第一章英语语言学引论-PPT精选
合集下载
语言学导论前三单元概要整理PPT课件
单词补充：
01) velum: The soft palate. 软腭 02) uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate. 小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉 块
Unit1 Introduction
What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要 研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。
In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.
Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: (1) speech precedes writing in terms of evolution (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language
01) velum: The soft palate. 软腭 02) uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate. 小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉 块
Unit1 Introduction
What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要 研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。
In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.
Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: (1) speech precedes writing in terms of evolution (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language
英语语言学第一章
functionalism & formalism
• functionalism:
study the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication.
• formalism:
study the abstract forms of language and their internal relations
made by Saussure in the early 20th century
competence & performance
competence underlying knowledge about the system of rules
performance the actual use of language in concrete situations
Message—Poetic
the addresser uses language for the sole purposes of displaying the beauty of language itself
Contact—Phatic communion
the addresser tries to establish or maintain good interpersonal relationships with the addressee
2. One of the main features of our human languages is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what this feature refer to? Support your argument with examples.
《英语语言学》ppt课件
区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的 语音）
31
举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
32
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
30
Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语 系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语 族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日 耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
18
Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
26
语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
31
举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
32
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
30
Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语 系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语 族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日 耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
18
Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
26
语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
语言学导论课件 语言学LINGUISTICS
duality二重性: language as a system with 2
subsystems/structures/levels---meaningless sounds and units of meaning grouped and regrouped with sounds
creativity (productivity)创造性: provides opportunities for sending
4.The functions of Language
6 functions(by Jacobson): referential,poitic,emotive,conative,phatic,
metalingual function(所指、诗学、感情、意动、
元语言功能)
3 functions(by Halliday):
COMMENT: Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's distinction are very similar. They differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of language is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.
communication system. Human language is ‘unique’,or,language is human specific.
英语语言学完整版
Displacement
----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. A gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last year There is something special about the bee dance though. Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have found when they are no longer in the presence of the food. In this sense, the bee dance has a component of displacement. But this component is very insignificant. For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive. They do not dance about the food they discovered last month nor do they speculate about future discoveries.
Language is arbitrary
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
语言学-第一章ppt课件.ppt
Writing（文字） ----it is later developed and is only the “revised” record of speech.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
meaning in a context of language use. Wife: Oh ,darling, I like this gold earring very
much. Husband: You know, I’m now out of job. What is the semantic meaning of the 2
----A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
II The major branches of linguistics
sentences? What is the pragmatical meaning?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）is the study of
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Ⅲ Some important distinctions in
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
meaning in a context of language use. Wife: Oh ,darling, I like this gold earring very
much. Husband: You know, I’m now out of job. What is the semantic meaning of the 2
----A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
II The major branches of linguistics
sentences? What is the pragmatical meaning?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）is the study of
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Ⅲ Some important distinctions in
chapter 1 linguistics 课件 刘润清版本
语言学导论 Linguistics
Grace Tan 2011.09
通常女性会先看到月亮，男性会先看到人脸。 如果相反，表示你体内的异性荷尔蒙偏高哦
Many things can be interpreted in different ways.
Same with language
Word: Bachelor Sentence: The beauty is too hot to eat. What is language? Language is a sign .
1.4 Origin of Language
“In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”—Gospel of John, 1:1
1.3.3 Creativity/Productivity
Language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness递归性 1) create new meanings: 2) Potential to create endless sentences EG: A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed.
Language distinguishes us from animals
Do the following words sound or look like the animal shown here: canis , chien , hund , perro ?
(They all are words for dog in European languages.)
Grace Tan 2011.09
通常女性会先看到月亮，男性会先看到人脸。 如果相反，表示你体内的异性荷尔蒙偏高哦
Many things can be interpreted in different ways.
Same with language
Word: Bachelor Sentence: The beauty is too hot to eat. What is language? Language is a sign .
1.4 Origin of Language
“In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”—Gospel of John, 1:1
1.3.3 Creativity/Productivity
Language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness递归性 1) create new meanings: 2) Potential to create endless sentences EG: A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed.
Language distinguishes us from animals
Do the following words sound or look like the animal shown here: canis , chien , hund , perro ?
(They all are words for dog in European languages.)
《语言学导论(1)》课件
短语和句子
短语是由词汇组成的固定搭配，句子由单词和短语组成，用于表达完整的意思。
四、语言的语法
什么是语法？
语法是研究句子构成和句 子内部关系的学科，包括 形态、句法和句子语义。
语法的分类
语法可以分为形态语法、 句法语法和语义语法，各 自研究不同的语言现象。
语法的规则
语法规则描述语言中单词 和短语的组合方式，以及 句子的结构和语义。
《语言学导论(1)》PPT课 件
# 语言学导论(1) PPT课件
一、引论
什么是语言学？
语言学是研究语言的科学，涉及语言的结构、语音、语法、语义和语用等方面。
为什么要学习语言学？
学习语言学可以帮助我们更好地理解语言及其使用规律，并提升我们的语言表达能力。
二、语音学
语音学的概念和研究 对象
语音学研究语音的产生、 传播和接收，探索语音的 各种特征及其规律。
言语交际原则
言语交际原则包括合作原则、准Βιβλιοθήκη 原则、追踪原则等，指导有效的交际沟通。
语用学的应用
语用学的应用领域包括教育、社会科学、人机交互等，帮助改进语言使用和交流。
七、总结
语言学的作用
语言学有助于深入理解语言及其运作规律，对语言教学和语言技能提升具有重要意义。
学习语言学的建议
学习语言学可以通过阅读经典著作、参与学术讨论和实践语言技能等方式进行。
展望语言学的未来
语言学将继续深入发展，结合技术的进步，突破更多语言现象的研究。
五、语义学
语义学的概念和研究 对象
语义学研究词义和句义， 探索语言中词汇和句子的 意义及其逻辑关系。
词义和句义
词义指单词的意义，句义 指句子的意义，两者都与 语境有关。
短语是由词汇组成的固定搭配，句子由单词和短语组成，用于表达完整的意思。
四、语言的语法
什么是语法？
语法是研究句子构成和句 子内部关系的学科，包括 形态、句法和句子语义。
语法的分类
语法可以分为形态语法、 句法语法和语义语法，各 自研究不同的语言现象。
语法的规则
语法规则描述语言中单词 和短语的组合方式，以及 句子的结构和语义。
《语言学导论(1)》PPT课 件
# 语言学导论(1) PPT课件
一、引论
什么是语言学？
语言学是研究语言的科学，涉及语言的结构、语音、语法、语义和语用等方面。
为什么要学习语言学？
学习语言学可以帮助我们更好地理解语言及其使用规律，并提升我们的语言表达能力。
二、语音学
语音学的概念和研究 对象
语音学研究语音的产生、 传播和接收，探索语音的 各种特征及其规律。
言语交际原则
言语交际原则包括合作原则、准Βιβλιοθήκη 原则、追踪原则等，指导有效的交际沟通。
语用学的应用
语用学的应用领域包括教育、社会科学、人机交互等，帮助改进语言使用和交流。
七、总结
语言学的作用
语言学有助于深入理解语言及其运作规律，对语言教学和语言技能提升具有重要意义。
学习语言学的建议
学习语言学可以通过阅读经典著作、参与学术讨论和实践语言技能等方式进行。
展望语言学的未来
语言学将继续深入发展，结合技术的进步，突破更多语言现象的研究。
五、语义学
语义学的概念和研究 对象
语义学研究词义和句义， 探索语言中词汇和句子的 意义及其逻辑关系。
词义和句义
词义指单词的意义，句义 指句子的意义，两者都与 语境有关。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
LanWghuyagise lcaanngbueaguesehduamsaanw-sapyecoiffifci?nding out: HWohwy tchaenbarcahinildwolerakrsn. his/her mother tongue so easily? How chanildwrensalyeaornnelathnignugabgue.t mean another? WLahnygupaegoeplheaussae fdoirffmer-emnetavnairnigetcieosrroefslpaonngdueangcee.. TWhheaftutnhcetiroonleoofflalanngguuaaggeeisistoinedxcifhfearnegneticnuflotrumreast,ioetnc..
c. Language is basically vocal. The primary medium is sound for all languages.
d. Language is symbolic. It is meaningless by itself.
e. Language is human-specific. Bird songs and bee dances
Questions for discussion:
Will the day come when all languages become one? What is possibly the first language? Where do you think language came from?
The bow-wow theory imitative of animal calls (mew, hiss)
The pooh-pooh theory instinctive cries out of emotions (interjections)
The ding-dong theory natural resonance when struck (ding-dong, bang)
b. Language is arbitrary. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.
2. Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Expressions Idiolect Variety Abstract system Universal properties
Definition of language as a research subject
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Chapter I Introduction
Why study language? What is language? What is linguistics?
Chapter I Introduction
1. Why study language
2. Language
2.1 Definition
2. Language
2.3 Design features
Design features refer to the defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
2. Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语Βιβλιοθήκη 是人类用于交际的任意有声符号系统。
a. Language is systematic. Elements are combined according to rules.
2.2 Origin 2.3 Design features 2.4 Functions 2.5 Typology
3. Linguistics
3.1 Definition 3.2 Scope 3.3 Important distinctions
1. Why study language
Language is an integral part of our life and humanity. Yet we know little or even have wrong ideas about it. TheWshuebrjeecdtooesf llaanngguuaaggeeciosmine tfrriogmu?inHgoawn?dWusheefnu?l.
2. Language
2.2 Origin (of speech)
The yo-he-yo theory rhythmic grunts when working (heave, haul)
Summary
Language originated from our experience of the external and internal world, and our contact with others. It evolves within specific historical, social and cultural contexts.
Halliday (1994): ideational (logical), interpersonal (social) and textual (relevant)
2. Language
2.4 Functions
Informative (ideational): to express the speaker’s experience of the external and internal world
Cultural transmission: more cultural than genetic Interchangeability: both a producer and a receiver
2.4 Functions
1. Hello! 2. Get out of my way! 3. The earth revolves around the sun. 4. Do you know his hobby? 5. I hate her. 6. How do you like Jack? 7. I hereby declare the meeting open. 8. Tommy, Dear Friend 9. Humor; chanting; puns 10. What I mean is; in other words
Interpersonal: to establish and maintain social rules
① Performative: to perform actions (directive) ② Emotive (expressive) : overlapped with expression of
2. Language
2.1 Definition
Different senses Bad language Shakespeare’s language Business language The English language A student of language
Jakobson (1960): referential (context), emotive (addresser), poetic (message), conative (addressee), phatic (contact), meta-lingual (code)
Halliday early: instrumental, regulatory, representational, interactional, personal, heuristic and imaginative.
2. Language
2.3 Design features
Creativity 创造性 productivity, infinite use of finite means understand/produce sentences never heard before.
Displacement 移位性 stimulus free (genereralization and abstraction) free from barriers by separation in time and space. MORE ?
The flow of linguistics
study
data
hypot hesis
theory
general ization
3. Linguistics
3.2 Scope
3. Linguistics
3.3 Important distinctions
Descriptive vs. prescriptive: be/should be This distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. Synchronic vs. diachronic: usually current/historical The former takes a fixed instant, usually the present, as its point of observation; the latter studies a language through the course of its history.
c. Language is basically vocal. The primary medium is sound for all languages.
d. Language is symbolic. It is meaningless by itself.
e. Language is human-specific. Bird songs and bee dances
Questions for discussion:
Will the day come when all languages become one? What is possibly the first language? Where do you think language came from?
The bow-wow theory imitative of animal calls (mew, hiss)
The pooh-pooh theory instinctive cries out of emotions (interjections)
The ding-dong theory natural resonance when struck (ding-dong, bang)
b. Language is arbitrary. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.
2. Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Expressions Idiolect Variety Abstract system Universal properties
Definition of language as a research subject
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Chapter I Introduction
Why study language? What is language? What is linguistics?
Chapter I Introduction
1. Why study language
2. Language
2.1 Definition
2. Language
2.3 Design features
Design features refer to the defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
2. Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语Βιβλιοθήκη 是人类用于交际的任意有声符号系统。
a. Language is systematic. Elements are combined according to rules.
2.2 Origin 2.3 Design features 2.4 Functions 2.5 Typology
3. Linguistics
3.1 Definition 3.2 Scope 3.3 Important distinctions
1. Why study language
Language is an integral part of our life and humanity. Yet we know little or even have wrong ideas about it. TheWshuebrjeecdtooesf llaanngguuaaggeeciosmine tfrriogmu?inHgoawn?dWusheefnu?l.
2. Language
2.2 Origin (of speech)
The yo-he-yo theory rhythmic grunts when working (heave, haul)
Summary
Language originated from our experience of the external and internal world, and our contact with others. It evolves within specific historical, social and cultural contexts.
Halliday (1994): ideational (logical), interpersonal (social) and textual (relevant)
2. Language
2.4 Functions
Informative (ideational): to express the speaker’s experience of the external and internal world
Cultural transmission: more cultural than genetic Interchangeability: both a producer and a receiver
2.4 Functions
1. Hello! 2. Get out of my way! 3. The earth revolves around the sun. 4. Do you know his hobby? 5. I hate her. 6. How do you like Jack? 7. I hereby declare the meeting open. 8. Tommy, Dear Friend 9. Humor; chanting; puns 10. What I mean is; in other words
Interpersonal: to establish and maintain social rules
① Performative: to perform actions (directive) ② Emotive (expressive) : overlapped with expression of
2. Language
2.1 Definition
Different senses Bad language Shakespeare’s language Business language The English language A student of language
Jakobson (1960): referential (context), emotive (addresser), poetic (message), conative (addressee), phatic (contact), meta-lingual (code)
Halliday early: instrumental, regulatory, representational, interactional, personal, heuristic and imaginative.
2. Language
2.3 Design features
Creativity 创造性 productivity, infinite use of finite means understand/produce sentences never heard before.
Displacement 移位性 stimulus free (genereralization and abstraction) free from barriers by separation in time and space. MORE ?
The flow of linguistics
study
data
hypot hesis
theory
general ization
3. Linguistics
3.2 Scope
3. Linguistics
3.3 Important distinctions
Descriptive vs. prescriptive: be/should be This distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. Synchronic vs. diachronic: usually current/historical The former takes a fixed instant, usually the present, as its point of observation; the latter studies a language through the course of its history.