跨文化交际--理论与实践Unit 6
chapter6黑大跨文化教学课件
Oculesics Repeating Paralanguage
Complementing
Silence Haptics
Kinesics Regulating Proxemics Chromatics Contradicting Chronemics Attire
Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication
Text A Significance of Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons. Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations. Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness. We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.
Western cultures think time is linear — a flow from the past to the present to the future.
Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication
Monochronic and polychronic
2. Silence
Silence is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture. The use of silence in communication is also important. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy (冷漠), awe (敬畏), confusion, contemplation (沉思), disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings.
跨文化交际理论-跨文化交际主要理论
跨文化交际主要理论跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的人们之间进行交流、沟通和互动的过程。
随着全球化进程的加速，跨文化交际在现代社会中变得越来越重要。
为了更好地理解和应对跨文化交际中的挑战，研究者们提出了许多跨文化交际理论。
本文将介绍其中几个主要的理论，以帮助读者更好地理解和应用跨文化交际理论。
一、文化相对论文化相对论是跨文化交际理论中的一个重要概念，它强调每个文化都有其独特的价值和观念，没有绝对的对错之分。
在跨文化交际中，我们应该尊重和理解不同文化的差异，避免将自己的文化观念强加给他人。
文化相对论提醒我们要保持开放的心态，接受和欣赏不同文化的独特之处。
二、文化适应理论文化适应理论认为，跨文化交际中的个体或群体会经历一个适应新文化的过程。
这个过程包括学习新文化、调整自己的行为和观念以适应新环境，以及与当地人建立联系和互动。
文化适应理论强调了适应的重要性，并提供了适应策略，如观察、模仿和学习当地文化，以促进跨文化交际的成功。
三、沟通风格理论沟通风格理论探讨了不同文化背景下人们沟通方式的差异。
不同文化的人们在沟通中可能使用不同的语言、非语言符号和沟通方式。
例如，一些文化倾向于直接和明确地表达自己的观点，而另一些文化则更注重委婉和含蓄的表达。
了解不同文化的沟通风格，有助于我们更好地理解对方的意思，避免误解和冲突。
四、文化智力理论文化智力理论认为，跨文化交际中的成功取决于个体的文化智力水平。
文化智力是指个体对文化差异的意识和理解，以及在不同文化环境中有效沟通和适应的能力。
文化智力包括认知智力、情感智力和行为智力三个方面。
通过培养和提高自己的文化智力，我们可以更好地理解和应对跨文化交际中的挑战。
五、文化冲突理论文化冲突理论探讨了跨文化交际中可能出现的冲突和摩擦。
不同文化的人们在价值观、信仰、行为习惯等方面可能存在差异，这可能导致误解、偏见和冲突。
文化冲突理论提出了冲突解决策略，如建立共同目标、寻求共识、尊重差异和建立信任等，以促进跨文化交际的和谐与成功。
跨文化交际理论
跨文化交际理论一.文化、交际、跨文化交际：1.“文化”的含义：①“文化”二字最初没有联系在一起，它的意思是统治者通过观察天象，可以了解时序的变化，通过观察人类社会的各种现象，可以用教育感化的手段来治理天下。
②西方的“文化”引申出对人的性情的陶冶和品德的培养，泰勒认为，“文化”是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整理。
③马克思主义理论家认为文化分为两种：狭义的文化指的是历史上一定的物质资料生产方式的基础上产生和发展的社会精神生活形式的总和；广义的文化指的是人类在社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。
2.文化的分类：按内容分包括：物质文化、行为文化、制度文化、观念文化四个方面。
3.文化的特性：（1）文化史人类独有的，是区别人类和动物的主要标志，文化史社会遗产，而不是生理遗传。
（2）文化不是先天就有的，而是后天习得的。
（3）文化中的大部分是不自觉的，人总是自然而然地表现其文化色彩的。
（4）文化是人们行动的指南。
（5）文化是动态的，文化的形态与一定的历史时期相联系。
4.隐性文化的基本内容：包括以下内容：时间观念，对空间的利用，成就感，交际模式，对环境的取向，家庭关系，上下级关系模式，对个人的看法，对竞争和合作的偏爱，谦虚的挂念，对规章制度的需要，对宇宙的看法，法律的观念，工作积极性，对领导的看法，社交频率，友谊的性质，控制感情的模式，依据年龄、性别、阶级、职业、亲属的关系，确定地位及相关角色。
5.语言和文化的关系：①语言文化的重要组成部分，语言与文化是部分与整体的关系：一种文化不可能没有与之相应的语言；抽取文化内容，语言也不能独立存在。
②语言是用于记录文化的符号体系，是文化的主要载体。
③语言和文化相互依附、促进和制约。
6.人类交际的主要手段：符号是人们交际时使用的主要手段，任何符号都可以用来交际。
7.组成交际行为的八个重要因素：①信息源/行为源②编码③信息④渠道⑤信息接收者/反应者⑥译码⑦反应⑧反馈8.影响交际的因素：①宽泛的交际环境：包括价值观念，文化取向，宇宙观，社会结构，心理因素，物理环境因素等。
新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案unit6
新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案unit6Unit 6Culture and Nonverbal Communication Reading IAn Overview of Nonverbal CommunicationComprehension questions1. Can you speak each of the following sentences in different ways to mean differently1) She is my best friend.2) Youve done really good job.3) Come here, please.4) Thats all right.Speaking the same sentence with the stress on different words may mean different things. For instance, if the stress falls on “she”in the first sentence, it means it is SHE, not you or somebody else, that is my best friend. But if the stress falls on “my”, it implies that she is MY, not your or somebody’s best friend.2. Speakers of British English use loudness only when they are angry, speakers of Indian English use it to get the floor, a chance to speak. So when an Indian speaker is trying to get the floor, what would the British speaker think of the Indian and what would the British behave in responseThe British speaker may think that the Indian gets angry with him or behaves rudely towards him, so he may complain about the Indian‘s rudeness or even return his rudeness as a response.3. What differences in body language use have you noticed between your Chinese teachers and foreign teachers There are really some differences between Chinese teachers and foreign teachers in their use of body language. For instance,Chinese teachers in general do not use gestures as much as foreign teachers do, and their facial expressions often seem to be less varied than those of many foreign teachers.4. Do you know any gestures we often use that might be misunderstood by people from other culturesFor example, the way we Chinese motion to others to come over might be misunderstood by people from some Western countries to mean bye-bye.5. How do we Chinese people use eye contact in communicationDuring a conversation between two Chinese, it seems that the speaker and the hearer would usually look at each other (not necessarily in the eye) from time to time. How much eye-contact there is may depend on the relationship between the speaker and hearer and the situation they find themselves in.6. How will you eye them when you are communicating with people from the United States or people from JapanWhile talking with Americans, we should look directly into the eyes of the person with whom we are talking. However; while talking with Japanese, we are notexpected to look at them in the eye but at a position around the Adam‘s apple.7. Do you often smile at others Why or why notIt depends. For instance, it seems that we Chinese, as well as people of other Eastern Asian countries, do not usually smile at strangers as much as Americans.8. What function(s) may laughter serve in our culture Does it sometimes cause intercultural misunderstandingLaughter in our culture may serve various functions. Sometimes, it is used to express amusement or ridicule, andsometimes it is simply used to make one feel less embarrassed.9. Do you often touch others while talking with them Whom do you touch more than othersWe Chinese generally do not often touch others while talking with them unless they are our intimate friends or younger children.10. In small groups or in pairs, demonstrate all the possible ways you can think of to greet another person. Is touching always part of a greetingNo. Touching is not always part of a greeting in our culture as in some other cultures.11. Will you apologize if you accidentally touch other people in public places Why or why notMany people will apologize if they accidentally touch other people in public places since in our culture people who are strangers to each other should not touch. However, whether people will apologize or not depends on the situations. If a person accidentally touches a stranger in a very crowded place, he or she may not apologize for it.Reading IIGender and Nonverbal CommunicationComprehension questions1. What may often happen to those who do not conform to their cultures accepted gender “script”There are often severe social penalties for those who act in violation of their culture‘s accepted gender ―script.2. Does touch have any connotation in different situations Can you give some specific examplesTouch, like physical closeness, may be considered an expression of affection, support, or sexual attraction. For instance,in some cultures, it may be all right for women friends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, and hug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon, for it would be considered as having the connotation of being homosexual.3. What will possibly happen to a woman who is appreciably taller than the manTaller women may attempt to diminish themselves, to slouch and round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as little space as possible.4. Are men and women required to have the same facial expressions Does smile mean the same things to both men and womenMen and women are not usually required to have the same facial expressions. Smile may mean different things to men and women. For females smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while males may resist any nonverbal display of expression to others in order to appear more masculine, because being facially expressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity.5. Why are the African-American women less deferential than white women and less inclined to smileAfrican-American women are found to be less deferential than white women and, therefore, less inclined to smile, simply because it is expected of them to be so in their culture.6. In what ways may direct eye contact between individuals be interpretedLooking directly into another person‘s eyes can connote an aggressive threat,a sexual invitation, or a desire for honest and open communication.7. What was found in a study of nonverbal communication among Hispanic couplesIn a study of nonverbal communication among Hispanic couples, it was found that many Puerto Rican wives never looked directly at their husbands.8. How does clothing manifest and promote cultural definitions of masculinity and femininityThrough clothing and make-up, the body is more or less marked, constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, inappropriate body for its cultural requirements. Males and females have to dress themselves appropriately according to their cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.Case StudyCase 21Sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns (故障)in cross-cultural communication. For example, one of the very common manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result in conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. Among middle-class North American men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. When wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the United States may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his friend’s right arm. However, to people of Middle Eastern countries, the left hand is profane (亵渎的) and touching someone with it is hi ghly offensive. Therefore, in Vernon’s eyes, Kenneth was actually an extremely offensive message to him. Case 22In Puerto Rican culture, as in some other Latin American and Eastern cultures, it isnot right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult whois accusing him or her, while in the United States, failing of meeting other person’s eye accusing him or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. As the principal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. Generally speaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is often considered as an insult in some cultures, but may signify respect for authority and obedience in other cultures. Case 23Just like smile, laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures.Interestingly, for us Chinese, laughing often has a special function on some tense social occasions. People may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment, to express their concern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to help you come out of the embarrassment. In this case, the people there were actually wishing to laugh with the American rather than laugh at her. Their laughing seemed to convey a number of messages: don’t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it’s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. Unfortunately the American was unaware of this. She thought they were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly and angry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion would be interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating and negative.Case 24It is obvious that there exists some difference between the British and Germans in their use of touch. The lack of touch that seems to be natural in Britain may be considered strange by Germans. What is required (in this case, shaking hands with each other) in one country could be taken as unnecessary in another.The appropriateness of contact between people varies fromcountry to country. Figures from a study offer some interesting insight into this matter. Pairs of individuals sitting and chatting in college shops in different countries were observed for at least one hour each. The number of times that either one touched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: in London, 0; in Florida, 2; in Paris, 10; in Puerto Rico, 180. These figures indicate that touch is used very differently in different cultures.。
【精品】跨文化交际课程unit6教学课件
The advices for the Chinese in foreign company
pay less attention to status and hierarchy than in other groups;
Western groups usually prefer smaller power distances between leaders and members, so deferring to the leader too much will make a poor impression;
Why ?
Individualists think groups can accomplish things a person cannot do alone, so forming a group is a way to achieve personal goals. What are the Chinese attitudes towards joining groups ?
A Chinese family worries about their child's safety, because the child has to cross a dangerous intersection on the way to school. They solve the problem by having one of the parents or grandparents accompany the child to school.
The lifecycle of a group Stage one: Forming
When a group is forming, members expect the new group to be like their previous group experiences.
跨文化交际(第十一次课crossgendercommunication)
3、How to facilitate cross-gender communication effectively?
According to “Gender, communication, and culture” by Julia T. Wood, There are six principles are constructive in achieving effective cross-gender communication. 1、 Suspend judgement 2、Recognize the validity of different Communication styles 3、Provide translation cues 4、Seek translation cues 5、Enlarge your own communication style 6、Suspend judgement
3)Handling conflicts and disagreements Men tend to argue more and find it interesting to disagree Women more often seek agreement and see disagreement as more threatening to relationships
测试,你是男脑还是女脑!!!!
1.剪指甲的时候，你一般哪只手先给另一只手剪？ a、左手给 右手剪——转2题 b、右手给左手剪——转3题 2.喜欢用电动剃须刀胜过刀片？ a、是——转4题 b、否——转3题 3.仔细看看自己的衣柜是什么样子？ a、很多件色彩不同的T恤 或者衬衫——转5题 b、只有一两个颜色的几件而已——转4题 4.如果没别人在家，你解决晚饭的方式是： a、出去吃或者泡 面、叫外卖--转6题 b、自己买点儿菜，下厨房--转7题 5.你的头发是： a、最普通的样式——转6题 b、酷酷的发型，染 色了，或者十分希望染色——转8题 6.电视中主人公身遭险境，你认为他会如何脱险？ a、自己突 然奋起，绝境求生——D b、被人所救，挺了过来——C c、外援突 然出现，或者是自然力量干扰了局面——转8题 7.你有不止一条名牌领带，而且大都是自己买的。 a、是——B b、 否——D 8.你对待紧身衣服的态度是： a、不喜欢也不想穿——D b、经常 穿紧身T恤或者毛衣之类的——A 测试结果：A女性型 B偏女性型 C半女性型 D男性型
跨文化交际Unit 6(大二英语)
Chinese tolerant of crowding waiting patiently
English-speaking people cannot stand it try to avoid
Causes
Chinese Englishspeaking people
I. Space
Space talks. -- Edward Hall When you invade my space, I will… feel troubled get defensive become aggressive retaliate
Proxemics
the study of personal space for the purpose of communication (近体
Culture & Space
Japanese
German
Culture
American French Arab Latin American
Small space
Large space
Space affects human communication in many other ways.
Classroom arrangements of desk and chairs A circular arrangement Sit in rows
M-time P-time
Touch Culture vs. Non-touch Culture
Touch culture
Arabs Southern and Western Europeans
跨文化商务交际 Chapter 6 Social Customs and Interactions
Culture Focus Case Study 1
This part helps you have a general idea about handshake etiquette and phone etiquette in foreign countries. Cases are given for your further understanding. And then you are asked to finish the tasks.
Encounter Video Watching
Watch the video “ Never Do These Things in Foreign Countries ” and complete the following tasks.
Encounter Video Watching Task 1 Work in pairs, and discuss whether the following statements are true or false based on what you’ve
跨文化商务交际
Cross-cultural Business Communication
Chapter 6
Social Customs and Interactions
There are some key traits that seem to be engrained in certain cultures, contributing to the social interaction within and through social practices. Therefore, the role of social customs is evident in almost all daily interactions, which, when understood, can and does help avoid unnecessary complications and hurts.
新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit 6
Unit 6Culture and Nonverbal Communication Reading IAn Overview of Nonverbal CommunicationComprehension questions1. Can you speak each of the following sentences in different ways to mean differently?1) She is my best friend.2) You‟ve done really good job.3) Come here, please.4) That‟s all right.Speaking the same sentence with the stress on different words may mean different things. For instance, if the stress falls on “she” in the first sentence, it means it is SHE, not you or somebody else, that is my best friend. But if the stress falls on “my”, it implies that she is MY, not your or somebody‟s best friend.2. Speakers of British English use loudness only when they are angry, speakers of Indian English use it to get the floor, a chance to speak. So when an Indian speaker is trying to get the floor, what would the British speaker think of the Indian and what would the British behave in response?The British speaker may think that the Indian gets angry with him or behaves rudely towards him, so he may complain about the Indian…s rudeness or even return his rudeness as a response.3. What differences in body language use have you noticed between your Chinese teachers and foreign teachers?There are really some differences between Chinese teachers and foreign teachers in their use of body language. For instance, Chinese teachers in general do not use gestures as much as foreign teachers do, and their facial expressions often seem to be less varied than those of many foreign teachers.4. Do you know any gestures we often use that might be misunderstood by people from other cultures?For example, the way we Chinese motion to others to come over might be misunderstood by people from some Western countries to mean bye-bye.5. How do we Chinese people use eye contact in communication?During a conversation between two Chinese, it seems that the speaker and the hearer would usually look at each other (not necessarily in the eye) from time to time. How much eye-contact there is may depend on the relationship between the speaker and hearer and the situation they find themselves in.6. How will you eye them when you are communicating with people from the United States or people from Japan?While talking with Americans, we should look directly into the eyes of the person with whom we are talking. However; while talking with Japanese, we are not expected to look at them in the eye but at a position around the Adam…s apple.7. Do you often smile at others? Why or why not?It depends. For instance, it seems that we Chinese, as well as people of other Eastern Asian countries, do not usually smile at strangers as much as Americans.8. What function(s) may laughter serve in our culture? Does it sometimes cause intercultural misunderstanding?Laughter in our culture may serve various functions. Sometimes, it is used to express amusement or ridicule, and sometimes it is simply used to make one feel less embarrassed.9. Do you often touch others while talking with them? Whom do you touch more than others?We Chinese generally do not often touch others while talking with them unless they are our intimate friends or younger children.10. In small groups or in pairs, demonstrate all the possible ways you can think of to greet another person. Is touching always part of a greeting?No. Touching is not always part of a greeting in our culture as in some other cultures.11. Will you apologize if you accidentally touch other people in public places? Why or why not?Many people will apologize if they accidentally touch other people in public places since in our culture people who are strangers to each other should not touch. However, whether people will apologize or not depends on the situations. If a person accidentally touches a stranger in a very crowded place, he or she may not apologize for it.Reading IIGender and Nonverbal CommunicationComprehension questions1. What may often happen to those who do not conform to their culture‟s accepted gender “script”?There are often severe social penalties for those who act in violation of their culture…s accepted gender ―script.2. Does touch have any connotation in different situations? Can you give some specific examples?Touch, like physical closeness, may be considered an expression of affection, support, or sexual attraction. For instance, in some cultures, it may be all right for women friends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, and hug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon, for it would be considered as having the connotation of being homosexual.3. What will possibly happen to a woman who is appreciably taller than the man?Taller women may attempt to diminish themselves, to slouch and round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as little space as possible.4. Are men and women required to have the same facial expressions? Does smile mean the same things to both men and women?Men and women are not usually required to have the same facial expressions. Smile may mean different things to men and women. For females smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while males may resist any nonverbal display of expression to others in order to appear more masculine, because being facially expressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity.5. Why are the African-American women less deferential than white women and less inclined to smile?African-American women are found to be less deferential than white women and, therefore, less inclined to smile, simply because it is expected of them to be so in their culture.6. In what ways may direct eye contact between individuals be interpreted?Looking directly into another person…s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation, or a desire for honest and open communication.7. What was found in a study of nonverbal communication among Hispanic couples?In a study of nonverbal communication among Hispanic couples, it was found that many Puerto Rican wives never looked directly at their husbands.8. How does clothing manifest and promote cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity?Through clothing and make-up, the body is more or less marked, constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, inappropriate body for its cultural requirements. Males and females have to dress themselves appropriately according to their cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.Case StudyCase 21Sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns (故障)in cross-cultural communication. For example, one of the very common manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result in conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. Among middle-class North American men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. When wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the United States may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his friend‟s right arm. However, to people of Middle Eastern countries, the left hand is profane (亵渎的) and touching someone with it is highly offensive. Therefore, in Vernon‟s eyes, Kenneth was actually an extremely offensive message to him. Case 22In Puerto Rican culture, as in some other Latin American and Eastern cultures, it is not right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult who is accusing him or her, while in the United States, failing of meeting other person‟s eye accusing him or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. As the principal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. Generally speaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is often considered as an insult in some cultures, but may signify respect for authority and obedience in other cultures. Case 23Just like smile, laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures.Interestingly, for us Chinese, laughing often has a special function on some tense social occasions. People may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment, to express their concern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to help you come out of the embarrassment. In this case, the people there were actually wishing to laugh with the American rather than laugh at her. Their laughing seemed to convey a number of messages: don‟t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it‟s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. Unfortunately the American was unaware of this. She thought they were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly and angry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion would be interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating and negative.Case 24It is obvious that there exists some difference between the British and Germans in their use of touch. The lack of touch that seems to be natural in Britain may be considered strange by Germans. What is required (in this case, shaking hands with each other) in one country could be taken as unnecessary in another.The appropriateness of contact between people varies from country to country. Figures from a study offer some interesting insight into this matter. Pairs of individuals sitting and chatting in college shops in different countries were observed for at least one hour each. The number of times that either one touched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: in London, 0; in Florida, 2; in Paris, 10; in Puerto Rico, 180. These figures indicate that touch is used very differently in different cultures.。
人民版教材必修Ⅱ专题六
对比分析
可以将子主题一中的不同事件和人物进行对比分 析，探究它们之间的异同点和相互关系。
综合运用多种资源
除了教材之外，还可以利用网络、图书馆、博物 馆等多种资源来辅助学习子主题一的内容。
03
专题六的子主题二
子主题二的内容概述
全球化对国际政治经 济格局的影响。
子主题二的具体内容
主要大国在国际政治经济格局中的地位和作用。 2. 国际合作与竞争
国际合作的必要性和意义。
子主题二的具体内容
国际合作的领域和形式。 国际竞争的实质和影响。
3. 国际组织的作用和影响
子主题二的具体内容
国际组织的定义、分类和功能 。
国际组织在国际政治经济格局 中的作用。
专题六旨在提高学生的跨文化意识和交际能力，培养具有国际视 野和跨文化交际能力的人才，以适应全球化时代的挑战和机遇。
专题六的主要内容
01
02
03
04
跨文化交际理论
介绍跨文化交际的基本概念、 理论和方法，帮助学生了解跨值观 、思维方式、交往习惯等方面 的差异，以及由此产生的文化 冲突和解决策略。
4. 基层群众自治制度
介绍基层群众自治制度的产生背景、基本内容和实际效果，以及在推 动社会治理创新中的积极作用。
子主题四的学习方法和技巧
1. 系统学习
对于每个政治制度，应从其 历史背景、基本原则、实践 效果等方面进行全面了解， 形成系统性的知识体系。
2. 案例分析
结合具体案例，深入分析各 种政治制度在实际运作中的 优缺点，提高分析问题和解 决问题的能力。
该子主题重点讲述了中国近现代史上的重要事件、 人物和思想，以及这些事件、人物和思想对中国历 史进程的影响。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
♦ (4) World orientation 世界观取向
Tells people how to locate themselves in relation to the spiritual world, nature, and other living things.
Instrumental values: 行为价值(强调人的行为和品性好坏)
• “good” ways of behaving, or “ways to be” Values Types • including honesty, love, obedience, ambition and (by Milton independence… Rokeach) Terminal values: 终极价值(强调追求某种终极状态的乐趣) • end-states of existence that most members of a culture desire, or “things to have or achieve” • including freedom, comfortable life, wisdom, a world at peace, and true friendship…
④ Affecting the sense of social reciprocity--the underlying sense of
obligation and responsibility between people:
Preferring independence and a minimum number of obligations VS. Accepting obligations and encouraging dependence
Referring to matters of personal taste.
3.2 Ingredients of Cultural Patterns
Values 价值观
What a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.
the self is located solely within the individual is definitely separate from others VS. A heightened sense of interdependence, being bounded or connected to others
① values nonaction and an acceptance of the status quo.
Being
Ex: African-American, Greek cultures
② believe that all things are determined by fate and
therefore inevitable or fatalistic.
① The source of motivation for human behavior:
• achieve external success, control fate, set goals, rely on oneself • emphasize duties, rights or some combination of two
② The set of characteristics of those individuals who are valued and
cherished:
venerate elders (Asian, Asian-American) VS. value on youth, innovator (Euroamerican)
② The way in which people define their social roles or their
place:
determined by family VS. regardless of family position Ex: Abraham Lincoln
♦ (2) Social relations orientation 社会关系取向
♦ (1) Activity orientation 行为趋向
1) Measuring one’s success
Tangible product, activity should have a purpose (doing) VS. Not connected to external products or actions (being & becoming) A separate activity from play and an end in itself(doing) VS. A means to an end, no clear-cut separation between work and play (being & becoming) Concerns about what people do and how to solve problems(doing) VS. Being together rather than by accomplishing specific tasks (being & becoming)
Ex: Hindus, Taoism
Becoming
Ex: Native Americans, most South Americans
sees humans as evolving and changing.
Doing
Ex: Euroamericans
assume that it is important to get things done.
③ Affecting the style of interpersonal communication that is most
preferred:
directness or confrontation VS. indirectness, obliqueness, as Ex: “putting your cards on the table” VS. saving face and maintaining interpersonal harmony
• like values, can vary within a culture in terms of their
importance and intensity. • can change over a period of time • existing for a wide variety of behaviors and include typical social routines • the surface characteristics that emerge from a culture’s beliefs and values
♦ (3) Self-orientation 自我取向
Describes how people’s identities are formed, whether the culture views the self as changeable, what motivates individual actions, and the kinds of people who are valued and respected.
6.1 Culture Shock
A feeling of frustration, uneasiness, or uncertainty that many people experience in unknown settings.
• cannot be seen, heard, tasted or experienced • exist only in minds of people • are shared mental programs that govern specific
behavior choices • provide the basic set of standards that guide thought and action
3.2 Ingredients of Cultural Patterns
Beliefs 信念
A set of learned interpretations that form the basis for cultural members to decide what is and what is not correct.
3.2 Ingredients of Cultural Patterns
Values differ on the dimensions of valence and intensity.
Valence: 价值取向度 Intensity: 价值强弱度
the direction of the value, or whether the value is seen as positive or negative.