知能综合检测73

知能综合检测73
知能综合检测73

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知能综合检测(十七)

(25分钟 100分)

一、选择题(共12小题,每小题4分,共48分)

1.(2011·潍坊学业考)美国科学家米勒等人所做的化学进化模拟实验,支持了生命起源过程的()

A.无机物→有机小分子阶段

B.有机小分子→有机大分子阶段

C.有机大分子→独立体系阶段

D.独立体系→原始生命阶段

2.米勒模拟原始地球的条件和大气成分,合成了组成蛋白质的简单有机物

是()

A.脂肪

B.基因

C.葡萄糖

D.氨基酸

3.下列关于地球上生命的起源和生物的进化的说法中,正确的是()

A.地球上的生命是地球形成时就有的

B.地球上的生物都是保持不变的

C.今天这样丰富多彩的生物是由最初的原始生命进化而来的

D.原始地球上有多少种生物,现在地球上就有多少种生物

4.达尔文环球航行到达加拉帕戈斯群岛的某岛屿时,发现这里仙人掌非常丰富,地雀的喙也与其他岛屿地雀的喙不同,大多为尖而长(如图)。对这一现象最合理的解释是()

A.喙尖而长的地雀比其他形状喙的地雀繁殖能力强

B.喙尖而长的地雀比其他形状喙的地雀更凶猛

C.喙尖而长的地雀比其他形状喙的地雀更高等

D.喙尖而长的地雀更适应在仙人掌丰富的岛屿生存

5.2010年上海世博会期间展出化石珍品——“中华龙鸟”,该化石说明了()

①哺乳动物和鸟类有共同的祖先

②说明龙是真实存在的一种动物

③鸟类的祖先是传说中的龙

④鸟类是从爬行动物进化来的

A.①③

B.④

C.①②

D.①④

6.(2011·苏州学业考)根据生物进化的历程,下列植物中最高等的是()

7.脊椎动物进化的顺序是()

B.鱼类→两栖类→爬行类→哺乳类→鸟类

C.鱼类→两栖类→爬行类→鸟类→哺乳类

8.从距现代较近的地层里到古老的地层里所发现的化石,体现生物进化历程的特点是()

A.由复杂到简单,由低等到高等,由水生到陆生

B.由简单到复杂,由低等到高等,由水生到陆生

C.由简单到复杂,由高等到低等,由水生到陆生

D.由简单到复杂,由低等到高等,由陆生到水生

9.(2011·苏州学业考)近年来,在我国的台湾出现的“超级细菌”,让包括青霉素在内的许多抗生素对其失去作用。由“超级细菌”引发的感染和导致的死亡急剧上升。该类事件产生的主要原因是()

A.抗生素的生产质量急剧下降

B.抗生素引发人体的过敏反应

C.“超级细菌”已经变异成为病毒

D.滥用抗生素导致细菌抗药性不断增强

10.用达尔文的观点解释长颈鹿的长颈形成的原因是()

A.鹿经常伸长脖子够高处的树叶造成的

B.由于生存环境的不同,使鹿的脖子有长有短

C.长颈的变异个体生存机会多,并一代代积累形成

D.生活在食物充足的环境中的长颈鹿脖子长得长

11.分析表中的四种鸟,更具有进化优势的是()

12.生物生存必然发生生存竞争的原因是()

A.生物好斗的本性

B.竞争是自然存在的

C.生物生存所需要的食物、空间等有限

D.为了产生更好的后代

二、非选择题(共4小题,共52分)

13.(14分)关于生命起源的问题至今仍是科学家们不断探索的课题。1953年,美国学者米勒进行了模拟实验,开辟了通过实验研究生命起源的新途径。

如图是美国学者米勒等模拟原始地球条件的装置。将装置内抽真空后,从a处泵入气体于玻璃仪器内,再将B中水煮沸,使水蒸气驱动混合气体在玻璃管内流动,然后在A内利用电极模拟火花放电,经过b冷却后,形成的产物沉积在C中。请根据上述的说明,结合图示回答下列问题:

(1)火花放电的作用是:_________________________________________。

米勒提出的问题是:______________________________________________?

他作出的假设是:________________________________________________。

他搜集到的证据是:______________________________________________。

他得出的结论是:________________________________________________。(2)指出以下资料哪些不支持米勒实验的结论,请简要说明。

资料一 60年代以来,相继发现了一些新的科学事实。1969年“阿波罗11号”登月成功,经研究揭示,月球表面的许多环形山是陨石坑。它们是在月球刚形成时被大量天体撞击造成的。这表明太阳系初期,天体碰撞频繁,地球也不会例外。可以推测,那时地壳比较脆弱,到处火山爆发,地球表面温度极高,即使有少量的CH4和NH3放出,也会立刻被高温和极强的紫外辐射裂解为H2和N2。资料二天文学家已发现了数十种星际分子(是指存在于星际空间的分子),它们大多是有机物。1969年坠落在澳大利亚麦启逊镇的陨石中含有氨基酸……

14.(10分)如图为植物进化历程图,据图回答问题:

(1)写出下列字母所代表的植物类群:

A__________,B__________,C__________,

D__________,E__________。

(2)A类群生活在________;B、C能够在陆地生活,

但生殖过程__________________;E的生殖过程已经

_______________________,适应了陆地生活。此现

象体现了生物______________________的进化历程。

(3)原始的蕨类植物进化为原始的种子植物,而现代蕨类植物是由哪类原始植物进化而来的呢?____________________________________________。

15.(10分)细胞色素C是构成生物体的一种重要蛋白质,它是由许多氨基酸组成的。科学家通过分析比较马、驴、兔、蛇、龟和鲸6种动物的细胞色素C,发现马的细胞色素C和其他五种动物细胞色素C的氨基酸有一些差异,其中马与驴有1个氨基酸不同,与兔有6个不同,与蛇有22个不同,与龟有11个不同,与鲸有5个不同。

(1)基于这些数据,与马的亲缘关系最近的是_______,最远的是________。(2)以上资料涉及到的研究方法是____________。

(3)你认为这种方法能确定生物在进化过程中的亲缘关系吗?为什么?_____ ___________________________________________________________________。(4)如果马、驴和蛇这三种动物是由一个共同的祖先进化而来的,模仿教材中生物进化的大致过程图,画出马、驴和蛇的进化历程。

16.(18分)(探究创新)野外观察发现生活在青草丛中的昆虫是绿色的。昆虫的这种保护色是怎样形成的呢?某研究性学习小组对此进行了模拟探究。

(1)提出问题:____________________________________________________?

(2)作出假设:____________________________________________________。(3)实验步骤如下:

①在一间铺有绿色地毯的房子里,放入同种且大小相似的绿色昆虫、灰色昆虫各20只,然后将一只母鸡放入房间内。

②半小时后,撤出母鸡,计算两种颜色昆虫的幸存者数。

③假设每个幸存者都产生2个后代,且体色与幸存者相同,第二天按此补充投入两种颜色的昆虫,放回母鸡。

④半小时后,又撤出母鸡,再次计算两种颜色昆虫的幸存者数。

重复③、④步实验至第三代,若获得的数据如表,请分析回答:

a.第三代中,________昆虫幸存者多,第三代和第一代相比,________昆虫幸存者减少。

b.由该实验的结果可推知,昆虫的保护色是与周围环境_________的色彩,保护色的形成是_________的结果。

(4)得出结论:____________________________________________。

(5)请你说出还有哪些生物具有保护色?_______________________________。

答案解析

1.【解析】选A。本题主要考查米勒实验的结论。米勒的化学起源学说得出的结论是:原始地球上刚开始是没有生命的,但在原始地球条件下能形成构成生命的有机物,生命的诞生经历了一个从无到有的演变过程。

2.【解析】选D。本题考查米勒模拟实验的产物。蛋白质由氨基酸组成;脂肪由甘油和脂肪酸组成;糖类由葡萄糖组成。由此可见,本题应选D。

3.【解析】选C。本题主要考查生命起源与进化的过程。A项,地球刚形成时温度很高,没形成降雨,不能形成生命;B项,地球上的生物是在不断进化的;C 项,现今地球上约有250多万种生物,它们都是由最初的原始生命经过漫长的时间进化而来的;D项,原始地球上生物种类很少,经过进化才形成现在地球上多种多样的生物。

4.【解析】选D。达尔文认为,生物都有过度繁殖的倾向,生物要想生存下去,就会为争夺食物和空间进行生存斗争,在生存斗争中,有利变异的个体容易生存下来并繁殖后代,同时将有利的变异遗传给下一代,不利变异的个体则容易被淘汰。地雀中存在喙尖而长和喙粗而尖、凿状等变异,喙尖而长的地雀容易得到食物而生存下来,并且繁殖后代,不具有尖而长喙的地雀得不到食物而被淘汰,这是自然选择的结果。

5.【解析】选B。本题主要考查鸟类的起源和进化。脊椎动物的进化历程是:

,据图示可知,鸟类由爬行动物进化而来。

6.【解析】选A。本题考查植物的进化历程和识图能力。A是种子植物,在植物界中是最高等的类群;B是蕨类植物、C是葫芦藓、D是海带,它们都不能产生种子,属于孢子植物,比种子植物低等。

7.【解析】选A。本题主要考查脊椎动物的进化历程。关于脊椎动物的进化,易错、易混点为哺乳类和鸟类都由爬行类进化而来。

8.【解析】选B。本题主要考查生物进化的总体趋势。生物进化的总体趋势,是由简单到复杂,由低等到高等,由水生到陆生。

9.【解析】选D。本题考查“超级细菌”出现的原因。细菌对抗生素的抵抗作用有差异,这就是生物的变异现象。开始时,抵抗力弱的细菌被杀死,抵抗力强的细菌个体生存下来并将抵抗力强这一性状遗传下去,抵抗力强的个体一代代将抵抗力强这一性状积累并加强,使得抗生素使用一段时间后,杀菌效果就会下降,出现“超级细菌”,在这个过程中,抗生素对细菌起着选择的作用。10.【解析】选C。本题主要考查对达尔文自然选择学说的理解。古代的长颈鹿,有的脖子长,有的脖子短,且这种性状是可以遗传的。当环境发生变化缺乏青草时,由于颈长的鹿可以吃到高处的树叶,适应环境,就容易生存下来;颈短的鹿不适应环境,就被淘汰。

11.【解析】选B。本题从鸟类的孵化率和成活率方面考查了生物的进化及对环境的适应。在表中的四种鸟中,A鸟和D鸟的卵均没有全部孵化出幼鸟,而且成活率非常低。C鸟虽然孵化率为100%,但成活率非常低。B鸟的卵的孵化率和成活率均为100%,说明B鸟比其他几种鸟适应环境的能力强,因而在进化上更具优势。

12.【解析】选C。自然界中,各种生物都有很强的繁殖能力,但生物生存的食

物和空间有限。为了获取足够的食物和空间,各种生物之间(包括同种生物个体之间)就要进行生存斗争。

13.【解析】(1)图中模拟的是原始大气,其成分为甲烷、氨、氢等气体,没有氧气和二氧化碳等。

(2)正负电极火花放电模拟的是闪电,冷凝水装置模拟的是降雨过程。(3)在C处收集的液体中含有氨基酸等有机小分子物质。

(4)资料一所述的假设与米勒模拟的原始大气成分相背;资料二说明最早的有机物可能来自其他星际。显然资料一和二都不支持米勒的化学进化学说。

答案:(1)模拟闪电原始地球条件下,无机物能形成有机物吗原始地球条件下,无机物能形成有机物通过实验合成了多种氨基酸在原始地球条件下,无机物能形成简单的有机物

(2)资料一表明,早期地球表面温度极高,原始大气中不可能存在CH4、NH3等物质,因此,这一资料不支持米勒实验的结论。

资料二显示,星际分子大多是有机物,所以,地球上最早出现的有机物有可能来自星际分子,而不是来自地球,这也不支持米勒实验证实的结论。(其他合理答案均可)

14.【解析】本题考查生物进化的历程。

(1)原始生命在演变的过程中,一部分进化为自养的原始单细胞藻类植物,另一部分进化为异养的原始单细胞动物。原始的藻类植物进化为原始的苔藓植物和原始的蕨类植物,原始的蕨类植物进化为原始的种子植物。

(2)藻类植物、苔藓植物和蕨类植物的生殖过程离不开水,用孢子繁殖后代,称为孢子植物。种子植物用种子繁殖后代,已脱离了水的限制。

(3)现代各种类群的植物都是由相应的原始类群进化而来的,现代蕨类是由原始蕨类进化而来的。

答案:(1)藻类植物苔藓植物蕨类植物裸子植物被子植物

(2)水中离不开水脱离了水的限制由水生到陆生

(3)原始的蕨类植物

15.【解析】本题考查比较法在研究生物进化中的应用。

(1)细胞色素C之间的差异性越大,生物个体之间的亲缘关系越远,反之,亲缘关系越近。据此可知,马与蛇的亲缘关系最远,马与驴的亲缘关系最近。(2)生物学研究中常用到的是比较法。

(3)科学家通过不同生物的细胞色素C的氨基酸组成差异,可以确定生物之间的亲缘关系,差异越小亲缘关系越近,差异越大,亲缘关系越远。

(4)绘制生物进化历程图,首先要能够体现物种在地球上出现得早晚,其次要能够体现物种之间亲缘关系的远近。蛇的出现比驴与马还早,由题干中的数据可知,驴与马的亲缘关系较近。

答案:(1)驴蛇(2)比较法(3)能。通过比较生物体的物质组成,可以确定它们之间的亲缘关系。即物质组成越相似,说明它们的亲缘关系越近(4)(顺序对即可)

16.【解析】本题主要考查生物对环境的适应。实验证明生物必须适应环境,与环境相适应的个体在生存斗争中处于优势地位。绿色昆虫比灰色昆虫幸存者多,

说明绿色成了昆虫的保护色,这是自然选择的结果。

答案:(1)昆虫的保护色是通过自然选择形成的吗(2)昆虫的保护色是通过自然选择形成的

(3)a.绿色灰色 b.非常相似(一致)自然选择(4)昆虫的保护色是通过自然选择形成的

(5)鱼、青蛙等

牛津译林版八年级英语下册知能综合检测试题Units 5-6(有答案解析)

牛津译林版八年级英语下册知能综合检测试题 Units 5-6 (45分钟100分) Ⅰ. 单项选择(30分) 1. People all over the world are thankful _______ the Red Cross. A. for B. with C. to D. by 2. The organization is _______ our club and it _______ last year. A. a part of; is set up B. part of; is set up C. a part of; was set up D. part of; was set up 3. Although the room is small, it is comfortable _______. A. live in B. to live in C. to live D. live 4. We are _______ that we helped _______ people. A. pride; so many B. pride; so much C. proud; so many D. proud; so much 5. It’s _______ noisy here _______ I can’t hear you clearly. A. very; because B. because; that C. such; that D. so; that 6. _______ is a beautiful dream _______ Mandy to learn about being a teacher. A. It; for B. This; to C. It; of D. That; for 7. He used _______ on the right in China, but he soon got used _______ on the left in England.

知能综合检测5

温馨提示: 此套题为Word版,请按住Ctrl,滑动鼠标滚轴,调节合适的观看比例,答案解析附后。 知能综合检测(十一) (25分钟 100分) 一、选择题(共12小题,每小题4分,共48分) 1.为确保大灾之后无大疫,灾后在灾区开展麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹及甲肝疫苗免费接种工作。这项工作的直接作用是() A.控制传染源 B.切断传播途径 C.保护易感人群 D.杀死病原体 2.(2011·内江学业考)下列传染病中,主要通过飞沫、空气传染的一组是() A.肺结核与百日咳 B.破伤风与狂犬病 C.细菌性痢疾与麻疹 D.甲型肝炎与疟疾 3.(2011·孝感学业考)预防艾滋病,你我同参与。下列防治措施错误的是() A.打击卖淫嫖娼,倡导洁身自好 B.禁止非法卖血,确保血源质量 C.隔离艾滋病人,限制活动范围 D.推进技术进步,加速疫苗研制 4.下列各项中,属于人体特异性免疫的是() A.皮肤和黏膜阻挡病原体 B.泪液中的溶菌酶溶解细菌 C.注射麻疹疫苗预防麻疹 D.吞噬细胞吞噬各种病原体 5.下列选项中不属于人体防线的是() A.吞噬细胞的吞噬作用 B.淋巴细胞产生抗体 C.皮肤的屏障作用 D.口服抗生素消灭体内病原体

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