(完整版)英文文献及翻译_基于互联网_可靠性信息系统毕业论文
英文文献原文译文--Linux
1.1. History1.1.1. UNIXIn order to understand the popularity of Linux, we need to travel back in time, about 30 years ago... Imagine computers as big as houses, even stadiums. While the sizes of those computers posed substantial problems, there was one thing that made this even worse: every computer had a different operating system. Software was always customized to serve a specific purpose, and software for one given system didn't run on another system. Being able to work with one system didn't automatically mean that you could work with another. It was difficult, both for the users and the system administrators.Computers were extremely expensive then, and sacrifices had to be made even after the original purchase just to get the users to understand how they worked. The total cost of IT was enormous. Technologically the world was not quite that advanced, so they had to live with the size for another decade. In 1969, a team of developers in the Bell Labs laboratories started working on a solution for the software problem, to address these compatibility issues. They developed a new operating system, which wassimple and elegantwritten in the C programming language instead of in assembly codeable to recycle code.The Bell Labs developers named their project "UNIX."The code recycling features were very important. Until then, all commercially available computer systems were written in a code specifically developed for one system. UNIX on the other hand needed only a small piece of that special code, which is now commonly named the kernel. This kernel is the only piece of code that needs to be adapted for every specific system and forms the base of the UNIX system. The operating system and all other functions were built around this kernel and written in a higher programming language, C. This language was especially developed for creating the UNIX system. Using this new technique, it was much easier to develop an operating system that could run on many different types of hardware.The software vendors were quick to adapt, since they could sell ten times more software almost effortlessly. Weird new situations came in existence: imagine for instance computers from different vendors communicating in the same network, or users working on different systems without the need for extra education to use another computer. UNIX did a great deal to help users become compatible with different systems.Throughout the next couple of decades the development of UNIX continued. More things became possible to do and more hardware and software vendors added support for UNIX to their products. UNIX was initially found only in very large environments with mainframes and minicomputers <note that a PC is a "micro" computer>. You had to work at a university, for the government or for large financial corporations in order to get your hands on a UNIX system.But smaller computers were being developed, and by the end of the 80's, many people had home computers. By that time, there were several versions of UNIX available for the PC architecture, but none of them were truly free.1.1.3. Current application of Linux systemsToday Linux has joined the desktop market. Linux developers concentrated on networking and services in the beginning, and office applications have been the last barrier to be taken down. We don't like to admit that Microsoft is ruling this market, so plenty of alternatives have been started over the last couple of years to make Linux an acceptable choice as a workstation, providing an easy user interface and MS compatible office applications like word processors, spreadsheets, presentations and the like.On the server side, Linux is well-known as a stable and reliable platform, providing database and trading services for companies like Amazon, the well-known online bookshop, US Post Office, the German army and such. Especially Internet providers and Internet service providers have grown fond of Linux as firewall, proxy- and web server, and you will find a Linux box within reach of every UNIX system administrator who appreciates a comfortable management station. Clusters of Linux machines are used in the creation of movies such as "Titanic" , "Shrek" and others. In post offices,they are the nerve centers that route mail and in large search engine, clusters are used to perform internet searches.These are only a few of the thousands of heavy-duty jobs that Linux is performing day-to-day across the world.It is also worth to note that modern Linux not only runs on workstations, mid- and high-end servers, but also on "gadgets" like PDA's, mobiles, a shipload of embedded applications and even on experimental wristwatches. This makes Linux the only operating system in the world covering such a wide range of hardware.1.2. The user interface1.2.1. Is Linux difficult?Whether Linux is difficult to learn depends on the person you're asking. Experienced UNIX users will say no, because Linux is an ideal operating system for power-users and programmers, because it has been and is being developed by such people.Everything a good programmer can wish for is available: compilers, libraries, development and debugging tools. These packages come with every standard Linux distribution. The C-compiler is included for free, all the documentation and manuals are there, and examples are often included to help you get started in no time. It feels like UNIX and switching between UNIX and Linux is a natural thing.In the early days of Linux, being an expert was kind of required to start using the system. . It was common practice to tell a beginning user to "RTFM" <read the manuals>. While the manuals were on every system, it was difficult to find the documentation, and even if someone did, explanations were in such technical terms that the new user became easily discouraged from learning the system.The Linux-using community started to realize that if Linux was ever to be an important player on the operating system market, there had to be some serious changes in the accessibility of the system.1.2.2. Linux for non-experienced usersCompanies such as RedHat, SuSE and Mandrake have sprung up, providing packaged Linux distributions suitable for mass consumption. They integrated a great deal of graphical user interfaces <GUIs>, developed by the community, in order to ease management of programs and services. As a Linux user today you have all the means of getting to know your system inside out, but it is no longer necessary to have that knowledge in order to make the system comply to your requests.Nowadays you can log in graphically and start all required applications without even having to type a single character, while you still have the ability to access the core of the system if needed. Because of its structure, Linux allows a user to grow into the system: it equally fits new and experienced users. New users are not forced to do difficult things, while experienced users are not forced to work in the same way they did when they first started learning Linux.While development in the service area continues, great things are being done for desktop users, generally considered as the group least likely to know how a system works. Developers of desktop applications are making incredible efforts to make the most beautiful desktops you've ever seen, or to make your Linux machine look just like your former MS Windows or MacIntosh workstation. The latest developments also include 3D acceleration support and support for USB devices, single-click updates of system and packages, and so on. Linux has these, and tries to present all available services in a logical form that ordinary people can understand.1.3. Does Linux have a future?1.3.1. Open SourceThe idea behind Open Source software is rather simple: when programmers can read, distribute and change code, the code will mature. People can adapt it, fix it, debug it, and they can do it at a speed that dwarfs the performance of software developers at conventional companies. This software will be more flexible and of a better quality than software that has been developed using the conventional channels, because more people have tested it in more different conditions than the closed software developer ever can.The Open Source initiative started to make this clear to the commercial world, and very slowly, commercial vendors are starting to see the point. While lots of academics and technical people have already been convinced for 20 years now that this is the way to go, commercial vendors needed applications like the Internet to make them realize they can profit from Open Source. Now Linux hasgrown past the stage where it was almost exclusively an academic system, useful only to a handful of people with a technical background. Now Linux provides more than the operating system: there is an entire infrastructure supporting the chain of effort of creating an operating system, of making and testing programs for it, of bringing everything to the users, of supplying maintenance, updates and support and customizations, etcetera. Today, Linux is ready to accept the challenge of a fast-changing world.1.3.2. Ten years of experience at your serviceWhile Linux is probably the most well-known Open Source initiative, there is another project that contributed enormously to the popularity of the Linux operating system. This project is called SAMBA, and its achievement is the reverse engineering of the Server Message Block <SMB>/Common Internet File System <CIFS> protocol used for file- and print-serving on PC-related machines, natively supported by MS Windows NT and OS/2, and Linux. Packages are now available for almost every system and provide interconnection solutions in mixed environments using MS Windows protocols: Windows-compatible <up to and including Win2K> file- and print-servers. Maybe even more successful than the SAMBA project is the Apache HTTP server project. The server runs on UNIX, Windows NT and many other operating systems. Originally known as "A PAtCHy server" , based on existing code and a series of "patch files" , the name for the matured code deserves to be connoted with the native American tribe of the Apache, well-known for their superior skills in warfare strategy and inexhaustible endurance. Apache has been shown to be substantially faster, more stable and more feature-full than many other web servers. Apache is run on sites that get millions of visitors per day, and while no official support is provided by the developers, the Apache user community provides answers to all your questions. Commercial support is now being provided by a number of third parties.In the category of office applications, a choice of MS Office suite clones is available, ranging from partial to full implementations of the applications available on MS Windows workstations. These initiatives helped a great deal to make Linux acceptable for the desktop market, because the users don't need extra training to learn how to work with new systems. With the desktop comes the praise of the common users, and not only their praise, but also their specific requirements, which are growing more intricate and demanding by the day.The Open Source community, consisting largely of people who have been contributing for over half a decade, assures Linux' position as an important player on the desktop market as well as in general IT application. Paid employees and volunteers alike are working diligently so that Linux can maintain a position in the market. The more users, the more questions. The Open Source community makes sure answers keep coming, and watches the quality of the answers with a suspicious eye, resulting in ever more stability and accessibility.1.4. Properties of Linux1.4.1. Linux ProsA lot of the advantages of Linux are a consequence of Linux' origins, deeply rooted in UNIX, except for the first advantage, of course:Linux is free:As in free beer, they say. If you want to spend absolutely nothing, you don't even have to pay the price of a CD. Linux can be downloaded in its entirety from the Internet completely for free. No registration fees, no costs per user, free updates, and freely available source code in case you want to change the behavior of your system.Most of all, Linux is free as in free speech:The license commonly used is the GNU Public License <GPL>. The license says that anybody who may want to do so, has the right to change Linux and eventually to redistribute a changed version, on the one condition that the code is still available after redistribution. In practice, you are free to grab a kernel image, for instance to add support for teletransportation machines or time travel and sell your new code, as long as your customers can still have a copy of that code.Linux is portable to any hardware platform:A vendor who wants to sell a new type of computer and who doesn't know what kind of OS his new machine will run <say the CPU in your car or washing machine>, can take a Linux kernel and make it work on his hardware, because documentation related to this activity is freely available.Linux was made to keep on running:As with UNIX, a Linux system expects to run without rebooting all the time. That is why a lot of tasks are being executed at night or scheduled automatically for other calm moments, resulting in higher availability during busier periods and a more balanced use of the hardware. This property allows for Linux to be applicable also in environments where people don't have the time or the possibility to control their systems night and day.Linux is secure and versatile:The security model used in Linux is based on the UNIX idea of security, which is known to be robust and of proven quality. But Linux is not only fit for use as a fort against enemy attacks from the Internet: it will adapt equally to other situations, utilizing the same high standards for security. Your development machine or control station will be as secure as your firewall.Linux is scalable:From a Palmtop with 2 MB of memory to a petabyte storage cluster with hundreds of nodes: add or remove the appropriate packages and Linux fits all. You don't need a supercomputer anymore, because you can use Linux to do big things using the building blocks provided with the system. If you want to do little things, such as making an operating system for an embedded processor or just recycling your old 486, Linux will do that as well.The Linux OS and Linux applications have very short debug-times:Because Linux has been developed and tested by thousands of people, both errors and people to fix them are found very quickly. It often happens that there are only a couple of hours between discovery and fixing of a bug.1.4.2. Linux ConsThere are far too many different distributions:"Quot capites, tot rationes", as the Romans already said: the more people, the more opinions. At first glance, the amount of Linux distributions can be frightening, or ridiculous, depending on your point of view. But it also means that everyone will find what he or she needs. You don't need to be an expert to find a suitable release.When asked, generally every Linux user will say that the best distribution is the specific version he is using. So which one should you choose? Don't worry too much about that: all releases contain more or less the same set of basic packages. On top of the basics, special third party software is added making, for example, TurboLinux more suitable for the small and medium enterprise, RedHat for servers and SuSE for workstations. However, the differences are likely to be very superficial. The best strategy is to test a couple of distributions; unfortunately not everybody has the time for this. Luckily, there is plenty of advice on the subject of choosing your Linux. One place is LinuxJournal , which discusses hardware and support, among many other subjects. The Installation HOWTO also discusses choosing your distribution.Linux is not very user friendly and confusing for beginners:In light of its popularity, considerable effort has been made to make Linux even easier to use, especially for new users. More information is being released daily, such as this guide, to help fill the gap for documentation available to users at all levels.Is an Open Source product trustworthy?How can something that is free also be reliable? Linux users have the choice whether to use Linux or not, which gives them an enormous advantage compared to users of proprietary software, who don't have that kind of freedom. After long periods of testing, most Linux users come to the conclusion that Linux is not only as good, but in many cases better and faster that the traditional solutions. If Linux were not trustworthy, it would have been long gone, never knowing the popularity it has now, with millions of users. Now users can influence their systems and share their remarks with the community, so the system gets better and better every day. It is a project that is never finished, that is true, but in an ever changing environment, Linux is also a project that continues to strive for perfection.1.1。
毕业论文外文文献原文及翻译
北京联合大学毕业论文外文原文及译文题目：网络口碑营销策略研究专业：工商管理指导教师：吴印玲学院：管理学院学号： 2010110404332 班级： 20101104043 姓名：杨倩一、外文原文Traditional media and word of mouth is always intertwined——Sanofi Wizz, (U.S.) The past, often produced media advertising professionals, these elements arewritten by the reporter, edited revision last beautifully packaged and then. Now, wehave moved away from the presentation of this refined and processed. Now, we havelost the patience to watch the beautiful advertising audience, after all, the advertisingsales media, exhibition, broadcast, very difficult to have as in the past, forcing theaudience had watched.Now, people can search engines and blog, like la carte as on-demand news. Peopledo not always read the story of the original, on the contrary, people can go deep intothe intermediate links, links, reading these stories. You are free to enter into a certainperson's blog, the three of you search the contents of the things this person involved inthe blog, but for such content, you know nothing about this person's blog, you canalso link more blog to other content. Now posted on the website's content is often raw,authentic things, the search engine provided by the consumer to capture thisinformation, these unrestrained, not veiled, to the point of thinking they unfoldedbefore our front. Bloggers have become a thinking experts, they are full-text excerpts,after re-arrangement and combination, and then offer to the general audience,dedicated to those willing to receive such information.Even the norms of the kind of news articles, can not get rid of the threat of thevoice of the customer. Now, many traditional media have chosen a new way, theirstories and popular blog title link to completely break the news editor of the shacklesof the wall and the ring caught. Although the official news story is statically publishedon a web page, however, the side of the page link will automatically displayinformation from the blog - the content is no editorial filter. Soon, we will be from thehand of the newspaper to see the contents of this form.Let us look at the work in public relations representative. The public relations onbehalf of young, hard-working, newspapers high in a gesture to see a fictional story,the story with his client. So he give colleagues sent an e-mail related things to tellthem, and then turned around and walked into the boss's office, told the boss the news. However, when he reach the boss's office, when his boss to remove the page, the story has long been endemic - the next in the story, already appeared threatening the blog title.Therefore, you have to do is: to ensure a true, reliable reputation. We can not control the customer comments, so be sure to keep in mind, the finished article, does not mean the end of the public relations. Our goal is to continue to win the good reputation on the basis for sustainable development.For those who do not keep their promise to businesses, the search engines so that they feel especially frightened. Let us take a look, if you spend a lot of money, engine marketing activities, there will be what kind of situation. Designed some very fine small ads on the bottom of the page that says: "click here, great." Of course, web pages, more links are from real consumers, you'd better is to make consumers happy, satisfied, otherwise, they released post will overwhelm any other paid advertising posts.We take a look at the practice and suffered a large cable company, not to mention its name, the companies often do not fulfill their service contract, the customer service very poor quality, often offensive to customers, so repeatedly, so that customersvery angry. If you have online access to this company, you will see what kind of information? We see expensive advertising, news stories from the official reports - as well as messages posted by thousands of angry customers. We are pleased to see that this company do a little hands and feet, and consumer reviews changes to their advertising and they put together, they are never likely to again spend money on online advertising.Why is there such a result? Blog written by those who complain, blame or words of praise, how will have a big impact, far more than the influence of the "Times" or "Newsweek"? The reason is that the blogger is a member of our team - and the team search for the information, the team members concerned about them through word of mouth to share these views and opinions. If certain members of the team rant, saying that a piece of software suddenly, inexplicably, on the hard drive removed, his criticism and scolding will be hundreds of other sites excerpt, and every one website has its own followers. In this way, everyone, whenever you see one such comments will immediately Click to view details - so they can know in the end destroy that personal computer which software company.Each of a traditional newspaper or magazine, has 1 000 sites corresponding to In today's media than traditional media have more freedom and an independent voice. Moreover, it can be more convenient, fast and cheap to see some new comments, so these remarks spread more widely.Must learn to adapt to such a complex, chaotic world. Must know, people have been talking about you, their words positive and profound content of the speech, and everywhere.Marketing staff ignored these remarks will be seen as cold and incompetent, and will not be able to attract attention and attention. Marketers learned how to interact with clients, learn how to participate in customer reviews, learn how to make people's comments play an active role in the learning will flourish.二、译文传统媒体和口碑永远交织在一起——(美)塞诺威兹过去，往往是专业人员为我们制作媒体广告，这些内容都是由记者撰写、经过编辑校订，最后经过精美包装而后提供的。
英文文献翻译
Information Systems Strategy1What is a Business Strategy?During the last two decades the information industry has a more important position in the national economy.Every business should have a business strategy - this is a long-term plan which shows the direction the business is taking. The business strategy provides an agreed set of objectives for the business.To formulate a business strategy, a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) may be carried out to identify internal and external factors that have an impact on the business.Threats might include competitors who can come up with better products or over-reliance on a particular supplier. IT can be used to improve security and this can prevent competitors stealing product ideas.A business strategy might, for example, include plans for new products and new markets, it might involve selling the business or buying other businesses.A business strategy is important because it allows resources to be targeted and also because it allows the shareholders, customers, banks and employees (the “stakeholders” of the business) to see that the business is taking account of their interests. repository to lead the way in the implementation of ISS4PS. In view of the Force‟s position it seems that adopting NSPIS systems will be a retrograde step unless the force does not already have a system with the capabilities offered by the NSPIS product.2 Information SystemIn a general sense, the term information system (IS) refers to a system of persons, data records and activities that process the data and information in an organization, and it includes the organization's manual and automated processes. In a narrow sense, the term information system (or computer-based information system) refers to the specific application software that is used to store data records in a computer system and automates some of the information-processing activities of the organization. Computer-based information systems are in the field ofinformation technology. The discipline of Business process modelling describes the business processes supported by information systems.The Information Management Strategy‟s purpose of this document is to define the technical and information architecture needed to ensure the Information Management Strategy can be implemented. These documents are split as information management principles are long-term objectives and unlikely to change in the medium term. However computing and ommunications is advancing at a rapid rate, therefore the technology employed to meet the I. M. objectives is likely to change in the short to medium term. Hence, the Information Systems Strategy can be reviewed the regular intervals to take advantage of advances in technology of the overall goals of information management stay constant.3 Types of Information systemsFrom prior studies and experiences with information systems there are at least four classes of information systems:Transaction processing systemsManagement information systemsDecision support systemsExpert systemsBusiness intelligence4 Information System developmentThe IT Department partly governs the information technology development, use, application and influence on a business or corporation. A computer based information system, following a definition of Langefors[4], is a technologically implemented medium for recording, storing, and disseminating linguistic expressions, as well as for drawing conclusions from such expressions. which can be formulated as a generalized information systems design mathematical program.5 Formulating an Information System StrategyThe Information Systems Strategy is one part of the business strategy. It will inevitably require resources and it may require a change in working practices within the organisation.The I.T. strategy is concerned with the planning, introduction and use of IT resources for the benefit of the whole organisation.In formulating this strategy, it is important to identify the information needs of the organisation. It must be led by the needs of the organisation and not by the availability of the technology.The main factors that contribute to the success of an IT strategy are commitmentfrom senior management, adequate resources and sufficient training.6 End-User ComputingEnd-users are the people who extract information from the management information system. Traditionally, the computer professionals within the organisation developed the computer systems and controlled the output. Nowadays end-users have got much more involved. They can have access to productivity applications, which they can use to develop their own systems e.g. a business manager may create a spreadsheet to work out forecasts.The “monopolist”approach is to strictly control end-user development. The “laissez-faire”approach is to encourage end-user systems development to expand.Advantages of the Monopolist Approach:(1) It can ensure that the whole organisation is using a common system - noincompatibility issues.(2) Data files and staff can transfer between departments.(3) It ensures that systems are developed by experts who will produce efficient systems with proper documentation.(4) It allows the control of data and reduces the threat to data security.Advantages of the Laissez-Faire Approach:(1) Needs of end-users can be met without waiting for time or funds to become available.(2) The organisation can unleash the creativity/talent of its workforce.(3) End-users will get the system they want if they develop it themselves.5Areas of workInformation Systems has a number of different areas of work:Information Systems StrategyInformation Systems ManagementInformation Systems DevelopmentThere are a wide variety of career paths in the information systems discipline. "Workers with specialized technical knowledge and strong communications skills will have the best prospects.People with management skills and an understanding of business practices and principles will have excellent opportunities, as companies are increasingly looking to technology to drive their revenue."7 Using ICT to Gain a Competitive AdvantageAn important part of the information systems strategy is to show how ICT can be used to gain a competitive advantage. This can be achieved by:(1) ICT can be used to keep costs low - How?(2) ICT can be used to produce better products - How?(3) ICT can be used to develop new products - How?(4) ICT can be used to keep customers, thereby gaining repeat business - How?8 Facilities ManagementIT costs can be unpredictable, so instead of investing in their own IT system, a business could decide to lease the system. They would pay a fixed monthly fee and all repairs and maintenance would be the responsibility of the facilities management company. This is an ideal solution for smaller businesses.The force will employ a number of different communication infrastructures so that officers and support staff may communicate via voice, clients may communicate with the Data Hub and the force may communicate with external organisations. All data communications over the infrastructures described here will use the TCP/IP protocol. During the period covered by this strategy voice communications will move towards using Voice over IP (VIOIP) protocols, especially over the Wide Area Network.(1) Local Area Network (LAN).Every station which has more than one workstation has a LAN. In themajority of locations of the LAN has a 10 Mbits-1 backbone while more and more workstations are provided with a switched 100 Mbits-1 connection. Over the coming years asfunds and time allows all LANs will be upgraded to provide 100 Mbits-1 connections to every workstation.(2) Wide Area Network (WAN).A Wide Area Network connects all Dyfed-Powys premises. This has been designed to be flexible allowing bandwidth and services to be enhanced as and when required. In order to comply with the ACPO Community Security policy our network has been accredited to carry …Restricted‟ traffic. The information carried by HOLMES II and VISOR have been classified as …Confidential‟, therefore, encryption technology has been used to allow our network to carry the …Confidential‟ traffic.Airwave.Airwave is now operational in the force and has provided greatly improved coverage when compared with the old VHF Network. This will now enable us to move into mobile data as the Force area was previously not well covered by the commercial providers of mobile data networks.GPRS, PSTN etc.The ACPO Mobile Data Strategy advocates a mobile data infrastructure which is independent of the bearer. In keeping with the strategy the force will use a variety of methods to connect a mobile data terminal to the Data Hub. These will include, but will not be confined to Airwave, GPRS, GSM and PSTN.12 Technical EnvironmentThis section describes the technical environment in which information systems will be implemented in the force. The following diagram,although much simplified, illustrates the technical architecture adopted. The descriptions below of the main elements of the technical architecture and not meant to be detailed technical and configuration specifications as these will change quite often as technology advances. A separate document detailing the configuration of each of the technicalarchitecture components will be available.Clients.The force will adopt three standard clients through which officers and support staff may access information services 2.1.1 Client 1 This will be a standard workstation attached to a Local Area Network (LAN) which will communicate with the Data Hub via the LAN, if located at headquarters, or the Wide Area Network (WAN) if located elsewhere in the force.Specification. As technology advances the specification of thestandard workstation changes frequently. The current specification can be found on the I. S. and T. web site.Operating System.Workstations will use either Windows 2000 or Windows XP. This will be reviewed at regular intervals during the life of this strategy.Software. All workstations will be loaded with Microsoft Office 2003,Internet Explorer and the following force software; STORM, LCS,Case Preparation and Custody. Other software will be loaded dependent on the role of the computer user. A Citrix or Terminal Server client will also be loaded.This type of client will be used for mobile users. It may be the laptop or aspecialist mobile data terminal fitted to police vehicles, or in some cases(not shown on the diagram) PDA devices. In line with the ACPO Mobile Data Strategy these clients will communicate with the Data Hub using the most appropriate mobile data infrastructure which could be Airwave,GPRS, PSTN, etc. Specification. Because of the variety of situations in which mobile data terminals can be used there can be no standard specification for this type of client.Operating System. Workstations will use either Windows 2000,Windows CE or Windows XP. This will be reviewed at regular intervals during the life of this strategy.Software. All workstations will be loaded with Microsoft Office 2003,Internet Explorer and a Citrix or Terminal Server client will allow busers to access all for systems via the limited bandwidth available to mobile communications.At present mobile data is little used within the force due to the poor mobile infrastructure in the area. However, this has now changed with the introduction of Airwave and a Mobile Data project has been initiated.This will be a standard Airwave radio. It will be able to communicate with force systems by SDS messages, WAP and status messaging. It will connect to the Data Hub only via the Airwaves infrastructure. Currently it is too early in the Airwave implementation project to provide detailed specification of this type of client.Client Replacement.After a period of time clients need to be replaced not only because they wear out but that the technology becomes obsolete and it becomes difficult for older computers to run new software. The I. S. and T. Budget contains an element for the replacement of workstations on a threeyearly cycle.Any replacement computers will be to the standard force specification,upgrades or additional software will have to be funded from local or specific project budget.9 UpgradesUpgrades can irritate and confuse. They can also be costly, especially when it turns out that existing files, software or hardware might be incompatible with the new version of an application. Upgrades may result in a need for extra training and extra support.10 Archiving of InformationInformation may need to be kept. An information management policy might dictate what information should be kept and for how long.The enterprise informationization standard is the enterprise informationization construction strong powerful intelligence support and the technical support,is the enterprise informationization construction important content.11 Information EnvironmentThe aim is to use a completely integrated information environment inwhich common entities, such as nominals and locations, are only heldonce and shared by all applications within the force. This has been thegoal for some time and the development team has gone some way to achieving the integrated environment. All in-house applications now use the same data structures and database. ACPO have also recognised the need for integration by adopting ISS4PS which advocates a corporate database structure for the whole of thePolice Service. PITO has been asked to develop such a corporate database and when complete the force will use it to move to a fully integrated information environment. The CRISP project provides a migration path for the force to adopt the corporate database while improving the information integration. The following diagram shows the various stages of this migration.(1) Current Environment.In the current environment CRISP is being used to improve the information integration. Using adapters information from third party systems and inhouse applications is transferred to the CRISP data repository. During the data transfer efforts are made to clean and improve the quality of the information by using the NSPIS Gazetteer to verify locations and trying to match the main entities. The system will provide officers and support staff with a view of all the information we hold although because this information comes from a variety of sources its quality will be degraded by the existence of duplicate entities.The first phase of the migration to a truly integrated data environment can occur when PITOhave completed the Corporate Database Model which defines the ISS4PS Corporate Data Repository. When this has been done the CRISP Data Repository can be changed to conform to this model. In-house applications can also be modified to use this data repository instead of the Dyfed-Powys Corporate Database. At this stage third party applications still have to provide information to the data repository via an adapter.Eventually PITO, on behalf of the Police Service, will be commissioning new applications based on ISS4PS. These will be based on the ISS4PS Data Repository and built using components. It is at this stage when the force replaces its third party applications with these new generation solutions that the information environment will be truly integrated.No timescales can be placed on the migration at this time since it is dependent on work undertaken by PITO and its acceptance by ACPO. It is highly unlikely that the force will be able to move very far along the migration route during the timescales this strategy.(2) Development Environment.Since the introduction of computers into Dyfed-Powys Police in the 1980s the force has had the tradition of in-house development. The development team has produced a number of major applications which are very highly regarded and have been sold to other forces. Dyfed-Powys will continue to develop applications and this section of the strategy sets out general principles and guidelines for the production of inhouse solutions.Development Guidelines.All new applications being developed will be delivered to the user via an Internet Browser using web services wherever possible. Solutions will be developed using the Microsoft .NET framework.Reusable components will be used wherever possible. Microsoft SQL server will be used as a Relational Database Management System. All “on the wire” communication between software components, web services and systems will use XML.All developments will use the Dyfed-Powys Corporate Database which will migrate to match the ISS4PS Corporate Database as it is developed.Relationship to ISS4PS.The broad guidelines set out above are derived from ISS4PS which was developed by the Valiant Programme. They embody the general principles that were agreed by ACPO. However, although ISS4PS advocated reusable components and web services delivered through a browser did not specify the technology that would be used. It suggested that Microsoft .NET and J2EE with Java. The force has chosen to use .NET as it has had many yearsexperience working in a Microsoft environment and adopting this technology will drastically reduce the training needs and integration problems with existing systems.(3) Support Environment. User Support.Good the user support is vital if the force is to gain the maximum benefit from the information management systems. For some years I S. and T. have operated a Service Desk which has proved fairly successful. Since it was established the number of terminals, applications and the complexity of the infrastructure has increased which means that the existing procedures used to provide support are not as good as they could be. The force is now introducing ITIL and have developed a People and Service Strategy to(4) Business Support.The business of Dyfed-Powys Police has become more reliant on the support provided by information and communications systems. The force would find it very difficult to operate if systems failed for any length of time. Therefore, there is a need to consider “Business Continuity Management”to ensure the force has the procedures and equipment in place to continue functioning in the event of failure. This should cover all aspects of the force‟s operations not just information and communications systems, for example, how would the force deal with a fire in the Scientific Support Unit which destroyed fingerprint records and other important equipment? Business Continuity is now being considered by the Risk Manager while I. S. & T. are putting in place IT Service Continuity measures which may well have to be reviewed in the light of the developing Business Continuity requirements. I. S. & T. are implementing an automated backup system to manage backing up to disk and a tape library. Major systems have been moved to a SAN environment to allow the switching of servers in the event of hardware failure. The live environment is being duplicated to use as a testing platform and disaster recovery site in the event of major failures. It was originally intended to locate the disaster/test environment on a different campus but this has been put on hold pending the outcome of regionalisation and investigation of the possibility of collaboration with neighbouring forces.12 OverviewRepositories which hold data permanently or temporarily, such as buffers, RAM, hard disks, cache, etc. Usually, a database management system Interfaces, which exchange information with the non-digital world, such as keyboards, speakers, scanners, printers, etc. Channels, which connect repositories, such as buses, cables, wireless links, etc. A Network is a set of logical orphysical.an introduction to informatics in Organisations. The common view of an information system is that of an Information processor, that involves Input-Process-Output. Information technology is a very important malleable resource available to executives. The Information Management Strategy sets out how information should be handled to bring the greatest benefit to the force. It lays down general principles but says nothing about the technical infrastructure needed to put these principles into practice. The purpose of this document is to define the technical and information architectureneeded to ensure the Information Management Strategy can be implemented.战略信息系统1什么是企业战略近20年来,我国信息产业在国民经济中的比重不断提高,同时,也促进了我国其他企业信息化进程的发展。
物联网毕业论文外文文献翻译.doc
Internet of Things1 .the definition of connotationThe English name of the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, referred to as: the IOT.Internet of Things through the pass，radio frequency identification technology，global positioning system technology, real-time acquisition of any monitoring, connectivity, interactive objects or processes, collecting their sound, light，heat, electricity，mechanics, chemistry, biology， the location of a variety of the information you need network access through a variety of possible things and things, objects and people in the Pan-link intelligent perception of items and processes，identification and management. The Internet of Things IntelliSense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application，known as the third wave of the world’s information industry development following the computer，the Internet. Not so much the Internet of Things is a network, as Internet of Things services and applications，Internet of Things is also seen as Internet application development. Therefore，the application of innovation is the core of the development of Internet of Things，and 2.0 of the user experience as the core innovation is the soul of Things.2.The meaning of ’’material”Where the ’’objects” to meet the following conditions can be included in the scope of the "Internet of Things":1.Receiver have the appropriate information;2.Have a data transmission path;3.Have a certain storage capabilities;4.To have the CPU;5.To have the operating system;6.Have specialized applications;7.Have a data transmitter;8.Follow the communication protocol of Things;9.World Network，a unique number that can be identified.3."Chinese style" as defined inInternet of Things (Internet of Things) refers to is the ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) terminal equipment (Devices) and facilities (Facilities), including with the "inner intelligence" sensors，mobile terminals, industrial systems，floor control system，the family of Intelligentfacilities，video surveillance systems，and external can "(Enabled)，such as RFID，a variety of assets (the Assets)，personal and vehicle carrying the wireless terminal” intelligent objects or animals n or” smart dust ’’(the Mote)，through a variety of wireless and/or cable over long distances and/or short-range communication networks to achieve interoperability (M2M)，application integration (the Grand Integration)，and based on cloud computing，SaaS operation mode，in internal network (intranet)，private network (extranet), and / or the Internet (Internet) environment, the use of appropriate information security mechanisms to provide a safe，controlled and even personalized real-time online monitoring，retrospective positioning，alarm linkage, command and control plan management, remote control，security，remote repair and maintenance, online upgrades，statistical reporting， decision support，the leadership of the desktop (showcase of the Cockpit Dashboard) management and service functions，’’Everything，” ’’efficient，energy saving, security environmental protection/"’ possession，control，Camp integration [1].4.EU definitionIn September 2009，the Internet of Things and enterprise environments held in Beijing，China-EU Seminar on the European Commission and Social Media Division RFID Division is responsible for Dr. Lorent Ferderix，given the EU’s definition of things: the Internet of Things is a dynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, self-organizing capabilities, including physical and virtual "objects” of identity, physical attributes，virtual features and smart interface and seamless integration of information networks . Internet of Things Internet and media，the Internet and business Internet one，constitute the future of the Internet.5.changeThe Internet of Things (Internet of Things) the word universally recognized at home and abroad Ashton, Professor of the MIT Auto-ID Center in 1999 first proposed to study RFID. The report of thesame name released in 2005, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the definition and scope of the Internet of Things has been a change in the coverage of a larger expansion, no longer refers only to the Internet of Things based on RFID technology.Since August 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao put forward the "Experience China” Internet of Things was officially listed as a national one of the five emerging strategic industries，to write the •’Government Work Report’1 Internet of Things in China has been the great concern of the society as a whole degree of concern is unparalleled in the United States，European Union, as well as other countries.The concept of Internet of Things is not so much a foreign concept, as it has been the concept of a "Made in China' his coverage of the times，has gone beyond the scope of the 1999 Ashton professor and the 2005 ITU report referred to, Internet of Things has been labeled a "Chinese style" label.6.BackgroundThe concept of Internet of Things in 1999. Internet-based, RFID technology and EPC standards，on the basis of the computer Internet，the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless data communication technology, a global items of information to real-time sharing of the physical Internet ’’Internet of things” (referred to as the Internet of Things)，which is also the basis of the first round of the China Internet of Things boom set off in 2003.The sensor network is built up based on sensing technology network. Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research and has made some achievements in scientific research，the establishment of applicable sensor network. 1999, held in the United States，mobile computing and networking International Conference, "The sensor network is a development opportunity facing humanity in the next century. In 2003, the United States，"Technology Review” propo sed sensor network technology will be future changes ten people’s lives first.November 17, 2005, the WSIS held in Tunis (WSIS)，the International Telecommunication Union released ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things ”，citing the concept of the” Int ernet of things "• The report pointed out that the ubiquitous ’’Internet of Things" communication era is approaching, all the objects in the world, from tires to toothbrushes, from housing to the tissue via the Internet, take the initiative to be exchanged. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)，sensortechnology, nanotechnology，intelligent embedded technology will be more widely used.According to the description of the ITU, the era of things，a short-range mobile transceivers embedded in a variety of daily necessities，human beings in the world of information and communication will receive a new communication dimension, from any time communication between people of the place of connection extended to the communication connection between persons and things and things and things. The Internet of Things concept of the rise，largely due to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the title of Internet of Things 2005 annual Internet Report. However，the ITU report the lack of a clear definition of Things.Domestic Internet of Things is also there is no single standard definition, but the Internet of Things In essence，the Internet of Things is a polymer application of modern information technology to a certain stage of development and technological upgrading of various sensing technology modern network technology and artificial intelligence and automation technology aggregation and integration of applications，so that the human and material wisdom of dialogue to create a world of wisdom. Because the development of the Internet of Things technology，involving almost all aspects of IT，innovative application and development of a polymer, systematic, and therefore be called revolutionary innovation of information industry. Summed up the nature of the Internet of Things is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the Internet features that need to be networked objects must be able to achieve the interoperability of the Internet; identification and communication features，that is included in the Internet of Things "objects" must to have the functions of automatic identification and physical objects communication (M2M); intelligent features，the network system should have automated，self-feedback and intelligent control featuresJanuary 28, 2009, Obama became the President of the United States，held with U.S. business leaders a "round table’’，as one of the only two representatives，IBM CEO Sam Palmisano for the first time that H the wisdom of the Earth” this concept, it is recommended that the new government to invest in a new generation of intelligent infrastructure.February 24，2009 news，IBM Greater China CEO money crowd called "Smarter Planet” strategy announced in the forum 2009IBM.This concept was put forth, that is the great concern of the United States from all walks of life，and even analysts believe that IBM’s vision is very likely to rise to U.S. national strategy，and caused a sensation in the world. IBM believes that the industry, the next phase of the mission is to make full use of the new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among specifically，is the embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid，railways，bridges，tunnels, highways, buildings， water supply systems dams，oil and gas pipelines and other objects，and is generally connected to the formation of Things.Strategy conference, IBM, and implant the concept of ’’wisdom” in the implementation of the infrastructure，strong，not only in the short term to stimulate the economy，promote employment，and in a short period of time for China to build a mature wisdom infrastructure platform.IBM n Smarter Planet” strategy will set off again after the wave of Internet technology industrial revolution. Former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner has raised an important point of view, every 15 years，a revolution in computing model. This judgment is the same as Moore’s Law accurately call it a n15-year cycle Law' Before and after 1965, changes to the mainframe as a symbol，1980 marked by the popularization of personal computers，1995, the Internet revolution. Each such technological change are caused by the enterprise, industry and even the national competitive landscape of major upheaval and change. To a certain extent in the Internet revolution is ripening by the ”information superhighway” strategy. 1990s，the Clinton administration plan for 20 years, $ 200 billion to -4000 billion，construction of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure，to create a huge economic and social benefits.Today, the H Smarter Planet" strategy by many Americans that there are many similarities with the "informa tion superhighway”，the same they revive the economy，a key strategy for competitive advantage. The strategy can be set off, not only for the United States, such as the Internet revolution was the wave of technological and economic concern, more attention from the world.H Internet of Things prospects are very bright，it will dramatically change our current way of life.’’ Demonstration director of the Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics，National Electrical and Electronic Zhao Guoan said. Industry experts said that the Internet of things to our life personification of the things became a kind of human.Goods (goods) in the world of physicalobjects associated with each other "exchange' without the need for human intervention. The Internet of Things using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet. It can be said that the Internet of Things depict the world is full of intelligent. In the world of Internet of Things, material objects connected to the dragnet.The second session，held at Peking University in November 2008, China Mobile Government Seminar H Knowledge Society and Innovation 2.0n，the experts made the mobile technology, the Internet of Things technology led to the development of economic and social form, innovative forms of change，and promote the The next generation of innovation for the knowledge society as the core of user experience (innovative 2.0) the formation of innovation and development of the form to pay more attention to the user to focus on people-oriented. Research institutions is expected to 10 years，the Internet of Things may be mass adoption of this technology will develop into one of thousands of yuan-scale high-tech market，the industry than the Internet 30 times.It is learned that the things industry chain can be broken down into the identity，perception，processing and information transfer，four links, each link of the key technologies for the wireless transmission network of RFID, sensors，smart chip and telecom operators. EPOSS in the ’’Internet of Things in 2020” report，an analysis predicted that the future development of the Internet of Things will go through four stages, 2010, RFID is widely used in the field of logistics，retail and pharmaceutical objects interconnect 2010 to 2015，2015 〜In 2020，the object into the semi-intelligent, intelligent objects into 2020.As the vanguard of the Internet of Things，RFID has become the most concerned about the technology market. The data show that the global RFID market size in 2008 from $ 4.93 billion in 2007 rose to $ 5.29 billion，this figure covers all aspects of the RFID market，including tags, readers and other infrastructure, software and services. RFID card and card-related infrastructure will account for 57.3 percent of the market, reaching $ 3.03 billion. Application from financial and security industries will drive the market growth of RFID cards. Analysys International forecasts，the Chinese RFID market size in 2009 will reach 5.0 billion, a CAGR of 33%, in which the electronic tag is morethan 3.8 billion yuan，the reader close to 700 million yuan, software and services market to reach 500 million yuan pattern.MEMS is the abbreviation of the micro-electromechanical systems，MEMS technology is built on the basis of micro / nano, the market prospect is broad. The main advantage of the MEMS sensor is the small size，large-scale mass production cost reduction，mainly used in two major areas of automotive and consumer electronics. Under ICInsight the latest report is expected in 2007-2012, global sales of semiconductor sensors and actuators based on MEMS will reach 19 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), compared with $ 4.1 billion in 2007 to five years will achieve $ 9.7 billion in annual sales.7.PrincipleInternet of Things is on the basis of the computer Internet, RFID, wireless data communications technology, to construct a cover everything in the world’s ’’Internet of Things' In this network, the goods (products) to each other ’’exchange”，without the need for human intervention. Its essence is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet.The Internet of Things is a very important technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is radio frequency identification (Radio Frequency Identification) technology abbreviation，is an automatic identification technology in the 1990s began to rise，the more advanced a non-contact identification technology. The development of RFID technology based on a simple RFID system, combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, to build a one composed by a large number of networked readers and numerous mobile label, much larger than the Internet of Things trend.RFID，It is able to let items "speak” a technique. In the "Internet of Things” con cept，RFID tags are stored in the specification and interoperability information collected automatically by wireless data communications network to a central information system，to achieve the identification of goods (products), and then through the open computer network for information exchange and sharing, items "transparent” management.The information technology revolution in the Internet of Things is referred to as IT mobile Pan of a specific application. Internet of Things through IntelliSense，identification technology andpervasive computing, ubiquitous network convergence applications，breaking the conventional thinking before，human beings can achieve ubiquitous computing and network connectivity [3]. The traditional thinking has been the separation of physical infrastructure and IT infrastructure: on the one hand，airports，roads，buildings，while on the other hand，the data center，PC，broadband. In the era of the ’’Internet of Things’’，reinforced concrete，cable with the chip，broadband integration into a unified infrastructure, in this sense, the infrastructure is more like a new site of the Earth, the world really works it, which including economic management, production operation, social and even personal life. H Internet of Things” makes it much more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to manage the future of the city to achieve the status of "wisdom” to improve resource utilization and productivity levels，and improve the relationship between man and nature.8.Agency1，institution-buildingAs the first national Internet of Things industry community organizations - the application of professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Things technology products (referred to as: ’’objects of the IPCC n)，the Ministry of Civil Affairs in June 2010，preliminary approved by the Ministry of August being reported that the Ministry of Civil Affairs for final approval.2, the main taskServe as a bridge between business and government to assist the Government of the industry guidance，coordination，consultation and services to help members to reflect the business requirements to the Government; coordinate the relationship between enterprises to strengthen technical cooperation, product distribution, the elimination of vicious competition ; supervision of members the correct implementation of national laws and regulations，to regulate the industry; member of information communication technology products, cooperation，resource sharing, capital operation, and promote the application of Internet of Things technologies and products，and promote the Internet of Things industrial scale，co-development.9.ConstructionInternet of Things in the practical application to carry out requires the involvement of all walks of life，and need the guidance of the national government as well as related regulations and policies toassist the launching of the Internet of Things has the scale，broad participation，management, technical，and material properties，etc. other features，the technical problem is the most crucial issues of Things billion Bo logistics consulting, Internet of Things technology is an integrated technology, a system not yet which company has overall responsibility for network planning and construction of the entire system, theoretical studies have commenced in all walks of life and the practical application is limited to within the industry. The key is on the planning and design and research and development of the Internet of Things research in the field of RFID，sensors，embedded software, and transmission of data calculation. In general，to carry out the steps of the Internet of things mainly as follows:(1)identified the object attributes，properties, including static and dynamic properties of the static property can be stored directly in the label，the dynamic properties need to start with sensors to detect real-time;(2)the need to identify the equipment to complete the reading of object attributes，and information into a data format suitable for network transmission;(3)the object of information transmitted over the network to the information processing center (processing center may be distributed，such as home computers or mobile phones，may also be centralized，such as China Mobile IDC) by the processing center to complete the object communication calculation.10.key areasInternet of Things 4 key areas:(1)RFID;(2)sensor network;(3)The M2M;(4)integration of the two.11 .TrendIndustry experts believe that the Internet of things on the one hand can improve economic efficiency and significant cost savings; the other hand，can provide technical impetus to global economic recovery. Currently，the United States，the European Union are all invested heavilyin-depth study to explore the Internet of Things. The country is also highly concerned about the emphasis of Things，Industry and Information Technology Ministry in conjunction with the relevant departments are conducting research in a new generation of IT to the formation of policies and measures to support the development of a new generation of IT.China Mobile CEO Wang Jianzhou has repeatedly mentioned the Internet of Things will become the focus of future development of China Mobile. He will be invited to Taiwan to produce RFID，sensors and bar code manufacturers and China Mobile. According to him，the use of the Internet of Things technology，Shanghai Mobile has a number of industrial customers tailor the data collection，transmission，processing and business management in one set of wireless application solutions. The latest data show that Shanghai Mobile has more than 100,000 chips mounted on a taxi，bus，various forms of matter networking applications in all walks of prowess, to ensure the orderly operation of the city. During the Shanghai World Expo, ’’the bus services through’’ will be fully applied to the Shanghai public transport system, the smooth flow traffic to the most advanced technology to protect Expo area; for logistics transportation management，e-logistics n，will provide users with real-time accurate information of Cargo, vehicle tracking and positioning, the transport path selection, logistics network design and optimization services greatly enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.In addition，the popularization of the n Internet of Things” for the number of animals，plants and machinery，sensors and RFID tags of items and related interface devices will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. The promotion of the Internet of Things will become a drive to promote economic development for the industry to open up a potential development opportunities. According to the current demand on the Internet of Things，in recent years, billions of sensors and electronic tags，which will greatly promote the production of IT components，while increasing the number of job opportunities.According to reports, it is necessary to truly build an effective Internet of things, there are two important factors. First, the scale, only with the scale to make the items of intelligence play a role. For example, a city of one million vehicles，if we only 10000 vehicles installed on the smart system, it is impossible to form an intelligent transportation system; two mobility items are usually not static，but in the state of the movement，we must maintain the items in the state of motion，and even high-speed motion state can at any time for dialogue.FORRESTER of the authority of the U.S. advisory body predicted that 2020, the world ofbusiness of the Internet of Things，compared with the business of interpersonal communication，will reach 30 to 1，so the ’’Internet of Things’1 is known to be the next one trillion communications services.Internet of Things heat wave Why is rapidly growing in China? Internet of Things in China rapid rise thanks to the several advantages of our country in terms of things.In the early 1999 launched the Internet of Things core sensor network technology research, R & D level in the world; the second，sensor network field in the world，China is the standard one of the dominant country, the patent owner; third China is one of the countries to achieve a complete industrial chain of Things; F ourth, China’s wireless communications network and broadband coverage provides a solid infrastructure to support the development of the Internet of Things; Fifth, China has become the world’s first the three major economies，with strong economic strength to support the development of the Internet of Things.12.MythThe current understanding of the Internet of things there are a lot of misunderstanding，which is also a direct impact on our understanding of Things on the development of the logistics industry， it is necessary first to distinguish errors, clarify our thinking.One sensor networks or RFID network equivalent of Things. The fact that sensor technology，or RFID technology，or are simply one of the information collection technology. In addition to the sensor technology and RFID technology，GPS, video recognition，infrared，laser，scanning can be achieved automatically identify physical objects to communicate technical information collection technology can become the Internet of Things. Sensor networks or RFID network is just an application of Things，but not all of Things.Second，the Internet of Things as a myriad of unlimited extension of the Internet of Things as a completely open for all things，all of the interconnections，all shared Internet platform.In fact，the Internet of Things is not simple infinite extension of the global sharing of the Internet. Even if the Internet is also not only refers to we typically think of the international sharing computer network，Internet，WAN and LAN. Internet of Things can be both an extension of our usual sense of theInternet to the matter; LAN，professional can also be based on real needs and industrial applications. The reality is not necessary and can not make all the items networking; no need to make professional，LAN must be connected to the global Internet sharing platform. Of things in the future the Internet will be very different from the professional network of similar smart logistics, smart transportation，smart grid; the intelligence community and other local area network is the largest use of space.Ter, that the ubiquitous network of the Internet of Things Internet of Things, and therefore the Internet of Things is a castle in the air, is difficult to achieve the technology. In fact the Internet of things are real，many of the primary Internet of Things applications already for our services. The Internet of Things concept is introduced in many real-world applications based on polymeric integrated innovation，pre-existing network with the Internet of Things, intelligent，automated system, summarized and upgrading it upgraded from a higher perspective our knowledge.Four of Things as a basket，and everything installed inside; based on self-awareness, and only be able to interact, communication products as the Internet of Things applications. For example, just embedded some of the sensors，to become the so-called Internet of Things appliances; products labeled with RFID tags, became the Internet of Things applications.esThings widely used throughout the intelligent transportation, environmental protection，government，public safety, peace at home, smart fire, industrial monitoring, environmental monitoring, elderly care，personal health，floriculture，water monitoring，food traceability，enemydetection and intelligence collection and other fields.International Telecommunication Union in 2005, a report has portrayed the picture of the era of the "Internet of Things": car when the driver operational errors will automatically alarm; briefcase will remind the owner forgot somet hing; clothes will ’’tell” washing machine color and water temperature requirements. Billion Bo logistics consulting vivid introduction of Things in the logistics field，for example, a logistics company，application of Things truck，when loading overweight，the car will automatically tell you overloaded and overload how many, but the space remaining，the severity of。
计算机类毕业设计英文文献及翻译
外貌在环境面板上的共同标签部分包括光，云，太阳和月亮的控制器。
启用灯光--当设置后，环境面板被点亮并且物体的场景会在全天不断变化。
当此复选框被清除，在场景中所有对象不亮也不随着一天时间的变化而变化。
（该对象将仍然被视为未点亮时，他们将使用为他们定制的颜色，材料和正常的价值观）。
启用云--当设置后，一个云层的场景便设置其中。
道路工具将定出海拔类型和云层类型。
默认情况下，此值未设置。
启用太阳/月亮--当设置，太阳和月球环境的效果显示并且月亮环境的效果有助于现场场景内的任何物体的照明。
当此复选框被清除，太阳和月亮不会被显示并且月亮助手停止现场照明。
默认情况下，太阳和月亮是没有设置。
注：太阳和月亮在天空的位置和绘制使用星历模型。
太阳和月亮的位置是根据一天中的时间，日期，纬度和经度绘制的。
月亮的月球阶段也以同样的方式计算。
天空颜色在环境面板上的共同标签部分包括天空的颜色，云的颜色，周围的颜色，天气的控制，和雾。
注：彩色按钮旁边的天空，云，和环境（背景）显示你当前的颜色。
单击每个按钮来改变颜色。
云的颜色--这个颜色的按钮显示您的云层的颜色。
点击就显示颜色对话框，然后选择一个新的颜色，然后点击确定。
环境光颜色--这个颜色的彩色按钮显示您当前的周围灯光组件的颜色。
点击就显示颜色对话框，然后选择一个新的颜色，然后点击确定。
环境光元件有助于场景和物体的亮度；默认设置是应用一个小环境光线。
环境光照亮了现场或对象，当一天的时间设置为晚，对象将仍然由于环境光而可见。
环境光可以用来照亮一个带有黑暗纹理或者用IRIX电脑做出纹理的物体。
（IRIX电脑相对于WINDOWS电脑使用了不同的GAMMA设置，他使Irix计算机处理的纹理总是看上去黑暗，直到图像编辑程序纠正才能恢复正常。
）天气--此选项不使用这种版本的路径工具。
在今后的版本中，天气列表将包含环境设置预设模拟不同时间的天气事件，如日出，上午，傍晚，夜间，多云，雨，雪等。
毕业论文英文文献及翻译
Based on GSM module and AT89C51 connectiondesign and application---From 《GSM principle and its network optimization》chapter one---From 《New single chip microcomputer interface device and technology》chapter sixAbstractThis article through analyzed the GSM module and the monolithic integrated circuit connection design simply introduced the TC35i module commonly used instruction and the coding rule, introduced emphatically the TC35i module and the AT89C51 principle of work, the periphery connection electric circuit, the software control technology, at the same time has produced some TC35i module and the AT89C51 connection application procedure, proposed AT89C51 when receive data should pay attention question, thus designed has the GSM module the data transmission terminal.Key words: GSM network1 Summarize:Along with correspondence technique of development, according to the service function of the NTT DoCoMo net, just to industry control and control from a distance the realm have continuously extension of trend.Is orientation this kind of demand, Siemens company released a new generation wireless correspondence GSM mold piece-TC35i, according to should the short news function of the mold piece, can fast safety credibility realization customer information processing etc. function, special be applicable to control centre and terminal equipments distance very far, or inconvenience adoption wired correspondence lie quality etc. situation, for example the oil well information collect behind of deliver, the long range copy form system, city transportation direction etc. all according to the TC35i mold piece to realization.2 The application of GSM network:GSM is Global System for Mobile Communications acronym, which means Global System for Mobile Communications is the world's leading cellular systems inthe world. GSM is based on narrowband TDMA standard that allows radio frequency in a group call at the same time 8. GSM80 during the rise in Europe, put into use in 1991. The end of 1997, has operations in more than 100 countries, Europe and Asia has become the standard in fact, that by 2001, the world's 162 countries have already built a 400 GSM communications network. But the GSM system capacity is limited, users in the network overload, it had to construct additional network facilities. What is gratifying is that GSM performance in other areas, which in addition to providing a standardized list and signaling systems, but also opened up some of the more intelligent of the business such as international roaming and so on. The convenience of GSM mobile phone is that it provides a smart card, known as SIM cards, and card could be separated, so that the replacement of mobile phone users and custom personal information in this area are facilitated.GSM network to improve after years of development, is now very mature, less blind spots, signal stability, automatic roaming, and the communication distance from the impact of the surrounding environment. GSM short message in particular, flexible and convenient, you can cross-market, inter-provincial and even cross-border transmission, and each send a short message as long as one dime, very reliable and affordable. In addition, the mobile phone SIM card in recent years can apply for 0, some packages use lower cost than fixed. Therefore the use of mobile phone message to achieve alarm, ultra long-range remote control for industrial equipment, transmission of data is a very good choice.GSM module, is a similar mobile communication module, integrates a number of mobile phone functions on a single small circuit board, it can send SMS messages, calls and so on, the module is small, but it has a lot of mobile phone functionality, with its have equal is the core of the mobile phone, and it is in a lot of applications have a wide range of applications, GSM module through the use of AT commands to control it, modules can be connected to computer RS232 serial port, can also be used to carry out single-chip control . Below we cite some typical applications:2.1 mobile phone access control system:GSM Access Control System used to control the electric lock control, if you need to enter, as long as the cell phone call using GSM modules mobile number, will automatically open the door, and only you can set up cell phone numbers to open the door, and no costs.2.2 three billboard over the weather disaster emergency turn off:Over three billboards are constantly flip through the motor to achieve a number of ads displayed, because installed in the outdoors, when there is wind, hail and other weather disasters, billboards could easily be blown bad or damaged card die, when in need of emergency shut down, You can normally closed relay contact to control the power of advertising, when you need to do is send "turn off" control message, the billboard will automatically turn off, and automatically after a certain time delay automatically return to normal job (generally disastrous weather will not continue for a long time) in advance if you want to open a billboard, you can send "Open" control message.2.3 engineering system balance reminders:Some works are safe after the completion of the normal operation after a period of time to settle the balance, if the encounter malicious clients the outstanding purchase price, often installed side very headache, because equipment has been installed, if the loss of a great come back down, particularly in the field customer very costly when the client system can be installed in the GSM module, use it all the way to control system or the way some of the key points, when the customer paid in arrears when the malicious message can turn off some features, forcing customers to pay the purchase price then immediately open message, if you have a smooth recovery of the purchase price can also be the name of system maintenance by the GSM module removed from the client system.2.4 monitoring systems or Web servers and reset the alarm:Monitoring system or web server running after a long period after death may be wrong, this time to power on reset is the only solution at this time through the GSM module can control system power, and set to open automatically after 3 seconds turn off mode, can achieve power reduction, in addition, GSM module in some special application areas also played a very large role, such as: the disappearance of the main power supply, memory errors, fan shutdown, fuel depletion, it was the invasion and other information, are not people the ideal choice for monitoring the engine room.the remote control of home appliances:Through the message can easily achieve the remote control to open rice cookers, water heaters and other appliances by remote control or switch to repair mode can also control the air-conditioning GSM global wireless mobile communication network control alarm host, using the global GSM short message data transmission mode and voice-enabled platform for the completion of intelligent data transmission and remotecontrol alarm, set the host family, shops, office safety, electrical control, remote monitoring, such as Intelligent home functions, because of the global GSM wireless mobile communication network signal coverage area of Canton, and truly realize the low-cost high-quality ultra-long-distance convenient and flexible intelligent wireless control and alarm, to solve the fixed-line telephone or cable broadband network wired alarm limitations. GSM global wireless mobile communications network in popularity all over the world, the GSM global wireless mobile communication network control alarm can be widely used in a single host family, community property, electricity, transportation, petroleum, coal, railway, municipal and public security departments of the security industry prevention devices, data monitoring and remote monitoring system. Wireless Road, with 11 defense areas, 2-way Cable Standoff, different defense area alarm, alarm and message control, separate from a defended position, remote control, home appliance control, linkage to take photographs with the latest alarm center network characteristics.Features:1. Wireless suspects under strict surveillance, no wiring, and ease of installation.2. Cable suspects under strict surveillance, safe and reliable.3. Wireless remote control security / from a defended position, easy to operate.4. Adaptability widely used global-band wireless mobile networks.5. Password settings, confidentiality stronger.6. Alarm, the high-decibel alarm sound to deter thieves.7. Host automatically to six groups of mobile numbers to send SMS alerts. Alarm message and a telephone can be set up8. Host automatically dial the six groups of mobile or fixed telephone warning, start-site monitoring.9. Preset scene alarm and alarm message10. With emergency alarm function, can prevent thieves burglary, detection of gas leaks and smoke fire.11. Communicate electric missing Detect and alarm, to prevent the intentional destruction of the power system and power failure monitoring.12. Communicate after the loss of electricity automatically switch to a back-up battery. 13. Available through GSM network platform and networking alarm center.14. Supported message in Chinese or English instructions.15. Handset intercom mode: Matching intercom calls, and alarm can be two-wayintercom, real-time clear police intelligence to prevent unnecessary alarm.3 The TC35i mold piece introductionCurrently, domestic already beginning usage of the GSM mold piece have a lot, and these of function, method of using difference not big.What this design adoption is a Siemens TC35 the TC35i of the series.On this kind of wireless mold piece function and TC35 and permit, design tightly packed, consumedly contracted the physical volume of customer's product.The TC35i and GSM2/2 and permit,dual-band(GSM900/GSM1800), RS232 the data connect, should mold piece and radio frequency electric circuit and Ji take and integral whole, provide toward the customer standard of AT order connect, is data, speech, short news and fax provide fast, credibility, safety of deliver, convenience customer of application development and design.3.1 The GSM AT instruction introduction that the mold has something to do with SMS in the piec e:The order for provide of the GSM- powered mold piece match GSM07.05 and GSM07.07 norm.In the GSM07.07 definition of the AT Command connect and provided a kind of which GSM AT Instruction TC35i AT89C51move terrace and data terminal equipments of in general use connect;The GSM07.05 made to the short news detailed of provision.At short news mold piece receive network hair of short news, can send out a designation information through a string of, the data terminal equipments can send out toward the GSM mold piece various order.The instruction of GSM AT having something to do with SMS such as List1 to show.The instruction of GSM AT gather, is signed letter, Motorola and HP etc. factory house by Nokia, love to together develop for the GSM system of, among them include control SMS(Short Message Service).3.2 The PDU code rule:Send out short news in common use Text and PDU(Protocol Data Unit, agreement data unit) mode currently.The usage Text mode receive and dispatch a message code simple, realization get up very easy, but the biggest weakness be to can't receive and dispatch Chinese message;But PDU mode not only support Chinese message, also the ability send out English message.The PDU mode receive and dispatch a message can the usage be 3 kinds of to code:7-bit, 8-bit and UCS2 code.7-the bit code to used for send out common of ASCII character list, 8-bitcode Be usually used for sending out data news, UCS2 code used for sending out Unicode character list.General PDU's code is constitute by ABCDEFGHIJKLM 13.A:The address length of the message center, 216 enter to make number(one word stanza)B:The number type of the message center, 216 enter to make number.C:Message center number, B+C length will from the data decisionD:Document head word stanza, 216 enter to make number.E:Information type, 216 enter to make number.F:Drive call number length, 216 enter to make number.G:Drive call number type, 216 enter to make number, take value togetherH:Drive call number, length from data within F decision.I:Agreement marking, 216 enter to make number.J:The data code a project, 216 enter to make number.K:Term of validity, 216 enter to make number. L:Customer data length, 216 enter to make number.M:Customer's data, its length from the data decision in the L.Enactment in J adoption UCS2 code, here is the Unicode character list of Chinese-English.4 the hardware of the TC35i and list slice machine connect a people'selectric circuitThe TC35i mold piece is main to save according to the processor, GSM radio frequency mold piece, power supply mold piece, Shan from the GSM, the ZIF conjunction machine, antenna connect six part constitute.Connect machine with a list slice machine realization electric circuit to connect through a ZIF, should connect read or send out the TC35i mold piece in of data.5 list slice the software of the machine and TC35i connect and controlprinciple8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register ), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outsidehaving slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharingList slice the software of the machine and TC35i connect in fact be list slice the machine pass AT instruction control cellular phone of control technique, first constitution the TC35i mold piece of work mode:AT+CMGF=n, n=0 is a PDU mode;N=1 write an article this mode;Usually the constitution is a PDU mode, under this kind of mode, ability transmission or accept a transparent data.(customer from definition data)AT+CMGR=n in order to read the short news data of the TC35i mold piece, the n is a short news number.AT+CMGL=n in order to list the short news in the TC35i mold piece, n=0 is the short news which read, n=a the short news which have been already read, n=2 short news which sent out, n=3 for have already send out of short news n=4 is all short news.AT+CMGD=the n is the short news which delete the TC35i mold piece and the n is a short news serial number.6 Master routineThe software plait distance pass to write in toward the TC35i dissimilarity of AT instruction ability completion variety function, such as network debarkation, read SIM card top telephone number, send out SMS news and receive SMS news etc..The instruction sign, constant, PDU data...etc. of AT instruction all code form transmission by ASCII;The transmission transparent data have to pair of the TC35i mold piece of work mode constitution is PDU mode;List slice machine toward the TC35i mold piece after send out each instruction have to with return to car sign conduct and actions should instruction of be over, for example list slice the machine send out instruction in"AT+ CMGF=0" toward the cellular phone, its ASCII code sequence is"41 H, 54 H, 2 BH, 42 H, 4 DH, 47 H, 46 H, 3 DH, 30 H, 0 DH", the last word stanza 0 DH is to return to car sign, mean that instruction be over, if have no this to return to car sign, the cellular phone won't identify this instruction.When the AT instruction which receive to an integrity of the TC35i mold piece after, the TC35i mold piece not summary execution should instruction, but first just receive of the ASCII of the AT instruction code sequence all anti- send out;(contain 0 DH)Secondly send out a the ASCII which return to car sign with a carriage return sign to code, namely 0 DH with 0 AH;Then performance should instruction.The list slice machine read the PDU data of the TC35i mold piece, originality data should is 16 enter make number, but read back of data still is an ASCII mean of 16 enter make number.So a word stanza of 16 entered to make number and thenbecame 2 word stanza of ASMII code.But the PDU data data word stanza length within pack part still is actual character list length.But isn't the word stanza which become ASCII code length, this at plait distance should special attention, otherwise receive of data not integrity.The list slice machine is after receiving a PDU data pack data have to its instauration become 16 enter make a data, its calculate way as follows:Establish a for the ASCII code receive, b for the conversion is behind of 16 enter make number.So if a<39 H,b=a-30 H;If a>39 H, b=h-07 H a-30.End pair of in front and back two pieces merger is a word stanza.Concluding remark The usage cellular phone mold piece benefit is at the system integration, the cost be lower.Install correspondence circuit in secluded region etc. difficulty or uneconomical place, engineering service facilities can freedom vivid of constitution, no longer be subjected to geography condition of restriction.In fine, GSM mold piece the price be cheap, application extensive, application the foreground be captivating, pass with cellular phone mold the piece connect can very convenience of design customer demand of the data receive terminal.基于 GSM 模块与 AT89C51 的接口设计及应用的接口设计及应用-----摘自《GSM 原理及其网络优化》第一章-----摘自《新型单片机接口器件与技术》第六章摘要本文通过分析 GSM 模块与单片机的接口设计简单介绍了 TC35i 模块的常用指令及摘编码规则，着重介绍了 TC35i 模块与 AT89C51 的工作原理、外围接口电路、软件控制技术，同时给出了一些 TC35i 模块与 AT89C51 接口的应用程序，提出了 AT89C51 在接收数据时应该注意的问题，从而设计出具有 GSM 模块的数据传输终端。
5000字英文文献翻译
沈阳建筑大学毕业论文外文及翻译原文题目Android Application Fundamentals学院专业班级信息与控制工程学院计算机08-1学生姓名XXX 性别X指导教师XXX 职称XXX年月日外文及翻译英语原文Android Application FundamentalsAndroid applications are written in the Java programming language. The Android SDK tools compile the code—along with any data and resource files—into an Android package, an archive file with an .apk suffix. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application and is the file that Android-powered devices use to install the application.Once installed on a device, each Android application lives in its own security sandbox:●The Android operating system is a multi-user Linux system in which each applicationis a different user.●By default, the system assigns each application a unique Linux user ID (the ID isused only by the system and is unknown to the application). The system setspermissions for all the files in an application so that only the user ID assigned to thatapplication can access them.●Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so an application's code runs inisolation from other applications.●By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts theprocess when any of the application's components need to be executed, then shutsdown the process when it's no longer needed or when the system must recovermemory for other applications.In this way, the Android system implements the principle of least privilege. That is, each application, by default, has access only to the components that it requires to do its work and no more. This creates a very secure environment in which an application cannot access parts of the system for which it is not given permission.However, there are ways for an application to share data with other applications and for an application to access system services:●It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same Linux user ID, in whichcase they are able to access each other's files. To conserve system resources,applications with the same user ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux processand share the same VM (the applications must also be signed with the samecertificate).●An application can request permission to access device data such as the user'scontacts, SMS messages, the mountable storage (SD card), camera, Bluetooth, andmore. All application permissions must be granted by the user at install time.That covers the basics regarding how an Android application exists within the system. The rest of this document introduces you to:●The core framework components that define your application.●The manifest file in which you declare components and required device features foryour application.●Resources that are separate from the application code and allow your application togracefully optimize its behavior for a variety of device configurations.Application ComponentsApplication components are the essential building blocks of an Android application. Each component is a different point through which the system can enter your application. Not all components are actual entry points for the user and some depend on each other, but each one exists as its own entity and plays a specific role—each one is a unique building block that helps define your application's overall behavior.There are four different types of application components. Each type serves a distinct purpose and has a distinct lifecycle that defines how the component is created and destroyed.Here are the four types of application components:ActivitiesAn activity represents a single screen with a user interface. For example, an email application might have one activity that shows a list of new emails, another activity to compose an email, and another activity for reading emails. Although the activities work together to form a cohesive user experience in the email application, each one isindependent of the others. As such, a different application can start any one of these activities (if the email application allows it). For example, a camera application can start the activity in the email application that composes new mail, in order for the user to share a picture.An activity is implemented as a subclass of Activity and you can learn more about it in the Activities developer guide.ServicesA service is a component that runs in the background to perform long-runningoperations or to perform work for remote processes. A service does not provide a user interface. For example, a service might play music in the background while the user is in a different application, or it might fetch data over the network without blocking user interaction with an activity. Another component, such as an activity, can start the service and let it run or bind to it in order to interact with it.A service is implemented as a subclass of Service and you can learn more about it inthe Services developer guide.Content providersA content provider manages a shared set of application data. You can store the data inthe file system, an SQLite database, on the web, or any other persistent storage location your application can access. Through the content provider, other applications can query or even modify the data (if the content provider allows it). For example, the Android system provides a content provider that manages the user's contact information. As such, any application with the proper permissions can query part of the content provider (such as ContactsContract.Data) to read and write information abouta particular person.Content providers are also useful for reading and writing data that is private to your application and not shared. For example, the Note Pad sample application uses a content provider to save notes.A content provider is implemented as a subclass of ContentProvider and mustimplement a standard set of APIs that enable other applications to perform transactions.For more information, see the Content Providers developer guide.Broadcast receiversA broadcast receiver is a component that responds to system-wide broadcastannouncements. Many broadcasts originate from the system—for example, a broadcast announcing that the screen has turned off, the battery is low, or a picture was captured.Applications can also initiate broadcasts—for example, to let other applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available for them to use.Although broadcast receivers don't display a user interface, they may create a status bar notification to alert the user when a broadcast event occurs. More commonly, though, a broadcast receiver is just a "gateway" to other components and is intended to do a very minimal amount of work. For instance, it might initiate a service to perform some work based on the event.A broadcast receiver is implemented as a subclass of BroadcastReceiver and eachbroadcast is delivered as an Intent object. For more information, see the BroadcastReceiver class.A unique aspect of the Android system design is that any application can start another application’s component. For example, if you want the user to capture a photo with the device camera, there's probably another application that does that and your application can use it, instead of developing an activity to capture a photo yourself. You don't need to incorporate or even link to the code from the camera application. Instead, you can simply start the activity in the camera application that captures a photo. When complete, the photo is even returned to your application so you can use it. To the user, it seems as if the camera is actually a part of your application.When the system starts a component, it starts the process for that application (if it's not already running) and instantiates the classes needed for the component. For example, if your application starts the activity in the camera application that captures a photo, that activity runs in the process that belongs to the camera application, not in your application's process. Therefore, unlike applications on most other systems, Android applications don't have a single entry point (there's no main()function, for example).Because the system runs each application in a separate process with file permissions that restrict access to other applications, your application cannot directly activate a component from another application. The Android system, however, can. So, to activate a component in another application, you must deliver a message to the system that specifies your intent to start a particular component. The system then activates the component for you.Activating ComponentsThree of the four component types—activities, services, and broadcast receivers—are activated by an asynchronous message called an intent. Intents bind individual components to each other at runtime (you can think of them as the messengers that request an action from other components), whether the component belongs to your application or another.An intent is created with an Intent object, which defines a message to activate either a specific component or a specific type of component—an intent can be either explicit or implicit, respectively.For activities and services, an intent defines the action to perform (for example, to "view" or "send" something) and may specify the URI of the data to act on (among other things that the component being started might need to know). For example, an intent might convey a request for an activity to show an image or to open a web page. In some cases, you can start an activity to receive a result, in which case, the activity also returns the result in an Intent (for example, you can issue an intent to let the user pick a personal contact and have it returned to you—the return intent includes a URI pointing to the chosen contact).For broadcast receivers, the intent simply defines the announcement being broadcast (for example, a broadcast to indicate the device battery is low includes only a known action string that indicates "battery is low").The other component type, content provider, is not activated by intents. Rather, it is activated when targeted by a request from a ContentResolver. T he content resolver handles all direct transactions with the content provider so that the component that's performing transactions with the provider doesn't need to and instead calls methods onthe ContentResolver object. This leaves a layer of abstraction between the content provider and the component requesting information (for security).There are separate methods for activating each type of component:∙You can start an activity (or give it something new to do) by passingan Intent to startActivity() or startActivityForResult() (when you want the activity to return a result).∙You can start a service (or give new instructions to an ongoing service) by passing an Intent to startService(). Or you can bind to the service by passingan Intent to bindService().∙You can initiate a broadcast by passing an Intent to methodslike sendBroadcast(), sendOrderedBroadcast(), or sendStickyBroadcast().∙You can perform a query to a content provider by calling query() ona ContentResolver.For more information about using intents, see the Intents and Intent Filters document. More information about activating specific components is also provided in the following documents: Activities, Services, BroadcastReceiver and Content Providers.Declaring componentsThe primary task of the manifest is to inform the system about the application's components. For example, a manifest file can declare an activity as follows:In the <application> element, the android:icon attribute points to resources for an icon that identifies the application.In the <activity> element, the android:name at tribute specifies the fu lly qualified class name of the Activity subclass and the android:label attributes specifies a string to use as the user-visible label for the activity.You must declare all application components this way:●<activity>elements for activities●<service> elements for services●<receiver>elements for broadcast receivers●<provider>elements for content providersActivities, services, and content providers that you include in your source but do not declare in the manifest are not visible to the system and, consequently, can never run. However, broadcast receivers can be either declared in the manifest or created dynamically in code (as BroadcastReceiver objects) and registered with the system bycalling registerReceiver().Declaring component capabilitiesAs discussed above, in Activating Components, you can use an Intent to start activities, services, and broadcast receivers. You can do so by explicitly naming the target component (using the component class name) in the intent. However, the real power of intents lies in the concept of intent actions. With intent actions, you simply describe the type of action you want to perform (and optionally, the data upon which you’d like to perform the action) and allow the system to find a component on the device that can perform the action and start it. If there are multiple components that can perform the action described by the intent, then the user selects which one to use.The way the system identifies the components that can respond to an intent is by comparing the intent received to the intent filters provided in the manifest file of other applications on the device.When you declare a component in your application's manifest, you can optionally include intent filters that declare the capabilities of the component so it can respond to intents from other applications. You can declare an intent filter for your component by addingan <intent-filter>element as a child of the component's declaration element.For example, an email application with an activity for composing a new email might declare an intent filter in its manifest entry to respond to "send" intents (in order to send email). An activity in your application can then create an intent with the “send” action (ACTION_SEND), which the s ystem matches to the email application’s “send” activity and launches it when you invoke the intent with startActivity().For more about creating intent filters, see the Intents and Intent Filters document.Declaring application requirementsThere are a variety of devices powered by Android and not all of them provide the same features and capabilities. In order to prevent your application from being installed on devices that lack features needed by your application, it's important that you clearly define a profile for the types of devices your application supports by declaring device and software requirements in your manifest file. Most of these declarations are informational only and the system does not read them, but external services such as Google Play do read them in order to provide filtering for users when they search for applications from their device.For example, if your application requires a camera and uses APIs introduced in Android 2.1 (API Level 7), you should declare these as requirements in your manifest file. That way, devices that do not have a camera and have an Android version lower than 2.1 cannot install your application from Google Play.However, you can also declare that your application uses the camera, but doesnot require it. In that case, your application must perform a check at runtime to determine if the device has a camera and disable any features that use the camera if one is not available.Here are some of the important device characteristics that you should consider as you design and develop your application:Screen size and densityIn order to categorize devices by their screen type, Android defines two characteristics for each device: screen size (the physical dimensions of the screen) and screen density (the physical density of the pixels on the screen, or dpi—dots per inch). To simplify all the different types of screen configurations, the Android system generalizes them intoselect groups that make them easier to target.The screen sizes are: small, normal, large, and extra large.The screen densities are: low density, medium density, high density, and extra highdensity.By default, your application is compatible with all screen sizes and densities, because the Android system makes the appropriate adjustments to your UI layout and imageresources. However, you should create specialized layouts for certain screen sizes and provide specialized images for certain densities, using alternative layout resources, and by declaring in your manifest exactly which screen sizes your application supportswith the <supports-screens> element.For more information, see the Supporting Multiple Screens document.Input configurationsMany devices provide a different type of user input mechanism, such as a hardware keyboard, a trackball, or a five-way navigation pad. If your application requires a particular kind of input hardware, then you should declare it in your manifest with the <uses-configuration> e lement. However, it is rare that an application should require a certain input configuration.Device featuresThere are many hardware and software features that may or may not exist on a given Android-powered device, such as a camera, a light sensor, bluetooth, a certain version of OpenGL, or the fidelity of the touchscreen. You should never assume that a certain feature is available on all Android-powered devices (other than the availability of the standard Android library), so you should declare any features used by your application with the <uses-feature> element.Platform VersionDifferent Android-powered devices often run different versions of the Android platform, such as Android 1.6 or Android 2.3. Each successive version often includes additional APIs not available in the previous version. In order to indicate which set of APIs are available, each platform version specifies an API Level (for example,Android 1.0 is API Level 1 and Android 2.3 is API Level 9). If you use any APIs that were added to the platform after version 1.0, you should declare the minimum API Level in which those APIs were introduced using the <uses-sdk> element.It's important that you declare all such requirements for your application, because, when you distribute your application on Google Play, the store uses these declarations to filter which applications are available on each device. As such, your application should be available only to devices that meet all your application requirements.For more information about how Google Play filters applications based on these (and other) requirements, see the Filters on Google Play document.Application ResourcesAn Android application is composed of more than just code—it requires resources that are separate from the source code, such as images, audio files, and anything relating to the visual presentation of the application. For example, you should define animations, menus, styles, colors, and the layout of activity user interfaces with XML files. Using application resources makes it easy to update various characteristics of your application without modifying code and—by providing sets of alternative resources—enables you to optimize your application for a variety of device configurations (such as different languages and screen sizes).For every resource that you include in your Android project, the SDK build tools define a unique integer ID, which you can use to reference the resource from your application code or from other resources defined in XML. For example, if your application c ontains an image file named logo.png (saved in the res/drawable/ directory), the SDK tools generate a resource ID named R.drawable.logo, which you can use to reference the image and insert it in your user interface.One of the most important aspects of providing resources separate from your source code is the ability for you to provide alternative resources for different device configurations. For example, by defining UI strings in XML, you can translate the strings into other languages and save those strings in separate files. Then, based on a language qualifier that you append to theresource directory's name (such as res/values-fr/for French string values) and the user's language setting, the Android system applies the appropriate language strings to your UI.Android supports many different qualifiers for your alternative resources. The qualifier is a short string that you include in the name of your resource directories in order to define the device configuration for which those resources should be used. As another example, you should often create different layouts for your activities, depending on the device's screen orientation and size. For example, when the device screen is in portrait orientation (tall), you might want a layout with buttons to be vertical, but when the screen is in landscape orientation (wide), the buttons should be aligned horizontally. To change the layout depending on the orientation, you can define two different layouts and apply the appropriate qualifier to each layout's directory name. Then, the system automatically applies the appropriate layout depending on the current device orientation.For more about the different kinds of resources you can include in your application and how to create alternative resources for various device configurations, see the Application Resources developer guide.中文译文安卓应用基础在Java编程语言编写的Android应用程序的Android的SDK工具编译代码以及与任何数据和到一个Android的包，一个归档文件档案资源的.apk后缀，所有的在一个单一的代码.apk文件被认为是一个应用程序，是Android的文件，供电设备来安装应用程序。
毕业论文外文文献及翻译
毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译班姓学专级：名：院：业：10210A02 1021010633梁卓越软件学院软件工程（软件开发与测试）指导教师：韩涛常旭青2014 年 6月学号：英文文献出自《IBM System Journal,2006,44(2):33-37》作者：Malcolm DavisS truts——An Open-source MVC Implementation This article introduces Struts, a Model-View-Controller implementation that uses servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology.Struts can help you control change in your Web project and promote specialization. Even if you never implement a system with Struts, you may get some ideas for your future servlets and JSP page implementationIntroductionKids in grade school put HTML pages on the Internet. However,there is a monumental difference between a grade school page and a professionally developed Web site. The page designer(or HTML developer)must understand colors, the customer,product flow, page layout, browser compatibility, image creation, JavaScript, and more. Putting a great looking site together takes a lot of work, and most Java developers are more interested in creating a great looking object interface than a user interface. JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology provides the glue between the page designer and the Java developer.If you have worked on a large-scale Web application, you understand the term change.Model-View-Controller(MVC) is a design pattern put together to help control change.MVC decouples interface from business logic and data. Struts is an MVC implementation that uses Servlets 2.2 and JSP 1.1 tags, from the J2EE specifications, as part of the implementation.You may never implement a system with Struts, but looking at Struts may give you some ideas on your future Servlets and JSP implementations.Model-View-Controller(MVC)JSP tags solved only part of our problem.We still have issues with validation, flow control, and updating the state of the application. This is where MVC comes to the rescue. MVC helps resolve some of the issues with the single module approach by dividing the problem into three categories:ModelThe model contains the core of the application's functionality.The modelencapsulates the state of the application. Sometimes the only functionality itcontains is state. It knows nothing about the view or controller.ViewThe view provides the presentation of the model. It is the look of theapplication.The view can access the model getters,but it has no knowledge ofthe setters.In addition,it knows nothing about the controller.The view shouldbe notified when changes to the model occur.ControllerThe controller reacts to the user input. It creates and sets the model.MVC Model 2The Web brought some unique challenges to software developers,mostnotably the stateless connection between the client and the server.Thisstateless behavior made it difficult for the model to notify the view of changes.On the Web, the browser has to re-query the server to discover modification to the state of the application.Another noticeable change is that the view uses different technology forimplementation than the model or controller.Of course,we could use Java(or PERL,C/C++or what ever) code to generate HTML. There are severaldisadvantages to that approach:Java programmers should develop services,not HTML.Changes to layout would require changes to code.Customers of the service should be able to create pages to meet their specificneeds.The page designer isn't able to have direct involvement in page development.HTML embedded into code is ugly.For the Web, the classical form of MVC needed to change. Figure4displaysthe Web adaptation of MVC,also commonly known as MVC Model 2 orMVC2.Struts detailsDisplayed in Figure 6 is a stripped-down UML diagram of theorg.apache.struts.action package.Figure6 shows the minimal relationshipsamong ActionServlet(Controller),ActionForm (Form State),and Action(Model Wrapper).The ActionServlet classDo you remember the days of function mappings? You would map some input event to a pointer to a function.If you where slick, you would place the configuration information into a file and load the file at run time.Function pointer arrays were the good old days of structured programming in C.Life is better now that we have Java technology,XML,J2EE,and all that.The Struts Controller is a servlet that maps events(an event generally being anHTTP post)to classes.And guess what -- the Controller uses a configurationfile so you don_t have to hard-code the values.Life changes, but stays thesame.ActionServlet is the Command part of the MVC implementation and is thecore of the Framework.ActionServlet (Command) creates and uses Action,an ActionForm, and ActionForward. As mentioned earlier, the struts-config.xmlfile configures the Command.During the creation of the Web project, Actionand ActionForm are extended to solve the specific problem space. The filestruts-config.xml instructs ActionServlet on how to use the extended classes.There are several advantages to this approach:The entire logical flow of the application is in a hierarchical text file. Thismakes it easier to view and understand, especially with large applications.The page designer does not have to wade through Java code to understand the flow of the application.The Java developer does not need to recompile code when making flowchanges.Command functionality can be added by extending ActionServlet.The ActionForm classActionForm maintains the session state for the Web application.ActionForm is an abstract class that is sub-classed for each input form model. When I sayinput form model, I am saying ActionForm represents a general concept ofdata that is set or updated by a HTML form.For instance,you may have aUserActionForm that is set by an HTML Form.The Struts framework will:Check to see if a UserActionForm exists;if not, it will create an instance ofthe class.Struts will set the state of the UserActionForm using corresponding fieldsfrom the HttpServletRequest.No more dreadful request.getParameter()calls.For instance,the Struts framework will take fname from request stream andcall UserActionForm.setFname().The Struts framework updates the state of the UserActionForm before passing it to the business wrapper UserAction.Before passing it to the Action class,Struts will also conduct form statevalidation by calling the validation()method on UserActionForm.Note: This is not always wise to do. There might be ways of using UserActionForm inother pages or business objects, where the validation might be different.Validation of the state might be better in the UserAction class.The UserActionForm can be maintained at a session level.Notes:The struts-config.xml file controls which HTML form request maps to whichActionForm.Multiple requests can be mapped UserActionForm.UserActionForm can be mapped over multiple pages for things such aswizards.The Action classThe Action class is a wrapper around the business logic.The purpose of Action class is to translate the HttpServletRequest to the business logic. To use Action, subclass and overwrite the process()method.The ActionServlet(Command)passes the parameterized classes to ActionForm using the perform()method.Again, no more dreadful request.getParameter()calls.By thetime the event gets here,the input form data (or HTML form data)has already been translated out of the request stream and into an ActionForm class.Struts,an MVC2 implementationStruts is a set of cooperating classes, servlets,and JSP tags that make up a reusable MVC2design.This definition implies that Struts is a framework, rather than a library, but Struts also contains an extensive tag library and utility classes that work independently of the framework. Figure5 displays an overview of Struts.Struts overviewClient browserAn HTTP request from the client browser creates an event.The Web container will respond with an HTTP response.ControllerThe Controller receives the request from the browser,and makes the decisionwhere to send the request.With Struts,the Controller is a command designpattern implemented as a servlet.The struts-config.xml file configures theController.Business logicThe business logic updates the state of the model and helps control the flow of the application.With Struts this is done with an Action class as a thin wrapper to the actual business logic.Model stateThe model represents the state of the application.The business objects updatethe application state. ActionForm bean represents the Model state at a sessionor request level,and not at a persistent level. The JSP file reads informationfrom the ActionForm bean using JSP tags.ViewThe view is simply a JSP file. There is no flow logic,no business logic, and no model information-- just tags. Tags are one of the things that make Strutsunique compared to other frameworks like Velocity.Note:"Think thin"when extending the Action class. The Action class should control the flow and not the logic of the application.By placing the business logic in a separate package or EJB,we allow flexibility and reuse.Another way of thinking about Action class is as the Adapter design pattern. The purpose of the Action is to "Convert the interface of a class into another interface the clients expect.Adapter lets classes work together that couldn_t otherwise because of incompatibility interface"(from Design Patterns - Elements of Reusable OO Software by Gof).The client in this instance is the ActionServlet that knows nothing about our specific business class interface. Therefore, Struts provides a business interface it does understand,Action. By extending the Action, we make our business interface compatible with Struts business interface. (An interesting observation is that Action isa class and not an interface.Action started as an interface and changed into a class over time.Nothing's perfect.)The Error classesThe UML diagram (Figure6)also included ActionError and ActionErrors. ActionError encapsulates an individual error message.ActionErrors is a container of ActionError classes that the View can access using tags.ActionErrors is Struts way of keeping up with a list of errors.The ActionMapping classAn incoming event is normally in the form of an HTTP request, which the servlet Container turns into an HttpServletRequest.The Controller looks at the incoming event and dispatches the request to an Action class. The struts-config.xml determines what Action class the Controller calls. The struts-config.xml configuration information is translated into a set of ActionMapping, which are put into container of ActionMappings. (If you have not noticed it,classes that end with s are containers) The ActionMapping contains the knowledge of how a specific event maps to specific Actions.The ActionServlet(Command) passes the ActionMapping to the Action class via the perform()method. This allows Action to access the information to control flow. ActionMappingsActionMappings is a collection of ActionMapping objects.Struts prosUse of JSP tag mechanismThe tag feature promotes reusable code and abstracts Java code from the JSPfile.This feature allows nice integration into JSP-based development tools that allow authoring with tags.Tag libraryWhy re-invent the wheel,or a tag library?If you cannot find something youneed in the library, contribute.In addition,Struts provides a starting point ifyou are learning JSP tag technology.Open sourceYou have all the advantages of open source,such as being able to see the codeand having everyone else using the library reviewing the code. Many eyesmake for great code review.Sample MVC implementationStruts offers some insight if you want to create your own MVCimplementation.Manage the problem spaceDivide and conquer is a nice way of solving the problem and making theproblem manageable. Of course,the sword cuts both ways. The problem ismore complex and needs more management.Struts consYouthStruts development is still in preliminary form. They are working towardreleasing a version 1.0,but as with any 1.0version,it does not provide all thebells and whistles.ChangeThe framework is undergoing a rapid amount of change.A great deal ofchange has occurred between Struts0.5 and1.0. You may want to downloadthe most current Struts nightly distributions,to avoid deprecated methods.Inthe last 6 months,I have seen the Struts library grow from90K to over270K.I had to modify my examples several times because of changes in Struts,and Iam not going to guarantee my examples will work with the version of Strutsyou download.C orrect level of abstractionDoes Struts provide the correct level of abstraction? What is the proper level of abstraction for the page designer?That is the $64K question.Should we allowa page designer access to Java code in page development? Some frameworkslike Velocity say no, and provide yet another language to learn for Webdevelopment. There is some validity to limiting Java code access in UIdevelopment.Most importantly,give a page designer a little bit of Java,andhe will use a lot of Java.I saw this happen all the time in Microsoft ASPdevelopment.In ASP development,you were supposed to create COM objectsand then write a little ASP script to glue it all together. Instead,the ASPdevelopers would go crazy with ASP script.I would hear"Why wait for aCOM developer to create it when I can program it directly with VBScript?"Struts helps limit the amount of Java code required in a JSP file via taglibraries.One such library is the Logic Tag,which manages conditionalgeneration of output,but this does not prevent the UI developer from goingnuts with Java code.Whatever type of framework you decide to use, youshould understand the environment in which you are deploying andmaintaining the framework.Of course,this task is easier said than done.Limited scopeStruts is a Web-based MVC solution that is meant be implemented withHTML, JSP files, and servlets.J2EE application supportStruts requires a servlet container that supports JSP1.1 and Servlet 2.2specifications.This alone will not solve all your install issues,unless you areusing Tomcat3.2.I have had a great deal of problems installing the librarywith Netscape iPlanet 6.0, which is supposedly the first J2EE-compliantapplication server. I recommend visiting the Struts User Mailing List archive(see Resources) when you run into problems.ComplexitySeparating the problem into parts introduces complexity.There is no questionthat some education will have to go on to understand Struts. With the constantchanges occurring, this can be frustrating at times.Welcome to the Web.Where is...I could point out other issues,for instance, where are the client side validations,adaptable workflow, and dynamic strategy pattern for the controller? However,at this point, it is too easy to be a critic, and some of the issues are insignificant, or are reasonable for a1.0release.The way the Struts team goes at it, Strutsmight have these features by the time you read this article, or soon after. Future of StrutsThings change rapidly in this new age of software development.In less than 5 years, I have seen things go from cgi/perl, to ISAPI/NSAPI, to ASP with VB, and now Java and J2EE. Sun is working hard to adapt changes to the JSP/servlet architecture, just as they have in the past with the Java language and API. You can obtain drafts of the new JSP 1.2 and Servlet 2.3 specifications from the Sun Web site. Additionally,a standard tag library for JSP files is appearing.中文翻译Struts——一种开源MVC的实现这篇文章介绍 Struts，一个使用servlet 和JavaServer Pages 技术的一种 Model-View-Controller 的实现。
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基于互联网的可靠性信息系统 摘要 论文主要讨论的是信息可靠性系统随着广域网和服务器构造的发展。对系统中现有客户和服务器进行修正改造来执行HTTP任务和高级制图分析。同时，文章还对全球信息网的技术背景和关系，以及,客户机服务器系统做了解释分析。藉由系统开发，设计工程师和可信度分析家可以更为方便快捷地对系统的可靠性进行分析。 关键字：信息系统，WWW，客户机服务器结构，可靠性 1.引言 信息系统有广泛的实际应用性，它还可以对决定性策略做出有用判断。一般认为，信息系统是构建在某一特定组织结构模型数据流程。在可靠性工程学中，研究员在存取和数据分析方面会有一些困难.系统开发过程中积累的多数数据都是从可靠性分析家那里获取的。在成份数据中, 计算机每个成份的故障率时，特定应用数据 ( 举例来说,应用的重要程度，功能引脚的数字,等等.)对于系统开发者的设计来讲都是很重要的。 在组织机构中，客户端服务器结构被视为整合计算机数据的好方法。与传统集中计算机环境相比，在客户端服务器环境下，用户共享数据、应用、处理进程都更加容易[1]。平衡工作的能力取决于应用是客户端服务器系统的重要角色。 互联网发展成为了支持交互式数据显示及分发的传输手段。互联网在客户端与服务器交互信息的标准化方面获得了巨大成功。同样，在发展客户端与服务器软件或网络协议时，如果没有要求特殊资源，基于互联网的系统可以迅速被创造。 在本章，我们阐述了基于互联网和客户端服务器技术的可靠性信息系统的实现。第二章概述了客户端服务器计算的互联网响应。第三章介绍了可靠性信息系统的实现细节，并在第四章进行了进一步的研究总结和讨论。 2.互联网和客户端服务器结构 客户机服务器结构的关系可以说是两个进程合作运行一些任务。它支持信息系统的完整性和可扩充性[2]。Lyu(1995)论证了客户端服务器结构的四项优势：成本降低、生产率提高、系统生命周期较长以及更好的可用性。因此，客户端服务器系统结构被认为是一个可行的信息系统结构。 随着互联网的发展，实现客户端服务器结构的最简单的方法，就是在客户端软件的任务不过是显示及格式化从服务器取得的信息时使用网络浏览器。很多书目检索系统就是代表性的例子。在网络浏览器作为客户端存取一个已存在的客户端服务器系统的平台时，只有一类系统代码（HTML和帮助代码）需要维护。 但对于其他系统，客户端软件在执行代表服务器或用户的额外任务的时候，协调机制需要为基于网络浏览器的客户端运行这些工作。典型的解决办法是使用通用网关接口(CGI)程序。但由于种种原因，这一方法并不理想.。在一个基于CGI的系统中，所有通常由客户端处理的任务必须由CGI 程序模拟。因此增加了服务器的负担。另一种从标准互联网浏览器获得客户端服务器应用的方法是由Dossick和Kaiser发明的[3]。他们提出了一项以HTTP代理连接已存在的客户端服务器网络系统的计划。HTTP代理拦截HTTP数据请求，并使用原始设定把他们的请求转移向源系统。 使用类似于Netscape的嵌入式APIs的浏览器专用工具创建客户端服务器系统的基于浏览器的客户端是可行的。不过，使用这种APIs把产生的基于网络客户端软件的使用限制在了专用平台以及专用网络浏览器上。这种不必要的限制抵消了很多创建基于网络客户端的好处。 3. 系统实施 电子电信研究所(ETRI)开发了叫做ERIS的可靠性信息系统。它可以使用计算机进行合成系统的失误率以及可靠性的计算[4]。ERIS的客户端程序包括由两个中立程序组成，他们处于不同的硬件平台：工作站以及个人电脑上。不熟悉UNIX环境的用户会使用时会不方便。 需要特别指出的是可靠性软件工具是由Birolini提出的。为了成为对用户有用的软件，相对于其它要求，一个够大的数据库是非常重要的。在单机环境下，用户可以拥有独立的数据存储。这将浪费计算机的资源和时间。大多数现有工具都是独立的，用户之间共享数据非常不方便。基于上述在ERIS测试中收集的要求和意见，我们设定了以下元素： -友好的用户界面：人机界面对于有效处理大量数据是非常重要的。同时他对理解分析结果是非常有帮助的。 -公开性：信息服务一定是被广泛使用的。开放性同样体现在终端客户的可靠性信息能够被此客户端使用的其他应用轻松获得。 -数据共享：一旦部分数据进入DBMS，那么此数据应该可以被其他用户分享。 -用户管理：用户信息存储能够有效处理增加的用户。 -安全性：安全设计必须被适当考虑，以防止设计数据被外界开启。只有拥有唯一正确的用户识别号码(ID)和密码的用户才能进入数据库服务器。 基于上述要求，ERIS发展了以下功能。该系统分为以下两类：用户数据库管理和可靠性分析。 我们结合了连接互联网方法以及源客户端服务器结构开发ERIS。网络浏览器在显示及格式化信息时能够被所有用户有效使用。网络浏览器使用的管理概念适用于ERIS。ERIS允许通过用户管理提出的网络浏览器申请。用户可以通过主页申请ERIS的使用ID。一旦他她的ID在用户数据库注册，他她能够在任何地方下载ERIS客户端程序。 ERIS客户端程序的实现类似于Windows程序。他们通过利于服务器的原始客户端处理专用应用功能。他们拥有更好的易存储性及用户友好界面，为了合并可靠性学习，他们提供了一个好的查询给设计进程。服务器进程和客户端进程的联系，是符合TCPIP协议的标准数据要求的。我提供了ERIS的互联网和客户端服务器结构的组合结构。服务器拥有CGI和COM两个进程。CGI组件解决从客户端网络浏览器发出的HTTP请求并返回对应的结果。COM是管理数据请求的联系进程。有一个临时数据库过滤错误成分及用户信息。只有认证用户及信息数据才可以被注册。 服务器是使用UNIX操作系统的工作站，客户端则是PC机。Informix数据库管理系统用来管 理用户及数据。服务器进程通过ESQLC语言实现。客户端程序通过MS Visual C++及Delphi开发工具进行开发。 4. 结论 ERIS是设计工程师和可信度分析家普遍采用的开发系统。通过结合互联网和继承客户端服务器结构的概念，我们在设计引擎的范围，建立了可迅速理解的可靠性设计环境。通过使用互联网，分发安装工具的时间比以前减少了很多。ERIS同样可以通过互联网为其他组织提供服务。互联网的技术发展和流行化将激发传统基于互联网系统向客户端服务器系统的转变。
科技外文文献 The Reliability of Internet-Based Information System Summary of papers focused on the reliability of the information system with the wide area network and server structure development. Existing customers of the system and an amendment to the transformation server HTTP task to perform analysis and advanced graphics. At the same time, the article is also on the global information network and the technical background, as well as, client server systems analysis explained. With systems development, design engineers and reliability analysts can more quickly and easily on an analysis of the reliability of the system. Keywords: information system, WWW, client server architecture, the reliability of 1. The introduction of information systems , it can be useful for the judge to make a decisive strategy. Is generally believed that the information system is built on the model of the organizational structure of a particular data flow. In reliability engineering, researchers in the access and data analysis will be some difficulties. The system development process is the accumulation of data from the majority of analysts to obtain the reliability. In the component data, computer failure rate for each component, the application-specific data (for example, the importance of the application, function of the number of pins, and so on.) Developers for the design of the system are very important in terms of . Institutions in the organization, client server architecture integrated as a good way of computer data. With the traditional focus on the computer environment, the client server environment, users share data, applications, are easier to deal with the process [1]. Ability to work depends on the balance of the application of client server system, an important role. Support the development of the Internet as an interactive data display and distribution of the means of transmission. Internet client and server interaction in the standardization of information was a great success. Similarly, in the development of client and server software or network protocol, if not require special resources, Internet-based system can quickly create. In this chapter, we explained the Internet-based and client server technology to achieve the reliability of information systems. Chapter II provides an overview of client server computing in response to the Internet. Chapter III describes the reliability of information systems implementation details, and Chapter IV of further study were summarized and