混凝土质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献
混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Concrete technology and developmentPortland cement concrete has clearly emerged as the material of choice for the construction of a large number and variety of structures in the world today. This is attributed mainly to low cost of materials and construction for concrete structures as well as low cost of maintenance.Therefore, it is not surprising that many advancements in concrete technology have occurred as a result of two driving forces, namely the speed of construction and the durability of concrete.During the period 1940-1970, the availability of high early strength portland cements enabled the use of high water content in concrete mixtures that were easy to handle. This approach, however, led to serious problems with durability of structures, especially those subjected to severe environmental exposures.With us lightweight concrete is a development mainly of the last twenty years.Concrete technology is the making of plentiful good concrete cheaply. It includes the correct choice of the cement and the water, and the right treatment of the aggregates. Those which are dug near by and therefore cheap, must be sized, washed free of clay or silt, and recombined in the correct proportions so as to make a cheap concrete which is workable at a low water/cement ratio, thus easily comoacted to a high density and therefore strong.It hardens with age and the process of hardening continues for a long time after the concrete has attained sufficient strength.Abrams’law, perhaps the oldest law of concrete technology, states that the strength of a concrete varies inversely with its water cement ratio. This means that the sand content (particularly the fine sand which needs much water) must be reduced so far as possible. The fact that the sand “drinks” large quantities of water can easily be established by mixing several batches of x kg of cement with y kg of stone and the same amount of water but increasing amounts of sand. However if there is no sand the concrete will be so stiff that it will be unworkable thereforw porous and weak. The same will be true if the sand is too coarse. Therefore for each set of aggregates, the correct mix must not be changed without good reason. This applied particularly to the water content.Any drinkable and many undrinkable waters can be used for making concrete, including most clear waters from the sea or rivers. It is important that clay should be kept out of the concrete. The cement if fresh can usually be chosen on the basis of the maker’s certificates of tensile or crushing tests, but these are always made with fresh cement. Where strength is important , and the cement at the site is old, it should be tested.This stress , causing breakage,will be a tension since concretes are from 9 to 11times as strong in compression as in tension, This stress, the modulus of rupture, will be roughly double the direct tensile breaking stress obtained in a tensile testing machine,so a very rough guess at the conpressive strength can be made by multiplying the modulus of rupture by 4.5. The method can be used in combination with the strength results of machine-crushed cubes or cylinders or tensile test pieces but cannot otherwise be regarded as reliable. With these comparisons,however, it is suitable for comparing concretes on the same site made from the same aggregates and cement, with beams cast and tested in the same way.Extreme care is necessary for preparation,transport,plating and finish of concrete in construction works.It is important to note that only a bit of care and supervision make a great difference between good and bad concrete.The following factors may be kept in mind in concreting works.MixingThe mixing of ingredients shall be done in a mixer as specified in the contract.Handling and ConveyingThe handling&conveying of concrete from the mixer to the place of final deposit shall be done as rapidly as practicable and without any objectionable separation or loss of ingredients.Whenever the length of haul from the mixing plant to the place of deposit is such that the concrete unduly compacts or segregates,suitable agitators shall be installed in the conveying system.Where concrete is being conveyed on chutes or on belts,the free fall or drop shall be limited to 5ft.(or 150cm.) unless otherwise permitted.The concrete shall be placed in position within 30 minutes of its removal from the mixer.Placing ConcreteNo concrete shall be placed until the place of deposit has been thoroughly inspected and approved,all reinforcement,inserts and embedded metal properly security in position and checked,and forms thoroughly wetted(expect in freezing weather)or oiled.Placing shall be continued without avoidable interruption while the section is completed or satisfactory construction joint made.Within FormsConcrete shall be systematically deposited in shallow layers and at such rate as to maintain,until the completion of the unit,a plastic surface approximately horizontal throughout.Each layer shall be thoroughly compacted before placing the succeeding layer.CompactingMethod. Concrete shall be thoroughly compacted by means of suitable tools during and immediately after depositing.The concrete shall be worked around all reinforcement,embedded fixtures,and into the comers of the forms.Every precaution shall be taken to keep the reinforcement and embedded metal in proper position and to prevent distortion.Vibrating. Wherever practicable,concrete shall be internally vibrated within the forms,or in the mass,in order to increase the plasticity as to compact effectively to improve the surface texture and appearance,and to facilitate placing of the concrete.Vibration shall be continued the entire batch melts to a uniform appearance and the surface just starts to glisten.A minute film of cement paste shall be discernible between the concrete and the form and around the reinforcement.Over vibration causing segregation,unnecessary bleeding or formation of laitance shall be avoided.The effect spent on careful grading, mixing and compaction of concrete will be largely wasted if the concrete is badly cured. Curing means keeping the concretethoroughly damp for some time, usually a week, until it has reached the desired strength. So long as concrete is kept wet it will continue to gain strength, though more slowly as it grows older.Admixtures or additives to concrete are materials arematerials which are added to it or to the cement so as to improve one or more of the properties of the concrete. The main types are:1. Accelerators of set or hardening,2. Retarders of set or hardening,3. Air-entraining agents, including frothing or foaming agents,4. Gassing agents,5. Pozzolanas, blast-furnace slag cement, pulverized coal ash,6. Inhibitors of the chemical reaction between cement and aggregate, which might cause the aggregate to expand7. Agents for damp-proofing a concrete or reducing its permeability to water,8. Workability agents, often called plasticizers,9. Grouting agents and expanding cements.Wherever possible, admixtures should be avouded, particularly those that are added on site. Small variations in the quantity added may greatly affect the concrete properties in an undesiraale way. An accelerator can often be avoided by using a rapid-hardening cement or a richer mix with ordinary cement, or for very rapid gain of strength, high-alumina cement, though this is very much more expensive, in Britain about three times as costly as ordinary Portland cement. But in twenty-four hours its strength is equal to that reached with ordinary Portland cement in thirty days.A retarder may have to be used in warm weather when a large quantity of concrete has to be cast in one piece of formwork, and it is important that the concrete cast early in the day does not set before the last concrete. This occurs with bridges when they are cast in place, and the formwork necessarily bends underthe heavy load of the wet concrete. Some retarders permanently weaken the concrete and should not be used without good technical advice.A somewhat similar effect,milder than that of retarders, is obtained with low-heat cement. These may be sold by the cement maker or mixed by the civil engineering contractor. They give out less heat on setting and hardening, partly because they harden more slowly, and they are used in large casts such as gravity dams, where the concrete may take years to cool down to the temperature of the surrounding air. In countries like Britain or France, where pulverized coal is burnt in the power stations, the ash, which is very fine, has been mixed with cement to reduce its production of heat and its cost without reducing its long-term strength. Up to about 20 per cent ash by weight of the cement has been successfully used, with considerable savings in cement costs.In countries where air-entraining cement cement can be bought from the cement maker, no air-entraining agent needs to be mixed in .When air-entraining agents draw into the wet cement and concrete some 3-8 percent of air in the form of very small bubbles, they plasticize the concrete, making it more easily workable and therefore enable the water |cement ratio to be reduced. They reduce the strength of the concrete slightly but so little that in the United States their use is now standard practice in road-building where heavy frost occur. They greatly improve the frost resistance of the concrete.Pozzolane is a volcanic ash found near the Italian town of Puzzuoli, which is a natural cement. The name has been given to all natural mineral cements, as well as to the ash from coal or the slag from blast furnaces, both of which may become cementswhen ground and mixed with water. Pozzolanas of either the industrial or the mineral type are important to civil engineers because they have been added to oridinary Portland cement in proportions up to about 20 percent without loss of strength in the cement and with great savings in cement cost. Their main interest is in large dams, where they may reduce the heat given out by the cement during hardening. Some pozzolanas have been known to prevent the action between cement and certain aggregates which causes the aggregate to expand, and weaken or burst the concrete.The best way of waterproof a concrete is to reduce its permeability by careful mix design and manufacture of the concrete, with correct placing and tighr compaction in strong formwork ar a low water|cement ratio. Even an air-entraining agent can be used because the minute pores are discontinuous. Slow, careful curing of the concrete improves the hydration of the cement, which helps to block the capillary passages through the concrete mass. An asphalt or other waterproofing means the waterproofing of concrete by any method concerned with the quality of the concrete but not by a waterproof skin.Workability agents, water-reducing agents and plasticizers are three names for the same thing, mentioned under air-entraining agents. Their use can sometimes be avoided by adding more cement or fine sand, or even water, but of course only with great care.The rapid growth from 1945 onwards in the prestressing of concrete shows that there was a real need for this high-quality structural material. The quality must be high because the worst conditions of loading normally occur at the beginning of the life of the member, at the transfer of stress from the steel to theconcrete. Failure is therefore more likely then than later, when the concrete has become stronger and the stress in the steel has decreased because of creep in the steel and concrete, and shrinkage of the concrete. Faulty members are therefore observed and thrown out early, before they enter the structure, or at least before it The main advantages of prestressed concrete in comparison with reinforced concrete are :①The whole concrete cross-section resists load. In reinforced concrete about half the section, the cracked area below the neutral axis, does no useful work. Working deflections are smaller.②High working stresses are possible. In reinforced concrete they are not usually possible because they result in severe cracking which is always ugly and may be dangerous if it causes rusting of the steel.③Cracking is almost completely avoided in prestressed concrete.The main disadvantage of prestressed concrete is that much more care is needed to make it than reinforced concrete and it is therefore more expensive, but because it is of higher quality less of it needs to be needs to be used. It can therefore happen that a solution of a structural problem may be cheaper in prestressed concrete than in reinforced concrete, and it does often happen that a solution is possible with prestressing but impossible without it.Prestressing of the concrete means that it is placed under compression before it carries any working load. This means that the section can be designed so that it takes no tension or very little under the full design load. It therefore has theoretically no cracks and in practice very few. The prestress is usually applied by tensioning the steel before the concrete in which it isembedded has hardened. After the concrete has hardened enough to take the stress from the steel to the concrete. In a bridge with abutments able to resist thrust, the prestress can be applied without steel in the concrete. It is applied by jacks forcing the bridge inwards from the abutments. This methods has the advantage that the jacking force, or prestress, can be varied during the life of the structure as required.In the ten years from 1950 to 1960 prestressed concrete ceased to be an experinmental material and engineers won confidence in its use. With this confidence came an increase in the use of precast prestressed concrete particularly for long-span floors or the decks of motorways. Whereever the quantity to be made was large enough, for example in a motorway bridge 500 m kong , provided that most of the spans could be made the same and not much longer than 18m, it became economical to usefactory-precast prestressed beams, at least in industrial areas near a precasting factory prestressed beams, at least in industrial areas near a precasting factory. Most of these beams are heat-cured so as to free the forms quickly for re-use.In this period also, in the United States, precast prestressed roof beams and floor beams were used in many school buildings, occasionally 32 m long or more. Such long beams over a single span could not possibly be successful in reinforced concrete unless they were cast on site because they would have to be much deeper and much heavier than prestressed concrete beams. They would certainlly be less pleasing to the eye and often more expensive than the prestressed concrete beams. These school buildings have a strong, simple architectural appeal and will be a pleasure to look at for many years.The most important parts of a precast prestressed concrete beam are the tendons and the concrete. The tendons, as the name implies, are the cables, rods or wires of steel which are under tension in the concrete.Before the concrete has hardened (before transfer of stress), the tendons are either unstressed (post-tensioned prestressing) or are stressed and held by abutments outside the concrete ( pre-tensioned prestressing). While the concrete is hardening it grips each tendon more and more tightly by bond along its full length. End anchorages consisting of plates or blocks are placed on the ends of the tendons of post-tensioned prestressed units, and such tendons are stressed up at the time of transfer, when the concrete has hardened sufficiently. In the other type of pretressing, with pre-tensioned tendons, the tendons are released from external abutments at the moment of transfer, and act on the concrete through bond or archorage or both, shortening it by compression, and themselves also shortening and losing some tension.Further shortening of the concrete (and therefore of the steel) takes place with time. The concrete is said to creep. This means that it shortens permanently under load and spreads the stresses more uniformly and thus more safely across its section. Steel also creeps, but rather less. The result of these two effects ( and of the concrete shrinking when it dries ) is that prestressed concrete beams are never more highly stressed than at the moment of transfer.The factory precasting of long prestressed concrete beams is likely to become more and more popular in the future, but one difficulty will be road transport. As the length of the beam increases, the lorry becomes less and less manoeuvrable untileventually the only suitable time for it to travel is in the middle of the night when traffic in the district and the route, whether the roads are straight or curved. Precasting at the site avoids these difficulties; it may be expensive, but it has often been used for large bridge beams.混凝土工艺及发展波特兰水泥混凝土在当今世界已成为建造数量繁多、种类复杂结构的首选材料。
The durability of concrete 英文版混凝土论文
The durability of concreteIn civil engineering, concrete is the most widely used and the amount of one of the largest building materials. Over the past century, the concrete strength to continuously improve its main development trends. China's large population, the urgent need for housing.Structural Design not only to meet the requirements of safe and reliable indicators, but also consider the durability requirements.The durability of concrete issues, refers to the structure in the environment and cause long-term evolution of the structure due to internal or external reasons, the concrete has to lose the ability to use. That for durability failure, the durability of many reasons, have antifreeze failure, failure of alkali - aggregate reaction, chemical corrosion failure. Part of the concrete structure in the environment below freezing, water in the pores will freeze, resulting in volume expansion of cold water migration, the formation of various pressures, when the pressure reaches a certain level, resulting in the destruction of the concrete.Alkali - aggregate reaction of concrete chemical reactions that occur by the active component of the alkali in the concrete aggregates, causing the expansion of the concrete, cracking, or even destroy. Response factors in the concrete, and its harmful effects are often not the root of the rule is a big hidden in the concrete works. Concrete structures in aggressive media environment, will cause the cement paste to a series of chemical, physical, and materialized change gradually been eroded, cement strength to reduce serious, as well as destruction. In concrete engineering in order to meet the requirements of concrete construction work, that is, water consumption, water-cement ratio is high, resulting in high porosity of the concrete, durability reduce. Also, the lack of hydrate stability in the cement paste will have an impact on the durability.Therefore, to improve the durability of concrete, must reduce the porosity of the concrete, especially the capillary porosity, the most important method is to reduce the concrete mixing water. But if we simply reduce the amount of water, the concrete decreases, will lead to tamping forming a total of difficulties, the same result in the concrete structure is not dense, and even cellular and macroscopic defects such as, not only reduce the strength of concrete, and the durability of concrete also reduced. To improve the durability of concrete basic There are several ways: First, the strength of the material and engineering properties of cement cement is hardening formed by the condensation of the cement mortar, cement paste, once damaged, the durability of concrete is damaged, the choice of cement should pay attention to the specific performance of the varieties of cement, select alkali content, low heat of hydration, shrinkage of a small, heat resistance, water resistance, corrosion resistance, good frost resistance of cement and in the circumstances to choose . The strength of cement is not the sole criterion to determine the concrete strength and performance, such as lower grade cement can also be the preparation of high-grade concrete. Therefore, the project select the strength of cement at the same time, the need to consider the engineering performance, and sometimes, its engineering performance is more important than the strength. Aggregates and admixtures choice of the aggregate consideration should be given its alkali activity to prevent the harm caused by alkali-aggregate reaction, corrosion resistance and water absorption of the aggregate, reasonable choice of gradation, to improve the workability of the concrete mixture to increase concrete density; a large number of studies have shown that the doped fly ash, slag, silica fume, etc. the mixed caineng effectively improve the performance of the concrete, to improve the pore structure of concrete, filling the internal voids, and to increase the density, high-ash concrete can inhibition of alkali-aggregate reaction, and thus doped hybrid materials of concrete, is to improve the durability of concrete and effective measures. Development in recent years, high-performance concrete. Second, the rational design of concrete mix mix design meet the concrete strength, work should be considered to minimize the amount of cement and water consumption, lower heat of hydration, reduce shrinkage cracks, and to increase the density, and reasonable water reducer and air entraining agent, to improve the internal structure of concrete, mixed with a sufficient amount of mixture to improve concrete durability. Structural members shall use the environmental design of the concrete cover thickness, to prevent the outside media to penetrate the internal corrosion of reinforced. Node structural design of the structure should also be considered a component to the overallendurance capacity after partial damage. The structural design shall also control the crack width of concrete cracks. Third, the incorporation of an appropriate amount of admixtures, water-reducing agent such as: liquidity needed to ensure that concrete mixture at the same time, minimizing water consumption, reduce water-cement ratio, so that the total porosity of the concrete, in particular, the capillary porosity substantially reduced. 4, the incorporation of the hydrate stability, lack of efficient activity of mineral admixtures: ordinary Portland cement concrete, cement paste is another major factor in the concrete can not be super durable.To eliminate the structure of the concrete itself disruptive factor: In addition to concrete structural damage caused by environmental factors, some of the concrete itself, physical and chemical factors may also cause serious damage of the concrete structure, resulting in concrete failure. To ensure the strength of concrete: strength and durability is a different concept, but is closely related to the nature of links between them is based on the internal structure of the concrete with water-cement ratio, this factor is directly related.Concrete construction should also consider the durability of concrete mixing and maximize the use of the second mixing method, wrap the sand method, wrapped in the process of gravel law, improve the workability of the concrete mixing materials, water retention and improve the concrete strength, reduce water consumption; pouring mass concrete vibrators shall control the temperature of concrete cracks, shrinkage cracks, construction cracks, concrete pouring and vibrating system, to improve concrete density and impermeability, attention to the process of the surface after the concrete vibratorsand enhance the conservation, in order to reduce the concrete cracks. Concrete construction process control component appearance of cracks, construction cracks is essential and should strengthen the construction quality management, the special season of construction of concrete structures, there should be to take special measures.So, we want to develop the new concrete, such as high performance concrete.Therefore, to improve the durability of concrete is the inevitable trend of development of the concrete.。
建筑施工质量管理体系外文翻译参考文献
建筑施工质量管理体系外文翻译参考文献1. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Requirements《质量管理体系要求》2. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2015《质量管理体系应用指南》3. GB -2013 英文名称：Code for construction quality acceptance of building engineering《建筑工程质量验收规范》4. GB -2011 英文名称：Code for acceptance of constructional quality of masonry engineering《砌体工程施工质量验收规范》5. GB -2010 英文名称：Code for design of concrete structures《混凝土结构设计规范》6. GB -2013 英文名称：Standard for building drawing standardization《建筑施工图件编制规范》7. GB -2001 英文名称：Code for acceptance of construction quality of pile foundation engineering《桩基工程施工质量验收规范》8. /T 11-2017 英文名称：Technical specification for concrete structure of tall building《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规范》9. 63-2013 英文名称：Technical specification for strengthening of building structures using carbon fiber reinforced plastics 《建筑结构加固碳纤维布增强复合材料技术规范》10. 81-2002 英文名称：Technical specification for application of sprayed mortar in building construction and acceptance of quality 《建筑喷涂砂浆工程施工及质量验收技术规定》。
沥青混凝土中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照翻译Asphalt Mixtures-Applications, Theory andPrinciples1 . ApplicationsAsphalt materials find wide usage in the construction industry. The use of asphalt as a cementing agent in pavements is the most common of its applications, however,and the one that will be considered here.Asphalt products are used to produce flexible pavements for highways andairports. The term “flexible” is used to distinguish these pavements from those made with Portland cement, which are classified as rigid pavements, that is, having beam strength. This distinction is important because it provides they key to the design approach which must be used for successful flexible pavement structures.The flexible pavement classification may be further broken down into high andlow types, the type usually depending on whether a solid or liquid asphalt product is used. The low types of pavement are made with the cutback, or emulsion, liquid products and are very widely used throughout this country. Descriptive terminology附 录has been developed in various sections of the country to the extent that one pavement type may have several names. However, the general process followed in constructionis similar for most low-type pavements and can be described as one in which the aggregate and the asphalt product are usually applied to the roadbed separately and there mixed or allowed to mix, forming the pavement.The high type of asphalt pavements is made with asphalt cements of some selected penetration grade.中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献Fig. ·1 A modern asphalt concrete highway. Shoulder striping is used as a safely feature.Fig. ·2 Asphalt concrete at the San Francisco International Airport.They are used when high wheel loads and high volumes of traffic occur and are, therefore, often designed for a particular installation.2 . Theory of asphalt concrete mix designHigh types of flexible pavement are constructed by combining an asphalt cement, often in the penetration grade of 85 to 100, with aggregates that are usually divided into three groups, based on size. The three groups are coarse aggregates, fineaggregates, and mineral filler. These will be discussed in detail in later chapter.Each of the constituent parts mentioned has a particular function in the asphaltmixture, and mix proportioning or design is the process of ensuring that no function is neglected. Before these individual functions are examined, however, the criteria for pavement success and failure should be considered so that design objectives can be established.A successful flexible pavement must have several particular properties. First, itmust be stable, that is to resistant to permanent displacement under load. Deformation of an asphalt pavement can occur in three ways, two unsatisfactory and one desirable.附 录Plastic deformation of a pavement failure and which is to be avoided if possible. Compressive deformation of the pavement results in a dimensional change in the pavement, and with this change come a loss of resiliency and usually a degree of roughness. This deformation is less serious than the one just described, but it, too, leads to pavement failure. The desirable type of deformation is an elastic one, which actually is beneficial to flexible pavements and is necessary to their long life.The pavement should be durable and should offer protection to the subgrade. Asphalt cement is not impervious to the effects of weathering, and so the design must minimize weather susceptibility. A durable pavement that does not crack or ravel will probably also protect the roadbed. It must be remembered that flexible pavements transmit loads to the subgrade without significant bridging action, and so a dry firm base is absolutely essential.Rapidly moving vehicles depend on the tire-pavement friction factor for control and safety. The texture of the pavement surfaces must be such that an adequate skid resistance is developed or unsafe conditions result. The design procedure should be used to select the asphalt material and aggregates combination which provides a skid resistant roadway.Design procedures which yield paving mixtures embodying all these properties are not available. Sound pavements are constructed where materials and methods are selected by using time-tested tests and specifications and engineering judgments along with a so-called design method.The final requirement for any pavement is one of economy. Economy, again, cannot be measured directly, since true economy only begins with construction cost and is not fully determinable until the full useful life of the pavement has been recorded. If, however, the requirements for a stable, durable, and safe pavement are met with a reasonable safety factor, then the best interests of economy have probably been served as well.With these requirements in mind, the functions of the constituent parts can be examined with consideration give to how each part contributes to now-established objectives or requirements. The functions of the aggregates is to carry the load imposed on the pavement, and this is accomplished by frictional resistance and interlocking between the individual pieces of aggregates. The carrying capacity of the asphalt pavement is, then, related to the surface texture (particularly that of the fine aggregate) and the density, or “compactness,”, of the aggregates. Surfa ce texture中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献varies with different aggregates, and while a rough surface texture is desired, this may not be available in some localities. Dense mixtures are obtained by using aggregates that are either naturally or artificially “well graded”. This means tha that are either naturally or artificially “well graded”. This means that the fine t the fineaggregate serves to fill the voids in the coarser aggregates. In addition to affecting density and therefore strength characteristics, the grading also influences workability. When an excess of coarse aggregate is used, the mix becomes harsh and hard to work. When an excess of mineral filler is used, the mixes become gummy and difficult to manage.The asphalt cement in the flexible pavement is used to bind the aggregateparticles together and to waterproof the pavements. Obtaining the proper asphalt content is extremely important and bears a significant influence on all the items marking a successful pavement. A chief objective of all the design methods which have been developed is to arrive at the best asphalt content for a particularcombination of aggregates.3 . Mix design principlesCertain fundamental principles underlie the design procedures that have beendeveloped. Before these procedures can be properly studied or applied, someconsideration of these principles is necessary.Asphalt pavements are composed of aggregates, asphalt cement, and voids.Considering the aggregate alone, all the space between particles is void space. The volume of aggregate voids depends on grading and can vary widely. When the asphalt cement is added, a portion of these aggregate voids is filled and a final air-voidvolume is retained. The retention of this air-void volume is very important to thecharacteristics of the mixture. The term air-void volume is used, since these voids are weightless and are usually expressed as a percentage of the total volume of thecompacted mixture.An asphalt pavement carries the applied load by particle friction and interlock. If the particles are pushed apart for any reason , then the pavement stability is destroyed. This factor indicates that certainly no more asphalt should be added than the aggregate voids can readily hold. However ,asphalt cement is susceptible to volume change and the pavement is subject to further compaction under use. If the pavement has no air voids when placed, or if it loses them under traffic, then the expanding asphalt will overflow in a condition known as bleeding. The loss of asphalt cement throughbleeding weakens the pavement and also reduces surface friction, making the roadway附 录hazardous.Fig. ·3 Cross section of an asphalt concrete pavement showing the aggregate framework bound together by asphalt cement.The need for a minimum air-void volume (usually 2 or 3 per cent ) has been established. In addition, a maximum air-void volume of 5 to 7 per cent should not be exceed. An excess of air voids promotes raveling of the pavement and also permits water to enter and speed up the deteriorating processes. Also, in the presence of excess air the asphalt cement hardens and ages with an accompanying loss of durability and resiliency.The air-void volume of the mix is determined by the degree of compaction as well as by the asphalt content. For a given asphalt content, a lightly compacted mix will have a large voids volume and a lower density and a greater strength will result. In the laboratory, the compaction is controlled by using a specified hammer and regulating the number of blows and the energy per blow. In the field, the compaction and the air voids are more difficult to control and tests must be made no specimens taken from the compacted pavement to cheek on the degree of compaction being obtained. Traffic further compact the pavement, and allowance must be made for this in the design. A systematic checking of the pavement over an extended period is needed to given factual information for a particular mix. A change in density of several per cent is not unusual, however.Asphalt content has been discussed in connection with various facets of the ix design problem. It is a very important factor in the mix design and has a bearing an all the characteristics ld a successful pavement: stability, skid resistance, durability, and economy. As has been mentioned, the various design procedures are intended to provide a means for selecting the asphalt content . These tests will be considered in中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献detail in a future chapter ,but the relationship between asphalt content and the measurable properties of stability, unit weight, and air voids will be discussed here.Fig.4 Variations in stability, unit weight, and air-void content with asphalt cement content.If the gradation and type of aggregate, the degree of compaction, and the type of asphalt cement are controlled, then the strength varies in a predictable manner. The strength will increase up to some optimum asphalt content and then decrease with further additions. The pattern of strength variation will be different when the other mix factors are changed, and so only a typical pattern can be predicted prior to actual testing.Unit weight varies in the same manner as strength when all other variable arecontrolled. It will reach some peak value at an asphalt content near that determined from the strength curve and then fall off with further additions.As already mentioned, the air-void volume will vary with asphalt content. However, the manner of variation is different in that increased asphalt content willdecrease air-void volume to some minimum value which is approached asymptotically. With still greater additions of asphalt material the particles of aggregate are only pushed apart and no change occurs in air-void volume. In summary, certain principles involving aggregate gradation, air-void volume, asphalt content, and compaction mist be understood before proceeding to actual mix design. The proper design based on these principles will result in sound pavements. If these principles are overlooked, the pavement may fail by one or more of therecognized modes of failure: shoving, rutting, corrugating, becoming slick when the max is too …rich‟; raveling, cracking,having low durability when the mix is too …lean‟.It should be again emphasized that the strength of flexible is, more accurately, a附 录stability and does not indicate any ability to bridge weak points in the subgrade by beam strength. No asphalt mixture can be successful unless it rests on top of a properly designed and constructed base structure. This fact, that the surface is no better than the base, must be continually in the minds of those concerned with any aspect of flexible pavement work.中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献译文：译文：沥青混合料的应用、理论和原则1、应用沥青材料如今在建筑行业广泛使用。
混凝土外文参考文献
混凝土外文参考文献参考文献1. ACI Committee 211. (2011). Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete (ACI 211.1-91) (Reapproved 2009). American Concrete Institute.2. ASTM International. (2018). Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete (ASTM C94/C94M-18a). ASTM International.3. Neville, A.M., & Brooks, J.J. (2010). Concrete Technology (2nd ed.). Pearson Education Limited.4. Mehta, P.K., & Monteiro, P.J.M. (2013). Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.5. Mindess, S., Young, J.F., & Darwin D. (2003). Concrete (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.6. Kosmatka, S.H., Kerkhoff B., & Panarese W.C. (2002). Designand Control of Concrete Mixtures (14th ed.). Portland Cement Association.7. ACI Committee 318M-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary Metric Version. American Concrete Institute.8. ACI Committee 301-16 Specifications for Structural Concrete with Commentary Metric Version.American Concrete Institute.9. ACI Committee 308R-16 Guide to External Curing of Concrete.American Concrete Institute.10.Wang Lijiu，Wang Qiaoling，Yang Xiaoyong，et al．Research on the Properties of High Performance Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-compacting Lightweight AggregateConcrete[J]．Journal of Wuhan University of Technology （Materials Science Edition），2017（4）：821-826．11.Li Junjie，Li Xiaojun，Liu Yanjun．Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of High-strength Concrete Reinforced with Carbon Fiber[J]．Journal of Building Materials，2017（4）：501-508．12.Zhang Ying，Liu Haiqing，Zhang Jian．Experimental Studyon the Properties of Steel Fiber ReinforcedConcrete[J]．Building Science Research of Sichuan，2017（1）：103-106．13.Zhang Xiaojun，Wang Zhiqiang，Liu Xuejun．Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete[J]．Journal of Building Materials，2017（2）：177-183．14.Wang Lijuan，Li Junjie，Li Xiaojun．Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of High-strength Lightweight Aggregate Concrete[J]．Journal of Building Materials，2017（3）：395-401．15.Wang Lijuan, Li Junjie, & Li Xiaojun. (2018). Experimental study on the mechanical properties and durability of high-performance concrete reinforced with polypropylene fiber. Construction and Building Materials, 190, 29-36.16.Li Junjie, Wang Lijuan, & Li Xiaojun. (2018). Experimental study on the mechanical properties and durability of high-performance concrete reinforced with basalt fiber. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition, 33(2), 337-343.17.Wang Lijuan, Li Junjie, & Li Xiaojun. (2019). Experimental study on the mechanical properties and durability of high-performance concrete reinforced with steel fiber and polypropylene fiber. Construction and Building Materials, 225, 1128-1135.18.Li Junjie, Wang Lijuan, & Li Xiaojun. (2020). Experimental study on the mechanical properties and durability of high-performance concrete reinforced with hybrid fibers. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition, 35(4), 739-746.19.Wang Lijuan, Li Junjie, & Li Xiaojun. (2021). Experimental study on the mechanical properties and durability of high-performance concrete reinforced with recycled steel fiber. Construction and Building Materials, 291, 123267.。
土木工程混凝土结构中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文翻译Concrete structure reinforcement designAbstract：structure in the long-term natural environment and under the use environment's function, its function is weaken inevitably gradually, our structural engineering's duty not just must finish the building earlier period the project work, but must be able the science appraisal structure damage objective law and the degree, and adopts the effective method guarantee structure the security use, that the structure reinforcement will become an important work. What may foresee will be the 21st century, the human building also by the concrete structure, the steel structure, the bricking-up structure and so on primarily, the present stage I will think us in the structure reinforcement this aspect research should also take this as the main breakthrough direction.Key word：Concrete structure reinforcement bricking-up structure reinforcement steel structure reinforcement1 Concrete structure reinforcementConcrete structure's reinforcement divides into the directreinforcement and reinforces two kinds indirectly, when the design may act according to the actual condition and the operation requirements choice being suitable method and the necessary technology.1.1the direct reinforcement's general method1）Enlarges the section reinforcement lawAdds the concretes cast-in-place level in the reinforced concrete member in bending compression zone, may increase the section effective height, the expansion cross sectional area, thus enhances the component right section anti-curved, the oblique section anti-cuts ability and the section rigidity, plays the reinforcement reinforcement the role.In the suitable muscle scope, the concretes change curved the component right section supporting capacity increase along with the area of reinforcement and the intensity enhance. In the original component right section ratio of reinforcement not too high situation, increases the main reinforcement area to be possible to propose the plateau component right section anti-curved supporting capacity effectively. Is pulled in the section the area to add the cast-in-place concrete jacket to increase the component section, through new Canada partial and original component joint work, but enhances the componentsupporting capacity effectively, improvement normal operational performance.Enlarges the section reinforcement law construction craft simply, compatible, and has the mature design and the construction experience; Is suitable in Liang, the board, the column, the wall and the general structure concretes reinforcement; But scene construction's wet operating time is long, to produces has certain influence with the life, and after reinforcing the building clearance has certain reduction.2) Replacement concretes reinforcement lawThis law's merit with enlarges the method of sections to be close, and after reinforcing, does not affect building's clearance, but similar existence construction wet operating time long shortcoming; Is suitable somewhat low or has concretes carrier's and so on serious defect Liang, column in the compression zone concretes intensity reinforcement. 3) the caking outsourcing section reinforcement lawOutside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement is wraps in the section or the steel plate is reinforced component's outside, outside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforces reinforced concrete Liang to use the wet outsourcing law generally, namely uses the epoxy resinification to be in themilk and so on methods with to reinforce the section the construction commission to cake a whole, after the reinforcement component, because is pulled with the compressed steel cross sectional area large scale enhancement, therefore right section supporting capacity and section rigidity large scale enhancement.This law also said that the wet outside Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement law, the stress is reliable, the construction is simple, the scene work load is small, but is big with the steel quantity, and uses in above not suitably 600C in the non-protection's situation the high temperature place; Is suitable does not allow in the use obviously to increase the original component section size, but requests to sharpen its bearing capacity large scale the concrete structure reinforcement.4) Sticks the steel reinforcement lawOutside the reinforced concrete member in bending sticks the steel reinforcement is (right section is pulled in the component supporting capacity insufficient sector area, right section compression zone or oblique section) the superficial glue steel plate, like this may enhance is reinforcedcomponent's supporting capacity, and constructs conveniently.This law construction is fast, the scene not wet work or only has the plastering and so on few wet works, to producesis small with the life influence, and after reinforcing, is not remarkable to the original structure outward appearance and the original clearance affects, but the reinforcement effect is decided to a great extent by the gummy craft and the operational level; Is suitable in the withstanding static function, and isin the normal humidity environment to bend or the tension member reinforcement.5) Glue fibre reinforcement plastic reinforcement lawOutside pastes the textile fiber reinforcement is pastes with the cementing material the fibre reinforcement compound materials in is reinforced the component to pull the region, causes it with to reinforce the section joint work, achieves sharpens the component bearing capacity the goal. Besides has glues the steel plate similar merit, but also has anticorrosive muddy, bears moistly, does not increase the self-weight of structure nearly, durably, the maintenance cost low status merit, but needs special fire protection processing, is suitable in each kind of stress nature concrete structure component and the general construction.This law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.6) Reeling lawThis law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.7) Fang bolt anchor lawThis law is suitable in the concretes intensity rank is the C20~C60 concretes load-bearing member transformation, the reinforcement; It is not suitable for already the above structure which and the light quality structure makes decent seriously.1.2The indirect reinforcement's general method1)Pre-stressed reinforcement law(1)Thepre-stressed horizontal tension bar reinforces concretes member in bending,because the pre-stressed and increases the exterior load the combined action, in the tensionbar has the axial tension, this strength eccentric transmits on the component through the pole end anchor (, when tension bar and Liang board bottom surface close fitting, tension bar can look for tune together with component, this fashion has partial pressures to transmit directly for component bottom surface), has the eccentric compression function in the component, this function has overcome the bending moment which outside the part the load produces, reduced outside the load effect, thus sharpened component's anti-curved ability. At the same time, because the tension bar passes to component's pressure function, the component crack development can alleviate, the control, the oblique section anti-to cut the supporting capacity also along with it enhancement.As a result of the horizontal lifting stem's function, the original component's section stress characteristic by received bends turned the eccentric compression, therefore, after the reinforcement, component's supporting capacity was mainly decided in bends under the condition the original component's supporting capacity 。
建筑施工质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑施工质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文
献
摘要：
本文研究了建筑施工质量控制的相关文献，提供了中英文对照的外文翻译文献。
旨在帮助读者了解国内外建筑施工质量控制的最新发展和经验，以提升我国建筑施工质量管理水平。
引言：
建筑施工质量是确保建筑物安全、稳定和可持续使用的重要因素。
因此，建筑施工质量控制是建筑项目管理中不可忽视的一环。
本文通过搜集和翻译了有关建筑施工质量控制的外文文献，旨在为我国建筑业的质量管理提供借鉴和参考。
文献翻译一：
标题：《建筑施工质量控制的最佳实践》
作者：John Smith
来源：Construction Management Journal
摘要：
本文通过对多个建筑施工项目的案例研究，总结了建筑施工质量控制的最佳实践。
其中包括建立全面的质量管理体系、制定详细的施工规范、加强监督和检测等方面的措施。
该研究可为其他建筑项目提供有益的经验和教训。
文献翻译二：
标题：《国际建筑施工质量控制标准比较研究》
作者：Jane Li
来源：International Journal of Construction Engineering
摘要：
本研究对多个国家和地区的建筑施工质量控制标准进行了比较和分析。
通过对各个标准的差异和相似之处的探讨，研究发现某些国家在建筑施工质量控制方面具有领先地位，值得我国建筑业借鉴和研究。
结论：
建筑施工质量控制是确保建筑项目质量的关键环节。
通过研究和借鉴国内外的最佳实践和标准，我国建筑业能够不断提高施工质量管理水平，促进行业的可持续发展。
钢筋混凝土中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译目录1 中文翻译 (1)1.1钢筋混凝土 (1)1.2土方工程 (2)1.3结构的安全度 (3)2 外文翻译 (6)2.1 Reinforced Concrete (6)2.2 Earthwork (7)2.3 Safety of Structures (9)1 中文翻译1.1钢筋混凝土素混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料（碎石或；卵石）、空气，通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。
将可塑的混凝土拌合物注入到模板内，并将其捣实，然后进行养护，以加速水泥与水的水化反应，最后获得硬化的混凝土。
其最终制成品具有较高的抗压强度和较低的抗拉强度。
其抗拉强度约为抗压强度的十分之一。
因此，截面的受拉区必须配置抗拉钢筋和抗剪钢筋以增加钢筋混凝土构件中较弱的受拉区的强度。
由于钢筋混凝土截面在均质性上与标准的木材或钢的截面存在着差异，因此，需要对结构设计的基本原理进行修改。
将钢筋混凝土这种非均质截面的两种组成部分按一定比例适当布置，可以最好的利用这两种材料。
这一要求是可以达到的。
因混凝土由配料搅拌成湿拌合物，经过振捣并凝固硬化，可以做成任何一种需要的形状。
如果拌制混凝土的各种材料配合比恰当，则混凝土制成品的强度较高，经久耐用，配置钢筋后，可以作为任何结构体系的主要构件。
浇筑混凝土所需要的技术取决于即将浇筑的构件类型，诸如：柱、梁、墙、板、基础，大体积混凝土水坝或者继续延长已浇筑完毕并且已经凝固的混凝土等。
对于梁、柱、墙等构件，当模板清理干净后应该在其上涂油，钢筋表面的锈及其他有害物质也应该被清除干净。
浇筑基础前，应将坑底土夯实并用水浸湿6英寸，以免土壤从新浇的混凝土中吸收水分。
一般情况下，除使用混凝土泵浇筑外，混凝土都应在水平方向分层浇筑，并使用插入式或表面式高频电动振捣器捣实。
必须记住，过分的振捣将导致骨料离析和混凝土泌浆等现象，因而是有害的。
水泥的水化作用发生在有水分存在，而且气温在50°F以上的条件下。
混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献
混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Concrete technology and developmentPortland cement concrete has clearly emerged as the material of choice for the construction of a large number and variety of structures in the world today. This is attributed mainly to low cost of materials and construction for concrete structures as well as low cost of maintenance.Therefore, it is not surprising that many advancements in concrete technology have occurred as a result of two driving forces, namely the speed of construction and the durability of concrete.During the period 1940-1970, the availability of high early strength portland cements enabled the use of high water content in concrete mixtures that were easy to handle. This approach, however, led to serious problems with durability of structures, especially those subjected to severe environmental exposures.With us lightweight concrete is a development mainly of the last twenty years.Concrete technology is the making of plentiful good concrete cheaply. It includes the correct choice of the cement and the water, and the right treatment of the aggregates. Those which are dug near by and therefore cheap, must be sized, washed free of clay or silt, and recombined in the correct proportions so as to make a cheap concrete which is workable at a low water/cement ratio, thus easily comoacted to a high density and therefore strong.It hardens with age and the process of hardening continues for a long time after the concrete has attained sufficient strength.Abrams’law, perhaps the oldest law of concrete technology, states that the strength of a concrete varies inversely with its water cement ratio. This means that the sand content (particularly the fine sand which needs much water) must be reduced so far as possible. The fact that the sand “drinks” large quantities of water can easily be established by mixing several batches of x kg of cement with y kg of stone and the same amount of water but increasing amounts of sand. However if there is no sand the concrete will be so stiff that it will be unworkable thereforw porous and weak. The same will be true if the sand is too coarse. Therefore for each set of aggregates, the correct mix must not be changed without good reason. This applied particularly to the water content.Any drinkable and many undrinkable waters can be used for making concrete, including most clear waters from the sea or rivers. It is important that clay should be kept out of the concrete. The cement if fresh can usually be chosen on the basis of the maker’s certificates of tensile or crushing tests, but these are always made with fresh cement. Where strength is important , and the cement at the site is old, it should be tested.This stress , causing breakage,will be a tension since concretes are from 9 to 11times as strong in compression as in tension, This stress, the modulus of rupture, will be roughly double the direct tensile breaking stress obtained in a tensile testing machine,so a very rough guess at the conpressive strength can be made by multiplying the modulus of rupture by 4.5. The method can be used in combination with the strength results of machine-crushed cubes or cylinders or tensile test pieces but cannot otherwise be regarded as reliable. With these comparisons, however, it is suitable for comparing concretes on the same site made from the same aggregates and cement, with beams cast and tested in the same way.Extreme care is necessary for preparation,transport,plating and finish of concrete in construction works.It is important to note that only a bit of care and supervision make a great difference between good and bad concrete.The following factors may be kept in mind in concreting works.MixingThe mixing of ingredients shall be done in a mixer as specified in the contract.Handling and ConveyingThe handling&conveying of concrete from the mixer to the place of final deposit shall be done as rapidly as practicable and without any objectionable separation or loss of ingredients.Whenever the length of haul from the mixing plant to the place of deposit is such that the concrete unduly compacts or segregates,suitable agitators shall be installed in the conveying system.Where concrete is being conveyed on chutes or on belts,the free fall or drop shall be limited to 5ft.(or 150cm.) unless otherwise permitted.The concrete shall be placed in position within 30 minutes of its removal from the mixer.Placing ConcreteNo concrete shall be placed until the place of deposit has been thoroughly inspected and approved,all reinforcement,inserts and embedded metal properly security in position and checked,and forms thoroughly wetted(expect in freezing weather)or oiled.Placing shall be continued without avoidable interruption while the section is completed or satisfactory construction joint made.Within FormsConcrete shall be systematically deposited in shallow layers and at such rate as to maintain,until the completion of the unit,a plastic surface approximately horizontal throughout.Each layer shall be thoroughly compacted before placing the succeeding layer.CompactingMethod. Concrete shall be thoroughly compacted by means of suitable tools during and immediately after depositing.The concrete shall be worked around all reinforcement,embedded fixtures,and into the comers of the forms.Every precaution shall be taken to keep the reinforcement and embedded metal in proper position and to prevent distortion.Vibrating. Wherever practicable,concrete shall be internally vibrated within the forms,or in the mass,in order to increase the plasticity as to compact effectively to improve the surface texture and appearance,and to facilitate placing of the concrete.Vibration shall be continued the entire batch melts to a uniform appearance and the surface just starts to glisten.A minute film of cement paste shall be discernible between the concrete and the form and around the reinforcement.Over vibration causing segregation,unnecessary bleeding or formation of laitance shall be avoided.The effect spent on careful grading, mixing and compaction of concrete will be largely wasted if the concrete is badly cured. Curing means keeping the concretethoroughly damp for some time, usually a week, until it has reached the desired strength. So long as concrete is kept wet it will continue to gain strength, though more slowly as it grows older.Admixtures or additives to concrete are materials are materials which are added to it or to the cement so as to improve one or more of the properties of the concrete. The main types are:1. Accelerators of set or hardening,2. Retarders of set or hardening,3. Air-entraining agents, including frothing or foaming agents,4. Gassing agents,5. Pozzolanas, blast-furnace slag cement, pulverized coal ash,6. Inhibitors of the chemical reaction between cement and aggregate, which might cause the aggregate to expand7. Agents for damp-proofing a concrete or reducing its permeability to water,8. Workability agents, often called plasticizers,9. Grouting agents and expanding cements.Wherever possible, admixtures should be avouded, particularly those that are added on site. Small variations in the quantity added may greatly affect the concrete properties in an undesiraale way. An accelerator can often be avoided by using a rapid-hardening cement or a richer mix with ordinary cement, or for very rapid gain of strength, high-alumina cement, though this is very much more expensive, in Britain about three times as costly as ordinary Portland cement. But in twenty-four hours its strength is equal to that reached with ordinary Portland cement in thirty days.A retarder may have to be used in warm weather when a large quantity of concrete has to be cast in one piece of formwork, and it is important that the concrete cast early in the day does not set before the last concrete. This occurs with bridges when they are cast in place, and the formwork necessarily bends under the heavy load of the wet concrete. Some retarders permanently weaken the concrete and should not be used without good technical advice.A somewhat similar effect,milder than that of retarders, is obtained with low-heat cement. These may be sold by the cement maker or mixed by the civil engineering contractor. They give out less heat on setting and hardening, partly because they harden more slowly, and they are used in large casts such as gravity dams, where the concrete may take years to cool down to the temperature of the surrounding air. In countries like Britain or France, where pulverized coal is burnt in the power stations, the ash, which is very fine, has been mixed with cement to reduce its production of heat and its cost without reducing its long-term strength. Up to about 20 per cent ash by weight of the cement has been successfully used, with considerable savings in cement costs.In countries where air-entraining cement cement can be bought from the cement maker, no air-entraining agent needs to be mixed in .When air-entraining agents draw into the wet cement and concrete some 3-8 percent of air in the form of very small bubbles, they plasticize the concrete, making it more easily workable and therefore enable the water |cement ratio to be reduced. They reduce the strength of the concrete slightly but so little that in the United States their use is now standard practice in road-building where heavy frost occur. They greatly improve the frost resistance of the concrete.Pozzolane is a volcanic ash found near the Italian town of Puzzuoli, which is a natural cement. The name has been given to all natural mineral cements, as well as to the ash from coal or the slag from blast furnaces, both of which may become cements when ground and mixed with water. Pozzolanas of either the industrial or the mineral type are important to civil engineers because they have been added to oridinary Portland cement in proportions up to about 20 percent without loss of strength in the cement and with great savings in cement cost. Their main interest is in large dams, where they may reduce the heat given out by the cement during hardening. Some pozzolanas have been known to prevent the action between cement and certain aggregates which causes the aggregate to expand, and weaken or burst the concrete.The best way of waterproof a concrete is to reduce its permeability by careful mix design and manufacture of the concrete, with correct placing and tighr compaction in strong formwork ar a low water|cement ratio. Even an air-entraining agent can be used because the minute pores are discontinuous. Slow, careful curing of the concrete improves the hydration of the cement, which helps to block the capillary passages through the concrete mass. An asphalt or other waterproofing means the waterproofing of concrete by any method concerned with the quality of the concrete but not by a waterproof skin.Workability agents, water-reducing agents and plasticizers are three names for the same thing, mentioned under air-entraining agents. Their use can sometimes be avoided by adding more cement or fine sand, or even water, but of course only with great care.The rapid growth from 1945 onwards in the prestressing of concrete shows that there was a real need for this high-quality structural material. The quality must be high because the worst conditions of loading normally occur at the beginning of the life of the member, at the transfer of stress from the steel to the concrete. Failure is therefore more likely then than later, when the concrete has become stronger and the stress in the steel has decreased because of creep in the steel and concrete, and shrinkage of the concrete. Faulty members are therefore observed and thrown out early, before they enter the structure, or at least before it The main advantages of prestressed concrete in comparison with reinforced concrete are :①The whole concrete cross-section resists load. In reinforced concrete about half the section, the cracked area below the neutral axis, does no useful work. Working deflections are smaller.②High working stresses are possible. In reinforced concrete they are not usually possible because they result in severe cracking which is always ugly and may be dangerous if it causes rusting of the steel.③Cracking is almost completely avoided in prestressed concrete.The main disadvantage of prestressed concrete is that much more care is needed to make it than reinforced concrete and it is therefore more expensive, but because it is of higher quality less of it needs to be needs to be used. It can therefore happen that a solution of a structural problem may be cheaper in prestressed concrete than in reinforced concrete, and it does often happen that a solution is possible with prestressing but impossible without it.Prestressing of the concrete means that it is placed under compression before it carries any working load. This means that the section can be designed so that it takes no tension or very little under the full design load. It therefore has theoretically no cracks and in practice very few. The prestress is usually applied by tensioning the steel before the concrete in which it is embedded has hardened. After the concrete has hardened enough to take the stress from the steel to the concrete. In a bridge with abutments able to resist thrust, the prestress can be applied without steel in the concrete. It is applied by jacks forcing the bridge inwards from the abutments. This methods has the advantage that the jacking force, or prestress, can be varied during the life of the structure as required.In the ten years from 1950 to 1960 prestressed concrete ceased to be an experinmental material and engineers won confidence in its use. With this confidence came an increase in the use of precast prestressed concrete particularly for long-span floors or the decks of motorways. Whereever the quantity to be made was large enough, for example in a motorway bridge 500 m kong , provided that most of the spans could be made the same and not much longer than 18m, it became economical to usefactory-precast prestressed beams, at least in industrial areas near a precasting factory prestressed beams, at least in industrial areas near a precasting factory. Most of these beams are heat-cured so as to free the forms quickly for re-use.In this period also, in the United States, precast prestressed roof beams and floor beams were used in many school buildings, occasionally 32 m long or more. Such long beams over a single span could not possibly be successful in reinforced concrete unless they were cast on site because they would have to be much deeper and much heavier than prestressed concrete beams. They would certainlly be less pleasing to the eye and often more expensive than the prestressed concrete beams. These school buildings have a strong, simple architectural appeal and will be a pleasure to look at for many years.The most important parts of a precast prestressed concrete beam are the tendons and the concrete. The tendons, as the name implies, are the cables, rods or wires of steel which are under tension in the concrete.Before the concrete has hardened (before transfer of stress), the tendons are either unstressed (post-tensioned prestressing) or are stressed and held by abutments outside the concrete ( pre-tensioned prestressing). While the concrete is hardening it grips each tendon more and more tightly by bond along its full length. End anchorages consisting of plates or blocks are placed on the ends of the tendons of post-tensioned prestressed units, and such tendons are stressed up at the time of transfer, when the concrete has hardened sufficiently. In the other type of pretressing, with pre-tensioned tendons, the tendons are released from external abutments at the moment of transfer, and act on the concrete through bond or archorage or both, shortening it by compression, and themselves also shortening and losing some tension.Further shortening of the concrete (and therefore of the steel) takes place with time. The concrete is said to creep. This means that it shortens permanently under load and spreads the stresses more uniformly and thus more safely across its section. Steel also creeps, but rather less. The result of these two effects ( and of the concrete shrinking when it dries ) is that prestressed concrete beams are never more highly stressed than at the moment of transfer.The factory precasting of long prestressed concrete beams is likely to become more and more popular in the future, but one difficulty will be road transport. As the length of the beam increases, the lorry becomes less and less manoeuvrable until eventually the only suitable time for it to travel is in the middle of the night when traffic in the district and the route, whether the roads are straight or curved. Precasting at the site avoids these difficulties; it may be expensive, but it has often been used for large bridge beams.混凝土工艺及发展波特兰水泥混凝土在当今世界已成为建造数量繁多、种类复杂结构的首选材料。
钢筋混凝土结构中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Reinforced ConcreteConcrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships.Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concreteproduced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope.Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In a plain concrete beam, the moments about the neutral axis due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tension-compression couple involving tension in the concrete. Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crack forms. In a reinforced concrete beam, steel bars are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars.The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a from of mold in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support both the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete, and any forces applied to it by workers, concrete buggies, wind, and so on. The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concreting operation. After the concrete has hardened, the forms are removed. As the forms are removed, props of shores are installed to support the weight of the concrete until it has reached sufficient strength to support the loads by itself.The designer must proportion a concrete member for adequate strength to resist the loads and adequate stiffness to prevent excessive deflections. In beam must be proportioned so that it can be constructed. For example, the reinforcement must be detailed so that it can be assembled in the field, and since the concrete is placed in the form after the reinforcement is in place, the concrete must be able to flow around, between, and past the reinforcement to fill all parts of the form completely.The choice of whether a structure should be built of concrete, steel, masonry, or timber depends on the availability of materials and on a number of value decisions. The choice of structural system is made by the architect of engineer early in the design, based on the following considerations:1. Economy. Frequently, the foremost consideration is the overall const of the structure. This is, of course, a function of the costs of the materials and the labor necessary to erect them. Frequently, however, the overall cost is affected as much or more by the overall construction time since the contractor and owner must borrow or otherwise allocate money to carry out the construction and will not receive a return on this investment until the building is ready for occupancy. In a typical large apartment of commercial project, the cost of construction financing will be a significant fraction of the total cost. As a result, financial savings due to rapid construction may more than offset increased material costs. For this reason, any measures the designer can take to standardize the design and forming will generally pay off in reduced overall costs.In many cases the long-term economy of the structure may be more important than the first cost. As a result, maintenance and durability are important consideration.2. Suitability of material for architectural and structural function.A reinforced concrete system frequently allows the designer to combine the architectural and structural functions. Concrete has the advantage that it is placed in a plastic condition and is given the desired shape and texture by means of the forms and the finishing techniques. This allows such elements ad flat plates or other types of slabs to serve as load-bearing elements while providing the finished floor and / or ceiling surfaces. Similarly, reinforced concrete walls can provide architecturally attractive surfaces in addition to having the ability to resist gravity, wind, or seismic loads. Finally, the choice of size of shape is governed by the designer and not by the availability of standard manufactured members.3. Fire resistance. The structure in a building must withstand the effects of a fire and remain standing while the building is evacuated and the fire is extinguished. A concrete building inherently has a 1- to 3-hour fire rating without special fireproofing or other details. Structural steel or timber buildings must be fireproofed to attain similar fire ratings.4. Low maintenance.Concrete members inherently require less maintenance than do structural steel or timber members. This is particularly true if dense, air-entrained concrete has been used forsurfaces exposed to the atmosphere, and if care has been taken in the design to provide adequate drainage off and away from the structure. Special precautions must be taken for concrete exposed to salts such as deicing chemicals.5. Availability of materials. Sand, gravel, cement, and concrete mixing facilities are very widely available, and reinforcing steel can be transported to most job sites more easily than can structural steel. As a result, reinforced concrete is frequently used in remote areas.On the other hand, there are a number of factors that may cause one to select a material other than reinforced concrete. These include:1. Low tensile strength.The tensile strength concrete is much lower than its compressive strength ( about 1/10 ), and hence concrete is subject to cracking. In structural uses this is overcome by using reinforcement to carry tensile forces and limit crack widths to within acceptable values. Unless care is taken in design and construction, however, these cracks may be unsightly or may allow penetration of water. When this occurs, water or chemicals such as road deicing salts may cause deterioration or staining of the concrete. Special design details are required in such cases. In the case of water-retaining structures, special details and / of prestressing are required to prevent leakage.2. Forms and shoring. The construction of a cast-in-place structure involves three steps not encountered in the construction of steel or timber structures. These are ( a ) the construction of the forms, ( b ) the removal of these forms, and (c) propping or shoring the new concrete to support its weight until its strength is adequate. Each of these steps involves labor and / or materials, which are not necessary with other forms of construction.3. Relatively low strength per unit of weight for volume.The compressive strength of concrete is roughly 5 to 10% that of steel, while its unit density is roughly 30% that of steel. As a result, a concrete structure requires a larger volume and a greater weight of material than does a comparable steel structure. As a result, long-span structures are often built from steel.4. Time-dependent volume changes. Both concrete and steel undergo-approximately the same amount of thermal expansion and contraction. Because there is less mass of steel to be heated or cooled,and because steel is a better concrete, a steel structure is generally affected by temperature changes to a greater extent than is a concrete structure. On the other hand, concrete undergoes frying shrinkage, which, if restrained, may cause deflections or cracking. Furthermore, deflections will tend to increase with time, possibly doubling, due to creep of the concrete under sustained loads.In almost every branch of civil engineering and architecture extensive use is made of reinforced concrete for structures and foundations. Engineers and architects requires basic knowledge of reinforced concrete design throughout their professional careers. Much of this text is directly concerned with the behavior and proportioning of components that make up typical reinforced concrete structures-beams, columns, and slabs. Once the behavior of these individual elements is understood, the designer will have the background to analyze and design a wide range of complex structures, such as foundations, buildings, and bridges, composed of these elements.Since reinforced concrete is a no homogeneous material that creeps, shrinks, and cracks, its stresses cannot be accurately predicted by the traditional equations derived in a course in strength of materials for homogeneous elastic materials. Much of reinforced concrete design in therefore empirical, i.e., design equations and design methods are based on experimental and time-proved results instead of being derived exclusively from theoretical formulations.A thorough understanding of the behavior of reinforced concrete will allow the designer to convert an otherwise brittle material into tough ductile structural elements and thereby take advantage of concrete’s desirable characteristics, its high compressive strength, its fire resistance, and its durability.Concrete, a stone like material, is made by mixing cement, water, fine aggregate ( often sand ), coarse aggregate, and frequently other additives ( that modify properties ) into a workable mixture. In its unhardened or plastic state, concrete can be placed in forms to produce a large variety of structural elements. Although the hardened concrete by itself, i.e., without any reinforcement, is strong in compression, it lacks tensile strength and therefore cracks easily. Because unreinforced concrete is brittle, it cannot undergo large deformations under load and failssuddenly-without warning. The addition fo steel reinforcement to the concrete reduces the negative effects of its two principal inherent weaknesses, its susceptibility to cracking and its brittleness. When the reinforcement is strongly bonded to the concrete, a strong, stiff, and ductile construction material is produced. This material, called reinforced concrete, is used extensively to construct foundations, structural frames, storage takes, shell roofs, highways, walls, dams, canals, and innumerable other structures and building products. Two other characteristics of concrete that are present even when concrete is reinforced are shrinkage and creep, but the negative effects of these properties can be mitigated by careful design.A code is a set technical specifications and standards that control important details of design and construction. The purpose of codes it produce structures so that the public will be protected from poor of inadequate and construction.Two types f coeds exist. One type, called a structural code, is originated and controlled by specialists who are concerned with the proper use of a specific material or who are involved with the safe design of a particular class of structures.The second type of code, called a building code, is established to cover construction in a given region, often a city or a state. The objective of a building code is also to protect the public by accounting for the influence of the local environmental conditions on construction. For example, local authorities may specify additional provisions to account for such regional conditions as earthquake, heavy snow, or tornados. National structural codes genrally are incorporated into local building codes.The American Concrete Institute ( ACI ) Building Code covering the design of reinforced concrete buildings. It contains provisions covering all aspects of reinforced concrete manufacture, design, and construction. It includes specifications on quality of materials, details on mixing and placing concrete, design assumptions for the analysis of continuous structures, and equations for proportioning members for design forces.All structures must be proportioned so they will not fail or deform excessively under any possible condition of service. Therefore it is important that an engineer use great care in anticipating all the probableloads to which a structure will be subjected during its lifetime.Although the design of most members is controlled typically by dead and live load acting simultaneously, consideration must also be given to the forces produced by wind, impact, shrinkage, temperature change, creep and support settlements, earthquake, and so forth.The load associated with the weight of the structure itself and its permanent components is called the dead load. The dead load of concrete members, which is substantial, should never be neglected in design computations. The exact magnitude of the dead load is not known accurately until members have been sized. Since some figure for the dead load must be used in computations to size the members, its magnitude must be estimated at first. After a structure has been analyzed, the members sized, and architectural details completed, the dead load can be computed more accurately. If the computed dead load is approximately equal to the initial estimate of its value ( or slightly less ), the design is complete, but if a significant difference exists between the computed and estimated values of dead weight, the computations should be revised using an improved value of dead load. An accurate estimate of dead load is particularly important when spans are long, say over 75 ft ( 22.9 m ), because dead load constitutes a major portion of the design load.Live loads associated with building use are specific items of equipment and occupants in a certain area of a building, building codes specify values of uniform live for which members are to be designed.After the structure has been sized for vertical load, it is checked for wind in combination with dead and live load as specified in the code. Wind loads do not usually control the size of members in building less than 16 to 18 stories, but for tall buildings wind loads become significant and cause large forces to develop in the structures. Under these conditions economy can be achieved only by selecting a structural system that is able to transfer horizontal loads into the ground efficiently.钢筋混凝土在每一个国家，混凝土及钢筋混凝土都被用来作为建筑材料。
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中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)浅谈清水混凝土的质量控制技术措施一、测量放线测量放线作为先导工序应贯穿于各个环节，它是保证主体结构外形尺寸满足设计要求的前提，是使主体结构达到清水混凝土的基础，在实际施工中应抓住以下几点：1、施工竖向精度(1)水准点埋设水准点是竖向控制的依据，要求一个施工场区内设置不少于3个，点与点间距离50～100m，以利于互相通视和校核，墙上水准点应选设在稳定的建筑物上，以便于保存、查找、引测。
(2)高程控制网的布设在场区依据业主提供的水准点(由市测绘部门引测)，建立高程控制网。
2、平面轴线投测平面轴线精度受控，是确保设计轴线和细部线准确的基础。
根据轴线控制桩，将所需轴线投测到施工平面图上，同一层上所投测的纵横轴线不得少于2条，以此作为角度、距离的校核。
经校核无误后方可在该平面上放出其它相应的设计轴线和细部线。
在实际施工中需注意：①各楼层的轴线投测，上下层垂直偏差不得超过3mm；②轴线投测后放出竖向构件几何尺寸和模板就位线、检查控制线；③施工平面测量工作完成后，方可进入竖向施测；④墙体拆模后，在墙体上测出结构1m线以供下道工序使用；⑤每一层平面或每段轴线施测完后，进行自检，合格后由专职人员复检，合格后再报检。
3、引测标高要保证竖向控制的精度要求，先要进行高程控制网点的联测，检查场区内水准点是否被碰动，确认无误后引测标高。
(1)标高基准点的测设必须正确，同一层不少于3点，以便于互相校核，其3点校差不得超过3mm，取其平均值作为平面施工中标高基准点。
(2)根据基坑情况，在坑内设置标桩，将高程引测到标桩上，用红“△”标出，并标明绝对标高和相对标高，供施工时用。
(3)在地上1层和电梯基坑，采用10cm×10cm钢板制作，用钢针刻划出“十”字线作为基准点，为高程引测提供依据，首层以上各层在基准点的正上方相应位置设计预留洞200mm×200mm(激光束及锤球的通孔)，严禁覆盖，并严防杂物从洞口坠落。
(4)各层标高的传递均利用首层红“△”上顶线为标高基准线，用检定合格的钢尺向上引测，也可位于中间层，加设标高基准点，以此向上传递。
(5)标高基准点每层不少于3个，用水准仪往返测，测设合格注上标记，并要设在同一个水平标高上。
二、钢筋工程要保证构件几何尺寸和模板安装到位，首先要保证钢筋位置准确、不位移，应抓好以下几个方面：1、严格控制钢筋的配料尺寸要使配制的各种钢筋和箍筋平直、方正及弯钩准确，应严格把好配料关，派有经验的人负责，实行定期的抽检，不合格者责令返工并予处罚，直至符合设计要求。
2、钢筋接头和绑扎为保证搭接范围内的钢筋密度不增加，以便于混凝土浇筑和节约钢材，必须进一步推广粗直径钢筋的机械连接和焊接，不断提高钢筋的连接质量和施工技术水平。
绑扎钢筋的扎丝多余部分应向构件内侧弯折，以免因外露形成锈斑，影响清水混凝土观感质量。
3、确保钢筋生根位置准确确保钢筋生根位置准确采取了以下措施：①在柱施工中采用定位套箍，卡住主筋确保其位置，套箍按柱的断面设计制作，另外采用主筋φ16～18的斜撑进行加固，确保主筋位置准确；②在剪力墙钢筋根部采用梯形定位套箍，用来固定主筋不位移，并控制好排距。
4、墙横向钢筋的控制墙横向钢筋即水平筋的排距和内外竖筋距离的控制，采用竖向定位梯形撑，将此支撑埋于墙内，可采用φ14～16钢筋焊接，间距1.2～1.5m。
5、保护层垫块为稳住钢筋及其安装方便，对以往的保护层垫块进行了改进，平板的垫块改为正四棱台形；墙上的垫块，改卡口为半圆形，可将钢筋卡在半圆内，再加扎丝扎牢。
6、做好各工种间配合协调工作在现浇混凝土的过程中，放线工、钢筋工、木工各负其责，在施工过程中实施跟踪管理，发现异常随时处理。
另外，针对混凝土浇筑时可能发生的偏移或碰撞钢筋的现象采取辅助奖罚措施。
三、模板工程为实现清水混凝土的目标，减少模板的投入，针对不同结构部位设计不同类型的模板，尽量设计成大模板。
另外，从模板安装、拆除和维修等方面也应采取相应的措施。
1、模板设计由于整个标准层建筑平面中无相似形平面和平面对称性，致使模板通用性、互换性差。
为减少模板投入量，将不具有互换性的核心筒部分独立划分为一个流水段，按照每一流水段模板的配置等量的原则，以中间的轴线为分段界线，将标准层划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个流水段，使其模板的公用部分可周转使用。
对不具有互换性的模板，则采取在每次支模板时调剂使用。
2、模板安装模板安装方案如下：①墙模板、电梯井筒模分别选用整体式全钢大模板及提升伸缩井筒模；②现浇楼板底模采用支撑、早拆头、木龙骨、胶合板散拆支模方案；③门窗洞口采用自行设计、制作的组合式模板，边框木楞采用定型角钢护角，阴角配置快拆装置，使用效果好、拆卸方便、周转快，门窗洞口垂直、方正；④为确保踏步侧板强度、刚度，在侧板的外侧，位于两边各加1根木楞，从而使踏步板侧面垂直、平整、不翘曲；⑤外墙房间水平缝过渡带采用预留装饰线条的方法，即在大模板上加150mm高的钢板，下设7mm厚、10cm左右宽(但同一层必须一致)橡皮条，上下用胶水粘上，确保密封、不漏浆，拆模后留下1条有规则的装饰线；⑥大模板阴角节点采用角模勾栓，确保了阴角稳定、方正；⑦大模板阳角节点利用大模板相交的自然构造密封，采用45°斜拉支座，连接两模板，达到不漏浆，确保阳角方正的目的。
为取得清水混凝土的质量效果，加强对模板尤其是胶合板的施工管理尤为重要。
安装模板时应严格按模板组装图进行，对号入座，定点使用。
拆模时按支撑的倒顺序进行，要保护板面，严禁强行砸、撬模板，拆卸后及时清理，并修理损伤的模板，经检查合格后涂刷隔离剂备用。
四、混凝土工程1、混凝土配制清水混凝土要颜色一致，则要求所用的材料一致。
水泥应选用厂家、标号、品种相同且安定性好、强度好的水泥；砂石也应按规定选用合格材料；外加剂不仅要满足混凝土施工性能的要求，而且要有利于提高混凝土的内在质量和外观效果。
混凝土应取样试配，按试配的配合比施工，严格控制坍落度。
2、混凝土浇捣混凝土浇捣前要进行模板内部清理，干净后用水湿润方可浇筑，振捣方法要正确。
墙、柱根部先浇同混凝土内砂浆成分相同的水泥砂浆，顶部浇筑时加入适量洗净的石子，这样既保证根部、顶部混凝土的强度，又可使材质均匀一致。
搅拌一要均匀，二要保证时间，振捣要密实，不得漏浆。
对于墙体及大体积混凝土，采用自然流淌，按照“一个坡度、薄层浇筑、顺序推进、一次到顶”十六字方针。
位于斜坡上，依据振捣器所振动的范围布置卸料点，坡脚及中部振捣密实，随着振捣的方向向前推进，确保混凝土浇筑质量，卸料高度超过3m时，则采用串筒或溜槽。
3、混凝土养护混凝土早期养护，应派专人负责，使混凝土处于湿润状态，养护时间应能满足混凝土硬化和强度增长的需要，使混凝土强度满足设计要求。
五、成品保护混凝土浇筑成型后，如不加以保护易使阴阳角受损，直接影响清水混凝土的外观质量，同时，开关盒预留洞、上下水管的保护也间接影响到清水混凝土的观感效果，故采取以下措施进行成品保护：1、主体结构中，门洞、墙角、窗台均采用2cm×4cm的板条，组成阳角，护在阳角上，用铅丝扎牢，楼梯间踏步采用铺板保护。
2、电线开关盒用铁皮盖封口，墙上预留洞采用泡沫塑料板覆盖，在板四周用胶带纸粘贴。
3、上下水管用水泥袋包裹，铁丝绑扎封口。
板上预留洞在20cm以内，先用砖盖上，再抹水泥浆，大于20cm采用木板覆盖。
六、结论该工程经有关质量监督管理部门的专家现场评定，达到了主体结构清水混凝土的质量要求。
Foreign LiteratureOn the concrete water quality control measuresFirst, measurement-lineMeasurement-line as the pilot process should permeate all aspects, it is to ensure that the main structure form factor designed to meet the requirements of the premise is that the main structure of water to the concrete foundation, in the actual construction should seize the following:1, the vertical accuracy of the construction(1) standard, the standard is laying the basis for vertical control, asking for a set of market area of not less than three, point-to-point distance between 50 ~ 100 m, so as to help each other, as-and Verification, the wall should be the standard point Elections in the stability of buildings, in order to save, find, with measurement.(2) elevation control network laid at the district level based on the owners points (measured with the Urban mapping departments), the establishment of elevation control network.2, the axis for measuring planePlane axis controlled precision, is to ensure that the design of the axis of accurate and detailed basis. According to the axis control piles, will be required to test for the axis of the floor plan, with a vote on the measurement of the vertical and horizontal axis of not less than two, as a point of view, from the check. After checking correct before the release of the plane on the other axis and the corresponding design detail line.In the actual construction should pay attention to: ① each floor for measuring the axis, the vertical deviation on the lower deck of not more than 3 mm; ② axis for measuring the vertical component released after the size and geometry of the template in place to check the line of control;③ plane measuring the completion of construction , Before entering the vertical Measurement; ④ Chaimo wall, the wall on the structure measured 1 m line for the use of the procedure; ⑤ each layer plane or after each axis Survey, conducted self-inspection , After passing from full-time staff recheck, qualified after报检.3, with measured elevationTo ensure the accuracy of vertical control, the first network to control the height of the test to check whether the market was at the district level dynamic collision, after the confirmation to Reply elevation measurement.(1) elevation of setting benchmarks to be correct, with a layer of not less than 3:00 to each other in check, 3:00 poor school shall not exceed 3 mm, comes as the average of the high plane of the successful bidder reference point.(2) pit, the pit set standard piles, with elevation will be measured on the standard pile, with red "△" marked, and marked elevation of absolute and relative elevation for construction use.(3) on the ground floor and the elevator pit, a 10 cm × 10cm steel production, with Gangzhen characterization of "10" character as a reference point line, provide the basis for measuring height Reply, Shouceng points above the benchmark levels in the Design is at the top position for the corresponding hole 200 mm × 200mm (laser beam and hammer the ball through hole), is prohibited coverage, and to prevent debris falling from the hole.(4) on each floor elevation of the transfer are using Shouceng red "△" on the top line for the elevation of baseline, with approval of qualified Gangchi up with measured, but also in the middle layer, additional elevation reference points, to pass up.(5) elevation reference points on each floor of not less than three, with Level from the measurement, setting passing note on the tag and to the same level in elevation on.Second, the steel worksTo ensure component geometry and templates installed in place, we must first ensure that accurate location of steel, not displacement, should grasp the following aspects:1, strictly control the size of reinforced ingredientsFor the preparation of various steel and stirrups straight, Founder and hooks accurate, and should be strictly related to good ingredients, to send an experienced person responsible for the implementation of periodic sampling, were ordered to rework and failed to penalties up with the design Requirements.2, reinforced joints and BangzhaTo ensure that overlap within the scope of steel not to increase density, in order to save steel and concrete pouring, we must further promote the large diameter steel welding and mechanical connection, continuously improve the quality of the connection steel and construction skills. Bangzha reinforced the Zhasi redundant components should be part of the medial bending to avoid because of the exposed form Xiuban, concrete impact on water quality perception.3, to ensure accurate location of reinforced rootingRooting reinforced to ensure accurate location to take the following measures: ① column in the construction of a targeted set of hoops, Zhu Jin stuck to its position, set behind-the section on design, and Zhu Jin φ16 ~ 18 by the diagonal bracing reinforcement to ensure that Zhu Jin Location accuracy; ② roots in the shear walls reinforced by ladder positioning sets hoop, Zhu Jin not used to fixed displacement, and a good distance control.4, horizontal wall of reinforced controlWall horizontal steel tendons that the level of vertical distance and tendons from both inside and outside the control of a vertical ladder shoring location, buried inside this support, can be welded steel φ14 ~ 16, spacing 1.2 ~ 1.5 m.5, protective layer PadTo stabilize the steel and its easy installation, the protective layer of the previous Pad has improved, the plate is Sileng Pad to Taiwan-shaped; wall Pad, to mount for the semi-circular, the card can be reinforced in the semicircle, Zha Sizha in jail plus.6, with good coordination between the various types of work In the process of in-situ concrete, take the line, Gangjin Gong, carpentry duties in the construction process of tracking and management,dealing with unusual at any time. In addition, for concrete pouring at the possible impact of migration or reinforced to support the phenomenon of reward and punishment measures.Third, the template worksTo achieve the goal of plain concrete to reduce the input templates for different parts of different types of design templates, National Cheng Kung University as far as possible the design template. In addition, the template from the installation, maintenance and removal of such areas should also take corresponding measures.1, template designAs the standard of construction in the plane and the plane without Xiang Sixing plane symmetry, resulting in universal template, interchangeability poor. To reduce the template volume, would not be interchangeable part of the core tube into an independent water, the water in each of the template of the principle of equal allocation to the middle of the axis for the sub-boundary layer is divided into the standard Ⅰ, Ⅱ two of water to the common parts of the template can be used turnover. Does not have interchangeability of the template, take the template at each branch transfers.2, template installationTemplate installation programme is as follows: ① wall template, the lift-shaft were selected overall-the template for all-steel shaft and enhance the expansion mode; ② floor at the end-use in-situ support, as early as the first demolition, wood keel, plywood scattered demolition-mode programme; ③ Entrance doors and windows used to design, production of modular templates, borders-leng stereotypes angle for a corner, Yam Kok Kuaichai device configuration, the use of good effect, the removal of convenience, the turnover is quick, vertical hole doors1and windows, Founder; ④ to ensure that any progress Sides strength and stiffness in the lateral sides, on both sides of the increase in one-leng, so that still vertical side panels, the formation, not warp; ⑤ joint transitional zone of the external walls of rooms used for decorative lines of approach, That is, in the template and 150 mm high on the plate, under the 7 mm thick, 10 cm wide around (but must be consistent with the level) of the rubber, from top to bottom with glue Nianshang to ensure that the sealed and not leaking slurry, Chaimo have left a Rules of the decorative lines; ⑥ the template node negative angle-angle hook bolt used to ensure the stability of the Yam Kok, Founder; ⑦ the template-angle intersection nodes use the template of the natural structure enclosed by 45 ° cable-stayed bearings, connecting the two Templates, not leaking slurry to ensure that the purpose of Founder Yang Kok.To achieve the water quality of concrete results, particularly the strengthening of the template of plywood construction management is particularly important. Template to be installed in strict accordance with the template assembly plans, checkmark attendance, the use of sentinel. Chaimo, according to the inverted order of support, to protect the board, is prohibited forced smashing, pry template, after the demolition of time cleaning up and repairing damage in the template, after passing the examination by the isolationfour, concrete work1, concrete preparation of Tushua standby.Concrete water to the same color, requires the use of the same material. Cement manufacturers should use, labeling, and the stability of the same species, and intensity of good cement; gravel also provides optional should be qualified; admixture not only to meet the requirements ofconcrete construction, but should be conducive to improving the inherent quality and concrete Look. Concrete should be allocated sampling test, according to trial, with a mix construction, strictly control the slump. 2, concrete pouring choppedConcrete pouring chopped ago to carry out clean-up within the template, clean water after the wet before pouring, vibrated to the correct way. Walls and columns to the roots of pouring concrete in the mortar ingredients with the same cement mortar, pouring at the top of the stone by adding appropriate wash, so we ensure that the roots, the strength of concrete at the top, will enable uniform material.Stir to a uniform, the time to ensure that, vibrated to dense and not leaking slurry. The mass concrete wall and, using natural flows, in accordance with the "one slope, pouring TLC, promoting the order, once the top" 16-character principle. Located on the slope, according to vibrated with the vibration of the layout of the discharge point, the foot of the slope and central vibrated dense, with the direction of vibration to move forward to ensure that the quality of concrete pouring, the unloading of more than 3 m, then used string Extinguishers or chute. 3, concrete curingConcrete early conservation, should send staff for so that the concrete in a moist state, conservation of time should be able to meet the growth and strength of hardening concrete needs, so that concrete strength to meet the design requirements.five, finished protectionForming concrete pouring, if not to protect vulnerable to damage Kok Yin and Yang, a direct impact on water quality of the appearance of concrete, at the same time, switch boxes for holes, from top to bottom to protect the water pipes also indirectly affect the perception of plainconcrete results, so take the following Measures to protect the finished product:1, the main structure, openings, corner bay w indows are used 2 cm × 4cm the lath, composed of Yang Kok, for in-Kok, the use of lead Sizha jail, staircases still used Puban protection.2, wire switch boxes covered with iron sheet sealing the wall for a foam-covered plate, surrounded by plastic panels in the paper paste. 3, from top to bottom with water pipes wrapped Shui Nidai, wire Bangzha sealed. Board for less than 20 cm hole in the first with a brick, mud Zaima water, larger than 20 cm by wooden boards cover.six. ConclusionThe project by the relevant departments of quality supervision and management experts assessed the scene, reaching the main concrete structure of the water quality requirements.谢谢下载，祝您生活愉快！。