佛教心理学

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入门唯识基础书单

入门唯识基础书单

入门唯识基础书单唯识是佛教中的一个重要理论,它探讨了心识和事物之间的关系。

对于初学者来说,了解和掌握唯识的基础概念是很重要的。

下面是一份入门唯识基础书单,供大家参考。

一、《中观论》《中观论》是古印度大乘佛教学者龙树所著的一部重要著作,是佛教唯识学派的经典之一。

该书系统地阐述了唯识学派的核心理论,包括识与境、缘起理论等内容。

阅读《中观论》可以帮助初学者建立起对唯识理论的基本认识。

二、《入唯识脑神经》《入唯识脑神经》是佛教学者慧能所著的一本现代唯识学入门书籍。

该书通过结合现代科学的观点,以简明易懂的语言解释了唯识学派的基本理论。

阅读《入唯识脑神经》可以帮助初学者更好地理解唯识学派的观点,并将其与现代科学进行对比。

三、《唯识导论》《唯识导论》是佛教学者釋智顗所著的一本入门唯识学导论。

该书以通俗易懂的语言,系统地介绍了唯识学派的基本概念和核心理论。

通过阅读《唯识导论》,初学者可以更好地理解唯识学派的观点,并掌握其基本方法和思维方式。

四、《唯识学概论》《唯识学概论》是佛教学者釋智显所著的一本唯识学概论。

该书详细介绍了唯识学派的历史渊源、发展脉络和核心思想。

通过阅读《唯识学概论》,初学者可以了解唯识学派的发展历程,掌握其基本理论和方法。

五、《唯识心理学》《唯识心理学》是佛教学者釋智照所著的一本唯识学心理学著作。

该书从心理学的角度解读了唯识学派的核心概念和理论,探讨了心识与事物的关系。

通过阅读《唯识心理学》,初学者可以更深入地理解唯识学派的心理学观点,以及其对人类心智活动的影响。

以上是一份入门唯识基础书单,这些书籍涵盖了唯识学派的基本概念、核心理论和相关领域的研究,对于初学者来说是很好的学习资料。

读者可以根据自己的兴趣和需求选择适合自己的入门书籍,逐步深入学习和理解唯识学派的思想。

心理学史复习资料完整版

心理学史复习资料完整版

第二章1.简述冯特心理学的体系。

答:1个体心理学:研究个体的意识过程(实验心理学)2民族心理学:研究人类高级精神过程(社会心理学)2.冯特是怎样区别间接经验和直接经验的?答:经验科学:1 自然科学:研究间接经验2心理学:研究人类的直接经验心理学的研究对象是人直接经验到的因素:心理学乃“直接经验之学”3.讨论冯特对内省法的使用。

答:实验内省法:——实验法:自然科学的研究方法——内省法:心理学特有的研究方法:通过个体对自己内心活动进行观察、体验和陈述来研究其心理活动的方法——实验内省法:借助于实验进行内省的心理学方法,是一种科学的内省形式4. 试评冯特的历史贡献与历史局限。

答:1理论体系显得庞杂和混乱2将心理学与自然科学的研究对象界定在同一范围,具有主观唯心主义倾向3尽管宣称将实验法引入心理学研究,但仍未摆脱内省主义的影响4尽管主张整体的心理学观,但仍具有元素主义的倾向5.简述艾宾浩斯关于的记忆研究。

答:1无意义音节:2艾宾浩斯认为在实验中不能采用有意义的文字材料,因为其包含了旧经验的影响及意义联想3无意义音节是两个辅音中间加上一个元音所构成的没有任何语义的音节,如ZOG,NOZ,GHD等4以无意义音节为实验材料最大限度保证了实验研究的客观性5节省法:要求被试在第一次完全记忆之后,隔一段时间再学再背,然后对比前后两次学习记忆所花时间的长短,计算出两次记忆过程中所节省的时间和记忆次数6、对冯特来说,什么是心理元素,它们的特性是什么?你的回答中请论述冯特情感三维说。

答:自己找7、界定冯特理论中所使用统觉。

答:心理元素是通过联想和统觉而形成各种意识经验的8、讨论艾宾浩斯的研究在心理学史上的重要意义。

答:1第一次对记忆作数量分析,揭示了人类记忆保持与遗忘的一般规律2康德曾认为高级心理活动不能用实验研究,艾宾浩斯打破了这一禁区,为实验心理学打开了新的局面3在方法上力求对实验条件进行控制和对实验结果进行测量4激起了各国心理学家研究记忆的热潮,大大促进了心理学的发展第四章行为主义(对行为主义的评价)一、行为主义的贡献答:(一)强化了心理学的自然科学特征:以客观行为代替了主观意识,以实验法代替了内省法,使心理学可以获得比较客观的研究结果(二)扩大了心理学的研究领域:促进了动物心理学和儿童心理学的发展(三)促进了心理学的应用研究:由于行为主义的目标就是预测和控制人的行为,因而特别强调社会环境对人的塑造作用二、行为主义的局限答:(一)生物学化倾向严重:否认心理和意识的存在,把行为归结为刺激-反应的联结,而刺激、反应又被分析还原为肌肉收缩和腺体分泌等生理活动(二)缩小了心理学的研究范围:否认意识、心理、内省及相关的概念,使心理学犯了客观主义的错误,成为没有头脑的心理学(三)犯了环境决定论的错误:忽视刺激反应之间人的主体性因素的作用,把人视为一架被动的刺激-反应机器,把环境看作是人的行为的决定力量三;早期行为主义的缺陷答:早期行为主义者在心理学研究对象中全盘否定意识,但是意识是人类最重要的心理现象之一,是客观存在的,心理学不能因为它难以研究而回避它、排斥它。

佛家有云“一切诸相皆是虚妄”是真的么?

佛家有云“一切诸相皆是虚妄”是真的么?

佛家有云“一切诸相皆是虚妄”是真的么?——了解完型(格式塔)心理学常在心情郁闷时,有人跟你提起——不要烦恼,世界在你眼中,你开心就能看到愉快;你痛苦,就能看到悲伤,一切诸相皆是虚妄啊。

哦,真的是这样么?那不是很唯心么?如果我尚未皈依佛门,恐怕也很难相信这一观点,但心理学界早已有提过类似的观点,虽然与字面意思不尽相同,但也略有几份相似。

看看心理学是怎么看到这一现象的?回到心理学:如果跟你提到精神分析,你一定想到弗洛伊德老先生。

提到生物心理学,你会想到巴甫洛夫条件反射。

然后你会发现心理学貌似一方面很像侦探,通过催眠等等种种手段解决你内心问题;另一方面又很像达尔文的生物学指导手册,通过生物学角度告诉你有些事情本来应该的样子。

但其实心理学以及心理治疗分支众多,远不止如此。

有一个分支,通过科学的角度,甚至于宗教的感觉略有重合。

看看这句话,是否似曾相识呢?你看到的未必是真实的,听到的也未必是真实的……过去已逝,未来不在,只有当下是最重要的……这些话看起来很像佛教徒的传道之语,但心理学的一个重要分支:格式塔心理学(完型心理学),同样支持以上说法。

来认识完型(格式塔)心理学~这只是一幅粉笔画~一、你看到的,意识到的,就一定是事实么?——有很多情况,让你可以说NO !认识是完型(格式塔)心理学格式塔=完型格式塔心理学这一流派不像机能主义或行为主义那样明确地表示出它的性质。

综合上述两种涵义,它似乎意指物体及其形式和特征,但是,它不能译为“structure”(结构或构造)。

考夫卡曾指出:“这个名词不得译为英文structure,因为构造主义和机能主义争论的结果,structure在英美心理学界已得到了很明确而很不同的含义了。

”因此,考夫卡采用了E.B.铁钦纳(E.B.Titchener)对structure的译文“configuration”,中文译为“完形”。

所以,在我国,格式塔心理学又译为完形心理学。

格式塔来源于?格式塔这个术语起始于视觉领域的研究,但它又不限于视觉领域,甚至不限于整个感觉领域,其应用范围远远超过感觉经验的限度。

佛教流行的心理学探析

佛教流行的心理学探析
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Buddhism_and_Psychology

Buddhism_and_Psychology

Buddhism and Psychologyby Zach RowinskiIntroductionAt the beginning of the twentieth century, the Theravādin Buddhist spokesmen Dharmapāla attended a lecture by the famed philosopher and one of the founders of psychology, William James at Harvard University. James, upon noticing Dharmapāla, asked him to speak to the class about Buddhist thought. At the end of Dharmapāla’s talk, James is reported to have said, “This is the psychology everybody will be studying twenty-five years from now.”1 In actuality, it was roughly three decades before any individuals even began to reflect on Buddhist psychology in any systematic manner, and then, it was only a very small handful of thinkers who did so. The reasons for this lag in the study of Buddhist psychology is not entirely clear. Nathan Katz has suggested the reason why Buddhist scholars after Rhys-Davids (an early Pāli scholar) stopped focusing on Buddhist psychology was simply because they were occupied by a much broader field of study – namely Buddhist study itself and the language and cultural difficulties that came together with trying to make sense of a completely foreign tradition.2 Perhaps another reason for the lack of rigorous study of Buddhist psychology was due to the advent of behavioral psychology in 1913 and John Watson’s influential rejection of introspection. This lack of attention to Buddhist psychology during the first half of the twentieth century did not endure into the fifties, sixties, and seventies. In fact, in the latter half of the twentieth century, of all the areas of interaction between Buddhism and science, the interface between Buddhism and psychology is by far the largest area to be explored any group of professional scientists.3 Resources on Buddhism can be found from authors based in nearly every major sub-discipline of psychology ranging from the early psychology of Freud to the more recent field of evolutionary psychology, and all the major movements in between. In an attempt to examine the range of attitudes and approaches that psychologists, Buddhists, and academic Buddhist scholars have taken in approaching this interface, this bibliographic essay gives an overview of some of the literature on Buddhism and psychology from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present. The hope is that this overview reveals not only some of what has come about through the interaction between Buddhism and psychology, but also what elements have been absent in the exchange, elements important to a deeper exchange of ideas and practices between these two disciplines. It will be seen that William James was only partly incorrect about the future impact of Buddhism on Western psychology. While Buddhist psychology has never been the “psychology that everyone is studying,” Buddhist ideas and practices have had a measurable influence on certain strands of Western psychology, though certainly not as quickly as James predicted. Many of the more serious and informed approaches toward the use Buddhist theory and practice in Western psychology are only just beginning to take place.In general, resources on Buddhism and psychology can be seen to reflect at least three basic orientations or areas of focus: (1) Philosophical and theoretical interpretations of Buddhist concepts; (2) use of Buddhist practices and concepts in psychotherapy; (3) the application of Buddhist practices for the development of a psychology of awakening. It should be added that this threefold classification is highly idiosyncratic and may ultimately prove unsatisfactory for making in depth conclusions about the interface between Buddhism and psychology. Despite its limited utility, the hope is that it gives the reader some orientation and perspective on the range of resources published in this area. In the future, the hope is to restructure this entire presentation according to a more interpretive approach to the resources. Nevertheless, as an initial attempt, this rubric can serve as the basis for future changes.4Theory and PhilosophyA unifying thread of many sources on Buddhism and psychology has been in the theoretical and philosophical interpretation of Buddhist concepts within the context of modern psychology. Many of these sources may be relevant to therapy, but are not written by therapists themselves or may be only suggestive of how Buddhist ideas and concepts (rather than Buddhist practices) can be applied to thinking about suffering and mental disease. This approach is distinct from the resources to be discussed on Buddhism and psychotherapy which typically attempt to integrate Buddhist contemplative practices like Zen or Mindfulness meditation within therapeutic settings.As mentioned above, the early decades of the twentieth century saw very little in the way of psychological theorizing about Buddhism. Despite interest, for William James there were simply too few translations available at the time for him to comment upon in any detail and references to Buddhism occurred only a handful of times in his major work on religion and science, The Varieties of Religious Experience. Interestingly, James’ openness to Buddhist psychology was not shared by his other major contemporary in psychology, Sigmund Freud. Having heard about Indian meditation, Freud placed it in the context of his own theory of human develop, arguing South Asian meditation practices result in a pathological regression into infantile self-centeredness.5Not everyone within the psychoanalytic tradition shared Freud’s interpretations. Carl Jung, who was expected by many for a time to become the heir of Freudian psychology, was more willing than his predecessor to embrace the insights of Eastern religions. In 1927, W.Y. Evans-Wentz published what became the classic translation of the Bardo Thödol or Tibetan Book of the Dead, a text that came to highly influence Carl Jung. Jung, who was a friend of W.Y. Evans-Wentz, reported that he carried the text everywhere he went and constantly returned to it for ideas and inspiration.6 In all, Jung wrote four major essays on Tibetan and Zen Buddhism and a series of introductions to translations of Buddhist and Taoist texts.7 He also participated in several discussions with well known Zen Buddhists. Jung’s writings have spawned a tradition of psychologists and Buddhist scholars either commenting on his views of Buddhism or applying Jung’s concepts to their understanding of Buddhist teachings.8Jung himself esteemed what he saw as the Eastern emphasis on intuition and spirituality, something he felt offered a counterbalance to Western intellectualism.9 However, like Freud, Jung was wary of the practice of meditation and advised his fellow Westerners that meditation, as a quick route to the experience of the subconscious, could be fraught with danger and was not suited to the “Western” constitution.10 One major problem with Jung’s commentaries on Buddhist ideas, as Guenther – the next individual we will look at – has pointed out, was that Jung himself knew no Asian languages, nor were the translations he read from authoritative. Thus, his interpretations invariably misrepresent the Buddhist tradition.11In the latter half of the twentieth century, many of those to pursue the theory and philosophical aspects of Buddhism and psychology were Buddhist scholars. In 1957, Buddhist scholar Herbert V. Guenther published his Philosophy and Psychology,12 one of the earliest and most informed overviews of Buddhist psychology according to the Abhidharma tradition. Not a psychologist himself, Guenther has heavily drawn upon both scientific theories and continental philosophy to express Buddhist concepts in this and particularly in many of his works that followed during the sixties, seventies, eighties, and nineties. Buddhist Abhidharma literature is a major source for understanding Buddhist typologies of the mind, with some texts outlining six types of consciousness, fifty-one mental factors, (Skt. caitta;Tib. sems ‘byung), and so on.13 For this reason, Abhidharma literature has been a source of interest for of many Western contemporary psychologists in the latter half the twentieth century,14 though few appear to have studied the entire contents of the Abhidharma tradition in any detail. Guenther later published other works on Abhidharma psychology,15 as well as another work on the relation between the Tibetan practice of the “Great Perfection” and a type of psychotherapy called Dasein Analysis16 in a series of multi-author volumes on Buddhism and psychology.Another Buddhist scholar, this time in the Sri Lanka Buddhist tradition, Padmasiri De Silva, was the first to systematically pursue the interface between Buddhism and Freudian analysis in his 1973 publication Buddhist and Freudian Psychology. Particularly noticeable in De Silva’s writings is a sophisticated, and often highly poetic interpretation of Buddhist and modern psychological theories. Like Guenther, De Silva has pursued an experiential approach to Buddhist hermeneutics using German existential philosophy. In his Tangles and Webs, De Silva draws from a common metaphor in existential psychology and in Buddhism of the “human tangle” and how it relates to anxiety and alienation. A later work took the unique approach of exploring emotion and ethics according to Western and Buddhist literature.17In the 1980s and 1990s, we begin to see the first collected volumes on Buddhism and psychology. Nathan Katz ed. Buddhism and Western Psychology features Guenther and De Silva, as well as other well known Buddhist scholars and psychologists, including Richard DeMartino, (Zen Buddhism and psychoanalysis), Nathan Katz (Tibetan Buddhism and Jungian psychology), Chogyam Trungpa (Tibetan Buddhism), and Rune E.A. Johansson. The late Rune Johansson, author of The Psychology of Nirvana, pioneered one of the first attempts of any research psychologists to the study of Buddhist thought and practice in a formal institutional setting. Johansson is also notable for his knowledge of Buddhist texts. He was also a student of Sanskrit and Pāli and translated the Dhammapāda into Swedish.18A more recent collected volume is Pickering ed. The Authority of Experience: Essays on Buddhism and Psychology(1997). Unlike the above mentioned volume, The Authority of Experience has benefited from an increasing refinement of the discussion of the range of methodological issues relevant to the Buddhism-psychology dialogue concerning, for one, the question of human subjectivity and its relation to mental health and disease. Further, with the rise of a legitimate field of “consciousness studies” in the psychological and cognitive sciences during the 1980s and 1990s, the door has been opened for creative approaches to the understanding of the human mind from Buddhist, artistic, phenomenological, cognitive, and a myriad of other perspectives. Essays in The Authority of Experience begin to take an affirmative approach toward seeing how Buddhism can contribute toward the advancement of understanding experience.Another very recent volume, Psychology and Buddhism: From the Individual to the Global Community (2003), is a collection of essays on the interface between Buddhism and psychology by a dozen professionals from clinical psychology, psychiatry, education, environmental science, and religious studies. One significant aspect of this volume, and to some degree in The Authority of Experience, is we begin to see practicing psychologists think philosophically about their own discipline while benefiting from advances made only recently in Western Buddhist scholarship in the form of clear and authoritative translations and scholarly analysis. In this volume, for example, we find a trained psychologist speak with authority and in detail about how Chandrakīrti’s view of emptiness relates to modern day epistemology, ethics, and Gestalt psychology, presumably without the author himself having studied Sanskrit or gone to Asia.Buddhism and PsychotherapyThe influence of Buddhism on psychotherapy represents by far the greatest influence Buddhism has had on any Western scientific discipline to date. While we find neither Buddhism nor other Asian traditions affecting much of mainstream institutional psychology, Buddhism has had a significant influence on the less concretely defined grouping of disciplines within psychotherapy. Further, the history of Buddhism and psychotherapy has been explored with great expertise by a number of practicing psychotherapists. Particularly detailed is Jeffrey Rubin’s Psychotherapy and Buddhism: Toward an Integration. Another recent overview and discussion of Buddhism and psychotherapy according to the perspective of another psychotherapist with over thirty years background in the study and practice of Buddhism is John Welwood’s Psychology of Awakening. What follows is a cursory overview of the sources on Buddhism and psychotherapy covering some of the major movements in the past sixty years of exchange, including a discussion of some very recent areas of Buddhist-inspired therapies that have only begun to take shape in the past few years. Psychotherapy is replete with a wide body of techniques for the treatment of a diverse grouping of mental problems. Widely recognized is the psychoanalytic tradition initiated by Sigmund Freud, the cognitive-behavioral tradition with roots in the work of Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck, Humanistic psychology and its associated Gestalt and Client-centered therapies, as well as two additional families of therapies designated as Group therapies and Family therapies respectively. In reality, there are many more types of psychotherapy than what is included in these formalized groups. Further, the contours of these groups are not fixed. For example, cognitive-behavioral therapies more accurately could be separated into purely cognitive and purely behavioral therapies depending on which theorist or psychotherapist you ask. Some therapists may draw insights from all the above mentioned techniques, as well as non-Western traditions like Buddhism, depending on the patient and the problem.Karen Horney (1885-1952), a well known psychoanalyst, turned to Zen Buddhism in the later years of her life. Her writings came to draw on the influence of D.T. Suzuki, the Japanese Zen scholar whose works laid the foundation for the early Western understanding of Zen and Buddhism in general. Horney even traveled with Suzuki to Japan where she met another important thinker in psychology, Shomo Morita. Morita was the founder of Japanese “Morita therapy,” a type of Zen-inspired psychotherapy.19 Although Horney died in the course of her turn towards spirituality, she recognized that Zen had elements that could be employed in psychoanalysis, such as refined attentiveness and enhanced ability to connect with one’s client.20In the 1950s Beat author Jack Kerouac published his two classics On the Road and Dharma Bums, both of which illustrate the free sprit that characterized popular attitudes that were taking shape towards Buddhism and Eastern religion in general at the time. Also around this period Alan Watts’ writings on Buddhism began to bring aspects of Buddhist thought to larger audiences. Though not a psychologist himself, his Psychotherapy East and West was an early formal attempt to look at these two Buddhist and psychotherapeutic disciplines together. As Rubin points out, Watts also stimulated the interest of the medical community in Buddhist psychology and acted as a visiting lecturer to psychiatrists on several occasions.21 Within the broader landscape of psychology in the 1950s an 1960s we see the development of a number of major approaches of psychotherapy, particularly Cognitive-Behavioral and Humanistic psychotherapy. In their early stages, neither of these psychotherapeutic approaches seem to have had close interaction with Buddhism. Behavioral therapies drew their techniques directly from the logic of classical and operant conditioning studied in thefield of behaviorism, although recently some cognitive therapists have referred to Buddhist mindfulness meditation as a type of “behavioral therapy.”22 The more cognitive oriented approaches within cognitive-behavior therapy however, particularly a branch of which was initiated by the outspoken pioneer of Rational-emotive behavior therapy – Albert Ellis – has widely been recognized for its similarity to Buddhism, especially in recent years.23 Rational-emotive behavior therapy, like certain (though perhaps not all) Buddhist traditions, suggests that the individual’s use of her reasoning capacities can be an effective antidote to unhappiness, anxiety, and depression. Rational-emotive therapy specifically focuses on changing negative patterns of thinking through reasoning carefully about the adverse situations that one experiences rather than mindlessly reacting to them with strong emotions. Some types of cognitive therapy include not only direct sessions with a therapist, but also provide the client with “homework” aimed at furthering enhancing the patient’s reliance on her own cognitive capacities. In a way, through cognitive therapy an individual becomes her own therapist.Within the past decade there have been a variety of cognitive-behavioral therapies that identify themselves with certain types of Buddhist practices. One of these is Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), a type of therapy influenced highly by Jon Kabat-Zinn’s program of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction. a type stress intervention practice that has received a growing amount of interest in medical establishments throughout the world. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy is a group therapy emphasizing skill-training in meditation practice. A “treatment” session is usually in the form of a simple, guided meditation practice consisting of paying attention to present without evaluating or getting emotionally involved in whatever thoughts or feelings arise. Unlike the above mentioned cognitive-behavioral therapies, MBCT does not ask the individual to change her patterns of thinking, but simply to observe them with bare, unmediated attention. To date, most studies using MBCT have looked at its effect on the treatment of depression and depressive relapse – the preliminary results of which have been positive.24Another recent cognitive-behavioral therapy to emerge has “Mindfulness and acceptance” or Acceptance and Commitment therapies (ACT). In a conference held in 2003, a group of practicing psychotherapists who had alternatively been influenced by a variety of streams of Buddhist meditation in their own CBT techniques convened to bring more organization and dialogue amongst their approaches. The proceedings of their meeting has subsequently been published in a volume entitled Mindfulness and Acceptance: Expanding the Cognitive-Behavioral Tradition. This volume addresses not only ways in which Buddhist practices like mindfulness, insight meditation (Pali: vipassana), and zazen have been used empirically to treat anxiety, eating, addictive, and couple disorders, but also the larger methodological framework for these newly developing therapies. Part of the need for developing a more complete framework for these therapies is due to the ambiguity of exactly what distinguishes behavioral and cognitive therapies in general and how emerging therapies fit within or challenge these frameworks.25A Psychology of AwakeningA major theme in the interaction between Buddhism and psychology, beyond the use of Buddhist-inspired techniques for the treatment of mental disorders, has been an attempt to utilize Buddhist practices toward developing a psychology of what has variously been termed awakening, human flourishing, or the culmination of human potential. Some of the basic gestures toward a psychology of self-improvement and human betterment have precedence inthe history of psychotherapy in the above mentioned field of Humanistic psychology that began in the 1950s and 1960s. Humanistic psychology was in part a reaction to the dehumanizing aspects of the prevailing therapies of psychoanalysis and behaviorism.26 Humanistic therapy emphasizes looking at how the individual conceives of his sense of self, relates with meaning, sees purpose, and understands his own feelings.Another field of psychology inspired by Humanist psychology that emerged in the late 1960s and 70s with more explicit connections to Buddhism and spirituality was the discipline of transpersonal psychology. Transpersonal psychology was influenced by the developmental theory Abraham Maslow. Maslow is well known specifically for his formulation of a hierarchy of needs. According to this model, humans have different levels of physiological, survival, emotional, social, and self-actualizing needs and motivations at different points in their life. The highest stage on the hierarchy of needs is self-actualization or the need to be creative or to serve others and fulfill one’s full human potential. Within the context of transpersonal psychology, self-actualization was explored through various kinds of meditation both Buddhist and otherwise, as well as practices from other types of spiritual practices that resulted different states of conscious experience. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology has long been the host of articles employing Buddhist concepts by well known authors like Daniel Goleman, now famous for his theory of emotional intelligence, Tibetans Tarthang Tulku and Chogyam Trungpa, and integral theorist Ken Wilber.Although Transpersonal Psychology is still practiced today, its following has declined dramatically since the 1970 and 1980s. However, since the time of the popularity of Transpersonal Psychology and the Human Potential Movement, many individuals have continued to refine and mature their approaches to Buddhism and psychology to this day. Thus a valuable feature of the more recent works such as John Welwood’s Toward a Psychology of Awakening, Diane Shainberg’s Chasing Elephants, and many others is a perspective informed by more than a decade of Buddhist practice.A very recent area of psychology to emerge as recently as 1997 which resonates with Buddhist aims is the field of Positive Psychology. Initiated by then president of the American Psychological Association Martin Seligman, the rationale for positive psychology was to shift the focus of psychology from mental pathology and disease to optimal mental health and flourishing. As a newly born field, Positive Psychology has yet to interact extensively with Buddhist theories and practices, though this may change in the near future with the recent interest in cross-disciplinary collaboration between Positive Psychology and scholars in religious studies.ConclusionWhile this has only been a cursory overview of the exchanges between Buddhism and psychology, we have covered enough territory to return to the William James’ prediction about the future of Buddhist psychology. As noted, though Buddhist psychology is not “the psychology everyone is studying,” it is not entirely true that Buddhism has not significantly affected certain areas of Western psychology. Many types of emerging psychotherapies are grounded in Buddhist theory and practice. Further, Buddhist practices were and are a central interest of Transpersonal Psychology. Most significant has been the discussions and applications that have taken place in the two decades as more and more psychologists are beginning to take more highly informed approaches to psychology using Buddhist concepts. Returning to James’ grand prediction about the future impact of Buddhism psychology, it is true Buddhist psychology has had far less an impact on psychology than, for example,neurobiology or the cognitive sciences. Assuming Buddhist psychology has something important to tell us about human experience, how is it that it has not had more of an effect on the Western study of psychology? One suggestion is that very few of the psychologists discussed have studied any Asian language or have developed a robust knowledge of Buddhist literature. From this perspective, absent in Buddhist-psychology exchanges has been no less than Buddhism itself. Due to not knowing the language, literature, or teachers, many psychologists have not picked up on the ways Buddhists in traditionally Buddhist countries see Buddhist theory and practice operating in practical and profound ways, in whatever form that may be – in Tibet, Sri Lanka, Japan, Vietnam, and so forth. An exciting task of the future will be for psychologists to look at Buddhist path structures (as well as insights from other religious and contemplative traditions) for their operational properties according to how they are understood within the tradition. Until this is done by many psychologists and these Buddhist practices are tested rigorously, the impact of Buddhist theory and practice on psychology may remain somewhat superficial.Another possible answer is that the clinical/therapeutic orientation of much of psychology simply does not fit Buddhist paradigms for the path from suffering to happiness. Perhaps needless to iterate, Buddhist teachings were not formulated with the DSM-IV manual27 in mind. While mindfulness meditation may be a valuable and welcome tool in treating depression and anxiety disorders, that same practice fits into a much broader soteriological framework within a Buddhist tradition that uses it for much different aims – namely liberation from the continuing cycle of suffering and rebirth. Lastly, perhaps the problem can be seen as a failure to do what the late cognitive scientist Francisco Varela was applauded for doing so well: being able to change from his Buddhist and scientific hats in different contexts to approach different questions.28 In other words, while many psychologists have sought a grand integration, perhaps it would be more powerful to allow each tradition to maintain its own contours and borders as they enhance and challenge one another dialogically.BibliographyChristopher, M. S. Albert Ellis and the Buddha: Rational Soul Mates? A Comparison of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) and Zen Buddhism. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 6.3 (2003): 283-93.De Silva, Padmasiri. Buddhist and Freudian Psychology. Colombo: Lake House Investments, 1973.———. Tangles and Webs: Comparative Studies in Existentialism, Psychoanalysis, and Buddhism. 2d ed. Colombo: Lake House Investments, 1976.———. Emotions and therapy: three paradigmatic zones. In Buddhism and Western Psychology. Ed. Nathan Katz. Boulder: Prajñā Press, 1983. 111-136.Dockett, Kathleen H., G. Rita Dudley-Grant, and C. Peter Bankart. Psychology and Buddhism: From Individual to Global Community. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2002.Ellis, Albert. Why I (really) Became a Therapist. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy 22.2 (2004): 73-7.Fields, Rick. How the Swans Came to the Lake: A Narrative History of Buddhism in America. 3rd , rev. and updated ed. Boston, Mass.: Shambhala Publications, 1992.Guenther, Herbert V. Philosophy and Psychology in the Abhidharma. Lucknow: Buddha Vihara, 1957.———. Basic Features of Buddhist Psychology. In The Authority of Experience: Essays on Buddhism and Psychology, edited by John Pickering, 74-96. London: Curzon Press, 1997.———. Buddhism rDzog-chen and Western “Daseinanalyse.” In Buddhism and Western Psychology, edited by Nathan Katz, 229-239. Boulder: Prajñā Press, 1983.Hayes, Steven C., Victoria M. Follette, and Marsha Linehan. Mindfulness and Acceptance: Expanding the Cognitive-Behavioral Tradition. New York: Guilford Press, 2004. Hopkins, Jeffrey. The Ultimate Deity in Action: Tantra and Jung’s Warning Against Identifying with the Deity. in Buddhist-Christian Studies 5 (1985): 159-172. James, William. The Varieties of Religious Experience; a Study in Human Nature; being the Gifford Lectures on Natural Religion Delivered at Edinburgh in 1901-1902. New York: Modern Library, 1902.Johansson, Rune Edvin Anders. The Psychology of Nirvana; a Comparative Study of the Natural Goal of Buddhism and the Aims of Modern Western Psychology. Garden City: Anchor Books, 1970.Katz, Nathan. Buddhist and Western Psychology. 1st ed. Boulder: Prajñā Press, 1983. Kwee, Maurits, and Albert Ellis. The Interface between Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and Zen. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy 16.1 (1998): 5-43.Mason, O., & I. Hargreaves. A qualitative study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for depression. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, (2001): 197-212. Matsubara, Taro. Japanese Psychotherapy (Morita Therapy) and its Relationship to Zen Buddhism. Journal - National Association of Private Psychiatric Hospitals 5.1 (1973): 9-14.Meckel, Daniel J., and Robert L. Moore. Self and Liberation: The Jung-Buddhism Dialogue.New York: Paulist Press, 1992.Monte Grande (What is Life?): The New Documentary with Francisco Varela. Prod. & Dir.Franz Reichle. DVD. T&C Film, 2003.Pickering, John. The Authority of Experience: Essays on Buddhism and Psychology. London: Curzon Press, 1997.Rhyner, Bruno. Morita Psychotherapy and Zen Buddhism: A Comparison of Theoretical Concepts. Psychologia 31.1 (1988): 7-14.Rubin, Jeffrey B. Psychotherapy and Buddhism: Toward an Integration. New York: Plenum Press, 1996.Segal, Z. V., J. M. G. Williams, & J. D. Teasdale. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: The Guilford Press, 2002.Shainberg, Diane. Chasing Elephants: Healing Psychologically with Buddhist Wisdom. 1st ed. New York: Asti-Rahman Books, 2000.。

超个人心理学的基本思想与佛教涅盘说的相通之处

超个人心理学的基本思想与佛教涅盘说的相通之处

超个人心理学的基本思想与佛教涅槃说的相通之处!∀詹伟鸿(江西师范大学∀政法学院,南昌∀330022)提要:∀超个人心理学是以超越性精神体验为研究对象,它吸收东方许多传统的哲学、宗教理论。

涅槃作为佛教修行所要达到的最高目的,是佛教的核心理念之一。

超个人心理学的意识理论与涅槃有相同之处,两者在人性基础、通往超越性精神体验的方式上有相似之处,但也有分歧。

关键词:∀超个人心理学;涅槃;意识谱中图分类号:∀B84-069∀∀文献标识码:∀A∀∀文章编号:∀1003-3637(2006)05-0221-04∀∀一、超个人心理学与涅槃思想简介超个人心理学(transpersonal psycho logy)是20世纪60年代末70年代初,马斯洛(A.H.M aslo w)、萨蒂奇(A.J.Su ti ch)等人在吸收道教、佛教、禅宗、瑜伽等传统东方文明成果之后建立的一种当代心理学流派。

它继马斯洛开创人本主义心理学之后,自称为心理学的#第四势力∃。

从字面上讲,#超个人∃一词的含义是超越个体的人或精神,即超越通常的自我的界限,超越时空的人类意识的扩展和转换,萨蒂奇在说明超个人心理学的研究对象时曾指出:#这种新出现的超个人心理学特别关注对成长、个人和种族的超越需要、终极价值、统一的意识、高峰体验、存在价值、神入、神秘体验、敬畏、存在、自我实现、本质、极乐、惊叹、终极意义、超越自我、精神、一体性、宇宙意识、个人与种族的协同一致、最高的人际了解、日常生活的神圣化、超越现象、宇宙的自我幽默和嬉戏、最高的觉知、反应与表达,以及相关的概念、经验和活动等实证的与科学的研究,对它们的认真贯彻实施和研究发现。

∃[1]不难看出,超个人心理学研究的是对人的发展至关重要的超越精神和信念系统。

他们中的许多人还研究致幻剂、静修、僧侣和神秘家的经验记载以及临床上的观察,揭示一些神秘经验的奥秘,以更全面地了解人类的内外部经验和行为。

由于人类意识心理的极端复杂,作为超个人心理学研究对象的人类高级精神生活和意识状态转换更具极大的难度和主观色彩,因此他们大多主张心理学理论体系和方法的整合。

心理学在中国传统文化中的思考

心理学在中国传统文化中的思考在中国传统文化中,心理学这个领域似乎没有被赋予过多的重视。

古代的哲学家们论述的是道德和人生意义,而当代心理学所关心的是人类的心理和行为。

然而,若我们从另一个角度审视中国传统文化,我们不难发现,其中包含了深刻的人性思考与心理智慧。

本文将在此基础上探讨心理学在中国传统文化中的思考,并尝试回答一些关键问题:在传统文化中,哪些概念或原则可被归为心理学范畴内?从中国传统文化中的哪些智慧,可提供于当代心理学的借鉴或启示?一、心理学的诞生与成长心理学自其成立之初,就一直在探寻人类的本质和内在状态。

无论是传统文化还是当代心理科学,都试图探究人类的心理机制,以及人在不同环境下对外界刺激的反应。

心理学的历史可以追溯到古希腊哲学家亚里士多德,他曾经详尽论述了它的许多基本概念和理论。

随着时间的推移,心理学进化为越来越科学化的领域,在不断地解决新的问题和挑战。

心理学的研究范围从单一的主题扩大到多个学科的交叉领域,如神经学、哲学、人类学、社会学等。

二、传统文化中人性和爱的理念中国传统文化中谈及人性和爱都显得非常重要。

孔子所倡导的“仁爱”概念几乎可以视为情感教育与情感心理学的基础。

孔子认为,所有的人都能够理解“仁”的含义,即关心他人的痛苦和不幸,愿意为他人的利益付出行动。

他进一步强调了“仁爱”对个人和社会的重要性,说道:“孝悌、忠信、仁爱、公正、信用、和平,这六种美德是我一生追求的目标。

”在中国文化中,“情”也是一个非常重要的概念。

人们常说“情比金坚”,意思是情感比金钱更为坚实不透。

同时,“爱情”和“人情”也是经常被聊起的话题,它们在中国传统文化中占有非常重要的地位。

特别是在中国的文艺作品中,爱情故事是尤其重要的题材之一。

例如《红楼梦》中的我慢成仁、贾宝玉的前世今生等等。

三、中医的人体认知中医认为,人的身体是一个系统,内部的五脏六腑相互关联,互相依存,在不同状态之间保持恒定的平衡。

中医还研究了人体的经络系统,并通过按摩和针灸等方式促进健康。

如何化解前世债务(3篇)

第1篇一、引言前世债务,这个神秘的词汇,源自古老的传说和宗教信仰。

它指的是前世的业力、恩怨和债务,影响着今生的命运。

在现代社会,人们对于前世债务的信仰和探索愈发浓厚。

那么,如何化解前世债务,实现心灵解脱呢?本文将从佛教、心理学、传统文化等多个角度,为您揭示化解前世债务的方法。

二、前世债务的来源1.佛教观点:佛教认为,前世债务是因缘果报的体现。

前世所积累的善恶行为,会形成今生的因缘,进而产生债务。

化解前世债务,就是消除这些因缘,达到心灵的解脱。

2.心理学观点:心理学家认为,前世债务是潜意识中的心理负担。

这些心理负担可能源于过去的创伤、痛苦、恐惧等,影响着今生的心理健康。

化解前世债务,就是消除这些心理负担,实现心灵的平衡。

3.传统文化观点:在中国传统文化中,前世债务与“报应”观念密切相关。

化解前世债务,就是消除业力,实现善恶循环的平衡。

三、化解前世债务的方法1.佛教方法(1)修行:通过修行,如打坐、念经、持咒等,净化心灵,消除业力。

修行可以让我们了解前世债务的根源,从而有针对性地化解。

(2)布施:布施是佛教中化解业力的有效方法。

通过布施财物、智慧、慈悲等,消除前世债务。

(3)忏悔:忏悔是佛教中化解业力的关键。

通过忏悔,我们能够认识到自己的过错,从而消除业力。

2.心理学方法(1)心理治疗:通过心理治疗,如心理咨询、心理辅导等,挖掘潜意识中的心理负担,消除前世债务。

(2)认知行为疗法:通过调整认知,改变负面思维,消除心理负担。

(3)放松训练:通过放松训练,如瑜伽、冥想等,缓解心理压力,消除前世债务。

3.传统文化方法(1)行善积德:通过行善积德,如助人为乐、扶贫济困等,消除业力。

(2)祭祀:通过祭祀祖先、神灵等,表达敬意,消除业力。

(3)信仰:坚定信仰,如佛教、道教等,借助宗教力量化解业力。

四、化解前世债务的注意事项1.正确认识:正确认识前世债务,不要将其视为迷信,而是作为一种心灵解脱的方法。

2.循序渐进:化解前世债务需要时间和耐心,要循序渐进,不可急功近利。

佛教思想寻求内心的平静与智慧

佛教思想寻求内心的平静与智慧佛教是一种源于古印度的宗教与哲学体系,其核心思想是通过修炼来寻求内心的平静与智慧。

佛教强调了解自己、超越烦恼与苦难的重要性,以及通过正念与慈悲来实现内在和谐。

本文将探索佛教思想对于追求内心平静与智慧的启示与指导。

一、了解自己佛教认为,了解自己是达到内心平静与智慧的第一步。

我们往往被自我认知上的执着束缚,难以看清自己的本质和真实需求。

佛教通过观照身心的实际状态,以及深入思考自己的欲望和苦恼的根源,来帮助人们认识自己。

为了实现这一目标,佛教提倡正念(Mindfulness)的修炼。

正念是一种全然投入当下的心态,能使我们接纳和觉察自己的思想、感受和行为。

通过正念的实践,我们能够更加清晰地认知自己的内心世界,从而减少焦虑、压力和困惑。

二、超越烦恼与苦难佛教认为,内心的平静与智慧需要超越烦恼与苦难的束缚。

佛教经典中提到,“生活中必然伴随着痛苦”,而痛苦的根源来自于欲望与执着。

佛教通过解脱欲望与执着,来帮助人们摆脱苦难的循环。

修行者需要通过内省与冥想,觉察并减少贪欲、愤怒和无明等负面情绪。

通过专注于当下的经验,修行者可以逐渐超越对过去和未来的执着,体验到内在的平静与智慧。

三、正念与慈悲正念和慈悲是佛教修行中不可或缺的元素,它们互为辅助,引导修行者实现内心的平静与智慧。

正念可以让我们在生活中更加意识到自己的思维、情感和行为。

当我们正念地体验当下的一切,我们能够摆脱自我中心的念头,从而减少烦恼与焦虑,达到内在平静的境地。

慈悲则是关爱他人、利他行善的心态。

佛教强调,通过慈悲与同情心,我们能够培养宽容与善良的品德,并将这种心态扩展到所有的众生之中。

通过以慈悲心对待他人,我们能够培养出更加平和开放的内心状态。

四、实现内在和谐佛教思想的最终目标是实现内在和谐,即通过认识自己、超越烦恼与苦难、培养正念与慈悲,使内心达到平静与智慧的最高境界。

佛教通过提供修行方法,如冥想、般若波罗蜜多等,来帮助修行者培养内心的平静与智慧。

佛教文化对自己的启发

佛教文化对自己的启发之前对佛教并不是太了解,只是爷爷奶奶会经常去寺庙里面拜佛,知道到佛教是世界三大教之一。

再后来读大学以后,因为自己学的是心理学,所以经常会看一些书,知道佛学在心理学中是有些运用的,佛学的理念有些跟心理学的治疗理念非常相似,并且很多心理学上的治疗方法都是借鉴了佛学中的一些方法,如教人们怎么静心,怎么忘掉烦恼,怎么不受周围环境的影响等等。

佛学上的许多小故事也会影射出一个大道理并让我们身受启发,这跟心理学上让咨询者从心理咨询师所分析的事件中明白一些道理是一样的。

所以在学习文化心理学后,对佛教与心理学的联系了解得更加深刻了。

在阅读完老师的书和博客后,让自己学到了很多东西,也对佛教有了更深的认识,对自己的所学的心理学也有了很大的帮助。

虽然,老师的博客中很多经文自己不是正真的太了解,但是从中的一些小故事却阐述着大道理,如原来这块石头是热的,你就是你一生要找寻的佛,如何赶走这头驴等等。

这些小故事对自己有着很大的启发和感悟。

有的时候我们常常静不下心来,每天为外界事物所干扰,越来越浮躁,越来越偏离本心,迷失自己,受到外界的各种诱惑,最后不知道自己想要什么,结果浑浑噩噩的过完一生。

而干扰我们的常常就是我们自己心中的那头驴,我们也在不断的寻找解决的方法,但是也正因为自己太在意了,所以越想忘记就越忘不掉。

而很多事情,我若不着相,事事本解脱。

这就是佛教说的,“我若无心于万事,何妨万事常围绕。

”有的时候我在想,为什么我们会更容易感受到烦恼,而身边的幸福却往往会忽略。

这就像小狗咬自己的尾巴,他以为尾巴不是自己身上的,拼命想要去咬到,可是他不知道尾巴在自己身上。

这不是就像人们在寻找幸福一样吗?幸福在自己身上,却还要千山万水的去找寻,有的时候生活中的点点滴滴被我们习以为常了,以至于我们再也发现不了其中的小幸福,生活的棱角也被我们一点一点磨平,最后没有一点新意,没有一点乐趣,我们的幸福感也就越来越下降了。

其实,那块捂热的石头就在我们的口袋里,但我们却在不经意间把他给扔掉了,我们的幸福也就在这不经意间给扔掉了。

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“佛家心理学,从知识智慧、体验精神两个侧面,以无明缘起和爱贪缘起为根源,建立价值心理学和批判的人生观,并进而概括为阿赖耶识缘起和业感缘起理论,以建立三世业果轮回理论,说明人生发展的历程及其因果。

知、情两分及缘起,似乎是心理学性质的;人生观似乎是哲学性质的;而业果轮回似乎是伦理性质的。

三世业果缘起理论,若排除伦理性,又似乎是一部发展心理学。

看上去,佛家心理学分支烦广,但在佛教,这是统一的,是人生觉道之所由。

佛家心理学如此繁广,但可以用一种概观的方法,从整体上把握:“佛家心理学,可分为求真与致用两个部分。

求真的心理学,是基础心理学部分,如蕴处界三科之类;致用的心理学,是应用心理学,如食论、业果轮回论、解脱论。

有关理论,可以参考现代心理学与哲学分科予以概观分判。

列表如下:┌机能心理学——五蕴论├现象心理学——心所论,如百法明门论┌基础理论┼要素心理学——处论、界论│├过程心理学——缘起论│├生理心理学——根本识理论、一味蕴理论、根边蕴理论、阿陀那识理论、阿赖耶识理论。

┤├发展心理学——轮回论、相续论、食论、业力论。

│└生命心理学——处理论、烦恼杂染理论、轮回理论等。

│┌认知心理学——发智理论、般若理论、唯识理论。

└应用理论┤└人生觉道心理学——无我论、禅修理论、解脱论。

在机能心理学方面,五蕴理论,给出了一个心理机能系统,建立了一个系统模型。

凡是属于基础领域的所有理论,都可以在五蕴体系中找到自己的位置,因此五蕴是一种范式理论。

这是释迦牟尼佛本人创立的理论。

现象心理学方面,以心所论为代表。

以心所有法的形式,观察基本的心理现象,并进行归类,试图归属于一定的机能体系之下。

这种理论,在释迦牟尼佛时代并不盛行,但在某些部派佛教中得到独立发展,并以王所相应的理论形式反映心理现象与心理机能之间的关系。

相应理论,是一种普遍的哲学思维产物,指现象与本质、功能活动与机能主体之间的对应符合关系。

作为一种基本的理则,北传佛教中有“相应因”,南传佛教中有“相应缘”,瑜伽行派更广说“相应”以为自己的标志和根本原理。

瑜伽意即相应。

这种理论,企图自下而上地建立统一的心王,但由于脱离了五蕴体系,缺乏统合的有效模式和体系性,虽然拓宽了心理现象的观察,但丢掉了整体的把握,最后漏洞百出,散漫无归,几乎葬送了佛家心理学。

目前只能作为入门参考。

要素心理学方面,以处论、界论为代表。

界论,主要按认识论的三要素观察知识活动的一般原理。

三要素是能缘、所缘、缘得。

即根—境—识三,如眼色为缘能生眼识。

能缘,通俗地讲是根,正确地讲,是认识的主体。

能缘,又称能量,释迦牟尼佛以界为论,部派佛教中下则以根为论,上则以智为论,称为能量智。

后学所存在的问题是:脱离不了、能缘者或量者的实体论倾向,而界理论没有这种过失。

所缘,又称所缘缘、所量,又称境界缘,通俗地讲为客尘,上则称为境界缘、唯识境。

大致地说:只要能摆脱客在实体观念,准确地把握境界的感官属性,就符合佛家的理论。

这与现代存在哲学、心理意义上的现象论、心理基础研究,是完全一致的。

缘得,即认识结果,如知识、观念,为量果。

缘得理论,重点观察认知的获得过程,不同时代的大德运用禅观内省,仔细观察过呈现、思维、排除与遮返、印合、决定(再判断)、理解、新知、重认等心理过程,非常精细,产生了佛家哲学中最深邃的理论,深深地影响了印度哲学。

这些理论中的相当部分,在近代西方哲学理论中被重新发现。

界理论,作为认识论哲学,在释迦牟尼佛那里,是被优先重视的,原因在于他认为可能通过智慧解决人生问题。

在《杂阿含》中,释迦牟尼佛常说:“我以知见得尽诸漏,非不知见。

”通过认识论的智慧道路,可以“不修方便,随顺成就”(《杂阿含·蕴颂》第46经),是利根顿悟法门。

界论的传统,到二至五世纪期间,直接演变为量论与逻辑哲学,其成熟的形态,在上世纪末才通过藏文转译到汉地,现在刚刚开始。

但现代佛教的体制、人材、精神、意志都不足以追领世界先进思想,正在无可挽回的继续衰落下去,对这些理论的继承也难以胜任,更不用说发展了。

处理论,是从生命角度观察人生精神体验,基本理论是内外入处感应相入,构成心理体验和精神活动。

处理论,主要说明体验的染净,特别重视情渗漏。

部派佛教面临着一般的社会需要和比丘修行的现实,把处理论提到比界理论更优先的地位。

菩萨大乘,在心理伦理标准上,与声闻不同,他们认为体验方面,对小根基的人为染污,但对菩萨不为染污,菩萨的染污主要是无明。

在这种指导思想下,处理论是得不到充分重视的。

但精神卫生的主要问题,还是在感应体验方面,处理论仍是现实修心养性和医学心理学的重点。

因此,释迦牟尼佛对界、处的要素分析,不仅是要素心理学的一个代表,也奠定了按系统分科研究的基础。

过程心理学学,以缘起论为代表。

缘起论所研究的是心示传续、联结、环节、关系、条件、程序、规律。

上章已作了介绍。

释迦牟尼佛不仅建立了心理缘起的理论模型,用缘生缘起解释心理运动的过程,而且以此为基础建立了佛家特殊的哲学理论——缘起论。

缘起论,被视为正法的标志,后世发展也最丰富。

佛家应用心理学,几乎都是以缘起理论为号召,而且确实以缘起思想为理论工具。

至于心理生理学,在佛家一般是不正面宣传的,原因有二:一是担心凡夫以身为我而随入身见。

二是心理的生理基础的确对古人来说,是个难题。

但事实上,释迦牟尼佛本人就借鉴了当时的医学成就和东方自由思想中的合理因素,理论建立考虑得比较深细。

如界理论,稍有偏离就会变味。

释迦牟尼佛并不把五蕴系统看成是纯色身的(物质的)或纯精神的(心的、名性的)。

在六根六处理论中,明显是以身根统全心理功能的。

在他建立的缘起论中,就以“识”为根本,实质上就是一种身心和合体。

识与名色互缘,是最早的根本识—转识互变模型。

后世不正面说是身心和全体,或名色和合体,自释顾虑在于“我于凡夫不开演,恐彼分别执为我”。

如犊子部说有非离蕴即蕴的有情生命体,就被内部攻击为“有我”,几乎被视为外道。

但和合的生命体,在不同部派同,一直若明若暗地存在,而且各以哲学、心理学、生理学等角度在进行理论建立。

如主要活动于东方大众部,就说有“根本识”,这与释迦牟尼佛的识与名色互缘理论可说是后先相随的。

还有“一味蕴”理论,说无始以来(与生俱来)身心展转和全,一味而转。

“根边蕴”理论,即以“一味蕴”为根本,说五蕴都由此变现,无异于说心理机能活动由一种身心和合体变现,与根本识与转识二分且互变的理论,思路相同。

正量部承认有一个“无始始来界”,据说是根本佛教中就存在的理论。

犊子部建立“不可说我”,以解决身心统一体问题。

还有穷生死蕴,实以可见的生命体的一期存在为本。

《解深密经》提出阿陀那识是执持生命和身心体验(执受)的根本。

无著建立一个阿赖耶识为种子识,为储存名言、业力、烦恼等种子的库藏,并从认知心理学角度提出种子识是所知依,意谓大脑是认知活动的生理根依。

弥勒主张有根本识和转识,后来唯识学派就用种子与现行互变,来说明这种心理现象与心理机能体之间的关系,几乎恢复到释迦牟尼佛本人所说的识与名色表征相互为缘的理论模型上去了。

至于那个识体的本质是什么,佛家没有人认为有一个纯精神的实体,而普遍走向生理学路线,有部等部派在研究色根时,就提出了“细色根”的猜想,以区别粗显的肉体器官。

特别是“内法处”的实质是什么,大都按“细色根”的思路认为是一种精微不可见的微妙细色。

近代佛家直接把这个理论理解为神经和大脑。

这些心理生理思想,看来非常驳杂,但基本方向是一致的。

也有少数从纯哲学的角度建立这种生命的统一体,称为如来藏或如来藏心,但那只是顺应玄学家的方便,在务实的佛家心理学派中,没有地位。

佛家心理学思想的吸引力之一,就是包括心理生理学思想在内的科学精神。

以五蕴机能体系为统摄,运用心理现象和要素分析为具体内容,实现心理过程一般规律的总结,并且把生理与心理的相互关系也纳入缘起体系,这是释迦牟尼佛基础心理学方面的实态。

在《阿含》中,时常可以感到这种理论形态。

应用心理学,在释迦牟尼佛,是从食理论、谛理论、缘理论、道品理论为具体内容而展开的;后世的发展,有专科分化趋势,但都紧密地与实践结合在一起。

以现代观之,佛家的应用心理学,主要有:心理发展原理、心理生命原理、认知原理、人生觉道原理等,侧重于个人安心立命等人生应用。

心理发展原理,现代属于发展心理学。

但古代佛家的心理发展思想,是以轮回论、业力论、相续论、食论等形式表现出来的。

最早是瀑流论、食论,其后是业力论、轮回论。

佛家心理发展观,大致有三个特点:一是身心不二,认为心理的发展变化与心理的发展变化相关的,从婴幼儿时期心识智慧增长,青年达到顶峰,到老年精神下衰。

这个观点,在现代先天智能的研究中,已得到证明。

二是有阶段性,大致的阶段划分,是从经验获得的。

三是对发展的因素,多结合人生伦理来讲,阐明因果关系,以便对修养和人生自我改造有指导作用,落实到具体问题上,就是业力与修行。

善业修养的教诲,所重视的是后天因素对人格完善、人生圆满的价值。

论毕生心理发展,各家立足点虽不同,但相续论是贯穿始终的,如一心相续论、穷生死蕴论,都是指终生性身心发展变化。

结合业力论述三世因果,无非是从现在得失悟昨日之是非,以儆当来。

佛教本是无常论者,主张人生是一个相续之流,目的是实现人生自主,不被漂溺。

生命的心理原理,主要从生命的侧面观察人类精神活动,中心问题是三个:一者需要,如食、色、睡眠,非理需求则沦为贪。

二者情感,如爱、嗔、慢,总是烦恼,是引起精神不安的主要原因,都是被批判的。

三者动机,如希望、愿欲、意志,都是有为,总会起惑造业,感生当来后有果报,是招致苦报的原因。

其要旨在于说明低级生命的存在,是受三毒五盖支配的,充满了蒙昧(无明)、不净(杂染),应当觉醒、升华、超越之(心解脱)。

从其基础理论来看,说明生命问题主要业力与入处理论为中心,在五蕴体系中是侧重于以受蕴与行蕴系统的。

出路是心解脱,即消除烦恼障、业障、有为障,实现精神解放。

这是讲究伦理道德修养的,特别强调厌离不正当嗜欲、化解情欲和端正动机,从而“自净其心”、“自净其志意”,实现精神升华。

如律藏所说:“善护于口言,自净其志意,身莫作诸恶,此三业清净,是大仙人道。

”总之,以生命净化为特征。

一般来说,对心理体系性的知识要求并不高,有点常识性心理知识即可。

事实上,其一般论述和修养教导,也不出常识心理学范围。

有关理论中的深隐部分,通常以随眠理论及阿赖耶识等理论说明,但由于其表征不明显,在意识领域中往往是非意识的(随眠的),故在理论上清晰度不够。

对高级的生命感受和体认,其现象和机制,虽然有随眠等理论,但在传统佛教中论述还是不如其认知理论发达。

实质上,生命心理学原理,总是接近于生理一方、接近体验一方,属于精神意识方面,传统称为“情识”,与知识智慧是不同的侧面。

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