遗传学课程教学大纲(双语教学)

《遗传学》课程教学大纲（双语教学）

一、课程基本信息

课程代码：250211

课程名称：普通遗传学(双语教学)

英文名称：GENETICS

课程类别：专业基础课

学时：99

学分：5.0

适用对象:生物技术、生物科学等.

考核方式：考试

先修课程：普通生物学、生物化学等．

二、课程简介

本课程是生物技术、生物科学等专业的骨干基础课程，在这些专业的本科教学计划中占有极为重要的地位。遗传学研究的任务是阐明生物遗传和变异现象及其表现的规律；探索遗传变异的原因、物质基础及其内在规律；指导动植物和微生物的改良，提高医学水平，为人民谋福利。通过本课程学习，使学生全面掌握遗传学的基本概念、基本原理、基本知识和基本分析方法，了解遗传学的最新发展，学会应用遗传学基本原理分析一般遗传问题，为进一步学习植物育种学、分子生物学及其他有关课程奠定理论基础。

Genetics, the science of heredity, is primarily concerned with understanding biological properties that are transmitted from parents to offspring. Genetics is central to biology because gene activity underlies all life processes, from cell structure and function to reproduction. Genetics is an important basic course which has close links with applied researches because it is used not only in the improvement of plants, animals and microorganisms, but also in the public health protection and medicine. Therefore, the basic requirements of genetics teaching is，in terms of theory，to expound the phenomenon of heredity and variation as well as the law of expression, find out the cause and material basis of heredity and variation so as to reveal the inherent law, and in terms of practice，to grasp the basic methods and techniques of genetic research so as to pave the way for learning plant breeding and other related applied subjects. Furthermore, since the course is to be taught by bilingual teaching method, the relation between learning specialized knowledge and improving English level should be appropriately handled.

三、课程性质与教学目的

遗传学是研究生物遗传和变异规律的一门科学，是生物学科中十分重要的基础科学，同时又是一门紧密联系生产实际的基础科学。教学上要求通过系统的学习，使学生对遗传学的基本理论和基本研究方法有全面和深入的了解。弄清生物遗传物质存在

的形式及其传递特点；生物的遗传体系及特点，生物产生可遗传变异的有效途径；数量性状与质量性状的特征；基因表达、调控；基因工程、基因组学等内容。在群体、个体、细胞和分子水平了解遗传变异规律及其遗传学基础。在教学方法上采取课堂讲授为主，辅以多媒体课件、实验、习题、课程讨论、教学辅助材料等，以加强学生对理论知识的消化和理解。在教学过程中应注意积极启发学生的思维，培养学生发现问题和解决问题的能力。由于本课程采用双语教学，要处理好专业知识学习与语言学习的关系，使学生在掌握遗传学基本理论与技能的基础上，同时提高其英语水平，从而有利于其全面素质的提高。

四、教学内容及要求

Introduction

（一）目的与要求

了解遗传学的研究对象和任务、遗传学的发展及其在科学和生产发展中的作用。

（二）教学内容

What’s the genetics; The subject matter of genetics; The branches of genetics; The development history of genetics; Genetic advances in agriculture and medicine 第一章Cytological basis of heredity

（一）目的与要求

了解掌握遗传物质在细胞中的分布，染色体的组成、结构及其遗传行为，有丝分裂与减数分裂，配子的形成和受精过程等。

（二）教学内容

第一节Cell structure

1.主要内容：Structure of prokaryotic cell; Structure of eukaryotic cell.

2.基本概念和知识点: Cell wall; Plasma membrane; Nucleoid; Prokaryotes;

Cytoplasm; Centrioles; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Mitochondria ; Chloroplasts; Nucleus;

Eukaryotes.

3.问题与应用:原核细胞与真核细胞结构的主要差别。

第二节Chromosomes

1.主要内容: Mor ph ol ogy ; Speci aliz ed ch rom osom al stru ctu re ; Hom ol og ou s ch rom osom es ; Hapl oi d an d Di pl oi d.

2.基本概念和知识点: Centromere; Metacentric; Submetacentric; Acrocentric; Telocentric; Telomeres; NORs; Zygote; Genome; Sex chromosome; Autosomes.

第三节Mitosis

1.主要内容：Cell cycle ; process of mitosis; The significance of mitosis.

2.基本概念和知识点: Sister chromatid；Prophase；Metaphase；Anaphase；Telophase；

Cytokinesis.

3.问题与应用:有丝分裂的重要意义。

第四节Meiosis

1.主要内容: Meiosis I : The first meiotic division；Me iosis Ⅱ: The second meiotic division.

2.基本概念和知识点: Synapsis; Bivalent; The leptotene stage; The zygotene stage; The pachytene stage; The diplotene stage; Diakinesis; Crossing over; Synaptonemal complex; Tetrad.

第五节Gametogenesis

1.主要内容: Spermatogenesis ; Oogenesis

2.基本概念和知识点:Primary spermatocytes ；Secondary spermatocytes ；Haploid spermatids；Primary oocytes；Secondary oocytes; Polar body.

3.问题与应用:雄配子形成与雌配子形成的差异。

第六节Significance of meiosis

主要内容: The process of meiosis is critical to the successful sexual reproduction of all diploid organisms；The events that occur in meiosis are the bases for the variation and evolution.

(三)实践环节与课后练习

实验：Meiosis

布置课后作业练习

（四）教学方法与手段

以教师课堂讲授为主，同时通过参加实验等实践性环节验证理论，增强感性认识，加深理解。预先发放讲义和生词表，要求学生课前预习，特别是记忆生词，浏览所讲主要内容，课堂上首先检查预习情况（以后章节的学习均是如此，不再一一重述。）第二章Molecular basis of genetic material

（一）目的与要求

掌握DNA和RNA结构和自我复制的特点，蛋白质的合成过程以及中心法则。（二）教学内容

第一节Characteristics of the genetic material

1.主要内容：Characteristics of the genetic material; Evidence implicates DNA as the major genetic material.

2.基本概念和知识点: Bacterial transformation studies; Bacteriophages;The experimental evidence showing that DNA is the genetic material in phage T2; RNA as the genetic material in some viruses.

第二节DNA structure

1.主要内容：Nucleotides; DNA polynucleotides; The double helix; Complementary base pairing; RNA structure.

2.基本概念和知识点:The structure of nucleotides and polynucleotides; The major

features of the double helix;RNA structure.

3.问题与应用:DNA双螺旋结构的特点及其重要的生物学意义。

第三节 Genes

1.主要内容：Structure of genes; Gene promoters; Intron and exon.

2.基本概念和知识点: Intergenic DNA; template strand; nontemplate strand; sense/antisense and coding/noncoding strand; transcription factors ; splicing.

第四节Molecular structure of chromosomes

1.主要内容：Viral and bacterial chromosomes, The molecular structure of the eukaryotic chromosome.

2.基本概念和知识点:The characteristics of prokaryotic chromosomes; Chromatin; Histones and nonhistones; Nucleosomes; Histone octamer; Solenoid; Euchromatin; Heterochromatin; Constitutive heterochromatin; facultative heterochromatin

3.问题与应用:原核生物与真核生物的染色体的构成及其结构有什么不同；染色质与染色体间的关系;真核生物染色体在细胞循环不同时期的表现特点；不同类型染色质与基因表达的关系等。

第五节DNA replication

1.主要内容：Bacterial DNA replication; DNA replication in eukaryotes.

2.基本概念和知识点: Semiconservative replication; The replication fork; Leading and lagging strants; Okazaki fragments; Priming; Ligation; Origin of replication; Supercoiling of the DNA; Replication bubbles; Replicon

3.问题与应用: 原核生物与真核生物DNA复制的机制有何不同。

第六节Gene transcription

1.主要内容: Transcription in prokaryotes; Transcription in eukaryotes; Three types of RNA molecules.

2.基本概念和知识点: Transcript; Phosphodiester bond; Holoenzyme; Core enzyme; Initiation; elongation and termination; Messenger RNA; Protein-coding gene; Structural gene; Polyadenylation; Capping; Transfer RNA; The acceptor arm; The anticodon arm; Ribosomes; Ribosomal RNA

第七节Genetic code and translation

1.主要内容:Genetic code; Translation,; The process of protein synthesis; The central dogma.

2.基本概念和知识点:Tripled code ; Redundancy of the genetic codon; Synonymous codons; The wobble hypothesis; Nonoverlapping; Degenerate; Sense codons; The stop codons, nonsense. codons or termination codons; Anticodon; Aminoacylation or charging; Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases; Accessory proteins; The basic scheme and more complete diagrammatic version of central dogma.

3.问题与应用:深刻理解中心法则的基本内容、发展及意义。

(三)实践环节与课后练习

实验：Extraction of plant DNA

布置本章课后作业练习

（四）教学方法与手段

课堂讲授充分利用多媒体等教学技术和手段，图文并茂，充分调动学生参与教学的积极性，处理好与分子生物学等课程的关系，避免重复。

第三章Mendelian genetics

（一）目的与要求

分离规律和自由组合定律的实质，根据基因型推断表现型，根据表现型推断基因型。基因型的鉴定。

（二）教学内容

第一节The law (principle) of segregation

1.主要内容: Basic concepts ; The monohybrid cross; The law of segregation; The test cross

2.基本概念和知识点: Hereditary traits; Genotype; Phenotype; Pure-breeding lines; Dominant and recessive; The ratio of segregation; Homozygous; Heterozygous; Alleles; Dominant alleles and recessive alleles; The Principle of the test cross.

3.问题与应用:一对性状分离比例的表现情况及分离规律的实质。测交法的原理及其应用。

第二节The law (principle) of independent assortment

1.主要内容: The dihybrid cross; Explanation of the dihybrid cross ; The content of independent assortment.

2.基本概念和知识点:Dihybrid cross or two-factor cross; a Punnett square; The two conditions of 9:3:3:1 ratio; The phenotypic ratio of the progeny of a testcross is a direct reflection of the ratio of gametic types produced by the individual tested.

3.问题与应用:自由组合规律的实质是什么？为什么也称为独立分配规律？

(三)实践环节与课后练习

实验：The Observation of Life Cycle and Morphological Characters of Drosophila 布置本章课后作业练习

（四）教学方法与手段

课堂讲授实验相结合，重点让学生理解孟德尔定律的实质，学习其科学研究的思路和方法。为了避免与以前所学知识的重复，讲授要简洁、突出重点。

第四章More Mendelian genetics

（一）目的与要求

掌握性状显隐性表现的类型，致死基因与复等位基因，基因互作的类型和表现。

（二）教学内容

第一节Expression of dominance

1.主要内容: The types and characteristics of expression of dominance

2.基本概念和知识点:Complete dominance; Incomplete dominance; co-dominance

第二节Lethal alleles and multiple alleles

1.主要内容:The concept and nature of Lethal alleles and multiple alleles。

2.基本概念和知识点:Lethal alleles; Multiple alleles; Recessive lethal allele; Multiple allelic series

第三节Gene interaction

1主要内容:The assumptions and certain conventions for gene interaction ; The types and characteristics of gene interaction

2.基本概念和知识点:complementary effect; Epistasis; Dominant epistasis; Hypostatic; Recessive epistasis; In every case the ratios are derived by summing togetherthe four phenotype classes 9, 3, 3 or 1 of the basic ratio.

3. 问题与应用: 在熟悉基因互作的类型及表现的基础上认识基因互作的遗传实

质。

(三)实践环节与课后练习

实验：Dihybrid Crosses of Drosophila

本章课后作业练习；根据前几章所学内容，教师拟定题目让学生写课程论文或学习心得。

（四）教学方法与手段

根据本章的特点，在以教师讲授为主的前提下，充分利用启发式、讨论式等方式，培养学生兴趣，启发思维分析能力。

第五章Linkage

（一）目的与要求

根据表现型推断基因型。掌握连锁遗传的重组机理，基因定位与连锁遗传图，根据连锁遗传图推断表现型。

（二）教学内容

第一节Linkage versus independent assortment

1.主要内容:The definition and relative terms of linkage

2.基本概念和知识点:Linked genes; The recombination frequency; Complete and incomplete linkage; Coupling phase(or the cis configuration)；Repulsion phase(or the trans configuration);

第二节Crossover and measurement of linkage

1主要内容:The significance of crossover; The method of simple measurement of linkage.

2.基本概念和知识点:Single crossovers; Tetrad; Parental and recombinant; Map distance; Map units ; Centimorgans (cM).

第三节Gene localization and genetic map

1主要内容: Two-point testcross；Three-point testcross；Interference.

2.基本概念和知识点: Genetic map; Genetic mapping; Recombination frequencies;

Linkage group ; Double cross-over; Negative interference; Positive interference; The coefficient of coincidence (S).

3.问题与应用:明确独立遗传、不完全连锁和完全连锁遗传的主要不同点表现在哪些方面，不完全连锁的杂合体其测交后代为什么总是亲型个体多于重组型个体。明确基因定位的原理，同两点测验相比，三点测验具有什么优势。

(三)实践环节与课后练习

本章课后作业练习

（四）教学方法与手段

基本同第四章。

第六章Sex determination and Sex-linked inheritance

（一）目的与要求

掌握性别决定方式和性连锁遗传机理。

（二）教学内容

第一节Sex chromosomes and sex determination

1.主要内容: Sex chromosome systems in organism; Sex determination.

2.基本概念和知识点:Sex chromosomes and autosomes; Unisexual, dioecious and gonochoric; Bisexual, monoecious, and hermaphroditic; Hemogametic sex and heterogametic sex; Sex determination in Drosophila; Sex determination in humans; Sex determination in other organism; Environmental effect on sex determination 第二节Sex and inheritance

1.主要内容: Sex-linked inheritance; Sex-limited and sex-influenced traits

2.基本概念和知识点: Sex-linked inheritance in humans; Sex linkage; Sex-linkage in Drosophila; Hemizygous; The difference between sex-limited trait and Sex-influenced trait.

3.问题与应用:掌握生物中存在的性染色体系统，理解性连锁遗传的本质、方式及其在遗传研究和医疗咨询治疗中应用的意义。

(三)实践环节与课后练习

实验：Sex Chromosomes and Gene Transmission

本章课后作业练习

（四）教学方法与手段

坚持理论与实践结合、教师讲授与学生讨论交流结合。在使学生掌握本章基本概念、基本技能的基础上，紧密联系在生物学研究和医学等方面的应用，加深理解。充分利用多媒体技术，提高教学效果，节省教学时间。

第七章Gene mutation

（一）目的与要求

了解掌握基因突变及其特点，基因突变的分子机制，转座因子与基因突变，DNA 修复类型及其特点。

（二）教学内容

第一节Classification of mutations

1.主要内容: The categories and characteristics of gene mutation.

2.基本概念和知识点:Spontaneous and induced mutations; Gametic and somatic mutations; Forward and reverse (or back) mutations; Other categories of Mutation; Mutation rate; Wild-type; Mutant; Morphological mutations; Nutritional or biochemical mutations; Conditional mutations; Regulatory mutations

第二节The molecular basis of mutation

1.主要内容: Point mutation；Frameshift mutations

2.基本概念和知识点:Transition; Transversion: Missense mutations; Nonsense mutations; Silent mutations; Reading frame

3.问题与应用:理解基因突变与有性杂交产生的变异在变异根源和表现特点上各有什么特点；比较性细胞与体细胞内、有性和无性繁殖下、自花和异花授粉植物中显性与隐性突变各自的特点；为什么说大多数基因突变是有害的。明确基因突变在生物改良中的意义。

第三节Mutagens and DNA repair

1.主要内容: Chemical mutagens; Physical mutagens; DNA repair

2.基本概念和知识点:Base analogs; Intercalating agent; Alkylating agents ; base-pairing affinities; Dimerization; Excision repair; Direct repair; Photoreactivation; Mismatch repair; hemimethylated.

第四节Transposable elements

1.主要内容:Transponsable elements in prokaryotes; Transposable elements in eukaryotes.

2.基本概念和知识点:Insertion sequences; Inverted repeat; target sequence; Transposons；.Composite transposons；Noncomposite transposons；The Ac-Ds system in corn；Revertants; Activator

3.问题与应用:转座因子与基因突变的关系。

(三)实践环节与课后练习

实验：Restriction Endonuclease Digestion and Gel Electrophoresis of DNA

本章课后作业练习

（四）教学方法与手段

教学方法基本同上述几章。另外，结合Barbara McClintock对玉米转座子的研究发现，启发学生对科学研究的兴趣毅力以及创新性思维能力。

第八章V ariations in chromosome structure

（一）目的与要求

了解掌握染色体结构变异的类型、发生机理、细胞学特点及遗传效应，染色体结构变异在实践中的应用。

（二）教学内容

第一节Deletion

1.主要内容:The types and consequences of deletion.

2.基本概念和知识点:Chromosomal mutation; Deletion; Terminal deletions; Interstitial deletions; The consequences of a deletion; Acentric fragment; Deletion loop; Full fitness; Heterozygous deletion

第二节Duplication

1.主要内容: The types and consequences of duplication

2.基本概念和知识点:Duplication; Tandem duplication; Reverse duplication; Heterozygous duplications; Unpaired loops; The Bar eye phenotype in Drosophila ; Position effect.

第三节Inversions

1.主要内容: The formation and consequences of inversion

2.基本概念和知识点:Paracentric inversion; Pericentric inversion; Inversion heterozygotes;Inversion loop; If crossing over always occurs within a paracentric or pericentrec inversion, 50 percent of the gameteswould be ineffective.

3.问题与应用:缺失、重复和倒位在减数第一分裂前期染色体形态上有何相拟性，怎样区别它们。

第四节Translocation

1.主要内容: The formation and consequences of translocation.

2.基本概念和知识点: Translocation; Simple translocation; Reciprocal translocation; Crosslike configuration; Alternate segregation; Adjacent 1 segregation; Adjacent 2 segregation; Semisterility; Centrometic fusions and fissions; Robertsonian fusion or Robertsonian translocation; Centrometic fusions and fissions

3.问题与应用:为什么称半不育是易位杂合体的突出特点？理解缺失、倒位和易位影响重组率的机制。染色体结构变异在实践中有哪些应用。

(三)实践环节与课后练习

实验：Structural Aberration of Chromosome

本章课后作业练习

（四）教学方法与手段

充分利用启发式、讨论式等方法以及多媒体等教学手段，紧密结合染色体结构变异在实践中的应用，提高学生应用所学的知识分析问题和解决问题的能力。

第九章V ariations in chromosome number

（一）目的与要求

了解掌握染色体数目变异的类型、发生机理及遗传效应, 染色体组及其意义、同源、异源多倍体的性状表现和遗传特点，非整倍体的类型及其各自的遗传特点，非整倍体的应用。

（二）教学内容

第一节Aneuploid

1.主要内容: Overview of variations in chromosome number; Generation of aneuploid; Types of aneuploid; The effects of aneuploid on organisms and the consequences in

reproduction; Application of aneu ploidy

2.基本概念和知识点:Karyotypes; Genome; The haploid number; The zygotic number of chromosomes; Aneuploid; Nondisjunction; Nullisomy; Monosomy; Trisomy；Tetrasomy；Double monosomic; Double tetrasomic; Disomic; Location of genes; Chromosome substitution and addition

3.问题与应用:非整倍体有哪些类型？它们各自的遗传特点和实践意义如何？

第二节Euploid

1.主要内容: The generation and types of euploid; The characteristics and application of eu ploidy

2.基本概念和知识点:Polyploidy; Autopolyploidy; Allopolyploidy; Triploid; Tetraploid; Allotetraploid ; Hexaploid; Univalent; Autotetraploid; Autotriploid; Trivalent; Octoploid; The origin of autopolyploid and allopolyploid; Related species; The formation of common wheat; Segmental allopolyploid; Autoallopolyploid; Haploid; Monoploid; Polyhaploid; The application of haploid in plant breeding and genetic studies.

3.问题与应用:比较同源多倍体和异源多倍体的形成及遗传特点的差异。单倍体在育种和遗传学研究中的重要意义。

(三)实践环节与课后练习

实验：Karyotype Analysis of Plant

本章课后作业练习

（四）教学方法与手段

基本同第八章。

第十章Quantitative genetics

（一）目的与要求

了解掌握数量性状的遗传特征和基础，多基因假说，控制数量性状的基因效应，遗传力的估算，自交和回交的遗传学意义，杂种优势机理及其应用。

（二）教学内容

第一节Qualitative and quantitative traits

1.主要内容:The concepts of qualitative and quantitative traits.

2.基本概念和知识点:Qualitative traits; Quantitative traits; Why some traits have continuous phenotypes.

第二节The inheritance of quantitative traits

1.主要内容:The characteristics and inheritance of quantitative traits

2.基本概念和知识点:The characteristics of quantitative traits; Multiple-factor hypothesis for quantitative inheritance; Calculating the number of genes；additive allele；nonadditive allele.

3.问题与应用:明确质量性状与数量性状的特点，为什么二者之间既有着明显的区别，又无截然分开的绝对界限？

第三节Heritability

1.主要内容: Analysis of quantitative traits; Components of Variation; The concept of heritability; Measuring heritability

2.基本概念和知识点:The mean; V ariance; Standard deviation; Genetic variance; Phenotypic variance; Environmental variance; The additive genetic component; The dominant genetic component; Heritability; Broad sense heritability; Narrow sense heritability; Realized heritability ; The selection differential.

3.问题与应用:理解不同遗传力的意义及其在选择中的应用。狭义遗传力的估算有助于定型品种选育的原因是什么？

第四节Inbreeding and heterosis

1.主要内容:The concept and effect of inbreeding; The theories and application of heterosis.

2.基本概念和知识点: Inbreeding; Coefficient of inbreeding; Effects of inbreeding；Inbreeding depression；Heterosis ; Dominance hypothesis；Overdominance hypothesis；Physical stimulus；Divergent alleles.

3.问题与应用:从近交和杂交的遗传效应及二者之间的辩证关系分析其在育种中的应用。

(三)实践环节与课后练习

实验：Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Characters

本章课后作业练习

（四）教学方法与手段

充分利用多媒体手段和讨论交流等方法，加深理解，增强感性认识。并布置相关思考题，启发学生的思维及创新能力。

第十一章Genetic analysis in Bacteria and bacteriophages

（一）目的与要求

了解细菌和噬菌体的遗传特点及其分析方法，基因重组和基因作图。

（二）教学内容

第一节Genetic analysis in bacteriophages

1.主要内容:Structure and life cycle of bacteriophages; Mapping genes of bacteriophages.

2.基本概念和知识点: Three types of phage structure; lytic and lysogenic infection; Virulent phages; Temperate phages; Prophage; The method of Mapping genes of bacteriophages; Double infection.

3.问题与应用:理解病毒（噬菌体）遗传学研究的意义。烈性噬菌体与温和噬菌体的区别。

第二节Transfer of genes between bacteria

1.主要内容:. Transformation; Conjugation; Sexduction; Transduction.

2.基本概念和知识点:Transformation or transfection;Competent cells;

Co-transformation; Plasmids; Fertility factor or sex factor; Episomes; Rolling circle replication; Hfr bacteria and chromosome transfer; Interrupted mating experiment; The origin of transfer; F′factors; Merodiploid; Generalized transduction; Transductants; Cotransduction; Specialized transduction.

3.问题与应用:掌握细菌的转化过程、细菌基因作图的原理和步骤及其应用。

(三)实践环节与课后练习

实验：Induction of nutritive deficiency type of E.coli

本章课后作业练习

（四）教学方法与手段

课堂讲授突出重点，理论联系实际，突出病毒（噬菌体）和细菌遗传学研究的意义极其重要的应用价值。就其中的若干重要问题进行课堂讨论。

第十二章Regulaton of gene expression

（一）目的与要求

掌握基因表达调控的类型，主要包括原核生物基因的正负调控以及真核生物基因调控的机理与意义。

（二）教学内容

第一节Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes

1.主要内容: The lac operon; The trp operon.

2.基本概念和知识点:Operon; Organization of lac operon; Promoter; Operator; Regulatory gene; Repressor gene; Negative control; Positive control; Negative control of the lac operon; Positive control of the lac operon; The trp repressor; The trp operator; Corepressor.

第二节Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes

1.主要内容: Regulation of transcription; Transcription factors.

2.基本概念和知识点:Why gene regulation is more complex in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes; Transcription factors; Cis-acting regulatory sequences; Trans-acting factors; Enhancers; Silencers; The positive activators; The negative activators; DNA-binding domain; Trans-activating domain; Dimerization domain.

3.问题与应用:试比较原核生物与真核生物基因调控的异同点、基因的正调控与负调控的区别及生物学意义。

(三)实践环节与课后练习

本章课后作业练习

（四）教学方法与手段

注重基本概念和知识点的讲授，突出重点。充分利用多媒体的优势，力求使较抽象的内容生动形象，并加强课堂讨论交流。处理好与分子生物学等课程的关系，注意衔接，避免重复。

第十三章Cytoplasmic inheritance

（一）目的与要求

掌握细胞质遗传与母性影响的特点，了解线粒体和叶绿体的遗传方式，掌握植物

雄性不育的遗传机制。

（二）教学内容

第一节The characteristics of cytoplasmic inberitance

1.主要内容:Concept of cytoplasmic inheritance; The characteristic of cytoplasmic inheritance.

2.基本概念和知识点:Non-chromosomal inheritance; Non-Mendelian inheritance; Extra-chromosomal inheritance; Extra-nuclear inheritance; Maternal inheritance; The characteristic of cytoplasmic inheritance.

第二节The chloroplast inheritance

1.主要内容:The expression of chloroplast inheritance; The molecular basis of chloroplast inheritance.

2.基本概念和知识点:The example of chloroplast inheritance; The chloroplast DNA (ct DNA, or cpDNA); The chloroplasts genome.

第三节The mitochondrial inheritance

1.主要内容:The expression of mitochondrial inheritance; The molecular basis of mitochondrial inheritance.

2.基本概念和知识点:Examples of mitochondrial inheritance; Neutral petites; Suppressive petites; mtDNA; Mitochondrial genomes.

第四节Plant male sterility

1.主要内容: Cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility; Nuclear male sterility

2.基本概念和知识点:The concept and types of plant male sterility; The utilization of the cms; cms line; Fertility maintainer; Restoration line; The mechanism of nuclear male sterility

第五节Maternal effects

1.主要内容:The example and genetic principle of maternal effects

2.基本概念和知识点:Maternal effects; The inheritance of the coiling direction in the shell of the water snail Limnaea; Dextral and sinistral coiling; Why is the true ratio delayed for a generation.

3.问题与应用:比较细胞质遗传与母性影响有什么不同。不同植物雄性不育类型特点以及其应用价值。

(三)实践环节与课后练习

本章课后作业练习

（四）教学方法与手段

教学中注重采用比较法，以便加深理解，对概念更明确，对知识的掌握更牢固。主要是胞质遗传与孟德尔遗传的比较，胞质遗传与母性影响的比较。另外，坚持理论与实践相结合，使学生了解雄性不育性在育种及生产中应用的重要意义、现状及其发展等。采取讨论交流法交流信息，拓展知识。

第十四章Population genetics and evolution

（一）目的与要求

了解掌握群体遗传平衡及其影响因素，物种概念及其形成机制。

（二）教学内容

第一节Genetic equilibrium in populations

1.主要内容: Populations and gene pools; Hardy-weinberg law.

2.基本概念和知识点:Population; Gene pool; Allele frequencies; Genotype frequencies; What’s the Hardy-weinberg law? Extensions of the Hardy-Weinberge law; Consequences of the law

第二节Factors that alter allele frequencies in populations

1.主要内容:The factors and their effects on the allele frequencies in populations.

2.基本概念和知识点:Natural selection; Stabilizing selection; Directional selection; Disruptive selection; Mutation; Migration; Genetic drift; Nonrandom mating; Positive assortative mating; Negative assortative mating.

第三节Species and speciation

1.主要内容:The concept of species; Species isolation mechanisms and speciation.

2.基本概念和知识点:Species; The genetic definition of a species; Morphological species; Ecological species; Premating isolation mechanisms: Geographic or ecological, Seasonal or temporal, Behavioral, Mechanical; Postmating isolation mechanisms: Hybrid inviability; Hybrid sterility; Hybrid breakdown; Speciation; Allopatric speciation; Sympatric speciation.

3.问题与应用:了解影响群体遗传平衡的因素及其在生物学研究及动植物遗传改良实践中的重要意义。

(三)实践环节与课后练习

本章课后作业练习

（四）教学方法与手段

课堂讲授突出重点，讲清概念。采取启发交流、讨论等方法，以提高教学效果。

六、推荐教材和教学参考资源

推荐教材和教学参考书

1.P.C.Winter et. al . Instant Notes in GENETICS(影印版)．北京：科学出版社，2001

2.William S. Klug et. al .Essentials of Genetics(Fourth edition，影印版).北京：高等教育出版社，2002

3.Peter J. Russell. Fundamentals of Genetics. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 2000

4.朱军主编.遗传学（第三版）.北京：中国农业出版社，2002

5.杨业华主编.普通遗传学.北京：高等教育出版社，2006

6.赵寿元、乔守怡主编. 现代遗传学.北京：高等教育出版社，2003

七、其他说明

采用双语教学的课堂教学时间可视情况在计划的基础上适当增加约20%。

大纲修订人：胡延吉修订日期：2007-12-12

大纲审定人：曾慕衡审定日期 2007-12-20