英美文学史1-10单元
英美文学史1-10单元
Colonial America （17世纪初）1. John Smith: A Description of New England2. William Bradford: Of Plymouth Plantation3. John Winthrop: A Model of Christian Charity4. Anne Bradstreet安妮·布莱德斯特第一部作品《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”Contemplations沉思Tenth MuseTo My Dear and Loving Husband The Flesh and the Spirit5. Edward Taylor爱德华·泰勒（the first and last, a puritan poet,concerned about his images speak for god）Huswifery Upon a Spider Catching a Fly6. Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience7. John Woolman: Journal8. Thomas Paine托马斯·佩因（对美国革命有主要影响）Common Sense常识The American Crisis美国危机The Rights of Man The Age of Reason 9. Philip Freneau菲利浦·弗瑞诺neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit The Wild Honey Suckle The Indian Burying Ground The Rising Glory of America 10. Charles Brockden Brown:心理学小说作品第一部小说：《威兰》（Wieland）主要的四部小说：《埃德加亨特利》（Edgar Huntly）《奥蒙德》（Ormond）《阿瑟默文》（Arthur Mervyn）以及第一部An American Tale 第一部美国小说American Puritanism清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.1.Jonathan Edwards（Religious idealism宗教唯心主义；reassert the Calvinist; Great Awakening）Personal Narative 自述The Freedom of the Will 意志的自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended原罪说辩Images or Shadows of Divine Things神灵的形影The Nature of True Virtue Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God2.Benjamin Franklin（level-headed common sense；签署四大文件的唯一人；the symbol of the age of Enlightenment, the close of colonial）The Autobiography自传——美国最早的传记文学作品Poor Richard’s Almanac穷人查理德的年鉴American Romanticism（the first half of 19世纪或18世纪末到内战时期）简介：Magazine is important to expand literary受到的双重影响：New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe.共同点：moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception1.Washington Irving（the first American writer of imaginative literature to gaininternational fame ；the first great prose stylist of American romanticism；the father of American literature；反映美国文学从18世纪的理性文学到19世纪的浪漫文学；the American goldsmith）作品features: avoid moralizing; amuse and entertain,departs Puritan forebear; envelop story in an atmosphere写作风格或人物:1.vivid and true; 2.humorous; 3.finished and musical language第一部作品纽约外史A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty（重要著作The Sketch Book: Rip V an Winkle The Legend of Sleepy Hollowthe first modern short stories；作者won international recognition; the beginning of American Romanticism)《作者自叙》：“The Author’s Account of Himself”布雷斯布里奇庄园Bracebridge Hall克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus 格拉纳达征服编年史A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada阿尔罕布拉Alhambra Life of Goldsmith Life of WashingtonCulminate顶峰：New England Transcendentalism 超验主义(American Renaissance) Major feature: ▲Oversoul; individual; nature as symbolic of the Spirit or GodNew England Transcendentalism was , Romanticism on the Puritan soil.1.Ralph Waldo Emerson (the leader ; seminal influence on independence American culture; he believed above all in▲individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance;one major elements of philosophy哲理in firm belief is▲OversoulIndependent culture：①Nature ——“the manifesto of American Transcendentalism”；his first philosophical work②The American Scholar ——“Declaration of Intellectual Independence”The Representative Men English Traits the Conduct of Life2.Henry David Thoreau (faithful follower of Emerson; a prophet of individualism in American literature)代表作Walden( Life in the wood)——come out of the period under discussionCivil Disobedience《平民反抗》essay A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River The Maine Woods Cape Cod Slavery in MassachusettsA Plea for Captain John Brown Letters to Various Persons3. Nathaniel Hawthorne (against the Emerson‟s optimistic trend)One source of evil in Hawthorne is overweening intellect.Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature.(The Scarlet Letter ——reveal the blackness of vision幻想It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past.The way suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism. Concerned with the moral,emotional,and psychological effect of the sin on the people.it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against.The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration.女主角Hester Prynm:honest, calmly face fault…A‟代表：Adultery——Able——AngelMoral: man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one’s worst to the outside world.)The House of the Seven Gables七尖角阁房Twice-Told Tales故事重述Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》The Marble Faun”《玉石神像》福谷浪漫史The Blithedale Romance The Custom House海关大楼短篇小说Young Goodman Brown小伙子布朗Dr. Rappcini’s DaughterThe Minister’s Black Veil4. Herman Melville（against the Emerson‟s optimistic trend ）Moby Dick ——The book is steeped in symbolism.one of the major themes in Melville is alienation. which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature.It represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak 暗淡view of the world in which he lived.Reveal the basic pattern of 19世纪American life: loneliness and suicidal individualism in a self-styled 自称的democracy.The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is a symbol of evil. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color,signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity,innocence, and youth.Billy Budd《比利·伯德》（最后一部）Clarel克拉勒尔is his famous poetic workTypee Omoo Mardi Redburn PierreWhite Jacket The Confidence Man5. Walt Whitman（transitional figure from Romanticism and Transcendentalism to Realism）One of major principles of Whitman’s technique is parallelism or a rhythm of thought 思想上的平行和节奏；another principles of Whitman’s versification诗律is phonetic recurrence语音循环free verse，broke the traditional iambic pentameter抑扬格五音步第一部Leaves of GrassSong of Myself——reveal a world of equality,without rank and hierarchy等级制度I Sit and Look Out I Hear America Singing O Captain, My Captain6. Emily Dickinson(Whitman is national, Dickinson is regional; religious-ethical and political-social ideas; basic tone is tragic悲剧；largest portion of poetry concern death and immortality; on the ethical:free will and human responsibility；with Stephen Crane，the precursor of Imagist movement；Henry James called “the landscape of the soul“)Because I Could not Stop for Death I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I diedI Died for Beauty-but Was ScarceMy Life Closed Twice before its Close Mine—by the Right of the White ElectionWild Nights—Wild Nights As Imperceptibly as GriefA Narrow Fellow in the Grass The Brain is Wilder than the SkyTell All the Truth but Tell It Slant I Like to See It Lap the Miles7. Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·阿伦·坡(备受争议的人物，但是在欧洲很出名；a writer of fiction, a poet of the first rank, critic of acumen聪慧and insight洞察力;the first author is to make neurotic the heroic figure; the father of psychoanalytic critic ism and detective story; psychological fiction;style is traditional)The poem should be short , readable at one sitting.Its chief aim is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader.Melancholy忧郁is the most legitimate of all the poetic tones.The death of a beautiful woman is the most poetical topic in the world.Ms. Found in a Bottl e获得短篇小说奖To Helen，one of the most famous of Poe’s lyrics.The RavenThe Fall of the House of UsherThe murders in the Rue Morgue——an ingenious detective story侦探小说,became the ancestor of the genreTales of the Grotesque and ArabesqueRealism（the latter half of 19世纪）against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalismcalled for “reality and truth”1.William Dean Howells 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯Influence journal——The Atlantic Monthly大西洋月刊His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.The Rise of Silas LaphamA Modern Instance现代婚姻Criticism and Fiction Literature and Life2. Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯（开创the international novel；the international theme and psychological realism;the first modern psychological analysts）international theme:the meeting of America and Europe，American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence, and its moral and psychological complication.“point of view”——at the center of his aesthetic of the novelDaisy Miller—win him international fame and reveal his fascination with international themeThe AmericanThe Portrait of a Lady(早期最好的作品)The Art of Fic-tion小说的艺术第2阶段The Bostonians The Princess Casamassima The Tragic Muse长篇小说（第3阶段）The Ambassadors——a comedy of American and European manners；The Wings of the Dove；The Golden Bowl3.Mark Twain（local colorism）美国文学之父原名Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯代表作The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (colloquial style口语体)First novel:The Gilded Age——标志现实主义的开端Life on the MississippiThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (national famous)Roughing It The Prince and the Pauper A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court Pudd’nhead Wilson The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg长篇论文What is Man The Mysterious Stranger Autobiography American Naturalism (in the nineties of the 19th century)Darwinian“ the survival of the fittest”and “the human beast”1.Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩(继承Dickinson的诗风；意象主义imagism诗歌的先驱者；a pioneer writing in naturalistic tradition)第一部Maggie: A Girl of the Street——the first American uncompromising坚定的naturalistic novelRelates the story of a good woman’ s downfall and destruction in a slum environment.Novel:The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章短篇小说The Open Boat The Blue Hotel The Bride Comes to Yellow SkyThe Black Riders (his first book of poems) George’s MotherActive Service War Is Kind2.Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞Sister Carrie——naturalism attained maturity成熟traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.珍妮姑娘Jannie Gerhardt 金融家The Financier 巨人The Titan 天才Genius 美国悲剧An American Tragedy 德莱塞访苏印象记Dreiser Looks at RussiaHemingwayHemingway hero: dignity, grace under pressure 例如Nick Adams作品：first important novel ——The Sun Also Rise ——became the spokesman for “a lost generation”代表作：丧钟为谁而呜For Whom the Bell TollsA Farewell to Arms永别了，武器老人与海The Old Man and the Sea海明威英雄的经典表述：a man can be destroyed but not defeated.。
英美文学各章学习重点
英国文学—The old and medieval periods1．Beowuf这部作品Romance是这个时期最流行的文学形式；Chaucer第一个引进“英雄偶句”诗体。
Beowulf（贝奥武甫(八世纪初的一篇古英语史诗; 该史诗中的主角)）, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic (民族史诗)of the Anglo-Saxons. Literary position: The poem was originally in an oral form, it is written down in the 10th century. Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.Romance (骑士抒情诗)，a popular literary form in the medieval period) uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, whose motifs（主题, 主旨）of the quest is for truth, beauty and kindness.Chaucer(乔叟): whose masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》. The famous character of his works is the Wife of Bath. Chaucer employed the heroic coupletverse form (英雄双韵诗形式) with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature. He is the father of English poetry.英国文学—The renaissance periods 1.《仙后》一部寓言(allegory), 人物象征意义与主题.The Faerie is an allegory.The Red-crosse Knight stands for St.George, the patron saint of England, and he also represent Holiness.A lovely Ladie, virgin Una, symbolizes the thruth or the true faith of religion.A milke white lambe reprents the God.Dragon and infernall feend refer the SatanThe theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic—“fiece warres and faithful loves”.2. 斯宾塞的诗歌特点The five main quailites of spenser’spoetry are:1) a perfect melody;2) a rare sense of beauty;3) a splendid imagination;4) a lofty purity and seriousness;5) a dedicated idealism.3.《浮士德》的主题Dr. Faustus is a play based on theGerman legend of a magician aspiringfor knowledge and finally meeting histragic end as a result of selling his soulto the Devil. The play’s dominantmoral is human than religious. Itcelebrates the human passion forknowledge, power and happiness; italso reveals man’s frustration inrealizing the high aspiration in ahostile moral order. And theconfinement to time is the cruelest factof man’s condition.4.《威尼丝商人》的故事及主题The play has a double plot:1) Bassanio——Portia2) Antonio——ShylockThe traditional theme of the playis to praise the friendship betweemAntonio and Bassanio, to idealizePortia as a heroine of greate beaulity,wit and loyalty, and to expose theinsatiable greed and brutality of theJew. Tody, many people tend to regardthe play as a satire of the christians’hypocrisy and their false standards offrindship and love, their cunning wayof pursuing worldliness(俗心, 俗气)and their unreasoning prejudice againstJews.5．Milton的三部作品Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained,Samson Agonistes.英国文学—The neoclassical periods1．Bunyan的《天路历程》是一部寓言(allegory)，其主题及《名利场》的寓意The Pilgrim’s Progress is themost successful religious allegory inthe English language. Its purpose is tourge people to abide by Christiandoctrines and seek salvation throughconstant struggle with their ownweakness and all kinds of social evils.Its predominant metaphor —life as ajourney — is simple and familiar. Theobjects that Christian meets arehomely and commonplace, and thescence presented a typical Englishones, but throughout the allegory aspiritual signifiance is added to thecommonplace details.The Vanity Fair symbolizeshuman world, for “All that cometh isvanity.”Everything and anything inthis world is “vanity”, having no valueand no meaning. The Vanity Fair, a“marcket selling nothingness” of allsorts, is a dirty place originally built upby devils, but, this town “lay” in theway to the Celestial City, meaningpilgrims had to resist the tempatationsthere way through. So, the depiction ofthe “Fair” in selling things worldly andin attracting people bad, representsJohn Bunyan’s rejection of the worldlyseekings and pious longing for the pureand charming “Celestial City” hisChristian ideal.2．鲁宾逊的意义Robinson is here a real hero: atypical eighteenth-century Enlishmiddle-class man, with a greatcapacity for work, inexhaustible energy,courage, patience and persistence inovercoming obstacles, in stugglingagainst the hostile natural environment.He is the very prototype of the empirebuilder, the pioneer colonist.3．Gulliver’s Travel的四个部分The book contains four parts.The first part —— LilliputThe second part —— BrobdingnagThe third part —— flying IslandThe fourth part —— Houyhnhnmland, YahooAs a whole, the book is one of themost effcetive and devastatingcriticisms and satires of all aspects inthen English and European life —socially, politically, religiously,philosophically, scientifically, andmorally.4．Fielding的贡献Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel”.He was first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and syle. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either the Episolary form or the picaresque form, but fielding adopted “the third-person narration,” in which the author become the “all-knowing God”.英国文学—The romantic periods 1．Blake青春之歌与经验之歌的比较The Song of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and suffering.His Songs of Experiecnce paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with melancholy tone.The two “Chimney Sweeper” poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making compiant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect(景色, 前景)of “illusory happiness;” the poem from the Songs of the Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor child.2．拜伦式英雄Buyron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burdens of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustilbeenergies.3．KEATS的希腊古瓮颂的主题Ode on an grecian Urn shows thecontrast between the permanence of artand the transcience of human passion.4．奥丝丁的三种婚姻观Stories of love and marriageprovide the major theme in all JaneAusten’s novels, in which femalechatacters are always playing an activepart. In their pursuit of a marriage,they ate usually categorize into threetypes according to their differentattitudes: those who would marry formaterial wealth and social position,those who would marry just for beautyand passion, and those who wouldmarry for true love with aconsideration of the partn er’s personalmerit as well ad his economical andsocial status.5.《傲慢与偏见》的故事及主题Pride and Prejudice mainly tellsof the love story between a rich,pround young man Darcy and thebeautiful and intelligent ElizaethBennet. None of the daughters caninherit the estate of the family for ithas been entailed upon the nearestmale heir, Willian Collins, Collinsintends to marry and he decides toshoose Elizabeth as a way of makingamends for inheriting the family’sestate. Collins is a preposterous(荒谬的) suitor, and Elizabeth rejects theproposal. Another young man calledDarcy proposes her, but she hasprejudice against him because shethinks that he has nothing but pride.After many twists and turns, they arehappily united. This book tells us agreat deal about attitude towardmarriage in Austen’s time.Stories of love and marriageprovide the major themes in all hernovels, Jane Austen tries to say that itis wrong to marry just for money or forbeauty, but it is also wrong to marrywithout it.as it is said in the book that it is a truthuniversally acknowledged that a singeman in possession of a good foutunemust be in want of a wife.英国文学—The victorian periods1．Dickens小说的3种角色类型及创作生涯。
英美文学各章要点总结中英对照
Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. 1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. 2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. 3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see thathuman beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. 4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the Englishhumanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. 5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
自考英美文学选读(美国文学史)
PART TWO: AMERICAN LITERATUREChapter1 The Romantic Period1.主要作家及其作品：i.Washington Irving:The Sketch Book; Rip Van Winkle;The Legend of Sleepy Hollowii.Ralph Waldo Emerson:Essays; The American Scholar; Self-Reliance;The Over-Soul; The Poet; Experience; Nature iii.Nathaniel Hawthorne:Mosses from an Old Manse; The Scarlet Letter;The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales;The House of the Seven Gables;The Blithedale Romance;The Marble Fauniv.Walt Whitman:Leaves of Grass; There was a Child Went Forth;Drum Taps; Cavalry Crossing a Ford; Song of Myself;When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’dv.Herman Melville:Moby-Dick; Billy Budd; Typee; Omoo;Mardi; Redburn; White Jacket.2.清教主义Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. As the word itself hints，Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship，and organization of authority. American Puritans，like their brothers back in England，were idealists，believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination，original sin and total depravity，and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America，they became more and more practical，as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. As a culture heritage，Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become，to some extent，so much a state of mind，so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere，rather than a set of tenets.3.超验主义Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively，or of attaining knowledge transcendingthe reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech，"Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and，therefore，self-re1iant. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold，rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation ，the innate goodness of man，and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths.4.象征主义5.自由诗Whitman is also radically innovative in terms of the form of his poetry. He adopted "free verse，" that is，poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. A looser and more open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored. Lines and sentences of different lengths are left lying side by side just as things are，undisturbed and separate. There are few compound sentences to draw objects and experiences into a system of hierarchy. Whitman was the first American to use free verse extensively. By means of "free verse，" Whitman turned the poem into an open field，an area of vital possibility where the reader can allow his own imagination to play.6.爱默生的超验主义思想及他的自然观In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the Individual, and Nature. Emerson rejected both the formal religion of the churches and the Deistic philosophy. Emerson and other Transcendentalists believed that there should be an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal ―over-soul,‖ since the over-soul is an all-pervading power from which all things come from and of which all are a part. Emerson is affirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.. he means to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. Emerson’s nature is emblematic of the spiritual world, alive with God’s overwhelming presence; hence, it exercises a healthy and restorative influence on human mind. ―God back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.‖ By employing nature as a big symbol of the Spirit, or God, or the over-soul. Emerson has brought the Puritan Legacy of symbolism to its perfection. 7.《小伙子布朗》中的寓言和象征In ―Young Goodman Brown,‖ Hawthorne set out to prove that everyone possesses some evil secret. The story illustrates Hawthorne's allegorical theme of human evil. In the manner of its concern with guilt and evil，it exemplifies what Milville called the" power of blackness" in Hawthorne's work. In "Young Goodman Brown，" he sets out to prove that everyone possesses some evil secret. "Evil is thenature of mankind." Its hero，a naive young man who accepts both society in general and his fellow men as individuals worth his regard，is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night，and becomes thereafter distrustful and doubtful.Allegorically，our protagonist，becomes an Everyman named Brown，a "young man" who will be aged in one night by an adventure that makes everyone in this world a fallen idol.However, The story is manipulated in such a way that we as readers feel that Hawthorne poses the question of Good and Evil in man but withholds his answer，and he does not permit himself to determine whether the events of the night of trial are real or the mere figment of a dream.8.霍桑的清教思想和他人性本恶的观点As we can see, Hawthorne’s literary world turns out to be a most disturbed, tormented and problematical one possible to imagine. This has much to do with his ―black‖ vision of life and human beings. According to Hawthorne, ―There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity. One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually refers to someone who is too proud, too sure of himself. He believed that ―the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones,‖ and often wondered if he might have inherited some of their guilt. This sensibility led to his understanding of evil being at the very core of human life., which is typical of the Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.9.麦尔维尔长篇小说《白鲸》的象征意义Moby-Dick is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure，it is also a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe，a spiritual exploration into man's deep reality and psychology.Like Hawthorne，Melville is a master of allegory and symbolism. He uses allegory and symbolism in Moby-Dick to present its mighty theme. Instead of putting the battle between Ahab and the big whale into simple statements，he used symbols，that is，objects or persons who represent something else. Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups；facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings；the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale，Moby Dick，symbolizes nature for Melville，for it is complex，unfathomable，malignant，and beautiful as well. For the character Ahab，however，the whale represents only evil. Moby Dick is like a wall，hiding some unknown，mysterious things behind. Ahab wills the whole crew on the Pequod to join him in the pursuit of the big whale so as to pierce the wall，to root out the evil，but only to be destroyed by evil，in this case，by his own consuming desire，his madness. For the author，as well as for the reader and Ishmael，the narrator，Moby Dick is still a mystery，an ultimate mystery of the universe，inscrutable and ambivalent，and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search，not a discovery，of the truth.10.惠特曼《草叶集》的结构(自由诗)、主题、语言特色1. The themes in Whitman's poetry：His poetry is filled with optimistic expectation and enthusiasm about new things and new epoch. Whitman believed that poetry could play a vita1 part in the process of creating a new nation. It could enab1e Americans to celebrate their release from the Old World and the colonia1 rule. And it could also help them understand their new status and to define themse1ves in the new wor1d of possibi1ities. Hence，the abundance of themes in his poetry voices freshness. He shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. Pursuit of love and happiness is approved of repeatedly and affectionately in his lines. Sexual 1ove，a rather taboo topic of the time，is displayed candidly as something adorable. The individual person and his desires must be respected.2.Leaves of GrassWalt Whitman is a poet with a strong sense of mission，having devoted all his life to the creation of the "single" poem，Leaves of Grass.（1）the title ：It is significant that Whitman entitled his book Leaves of Grass . He said that where there is earth，where there is water，there is grass. Grass，the most common thing with the greatest vitality，is an image of the poet himself，a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom.（a）theme：In this giant work，openness，freedom，and above all，individua1ism（the belief that the rights and freedom of individual people are most important）are all that concerned him. Whitman brings the hard-working farmers and laborers into American literature ，attack the slavery system and racial discrimination. In this book he also extols nature，democracy，labor and creation ，and sings of man's dignity and equality，and of the brightest future of mankind . Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the "en-masse" and the self as well.（b）the poet's essentia1 purposeHis aim was nothing less than to express some new poetica1 feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference shou1d be recognized. The genuine participation of a poet in a common cultural effort was，according to Whitman，to behave as a supreme individualist；however，the poet's essentia1 purpose was to identify his ego with the world，and more specifically with the democratic "en-masse" of America，which is established in the opening lines of "Song of Myself".3.Whitman's poetic style and languageTo dramatize the nature of these new poetical fee1ings，Whitman employed brand-new means in his poetry，which would first be discerned in his style and language.（1）Whitman's poetic style is marked，first of a1l，by the use of the poetic "I." Whitman becomes all those people in his poems and yet still remains "Walt Whitman"，hence a discovery of the self in the other with such an identification. Insuch a manner，Whitman invites his readers to participate in the process of sympathetic identification.（3）Whitman is conversational and casual，in the fluid，expansive，and unstructured style of talking. However，there is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. The reader can feel the rhythm of Whitman's thought and cadences of his feeling. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines also contribute to the musicality of his poems.（4）Whitman's languageContrary to the rhetoric of traditional poetry，Whitman's is relatively simple and even rather crude. Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest，undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. The particularity about these images is that they are unconventional in the way they break down the social division based on religion，gender，class，and race. One of the most often-used methods in Whitman's poems is to make colors and images fleet past the mind's eye of the reader. Another characteristic in Whitman's language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman's vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerfu1，colorful，as well as rarely-used words，words of foreign origin and sometimes even wrong words.美国现实主义时期1.Mark Twain: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer;The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County;Innocents Abroad; The Gilded Age2.Henry James: The American; Daisy Miller;The Europeans; The Portrait of A Lady;What Maisie Knows; The Wings of the Dove;The Ambassadors; The Golden Bowl; The Art to Fiction3.Emily Dickinson:4. Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie; American Tragedy1.What is Realism?In art and literature, Realism refers to an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures exactly as they act or appear in life. Realism emerged as a literary movement in Europe in the 1850s. In reaction to Romanticism, realistic writers should set down their observations impartially and objectively. They insisted on accurate documentation, sociological insight, and avoidance of poetic diction and idealization. The subjects were to be taken from everyday life, preferably from lower-class life. Realism entered American literature after the Civil War. William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James were the pioneers of realism in the U.S.1.What is Naturalism? (or American Naturalism)In literature, the term refers to the theory that literary composition should aim at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man. The movement is an outgrowth of 19th –century scientic thought, following in general the biological determinism of Darwin’s theory, or the economic determinism of Karl Marx. American Naturalism is a more advanced stage of realism toward the close of the 19th century. The American naturalists accepted the more negative implications of Darwin’s theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were conceived as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces. And consciously or unconsciously the American naturalists followed the French novelist and theorist Emile Zola's cal l that the 1iterary artist ―must operate with characters, passions, human and social data as the chemist and the physicist work on inert bodies, as the physiologist works on living bodies.‖ They chose their subjects from the lower ranks of society and portrayed the people who were demonstrably victims of society and nature. And one of the most familiar themes in American Naturalism is the theme of human ―bestiality‖, especially as an explanation of sexual desire.Artistically, naturalistic writings are usually unpo1ished in language, lacking in academic skills and unwieldly in structure. Philosophically, the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual, or beyond his control. Devoid of rationality and caught in a process in which he is but a part, man cannot fully understand, let alone contro1, the world he lives in; hence, he is left with no freedom of choice.In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more detached, ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. Notable writers of naturalistic fiction were Frank Norris, Sherwood Anderson, and Theodore Driser.2.The distinction between Realism and NaturalismNaturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more detached, ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.The distinction lies, first of all, in the fact that Realism is concerned directly with what is absorbed by the senses; Naturalism, a term more properly applied to literature, attempts to apply scientific theories to art. Second, Naturalism differs from Realism in adding an amoral attitude to the objective presentation of life. Naturalistic writers, adopting Darwin’s biological determinism and Marx’s economic determinism, regard human behavior as controlled by instinct, emotion, or social and economic conditions, and reject free will. Third, Naturalism had an outlook often bleaker than that of Realism, and it added a dimension of predetermined fate that rendered human will ultimately powerless.3.What is (Social) Darwinism?Social Darwinism is a belief that societies and individual human beings compete in astruggle for existence in which natural selection results in ―struggle of the fittest.‖ Social Darwinists base their beliefs on theories of evolution developed by British naturalist Charles Darwin. Social Darwinists typically deny that they advocate a ―law of jungle.‖ But most propose arguments that justify imbalances of power between individuals, races, and nations because they consider some more fit to survive than others. The theory had produced a big impact on Naturalism.马克吐温1.Twain as a local coloristTwain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on. Consequently, the rich material of his boyhood experience on the Mississippi became the endless resources for his fiction, and the Mississippivalley and the West became his major theme. Unlike James and Howe1ls, Mark Twain wrote about the lower-class people, because they were the people he knew so we1l ancl their 1ife was the one he himself had lived. Moreover he successfully used local color and historical settings to i1lustrate and shed light on the contemporary societyAnother fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are col1oquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simp1e, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken 1anguage. Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. It is fun to read Twain to begin with, for most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall ta1es.(2) The novel’s theme, characterization of ―Huck‖ and the novel’s social significance: Theme: The novel is a vindication of what Mark Twain called ― the damned human race.‖ That is the theme of man’s inhumani ty to man---of human cruelty, hypocrisies, dishonesties, and moral corruptions. Mark Twain’s thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is best known for Mark Twain’s wonderful characterization of ―Huck,‖ a typical American boy whom its creator described as a boy with ―a sound heart and a deformed conscience,‖ and remarkable for the raft’s journey down the Mississippi river, which Twain used both realistically and symbolically to shape his book into an organic whole.Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark Twain’s thematic contrasts between i nnocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.黛西米勒的主题和主要人物的性格分析1.The theme of the novelDaisy Miller is one of James’s early works that dealt with the international theme, i.e.,to set against a large international background, usual1y between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cu1tures with two different groups of peop1e representing two different value systems: American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence and the moral and psychological complications arising therefrom.2.Characterization of Daisy MillerIn this novel, the ―Americanness ‖in Daisy is revealed by her relatively unreserved manners. Daisy Miller, a typical young American girl who goes to Europe and affronts her destiny. The unsophisticated girl is cruelly wronged because of the confrontation between the two value systems. Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World. However, innocence, the keynote of her character, turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different cultures. In this novel James’s sympathy for Daisy could be easily felt when we think of a tender flower crushed by the harsh winter in Rome.3.The content of this selection: Daisy has just arrived at Switzerland with her family and meets Winterborne for the first time. Two days later Daisy goes alone with Winterborne on an excursion to an old castle, which is soon in the air among theby its narration from the point of view of the American youth Winterborne狄金森诗歌的主题结构及艺术特色The thematic concerns and the original artistic features of Dickinson's poetry: 1．Themes: Dicksinson’s poems are usually based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys. But within her litlle lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature.2．Artistic features: Her poetry is unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musica1 device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis. Most of her poems borrow the repeated four-line, rhymed stanzas of traditional Christian hymns, with two lines of four-beat meter alternating with two lines of three-beat meter. A master of imagery that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways, Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form: She used imperfect rhymes, subtle breaks of rhythm, and idiosyncratic syntax and punctuation to create fascinating word puzzles, which have produced greatly divergent interpretations over the years. Dickinson’s irregular or sometimes inverted sentence structure also confuses readers. However, her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness. Her poems are usually short, rarely more than twenty lines, and many of them are centered on a single image or symbo1 and focused on one subject matter. Due to her deliberate sec1usion, her poems tend to be very personal and meditative. She frequently uses personae to render the tone more familiar to the reader, and personification to vivifysome abstract ideas. Dickinson's poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness; and her limited private world has never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination.美国现代时期1.Ezra Pound: The Cantos; In a Station of the Metro.2.Robert Lee Frost: The Road Not Taken; Stopping by Woods on aSnowy Evening3.Eugene O’Neill: Beyond the Horizon; The Emperor Jones; The HairyApe;All God’s Chillun Got Wings; Desire under the Elms;Anna Christie; The Great God Brown; Lazarus Laughed;Strange Interlude; The Iceman Cometh;Long Day’s Journey Into Night.4. F Scott Fitzgerald: This Side of Paradise; The Beautiful andDamned;The Great Gatsby; Tender is the Night;Flappers and Philosophers; Tales of the Jazz Age;All the Sad Young Men; Taps at Reveille;Babylon Revisited.5.Ernest Hemingway: In Our Time; The Sun Also Rises;A farewell to Arms; For Whom the BellTolls;The Old Man and the Sea; Men Without Women.6.William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury; Light in August;Absalom, Absalom; Go Down, Moses;A Rose for Emily.1）The Imagist Movement and the artistic characteristics of imagist poems：Led by the American poet Ezra Pound，Imagist Movement is a poetic movement that flourished in the U.S. and England between 1909-1917. It advances modernism in arts which concentrates on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism，especially Tennyson's worldliness and high-flown language in poetry. Pound endorsed three main principles as guidelines for Imagism，including direct treatment of poetic subjects，elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words，and rhythmical composition should be composed with the phrasing of music，not a metronome. The primary Imagist objective is to avoid rhetoric and moralizing，to stick closely to the object or experience being described，and to move from explicit generalization. The leading poets are Ezra Pound，Wallace Stevens，wrence，etc.The characteristic products of the movement are more easily recognized than its theories defined；they tend to be short，composed of short lines of musical cadence rather than metrical regularity，to avoid abstraction，and to treat the imagewith a hard，clear precision rather than with overt symbolic intent. The influence of Japanese forms，tanka and haiku，is obvious in many. Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse and they like to emply common speech. They stressed the freedom in the choice of subject matter and form.2）The Lost GenerationIt refers to，in general，the post-World WarⅠgeneration，but specifically a group of expatriate disillusioned intellectuals and artists，who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism. The remark of Gertrude Stein，"You are all a lost generation，"addressed to Hemingway，was used as an epigraph to the latter's novel The Sun Also Rises，which brilliantly describes those expatriates who had cut themselves off from their past in America in order to create new types of writing. The generation was "lost" in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U.S. that seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial，materialistic，and emotional barren. The term embraces Hemingway，F. Scott Fitzgerald，Ezra Pound，E.E.Cummings，and many other writers who made Paris the center of their literary activities in the 1920s.3）What is Expressionism？Expressionism is used to describe the works of art and literature in which the representation of reality is distorted to communicate an inner vision，transforming nature rather than imitating it. In literature it is often considered a revolt against realism and naturalism，a seeking to achieve a psychological or spiritual reality rather than to record external events.In drama，the expressionist work was characterized by a bizarre distortion of reality. writers's concern was with general truths rather than with particular situations，hence they explored in their plays the predicaments of representative symbolic types rather than of fully developed individualized characters. Emphasis was laid not on the outer world，which is merely sketched in and barely defined in place or time，but on the internal，on an individual's mental state；hence the imitation of life is replaced in Expressionist drama by the ecstatic evocation of states of mind. In America，Eugene O'Neille's Emperor Jones，The Hairy Ape，etc. are typical plays that employ Expressionism4）The concept of "wasteland" in relation to the works of those writers in the twentieth-century American literatureThe Waste Land is a poem written by T.S.Eliot on the theme of the sterility and chaos of the contemporary world. This most widely known expression of the despair of the post-War era has appeared over and again in the works of those writers in the twentieth-century American literature. Fitzgerald sought to portray a spiritual wasteland of the Jazz Age. Beneath the masks of relaxation and joviality，there was only sterility，meaninglessness and futility amid the grandeur and extravagance，。
英美文学欣赏最新版教学课件英国文学 Unit 1 William Shakespeare
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name; And for that name, which is no part of thee, Take all myself.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date. 狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践， 夏天出赁的期限又未免太短；
（注解：诗人自答，对朋友的珍爱之情跃然纸上。原因在于：因为狂风会把 五月娇嫩的花蕾摧残，夏天延续的时间又过于短暂。这后两行是为下面作铺 垫。以上四句是诗的第一节，此为起。)
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? 我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？ （注解：将朋友比作英国气候最宜人的夏季，通俗自然，让人耳目一新。）
Thou art more lovely and more temperate. 你不独比他可爱也比他温婉；
2. What does it mean when Juliet says “that which we call a rose/By my other name would smell as sweet”?
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
作品欣赏
Sonnet 18.
Sonnet：十四行诗（或音译为 “商籁体”）是一种格律比较严谨的 诗体。它起源于文艺复兴初期，有多 种变体。莎士比亚十四行诗为五音步 抑扬格，每行十个音节，全诗共分三 节，按照a-b-a-b-c-d-c-d-e-f-e-fg-g 格式押韵。最后两行带有警句性 质，总结全诗内容，为点睛之笔。
英美文学史 第一单元
5 The Enclosure Movement
◎ The Enclosure in England began in the 12th century and proceeded rapidly from 1450-1640. The process was not virtually complete until the end of 19th century.
◎The romance has certain typical features:
concerns knights, involves the fighting or the adventures, makes use of the improbable or the supernatural, is involved with romantic lover, the style is easy and colloquial. (Love,
chivalry and religion)
◎The romance can be divided into four types of subject matters:
a, The Matter of Britain (King Arthur, such as those of Sir Gawain, Sir Perceval and the quest for the Holy Grail)
( Christian ideals, a praise for truth and courage,
the ambiguous meaning of color Green )
The 15th Century (1400-1485)
1 The Hundred Yearhurch
英美文学复习大纲与重点内容
《英美文学》复习大纲第一部分英国文学一、课程简介本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。
二、课程重点章节简介：第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学1. <<贝尔武夫>>2. 乔叟及其代表作第二章: 文艺复兴时期1. 文艺复兴的定义2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗3. 培根的代表作第三章: 十七世纪英国文学1. 弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<失乐园>>选短第四章: 启蒙运动时期1. 新古典主义2. 伤感主义3. 笛福及代表作4. 蒲伯及代表作第五章: 浪漫主义时期1. 浪漫主义时期文学的特点2. 彭斯的创作特点及代表作3. 华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作4. 拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作第六章: 维多利亚时期1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点2. 布朗蒂姐妹的代表作第七章: 现代时期1. 现代主义文学2. 汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作三、本课程重点和难点内容简介第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学：1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。
2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。
3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗”第二章: 文艺复兴时期：1. 文艺复兴时期的时间界定2. “文艺复兴”的名词解释3. “人文主义”的名词解释4. 莎士比亚的“Sonnet 18”的主题5. 哈姆雷特的性格分析6. 英语解释《论学习》中的句子第三章: 十七世纪英国文学：1. 英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子2. 《失乐园》的主要内容和意义3. 《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析第四章: 启蒙运动时期：1. 启蒙运动时期的界定2. 新古典主义的基本主张和特色3. 伤感主义的名词解释4. 《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析5. 蒲伯的《论批评》的主题6. 英文解释《论批评》第五章: 浪漫主义时期：1. 浪漫主义时期的界定及文学特点2. 彭斯的诗歌的特点及其诗作“红玫瑰”3. 华兹华斯和科勒律治合作的《抒情歌谣集》的重要意义4. 华兹华斯的诗歌特点5. 英文解释华兹华斯“我如行云独自游”中的句子6. 拜伦“致希腊”的主题并用英语解释其中句子7. 雪莱“西风颂”的主题并用英语解释其中句子第六章: 维多利亚时期1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点2. 艾米莉。
英美文学整理分章节
关于殖民地时期的知识点Q1The important literary figures of colonial America and their representative works.Captain John Smith (Virginia):A soldier of fortune雇佣兵A True Relation of Virginia (1608)The General History of Virginia (1624)William Bradford 威廉·布莱福特(the governor of Plymouth for 30 years): History of Plimoth Plantation 普里茅斯殖民地史(Describes the signing ofthe “Mayflower Compact”, the first Thanksgiving, the Pilgrims' dealings with Indians, and other experiences of the first settlers)Anne Bradstreet安‧布莱斯特里特: (1612-1672)(One of the most important figures in the history of American Literature. The first American poet) : The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》(The first book written by a woman to be published in America.) Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森·爱德华兹( --- the last Puritan .president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), the most brilliant theological(神学)mind in North America.)Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741)(one of his sermons)Personal Narrative 《自述》(1740)story of his youthful religious experiences Benjamin Franklin (1706~1790)Autobiography (1793) 《自传》Poor Richard's Almanack (from 1732)Thomas Paine (1737-1809)Common Sense ( 1776)常识Q2 Declaration of Independence 独立宣言Largely the work of Thomas Jefferson杰斐逊“all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”----the very heart of democracy关于浪漫主义时期的知识Q1What is romanticism?Romanticismrepresented an attitude toward the realities of man, nature, and society, which had its sources in the stirring events both in Europe and in America, it was not an organized system. Romanticism was rebellious in spirit, standing in reaction, against the neoclassical spirit then prevailing in American literary life. The romantic emphasized freedom and individualism, believing that imagination was superior to ra tionalism. They preferred the innate or intuitive perception by the heart of man.Q2 The important literary figures of American romanticism and their works.1.Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)a)Nature (1836) 《自然》b)Self-Reliance (1841) 《论自助》2.Henry David Thoreau 梭罗a)his essay “Civil Disobedience”论公民的不服从(1849),converted Emersonian self-reliance into a workable formulafor opposing the power of government.3.Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-l864)a)Moses from an Old Manse (1846)b)The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales (1851)C)The Scarlet Letter (1850)D)The House of the Seven Gables (1851 )E)The Blithedale Romance (l852)Hawthorne's thematic concerns:(1) his "black" vision of life and human beings: his concernwith human sin and evil(2)Hawthorne's view of Puritanism(3) his masterpiece The Scarlet Letterhis apparent preoccupation with the moral issues of sin and guilt, and his keen psychological analysis of people are brought to full display in this novel4.Herman Melville(1819-1891)Moby-dick :(regarded as the Great American Novel, the first American prose epic散文史诗)5.Walt WhitmanLeaves of Grass6.Emily Dickinson7.Edgar Allan Poe 爱伦坡Major writer in the South.Important Points1. Poe’s major works.2. Poe’s literary characteristics and achievementsQ3.Edgar Allen Poe’s writing theories and his achievements.(见上面相关内容)Q4.Allegory and symbolism in Moby Dick. Moby-Dick is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure, it is also a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man's deep reality and psychology.the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well. For the character Ahab, however, the whale represents only evil. Moby Dick is like a wall, hiding some unknown, mysterious things behind. Ahab wills the whole crew on the Pequod to join him in the pursuit of the big whale so as to pierce the wall, to root out the evil, but only to be destroyed by evil, in this case, by his own consuming desire, his madness.关于The Age of Realism的知识Q1The important literary figures of American realism and their works.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.1.Mark Twain,The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County"It was one of Twain's earliest writings, and helped establish his reputation as a humorist.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （1876）The Prince and the Pauper (1882)Life on the Mississippi (1883)Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)The £1,000,000 Bank-Note and Other Stories (1893)……2.Henry James (1843-1916 )The Three Periods in His Literary Career:the first period (1865-1882)James took great interest in international themes: his treatment with the clashes between two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America.The American (l877), Daisy Miller (l878), The Europeans (l878), and The Portrait of A Lady (188l )middle periodJames experimented with different themes and formsNovels : The Bostonians (1886), The Princess Casamassima (l886 ) short stories (two groups)；The Private Life (1893), The Death ofa Lion (1894) and The Middle Years (posthumously1917)exploring the relationship of the artist to the society。
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南时间：2011年2月使用教材：《美国文学史》（第二版）常耀信著Chapter 1 Colonial America★1607 Jamestown, Virginia：the first permanent English settlement in America★1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts: the second permanent English settlement in America★Captain John Smith: the first American writer writing in English★Anne Bradstreet: the first American woman poetMajor work: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Contemplations (9) on P. 17 （熟悉这首诗歌）To My Dear and Loving Husband《致我亲爱的丈夫》★Philis Wheatley: the first black woman poet in American literature★Edward Taylor: the most famous poet in the colonial periodHuswifery on P. 19 （熟悉这首诗歌）★Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience (1644)Translated the Bible into the Indian tongue★John Winthrop: ―Model of Christian Charity‖（〈基督慈善之典范〉）The History of New England (two volumes, 1825, 1826)(〈新英格兰史〉) 1630 --- 1649 in diary★Thomas Paine: Common Sense, The American Crisis, The Rights of Man, The Age of Reason ★Philip Freneau: Poet of the American RevolutionThe Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground, The Dying Indian: TomoChequi★Charles Brockden Brown: the first important American novelistWieland, Edgar Huntly, Ormond, Aurthur MervynChapter 2 Edwards, Franklin, Crevecoeur★the 18th century: Age of Reason and Enlightenment★Jonathan Edwards: America’s first systematic philosopherThe Freedom of the Will, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God★Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac熟悉37页的引文★Hector St. John de Crevecoeur: Letters from an American FarmerChapter 3 American Romanticism, Irving, Cooper★Washington Irving: the first American writer to win international acclaimThe Sketch Book: Rip V an Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow★James Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales (五个故事的题目)Natty Bumpo (人物形象)Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism, Emerson, Thoreau★Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature (the Bible and manifesto of New England Transcendentalism)The American Scholar (America’s Declaration of IntellectualIndependence)★Henry David Thoreau: Walden, or Life in the WoodsChapter 5 Hawthorne, Melville★Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, Twice-Told Tales, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun, Young Goodman Brown★Herman Melville: Moby Dick, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White Jacket, PierreChapter 6 Whitman, Dickinson★Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass; free verse; Song of Myself★Emily Dickinson: Of the 1775 poems, only 7 poems were published in her lifetime.熟悉教材中98至102页所选的诗歌Chapter 7 Edgar Allan Poe★Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition, The Poetic Principle, The Raven，To Helen熟悉教材中107页所选的The Raven中的部分诗行Chapter 8 The Age of Realism, Howells, James★William Dean Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham, Criticism and Fiction★Henry James: important writings listed on P. 125the international themeChapter 9 Local Colorism, Mark Twain★Hamlin Garland: Crumbling Idols, Veritism (真实主义)★Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring Camp★Mark Twain: 主要作品, vernacular literature, colloquial style★Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人& her Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》★Louisa May Alcott 路易莎·梅·奥尔科特& her Little Women 《小妇人》★Kate Chopin 凯特·肖班& her The Awakening 《觉醒》Chapter 10 American Naturalism, Crane, Norris, Dreiser, Robinson★Stephen Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (the first naturalistic novel in American literature), The Red Badge of Courage (the first anti-war novel in American literature),Famous short stories: The Open Boat, The Bride Comes to the Yellow Sky★Frank Norris: The Octopus, McTeague★Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, the Desire Trilogy, The Genius★Edwin Arlington Robinson: Richard Cory★Jack London: The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea Wolf, Martin Eden★O. Henry (William Sidney Porter): famous for his short stories such as The Gift of the Magi★Upton Sinclair: The Jungle, the Muckraking MovementChapter 11 The 1920s, Imagism, Pound★The first American Renaissance: the first half of the 19th century★The second Renaissance: the 1920s★The three principles of the Imagist Poetry★熟悉四首意象派诗歌：In a Station of the Metro, Oread, The Red Wheelbarrow, Fog, 并会分析其中的第一和第四首★Ezra Pound: The Cantos, Hugh Selwyn MauberleyChapter 12 T. S. Eliot, Stevens, Williams★T. S. Eliot: The Waste Land （五个部分的题目）, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 其他主要作品founder of New Criticism: depersonalization, objective correlative★William Carlos Williams: PatersonChapter 13 Frost, Sandburg, Cummings, Hart Crane, Moore★Robert Frost: New England poet, lyrical poet, the unofficial poet laureate, won the Pulitzer Prize four timesThe Road Not Taken (熟悉此诗), Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,Mending Wall, Apple-picking <<摘苹果>>★Carl Sandburg: Fog, The Harbor (two famous Imagist poems)★ E. E. Cummings: the most interesting experimentalist in modern American poetry★Hart Crane: The BridgeChapter 14 Fitzgerald, Hemingway★F. Scott Fitzgerald: the spokesman of the Jazz AgeThe Great Gatsby★Ernest Hemingway: Hemingway hero with ―grace under pressure‖, the iceberg principle“I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. ”冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为它只有八分之一在水面上。
英美文学简史 Chapters 1—2
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Beowulf
significance Outline of the Story
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Medieval Literature: A Brief Introduction
1066—Norman Conquest—Middle English—Feudal Society The Arthurian Legends Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Robin Hood John Wycliffe
Medieval Literature: A Brief Introduction
Robin Hood Collection of 15th century medieval ballads about Robin Hood Robin Hood, the hero of the poor, the enemy of the rich and the powerful The ballads are many in number, “Robin hood and the Monk,” “Robin Hood and the Guy of Gisborne,” “Robin Hood and the Porter,” Lytell Geste of Robin Hood
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Colonial America （17世纪初）1. John Smith: A Description of New England2. William Bradford: Of Plymouth Plantation3. John Winthrop: A Model of Christian Charity4. Anne Bradstreet安妮·布莱德斯特第一部作品《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”Contemplations沉思Tenth MuseTo My Dear and Loving Husband The Flesh and the Spirit5. Edward Taylor爱德华·泰勒（the first and last, a puritan poet,concerned about his images speak for god）Huswifery Upon a Spider Catching a Fly6. Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience7. John Woolman: Journal8. Thomas Paine托马斯·佩因（对美国革命有主要影响）Common Sense常识The American Crisis美国危机The Rights of Man The Age of Reason 9. Philip Freneau菲利浦·弗瑞诺neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit The Wild Honey Suckle The Indian Burying Ground The Rising Glory of America 10. Charles Brockden Brown:心理学小说作品第一部小说：《威兰》（Wieland）主要的四部小说：《埃德加亨特利》（Edgar Huntly）《奥蒙德》（Ormond）《阿瑟默文》（Arthur Mervyn）以及第一部An American Tale 第一部美国小说American Puritanism清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.1.Jonathan Edwards（Religious idealism宗教唯心主义；reassert the Calvinist; Great Awakening）Personal Narative 自述The Freedom of the Will 意志的自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended原罪说辩Images or Shadows of Divine Things神灵的形影The Nature of True Virtue Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God2.Benjamin Franklin（level-headed common sense；签署四大文件的唯一人；the symbol of the age of Enlightenment, the close of colonial）The Autobiography自传——美国最早的传记文学作品Poor Richard’s Almanac穷人查理德的年鉴American Romanticism（the first half of 19世纪或18世纪末到内战时期）简介：Magazine is important to expand literary受到的双重影响：New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe.共同点：moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception1.Washington Irving（the first American writer of imaginative literature to gaininternational fame ；the first great prose stylist of American romanticism；the father of American literature；反映美国文学从18世纪的理性文学到19世纪的浪漫文学；the American goldsmith）作品features: avoid moralizing; amuse and entertain,departs Puritan forebear; envelop story in an atmosphere写作风格或人物:1.vivid and true; 2.humorous; 3.finished and musical language第一部作品纽约外史A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty（重要著作The Sketch Book: Rip V an Winkle The Legend of Sleepy Hollowthe first modern short stories；作者won international recognition; the beginning of American Romanticism)《作者自叙》：“The Author’s Account of Himself”布雷斯布里奇庄园Bracebridge Hall克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus 格拉纳达征服编年史A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada阿尔罕布拉Alhambra Life of Goldsmith Life of WashingtonCulminate顶峰：New England Transcendentalism 超验主义(American Renaissance) Major feature: ▲Oversoul; individual; nature as symbolic of the Spirit or GodNew England Transcendentalism was , Romanticism on the Puritan soil.1.Ralph Waldo Emerson (the leader ; seminal influence on independence American culture; he believed above all in▲individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance;one major elements of philosophy哲理in firm belief is▲OversoulIndependent culture：①Nature ——“the manifesto of American Transcendentalism”；his first philosophical work②The American Scholar ——“Declaration of Intellectual Independence”The Representative Men English Traits the Conduct of Life2.Henry David Thoreau (faithful follower of Emerson; a prophet of individualism in American literature)代表作Walden( Life in the wood)——come out of the period under discussionCivil Disobedience《平民反抗》essay A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River The Maine Woods Cape Cod Slavery in MassachusettsA Plea for Captain John Brown Letters to Various Persons3. Nathaniel Hawthorne (against the Emerson‟s optimistic trend)One source of evil in Hawthorne is overweening intellect.Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature.(The Scarlet Letter ——reveal the blackness of vision幻想It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past.The way suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism. Concerned with the moral,emotional,and psychological effect of the sin on the people.it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against.The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration.女主角Hester Prynm:honest, calmly face fault…A‟代表：Adultery——Able——AngelMoral: man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one’s worst to the outside world.)The House of the Seven Gables七尖角阁房Twice-Told Tales故事重述Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》The Marble Faun”《玉石神像》福谷浪漫史The Blithedale Romance The Custom House海关大楼短篇小说Young Goodman Brown小伙子布朗Dr. Rappcini’s DaughterThe Minister’s Black Veil4. Herman Melville（against the Emerson‟s optimistic trend ）Moby Dick ——The book is steeped in symbolism.one of the major themes in Melville is alienation. which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature.It represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak 暗淡view of the world in which he lived.Reveal the basic pattern of 19世纪American life: loneliness and suicidal individualism in a self-styled 自称的democracy.The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is a symbol of evil. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color,signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity,innocence, and youth.Billy Budd《比利·伯德》（最后一部）Clarel克拉勒尔is his famous poetic workTypee Omoo Mardi Redburn PierreWhite Jacket The Confidence Man5. Walt Whitman（transitional figure from Romanticism and Transcendentalism to Realism）One of major principles of Whitman’s technique is parallelism or a rhythm of thought 思想上的平行和节奏；another principles of Whitman’s versification诗律is phonetic recurrence语音循环free verse，broke the traditional iambic pentameter抑扬格五音步第一部Leaves of GrassSong of Myself——reveal a world of equality,without rank and hierarchy等级制度I Sit and Look Out I Hear America Singing O Captain, My Captain6. Emily Dickinson(Whitman is national, Dickinson is regional; religious-ethical and political-social ideas; basic tone is tragic悲剧；largest portion of poetry concern death and immortality; on the ethical:free will and human responsibility；with Stephen Crane，the precursor of Imagist movement；Henry James called “the landscape of the soul“)Because I Could not Stop for Death I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I diedI Died for Beauty-but Was ScarceMy Life Closed Twice before its Close Mine—by the Right of the White ElectionWild Nights—Wild Nights As Imperceptibly as GriefA Narrow Fellow in the Grass The Brain is Wilder than the SkyTell All the Truth but Tell It Slant I Like to See It Lap the Miles7. Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·阿伦·坡(备受争议的人物，但是在欧洲很出名；a writer of fiction, a poet of the first rank, critic of acumen聪慧and insight洞察力;the first author is to make neurotic the heroic figure; the father of psychoanalytic critic ism and detective story; psychological fiction;style is traditional)The poem should be short , readable at one sitting.Its chief aim is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader.Melancholy忧郁is the most legitimate of all the poetic tones.The death of a beautiful woman is the most poetical topic in the world.Ms. Found in a Bottl e获得短篇小说奖To Helen，one of the most famous of Poe’s lyrics.The RavenThe Fall of the House of UsherThe murders in the Rue Morgue——an ingenious detective story侦探小说,became the ancestor of the genreTales of the Grotesque and ArabesqueRealism（the latter half of 19世纪）against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalismcalled for “reality and truth”1.William Dean Howells 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯Influence journal——The Atlantic Monthly大西洋月刊His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.The Rise of Silas LaphamA Modern Instance现代婚姻Criticism and Fiction Literature and Life2. Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯（开创the international novel；the international theme and psychological realism;the first modern psychological analysts）international theme:the meeting of America and Europe，American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence, and its moral and psychological complication.“point of view”——at the center of his aesthetic of the novelDaisy Miller—win him international fame and reveal his fascination with international themeThe AmericanThe Portrait of a Lady(早期最好的作品)The Art of Fic-tion小说的艺术第2阶段The Bostonians The Princess Casamassima The Tragic Muse长篇小说（第3阶段）The Ambassadors——a comedy of American and European manners；The Wings of the Dove；The Golden Bowl3.Mark Twain（local colorism）美国文学之父原名Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯代表作The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (colloquial style口语体)First novel:The Gilded Age——标志现实主义的开端Life on the MississippiThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (national famous)Roughing It The Prince and the Pauper A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court Pudd’nhead Wilson The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg长篇论文What is Man The Mysterious Stranger Autobiography American Naturalism (in the nineties of the 19th century)Darwinian“ the survival of the fittest”and “the human beast”1.Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩(继承Dickinson的诗风；意象主义imagism诗歌的先驱者；a pioneer writing in naturalistic tradition)第一部Maggie: A Girl of the Street——the first American uncompromising坚定的naturalistic novelRelates the story of a good woman’ s downfall and destruction in a slum environment.Novel:The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章短篇小说The Open Boat The Blue Hotel The Bride Comes to Yellow SkyThe Black Riders (his first book of poems) George’s MotherActive Service War Is Kind2.Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞Sister Carrie——naturalism attained maturity成熟traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.珍妮姑娘Jannie Gerhardt 金融家The Financier 巨人The Titan 天才Genius 美国悲剧An American Tragedy 德莱塞访苏印象记Dreiser Looks at RussiaHemingwayHemingway hero: dignity, grace under pressure 例如Nick Adams作品：first important novel ——The Sun Also Rise ——became the spokesman for “a lost generation”代表作：丧钟为谁而呜For Whom the Bell TollsA Farewell to Arms永别了，武器老人与海The Old Man and the Sea海明威英雄的经典表述：a man can be destroyed but not defeated.。