot be unlimited.Chapter 47、Use examples to illustrate different ways to extend syntactic constituents.In this chapter，several ways to extend syntactic constituents are brought under the category of recursiveness，including coordination and subordination，conjoining and embedding，hypotactic and paratactic and so on. Coordination and conjoining are the different names for the same linguistic phenomenon，that is，to use and，but or or to join together syntactic constituents with the same function. For instance，the sentence A man got into the car could be extended into a sentencelike this“[NP A man，a woman，a boy，a car and a dog] got into the car”. While subordination and embedding can be understood as the extension of any syntactic constituent by inserting one or more syntactic elements with different functions，into another. I saw the man who had visited you last year is an extended sentence by changing the independent clause The man had visited you last year into a dependent element（here a relative clause）.However，hypotaxis and parataxis are the two traditional terms for the description of syntactic relations between sentences. In the examples below，the former is hypotactic，while the latter is paratactic：We live near the sea. So we enjoy a healthy climate.He dictated the letter. She wrote it.Chapter 57、The British linguist F. R. Palmer argues in his Semantics（p. 97）that“there is no absolute distinction between [gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms]. We can treat male/female，married/single，alive/dead as gradable antonyms on occasions. Someone can be very male or more married and certainly more dead than alive.”Comment on it.It is not advisable to tell beginners of linguistics that the distinction between gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms is relative. The expression“more dead than alive”is not a true comparative.8、姜望琪（1991：79）claims that“To some extent，we can say that any two words of the same part of speech may become antonyms，as long as the meaning difference between them is what needs to be emphasized in the particular context.”He uses the two sentences below as examples. What do you think of the claim？You have to peel a raw potato but you can skin a boiled one.He’s no statesman，but a mere politician.This is a reasonable claim. As the author said in the paper，“man”can be the antonym of “woman”，but it can also be the antonym of“boy”in a situation when the age difference is important. When the difference between a man and an animal is important，“man”can also be the antonym of“dog”. And when the difference between something animate and something inanimate is important，then“man”can even be the antonym of“stone”. In the extreme cases，so-called synonyms may also become antonyms，for example，“You have to peel a raw potato but you can skin a boiled one”，“He’s no statesman，but a mere politician”.Supplement：Give your comment on the distinction between word group and phrase.A“phrase”is a single element of structure containing more than one word，and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of“clauses”. Traditionally，it is seen as part of a structural hierarchy，falling between a clause and word，e.g. “the three tallest girls”（nominal phrase）. There is now a tendency to make a distinction between word groups and phrases. A“word group”is an extension of a word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged，e.g. right behind，all along. Thus we have nominal group，verbal group，adverbial group，conjunction group and preposition group.In general，word group can be a phrase，but phrase not always a word group.。
语言学复习提纲
1. 语言学的基本任务是研究语言的规律，使人们懂得关于语言的理性知识。
2. 中国、印度、希腊-罗马具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。
3. 文字、音韵、训诂是我国传统语言文学的研究内容，它们统称为“小学”4. 对语言的研究大致可分为语音、词汇和语义、语法三个部分。
5. 综合各种语言的基本研究成果，归纳成语言的一般规律，是理论语言学的任务，理论语言学的水平决定于具体语言的研究成果。
6. 运用语言进行交际的过程是瞬息间的事情，但却包含着一系列复杂的问题。
如果借用信息论的术语来说，这一过程大体上可以分为“编码——发送——传递——接收——解码”（人类交际的五个环节）。
其中，编码和解码是交际过程的两个根本环节。
7. 语言、言语的区别和联系:A. 语言是社会的，言语是个人的。
B. 语言是有限的，言语是无限的。
C. 语言是现成的，言语是临时创造出来的联系：语言与言语是性质不同的现象，但二者之间却没有明确的界限。
8. 语言不但是人类交际的工具，而且是各种交际工具中最重要的一种。
9. 旗语之类是建立在语言、文字基础之上的辅助性交际工具。
文字是建立在语言基础之上的一种重要的辅助性际工具。
语言是人类最重要的交际工具工具。
10. 语言是符号系统，这句话概括了语言本身的性质和特点。
“约定俗成”四个字点出了语言符号的本质。
音和义之间的关系也是社会“约定俗成”的，其间没有必要的联系。
11. 语言符号的最大特点是它的音与义的结合是任意的，由社会约定俗成。
语言符号的另一个重要特点就是他的线条性。
12. 符号的任意性只是就创制符号时的情形说的，符号一旦进入交际，也就是某一语音形式与某一意义结合起来，表示某一特定的现实现象以后，他对使用的人来说就有强制性。
13. 语言是一种分层装置，这种装置靠组合和替换来运转，这个装置最重要的特点是分层。
从音位到语素，是语言分层装置里最关键的接合部。
14. 符号和符号组合起来的关系称为符号的组合关系。
语言学概论复习提纲
语言学概论复习提纲1 什么是语言？语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具，是人类特有的一种音义结合的符号系统。
2中国、印度、希腊和罗马是语言学的三大发源地。
3 中国传统语文学——“小学”。
研究文字、音韵、训诂。
4公元前4世纪巴尼尼的《梵语语法》是迄今为止最早的语法著作。
5、语言学的功用：1）、是掌握科学技术、提高文化水平的基础；2）、是制定语文政策的依据；3）、是新兴技术发展的需要。
6、语言和言语的关系语言是一种封闭的系统，而言语是开放的。
语言属于全体社会成员，而言语是属于个人的。
语言存在于言语之中，言语是对语言的具体运用。
语言规则是有限的，言语作品是无限的。
而语言规则是从言语作品中归纳出来的。
语言研究就是从言语作品中找出这些规则。
语言和言语是紧密联系且互为前提的。
1+1+1+1+1+1+……=集体模型语言1“+1”“+1”“…”+1“‟…‟…”“言语7、为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具？1、人类的交际工具——文字、旗语、代码、数学符号、物理和化学公式…（语言代用品）图画、手势、表情、身姿…（副语言）击鼓、鸣金、军号、烽火、红绿灯…语言2、语言和文字文字能使语言传之远方，留于后代；传播文化，传承文明，对人类有极大的贡献。
然而文字的基础是语言，它只是辅助语言的工具。
3、语言是人类最重要的交际工具。
8、语言符号的特点1、任意性语言中声音和意义的结合完全是任意的，是约定俗成的。
语言约定俗成以后，则具有强制性。
2、线条性语言符号只能在时间的线条上绵延，一个符号一个符号依次出现。
语言不同于图表。
图表可以是二维的。
语言只能是一维的。
9、如何认识语言符号的系统性？提示：语言的层级性；组合关系；聚合关系语音部分1、什么是语音？语音与自然界的声音区别何在?语音即语言的声音，是语言符号系统的载体。
它由人的发音器官发出，负载着一定的语言意义。
生理属性和物理属性是语言的自然属性。
语音还具有社会属性。
2、语音的四要素：•音高、音重、音长、音质。
《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)
《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)语言学导论练题及答案1. 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学。
它涉及语言的结构、演化、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的研究。
2. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
- 语法学：研究语言的规则和结构。
- 语义学：研究语言意义的构成和理解。
- 语用学：研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。
- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系。
3. 什么是语言的结构？语言的结构是指语言中各个层次（如语音、词汇、句子等）的组织方式和规则。
4. 语音学研究的是什么？语音学研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
它关注语音的音素、音位、音节以及音系等方面。
5. 语法学研究的是什么？语法学研究语言的规则和结构。
它涉及句子的构成和分析，包括词类、短语、句法关系等。
6. 语义学研究的是什么？语义学研究语言意义的构成和理解。
它关注词汇、句子和篇章层面的语义关系和意义表达。
7. 语用学研究的是什么？语用学研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。
它关注言语行为、话语策略和交际意图等。
8. 社会语言学研究的是什么？社会语言学研究语言与社会的关系。
它探讨语言在不同社会群体中的变化、语言的地位和使用情境等。
9. 语言学在日常生活中的应用有哪些？- 语言教育：帮助人们研究和教授语言。
- 语音技术：开发语音识别和合成等技术。
- 翻译和口译：促进不同语言之间的交流和理解。
- 语言规范：制定语法规则、文字标准等。
- 语义分析：帮助机器理解和处理自然语言。
10. 语言学为理解人类语言能力提供了哪些洞见？语言学研究揭示了语言是人类认知和交流的基本工具，提供了对语言产生、理解、学习和变化的深入认识。
语言学复习提纲
1. Synonymy ref ers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.2. The grammatical meaning of a sentence ref ers to its grammaticality, i.e., its grammatical well-f orm edness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.3. Connotative meaning is what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to.4. Antonymy ref ers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.5. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act perf ormed in saying something.6. V owel is a major category of sound segments, produced without obstruction of the vocal tract so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose7. Bound morpheme ref ers to those which cannot occur alone and must appear with at least one other morpheme.8. Consonant is a major category of sound segments, produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible f riction.9. Perlocutionary act concerns the consequential eff ects of a locution on hearer.10. Displacement is the ability of language to refer to context removed from the speaker’s immediate situation.11. Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic f eatures.12. Context consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speak er and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specif i c knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.13. The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.14. The meaning of a sentence is of ten considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predi cation.15. Performatives were sentences that did not state a f act or describe a state, and were not verif iabl e. Their f unction is to perf orm a particular speech act.1、语言学的主要分支是什么。
语言理论复习提纲
语言理论复习：1 什么是语言学？人们把对语言现象的认识进行概括总结，便形成了语言学。
语言学是专门研究语言的科学，揭示语言的本质和发展规律语言学就是以语言为研究对象的科学,研究语言的本质,语言的结构和发展规律.2 语言学的发展史：有几个阶段，每个阶段的代表人物及其特点。
三个阶段：语言学大体经历了传统语言学、历史比较语言学、现代语言学三个阶段。
《语法术》第一部希腊语法书。
印度（梵语，语法）波尼尼的《梵语语法》是一部总结性的梵语语法研究著作。
中国（文言文，语义）荀子《正名篇》的思想。
传统语言学是指十九世纪以前的语言研究，又叫语文学，为解释古代文献服务。
印度、中国、希腊具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地，这些文明古国早在三千年前就开始了对语言的探索。
我国传统语言学为解释经典和文献服务，又叫小学，包括训诂学，音韵学，文字学。
训诂学方面，我国最早的解释词义的著作是《尔雅》历史比较语言学：产生于十八世纪末，十九世纪初。
历史比较语言学是采用历史比较的研究方法研究语言或方言亲属关系及其历史发展的科学。
研究语言之间结构的亲缘关系，探寻他们共同的母语和谱系关系。
现代语言学：指二十世纪以来的以瑞士语言学家索绪尔为代表的语言理论体系和其他新出现的语言流派。
占主流地位的有结构主义语言学，转换生成语言学，和系统功能语言学。
3 语言的定义。
语言是人类特有的音义结合的符号系统。
是特殊的社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具，是社会中各种信息的载体。
4 怎样理解语言的任意性与强制性，价值性与理据性，线条性与层次性，举例说明。
任意性：语言符号的任意性是指符号在产生过程中，声音和意义的结合可以任意选择，没有必然性，例如英语中的[rait],可以表示write ,right .强制性：语言符号的强制性是指语言符号一旦进入使用阶段，他的声音和意义的关系，任何个人必须遵守，不能随意改变。
例如当初，把人叫做狗，把狗叫做人完全可以，但是汉族人长期约定成现在这个样子，就不能反过来，把狗叫做人。
语言学概论教学内容复习提要
语言学概论教学内容复习提要教学内容复习提要本课程各个部分的复习要求，要注意参考《语言学概论考核说明》，这是考试命题和复习的重要文件。
这个文件按照重点掌握、一般掌握、一般了解对各个章节的教学内容作了不同的层次要求，有助于大家复习。
考核说明收录在《语言学概论期末复习指导》一书中，复习可以重点参考。
导言部分本部分内容都作一般要求掌握。
一、语言学、语言学的对象和任务1．语言学是以语言作为研究对象的科学，它以人类的语言为研究对象。
语言学的基本任务是研究语言的规律，具体地说，语言学研究语言的性质、作用、结构，语言的发展变化，使人们懂得有关语言的理性知识，从而提高学习语言和运用语言的水平。
2．中国、印度、希腊－罗马是语言学的三大发源地。
3．我国的小学：小学是我国古代语文学的统称，由训诂学、文字学、音韵学三部分组成。
4．语言交际的过程：语言交际过程可分“编码－发送－传递－接收－解码”五个阶段。
二、语言学的基本类别根据研究的对象的不同，语言学可以分为以下几类：共时语言学和历时语言学：从一个横断面描写研究语言在某一个时期的状态的语言学是共时语言学；专语语言学和普通语言学：以一种具体语言为研究对象的语言学是专语语言学。
三、语言学流派语言学流派掌握最基本的知识即可，如历史比较语言学、结构主义语言学的情况。
重要流派的代表人物。
关于语言学流派的具体内容阐述，不作考试要求。
参加网络考核试点的教学班，导言部分不做考试要求。
第一章语言的社会功能第一节语言是人类最重要的交际工具一、语言是人类社会的交际工具第一，交际工具，纽带；第二，最重要的交际工具；第三，思维工具，思维离不开语言，必须在语言材料的基础上进行。
1．语言的交际功能：语言是人类区别于其它动物的一个重要标志。
语言是联系社会成员的桥梁和纽带，是为社会成员互相之间交际和交流思想的工具，也是协调社会成员行动一致的工具。
没有语言，人与人之间就无法沟通，彼此无法交流思想，联系就会中断，社会就无法进行生产活动，社会就会因此而崩溃。
语言学纲要复习提纲名词解释
语言学纲要复习提纲名词解释1. 语言：从言语中概括出来的词语和规则的总和，是言语和言语作品的总和。
2. 共时语言学：以同时的、静态分析的方法，研究语言相对静止的状态，描写分析语言在某一个时期、某一个阶段的状况，是从横的方面研究语言。
3. 历时语言学：从历时的、动态的角度研究语言发展的历史，观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变，是从纵的方面研究语言的历史。
4. “小学”：中国语文学中对文字学、音韵学、训诂学的统称。
5. 普通语言学：从理论上研究人类语言一般规律的语言学。
6. 语言学：以语言做为研究对象，研究语言的结构规律和演变规律的科学。
7. 交际工具：人类交流思想的手段、方式。
8. 符号：一个社会全体成员共同约定的用来表示某种意义或指代某种事物的标记。
9. 符号的任意性：语音符号由社会约定，具有不确定性。
10. 组合关系：构成线性序列的语言成分之间的结构关系。
11. 聚合关系：在同一结构位置上不同结构单位的替换关系。
12. 区别特征：有区别音位作用的发音特征13. 音质：指声音的特色，由发音体、发音方法、发音时共鸣器形状决定。
14. 音位变体：同一个音位的不同变异形式。
15. 送气：辅音发声方法的一种，发声时通过喉部的气流较强，喉头有轻微摩擦的发生方式。
16. 内部屈折：词内部的语音形式的变化。
17. 后缀：粘附在词根后构成新词的词缀，如：木头的“头”。
18. 词尾：附加在词的末尾，只能改变词的形式而不能构成新词的语素，例如英语中的-s/-ing/-ed。
19. 复合词：由词根语素按照一定规则组合起来的合成词。
20. 语法范畴：指对语法单位所表达的语法意义的归类。
21. 词汇：一种语言中所有的词和固定词组的总和。
是语言的要素之一。
22. 基本词汇：语言中使用范围最广、生命力最长的，成为全民词汇中的主要部分的词。
23. 反义词：意义相反或相对的一对词，分为绝对反义词和相对反义词。
24. 同义词：意思相同或相近的词，分为等义词和近义词。
《语言学导论》复习思考题
《语言学导论》复习思考题《语言学导论》复习思考题Ⅰ. In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or best completes the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET.1. According to Noam Chomsky, language is the product of_______.A. an innate faculty, unique to humansB. communicationC. environmental conditioningD. all of the above2. Which of the following statements is FALSE ________.A. Language is just for communication.B. Language is one of many ways in which we experience the world.^C. Language is a sign system.D. Language is arbitrary and conventional.3. Which one of the following statements about errors in foreign language learning in FALSE _________.A. Errors can not be avoided in foreign language learning.B. Errors tell the teacher how far towards the goal the learner has progressed and consequently what remains for him to learn.C. Errors are something bad that should not be allowed in foreign language learning.D. Errors provide the researcher with evidence of how language is learned or acquired, what strategies or procedures the learner is employing is his discovery of the language.4. The English language has______.【A. morphemesB. syntaxC. number agreementD. all of the above5. “He” and “she” are not examples of gender agreement in English, because_____.A. they are pronounsB. they need not agree with other words in an English sentenceC. they mark biological/social genderD. both b and c above6. A phoneme is_____.A. the smallest meaningful unit in language—B. the smallest unit in languageC. the same as an allophoneD. both b and c above7. Of the following, what are the two types of phonetics______.A. acoustic and electricB. arbitrary and auditoryC. articulatory and acousticD. allophonic and allomorphic8. /Wik/ is a transcription of_______.A. sickB. chickC. chicD. thick、9. The Black English sentence “I don't gotta do nothing” isconsid ered incorrect because________.A. it contains a double negative and is thus inherently incorrectB. it is impossible to understandC. it is not associated with the upper class use of standard EnglishD. both a and b above10. The use of non-standard English persists because_______.A. the working class is incapable of speaking “correctly”【B. English is a complicated and therefore difficult language to masterC. subordinate groups use non-standard English to promote solidarityD. teachers do not properly stress the importance of standard English in schools11. True or false: Chinese has no inflections for grammatical case. ______.A. TrueB. False12. What is defined as 'the study of sentence structure' ______.A. MorphologyB. SemanticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax13. ______ refers to the fact that there is no necessary or logical relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. ______.%A. DisplacementB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. duality14. The study of a language at some point of time is called________.A. computational linguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. diachronic linguisticsD. synchronic linguistics15. ________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech communityA. LangueB. performanceC. competenceD. parole16. Traditional grammar is ________.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. non-Latin-basedD. wrong^17. ______ is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.A. PhonologyB. Phonetic alphabetC. Corpus linguisticsD. Phonetics18. _____ is the minimal unit in the sound system of alanguage, which is of distinctive value.A. AllophoneB. PhoneC. PhonemeD. Morpheme19. Which of the following factors does not help to identifya word ______.A. Relative shortness uninterruptibilityC. A minimum free formD. Stability20. Speech act theory was initially developed by _______.~A. HallidayB. AustinC. SearleD. Grice21. The four major modes of semantic change are_______.A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradationB. extension, generalization, elevation and degradationC. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradationD. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation22. The relation between the two words “husband” and “wife” can be described as____.A. gradable antonymyB. converse antonymy|C. complementary antonymyD. synonymy23. “friendly” is a _______.A. compoundB. inflectional wordC. derivativeD. morpheme24. The construction “honest people” is _______.A. a coordinate constructionB. an exocentric constructionC. an endocentric constructionD. an immediate constituent25. The word “brunch” and “motel” are _______.-A. formed by blendingB. acronymsC. coined by back-formationD. clipped words26. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn’t it” is _______.A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic27. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop ______.A. [m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]28. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless affricate _______.A. [w]B. [f]C. [tF]D. [dV];29. In the sentence “Can I have a bite to drink” the speaker may not have a problem with competence, but with_______.A. performanceB. utteranceC. syntaxD. context30. The phrase “Colorful ideas sleep furiously” is an example of_______.A. rapport talkB. indexical languageC. an ungrammatical but acceptable sentenceD. a grammatical but unacceptable sentence31. There are ______ morphemes in the word “children’s”!A. sixB. twoC. threeD. four32. The words “take” and “table” are called _______ because they can stand asa word by themselves.A. inflectional morphemesB. free morphemesC. stemsD. roots33. Identify the morphemes in the word 'unimaginative':A. un-im-ag-in-at-iveB. un-imaginativeC. un-imagin-ativeD. unimagin-ative34. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity _______.`A. Husband/ WifeB. Alive/DeadC. Hot/ ColdD. White/ Black35. The Whorf Hypothesis claims that________.A. language is full of “rich points”, whose meanings are difficult to translate into another languageB. abstract terms are easily translatableC. accents are part of identityD. language influences culture-specific ways of knowing36. The phrase ‘time is a commodity’ is an example of_______.A. The Whorf HypothesisB. A metaphoric system'C. A non-standard varietyD. A rich point37. The last phoneme in the word “hang” is a _______.A. glottalB. palatalC. dentalD. nasal38. Three places of articulation that involve the teeth and/or the lips are:A. palatal, velar, glottalB. bilabial, labiodental, dentalC. stop, fricative, affricativeD. nasal, lateral, semi vowel39. In the sentence 'I took my big brown cat to the vet yesterday', which of the following does not appear _______.A. AdjectiveB. PrepositionC. AdverbD. Conjunction-40. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “plant/grass” ______.A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. HyponymyD. Allomorphs41. The syllabic structure of the word “linguistics” is ______.A. CVCCVCCVCCB. CVCCCVCCVCCC. CVCCVVCCVCCD. CVCVVCCVCC42. The phonetic transcription with diacritics is called _____.A. broad transcriptionB. International Phonetic AlphabetC. American English PronunciationD. narrow transcription(43. The Black English sentence “I don't gotta do nothing” is considered incorrect because:a) it contains a double negative and is thus inherently incorrectb) it is impossible to understandc) it is not associated with the upper class use of standard Englishd) both a and b above44. According to their ______, words can classified into closed-class and open-class words.A. variabilityB. membershipC. similaritiesD. functions45. When language is used to "do things", it serves the _____ function.|A. evocativeB. expressiveC. directiveD. performative46. "Classroom" is a _______.A. free morphemeB. derivativeC. compoundD. root.47. The phrase “time is a commodity” is an example of_______.A. The Whorf HypothesisB. A metaphoric systemC. A non-standard varietyD. A rich point48. _______ is a type of phonological process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.A. AssimilationB. TransformationC. Code-switchingD. interference/49. _______ refers to the use of a native language pattern or rule which leads to an error or inappropriate form in the target language.A. InterlanguageB. Positive transferC. Negative transferD. Overgeneralization50. In the sentence “I took my big brown cat to the vet yesterday”, which of the following does not appear _______.A. AdjectiveB. PrepositionC. AdverbD. Conjunction51. _______ is that part of the meaning of word or phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible world.A. ConnotationB. Affective meaningC. DenotationD. Sense52. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ______.|A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal53. The semantic components of the word “boy” can be expressed as _____.A. +human, +male, +adultB. +human, -male, +adultC. +human, -male, -adultD. +human, +male, -adult54. Conjunctions, preposition, pronouns and articles can be classified as ____.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. pro-formsD. content words55. If two sounds are of no distinctive value, but are varieties of the same phoneme, they are called ______./A. phonesB. speech soundsC. allophonesD. morphs56. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiced stop.A. [b]B. [d]C. [p]D. [k]57. “You stand up” is transformed into “Stand up”. Whichtransformational rule is used according to TG Grammar _____.A. CopyingB. AdditionC. ReorderingD. Deletion58. The words such as TOFEL, NATO, UFO are _____.A. formed by blendingB. acronymsC. coined by back formationD. clipped words~59. The words such as “brunch”, “motel” are _______.A. formed by blendingB. acronymsC. coined by back formationD. clipped words60. ______ are produced when the obstruction is complete at first, then released slowly with friction resulting from partial obstruction.A. NasalsB. GlidesC. FricativesD. Affricatives61. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which of the following transformational rules is used ______.A. CopyingB. AdditionC. ReorderingD. Deletion62. “The man put on his hat” is transformed into “The man put his hat on”. Which transformational rule is applied here _______.[A. CopyingB. AdditionC. ReorderingD. Deletion63. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn’t it” is ______.A. directiveB. informativeC. emotiveD. phatic64. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop _____.A. [m]B. [f]C. [p]D. [b]65. Which of the following languages is a tone languageA. RussianB. ChineseC. EnglishD. French66. ________ speaking, no variety of language is better than or superior to others.《A. GenerallyB. SociallyC. PoliticallyD. Linguistically67. Grammar-based language learning and teaching fails partially because _____.A. still no precise information is obtained concerning how grammar can be learnedB. grammar can not be taught at allC. it is useless to teach grammar in language classesD. learners can learn better without grammarforeign language learners to achieve effective learning, the input should_____.A. not be so far beyond their reach that they are overwhelmed@B. be interesting and simpleC. not be so close to their current stage that they are not challenged at allD. Both A and C69. Interlanguage is _____.A. is produced by every foreign language learnersB. a mixture of the learner’s mother tongue and the target languageC. imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere translation from the learner’s native langua geD. Both A and C》70. Error analysis may be carried out in order to______.A. identify strategies which learners use in language learningB. try to identify the causes of learner errors.C. obtain information on common difficulties in language learningD. All of the above.71. Many Chinese English learners may, at the beginn ing stage, produce “mans” and “photoes” as the plural forms of “man” and “photo”. This is most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning.A. Negative transferB. OvergeneralizationC. Positive transferD. mother tongue interference,72. Which of the following qualities is not the requirement ofa good test _______.A. ObjectivityB. ReliabilityC. ValidityD. Both A and C73. Which of the following statements about machine translation is likely to be wrong _______.A. Machine translation has always been a chief concern in computational linguistics.B. There are areas where machine translation surpasses human translations.C. Sooner or later, machine translation will replace human translation completely.D. In some areas, human translations surpasses machine translation.74. Teaching culture in our language classes can _______.；A. get the students familiar with cultural differencesB. help the students transcend their own culture and seethings as the members of the target culture willC. emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practicesD. All of the above.75. According to Grice’s theory, a conversa tional implicature arises when the cooperative principle and its maxims are _______.A. strictly observedB. secretly and deliberately violatedC. blatantly or apparently violatedD. Both A and BⅡ. Match each of the following terms in C olumn A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. …Part OneColumn A1. constituent2. complementary distribution3. design features4. diglossia5. displacement6. homonymy)7. language interference8. registers9. selectional restrictions10. semantic anomalyColumn BA. the phenomenon that human language can cope with any subject whatever, and it does not matter how far away the topicof conversation is in time and spaceB. the framework proposed by Hockett, which discusses the defining properties of human language as against animal communicationC. the restrictions on the type of noun that can be selected with each verb【D. the type of language which is selected as appropriate to a type of situationE. the phenomena that allophones occur in different phonetic environmentsF. a sociolinguistic situation where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to playG. the case that two, or more meanings may be associated with the same linguistic formH. the case that one of the arguments or the predicate of the main predication is self-contradictoryI. any linguistic form or group of linguistic forms that appears at the bottom of one of the lines in the tree diagram of the syntactic analysisJ. the use of elements from one language while speaking another.Part Two】Column A1. duality of structure2. free morphemes3. endocentric construction4. International Phonetic Alphabet5. Psycholinguistics6. the syntagmatic relation7. derivational morphemes"8. regional dialect9. sequential rules10. presuppositionColumn BA. the study of the relationship between language and mind.B. the bound morphemes which are conjoined to other morphemes (or words) to derive or form a new word \C. the organization of language into two levels: a lower level of sounds which combine to form a higher level of meaningful unitsD. a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.E. linguistic varieties used by people living in different regions.F. the rules which govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.G. one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituentsH. the kind of meaning which the speaker doesn't assert but assumes the hearer can identify from the sentenceI. the morphemes which can constitute words by themselvesJ. the one between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all present.Part ThreeColumn A2. blending3. compounds4. arbitrariness5. cultural transmission6. diachronic linguistics《7. distinctive features8. standard dialect9. ultimate constituent10. CreoleColumn BA. the study of the language development or change over timeB. the features that a phoneme has and that distinguish it from other phonemesC. the words that are produced by stringing together words>D. the smallest grammatical unit obtained through binary segmentationE. a particular variety of a language, not related to any particular group of language usersF. a language formed when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech communityG. word formed by combining parts of other wordsH. the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speakerI. the oppositeness of meaning between lexemesJ. a design feature of language which refers to the fact that there is no logical connection between the signifier and thesignified of a sign.Part Four|Column A1. a proposition2. a speech community3. an utterance4. bilingualism5. constatives6. performatives7. registers8. sociolect9. the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis10. utterance meaningColumn BA. the suggestion that different languages carve the world up in different ways, and that as a result their speakers think about it differentlyB. something conveyed by a sentence in a context other than its literal meaningC. varieties of language that are related to useD. a piece of language actually used in a particular context:E. the linguistic variety used by people belonging to a particular social classF. a community the members of which have or believe they have at least one common variety of languageG. what is expressed by a declarative sentence when that sentence is uttered to make a statementH. sentences which describe or state something; they are either true or falseI. the situation where at least two languages are used side by side by an individual or by a group of speakers, with each having a different role to playJ. sentences that do not describe things and cannot be said to be true or false Part FiveColumn A】1. an analytic proposition2. binary cutting3. connotation4. derivation5. lexicology6. logical semantics7. reference8. semantic feature<9. the chain relation10. the choice relationColumn BA. the relation holding between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all presentB. the basic unit of meaning in a wordC. the study of the meaning of a sentence in terms of its truth conditionsD. one whose grammatical form and lexical meaning make it necessarily true, without reference to external criteriaE. the additional meanings that a word or phrase has beyond its central meaning 。
语言学概论复习要点
语言学概论复习要点《语言学概论》复习要点导言重点名词概念：语言学、普通语言学、专语语言学、共时语言学、历时语言学一、语言学、语言学的对象和任务二、语言学在科学体系中的地位三、语言学的基本类别根据研究的对象的不同，语言学分为共时语言学和历时语言学、专语语言学和普通语言学。
四、语言学流派各个语言学流派的观点、代表人物有所了解即可，注意布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派以及美国结构语言学派（也称美国描写语言学）都属于结构主义学派，是这一学派的三个分支。
关于语言学流派的具体内容阐述，不作考试要求。
第一章言语的社会功能本章须明确两个大的要点：语言的社会功能，即交际工具和思维工具；语言是一种社会现象。
主要名词概念：语言、社会、社会现象第一节语言是人类最重要的交际工具一、语言是人类社会的交际工具1．语言的交际功能：语言是人类区别于其它动物的一个重要标志。
语言是联系社会成员的桥梁和纽带，是社会成员互相之间交际和交流思想的工具，也是协调社会成员行动一致的工具。
2．语言是一种社会现象：语言是一种社会现象，和人类社会有着十分紧密的联系，没有人类社会，就没有语言，人类社会以外的社会无所谓语言。
所谓社会现象是指那些与人类共同体的产生、存在和发展等活动密切联系的现象。
不同的民族有不同的语言，不同的地域有不同的语言，同时社会的变化也给语言以极大的影响，而离开了人类社会，就无所谓语言可言了。
总之，语言就是一种社会现象，同社会的关系非常密切，其产生、发展等都要受到社会的影响。
语言不是自然现象，一方面，语言同社会有着十分紧密的联系，社会的发展变化直接影响着语言的发展变化，也就是说，语言的发展变化是受制于社会的；另一方面，从语言的音义联系看语言不是自然现象，而是社会约定俗成的，没有必然的本质的联系，如果语言是自然现象，世界上的语言应该一样的，没有区别的，而实际上世界上的语言多种多样，而且许多语言中还有方言，这说明语言决不是自然现象。
3．语言是一种特殊的社会现象：语言不但是社会现象，而且是一种特殊的社会现象。
福师大语言学概论复习提纲
语言学概论一、语言学的三大发源地：1.印度传统语言学：梵语研究2.欧洲古希腊传统语言学：拉丁语（语法、修辞、逻辑）3.中国传统语言学：“小学”（音韵、文字、训诂）二、20世纪初，瑞士语言学家索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中提出，存在于语言社团中每个人头脑中的共同的语言形式结构是语言学研究的真正对象。
三、在语言交际过程中，语言学关心的核心是编码和解码的过程，涉及对语言结构本体的研究，包含内容和形式两个方面，语言的内容和形式的关系是语言研究的最根本问题。
四、语言的功能1.社会功能：①信息传递功能：体现在语言上就是内容的表达（分享各自的经验感知，更好地分工协作）；借助语言之外的形式：文字、旗语（建立在语言上的在编码形式）等；使用语言传递信息的时，面部表情、手势及躯体姿态参加帮助传达信息②人际互动功能：建立或保持某种社会关联。
一是说话者在话语中表达自己的情感、态度、意图；一是这些对受话者施加影响，得到相应的语言或行动上的反馈；语言在表达说话者的主观情感和态度时，是以接收者的存在为前提的。
甲：快到时间了，小王肯定不会来了（对时间的判断，确信小王来的可能性小）乙：还有五分钟，他一定会来（接受甲的信息，表达重点不在客观的时间，表明主观立场，认为小王来的可能性很大）2.思维功能：①语言和思维密不可分，语言是思维活动的动因和载体，是思维成果的贮存所（思想是人们对现实世界的认识，思维是认识现实世界的动脑筋的过程，也指动脑筋时进行比较、分析综合以认识现实的能力）②生理基础：左半球管右半身的动作，右半球管左半身的动作；大脑有躯体运动区、躯体感觉区、视区、听区、语言功能区（主要存在于左半球）③儿童语言习得：学话的过程是认识世界和思维发展的过程（咿呀学语—独语句（词和事物的联系）—双语句（造句的基本原理）—实词句（掌握虚词，注重语言本身）④聋哑人：同样能进行思维（有健全的大脑和发音器官；不能利用听觉符号传递信息表达思想，但可以通过其他感觉器官得到补偿⑤思维能力的普遍性和思维方式的特殊性（思维能力普遍性与语言能力变得普遍性一致，有能力认识相同事物；思维过程伴随语言运用，语言差异会导致思维方式的差异，思维方式的差异更多体现在不同语言在表达思想时语法方面的特点）五、语言的符号性质，为什么说语言是一种符号系统1、符号的定义：又叫记号、信号，是用来代表其他事物的事物。