Review Indentation Fracture- Principles and Applications
一种陶瓷材料断裂韧性压痕法计算公式
第40卷第4期2019年8月Vol.40No.4Aug.2019 Journal of C eramicsDOI:ki.tcxb.2019.04.020一种陶瓷材料断裂韧性压痕法计算公式孙亮\王家梁2,石新正1(1.陆军装甲兵学院车辆工程系，北京100072;2.武警工程大学装备工程学院，陕西西安710086)摘要：针对传统压痕断裂解析公式普遍存在测试精度较低、材料适用范围小的问题，基于陶瓷材料断裂韧性的维氏压入仿真分析结果，提出了一种新的陶瓷材料断裂韧性计算公式。
对四种典型陶瓷材料试样的维氏压入实验结果表明，新公式的断裂韧性整体计算精度在±13.5%以内，与传统断裂韧性解析公式相比，在保持相当计算精度的同时，适用材料范围更加广泛。
关键词：陶瓷材料；断裂韧性；压痕法中图分类号：TQ174.75文献标志码：A文章编号：1000-2278(2019)04-0530-05A New Formula for Calculating Fracture Toughness ofCeramics by IndentationSUN L iang1,WANG Jialiang2,SHI X inzheng1(1.Department of Vehicle Engineering,Academy of Army Armored Forces,Beijing100072,China;2.College of EquipmentEngineering,Engineering University of Chinese Armed Police Force,Xi'an710086,Shaanxi,China)Abstract:Traditional analytical formulas for indentation fracture toughness of ceramics are commonly troubled with low accuracy and narrow application range.Hence,a modified formula for indentation fracture toughness is proposed based on the simulation data of Vickers indentation on ceramic materials.Results of Vickers indentation tests on four representative ceramic samples indicated that,the proposed formula could apply to broader range of ceramic materials with an acceptable accuracy(within ±13.5%)than traditional analytic fracture toughness formulas.Key words:ceramic materials;fracture toughness;indentation method0引言压痕断裂法是目前工程上测试陶瓷材料断裂韧性普遍采用的测试方法⑴，以Anstis等人［2］提出的经典公式Kic=0.016(E/H)"(p/c")为代表的压痕断裂解析公式多是基于Lawn等人⑶提出的LEM 模型而建立。
关节置换术治疗老年无移位股骨颈骨折合理性Meta分析
股骨颈骨折在老年人群中很常见，与高死亡率和高发病率有关。
约20%的股骨颈骨折未发生移位［1，2］。
无移位股骨颈骨折的常规外科手术是使用微创螺钉进行内固定［3-5］。
由于老龄化和骨质疏松，内固定手术后的内科并发症或手术并发作者单位：天津医科大学总医院滨海医院骨科，天津300480通讯作者：李洪彬，Email ：*******************关节置换术治疗老年无移位股骨颈骨折合理性Meta 分析李洪彬，刘楠［摘要］目的比较无移位的老年股骨颈骨折内固定与关节置换术的疗效。
方法以“InternalFixation ”、“Arthroplasty ”、“Nondisplaced Femoral Neck Fractures ”、“Elderly ”为英文检索词，以“关节置换术”、“无移位股骨颈骨折”、“内固定”、“老年”为中文检索词，检索了MEDLINE 、Ovid 和中国知网数据库、万方数据库。
入组标准为70岁以上；Garden Ⅰ或Ⅱ股骨颈骨折；螺钉内固定与关节置换术比较的研究。
主要结果是再手术率。
次要结果包括死亡率、术后并发症、髋关节Harris 评分。
由两位研究人员从纳入的研究中独立提取数据。
应用STATA 软件进行统计量合并。
结果在901篇筛选的文章中，5篇文献符合入选标准，共有28591名患者（14296名接受关节置换术，14295名接受内固定治疗）。
内固定组再手术率高于关节置换组（OR ：0.02，95%CI ：0.43~0.84），差异具有统计学意义（Z =3.46，P =0.00）。
两个治疗组之间的一年死亡风险、并发症及Harris 评分没有显著差异。
结论对于无移位的老年股骨颈骨折，关节置换术可降低再手术率，优于内固定治疗。
对老年无移位股骨颈骨折行一期关节置换术具有合理性。
［关键词］关节置换术；无移位股骨颈骨折；内固定；老年doi ：10.3969/j.issn.1009⁃976X.2020.06.017中图分类号：R681.5文献标识码：AMeta ⁃analysis of the rationality of arthroplasty in the treatment of undisplaced femoral neck fractureLI Hong⁃bin ，LIU NanDepartment of Orthopedics ，Binhai Hospital ，General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ，Tianjin 300480，China ［Abstract ］ObjectiveTo compare the effect of internal fixation and arthroplasty for senile femoralneck fracture without displacement.MethodsThe MEDLINE ，Ovid and China KnowledgeNet databasewere searched ，entry criteria were over 70years of age ；garden I or II femoral neck fracture and studycomparing screw internal fixation with arthroplasty.The main result is the reoperation rate.Secondary outcomes included mortality ，postoperative complications ，and hip Harris score.Data was independently extracted from included studies by two researchers.Stata MP16software was used for Statistical analysis.ResultsOf the 901selected articles ，5literatures met the selection criteria ，with a total of 28，591patients （14，296receiving arthroplasty and 14，295receiving internal fixation ）.The reoperation rate inthe internal fixation group was higher than that in the joint replacement group （OR ：0.02，95%CI ：0.43~0.84），and the difference was statistically significant （Z =3.46，P =0.00）.There was no significant differ⁃ence in one ⁃year mortality risk ，complications and Harris scores between the two treatment groups.ConclusionFor the senile femoral neck fracture without displacement ，arthroplasty can reduce thereoperation rate ，which is better than internal fixation.It is reasonable to perform the first stage arthro⁃plasty for the elderly with undisplaced femoral neck fracture.［Key words ］arthroplasty ；undisplaced femoral neck fracture ；internal fixation ；senile症往往会导致反复的再入院或再手术［6，7］。
review finalized编辑给了几点意见-概述说明以及解释
review finalized编辑给了几点意见-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述部分是引言的第一小节，用于介绍文章的主题和背景。
根据文章标题中的"review finalized编辑给了几点意见"，我们可以在概述部分简要介绍下面的内容：文章旨在回顾并总结收到的编辑意见。
在这次review finalized的过程中，我们从编辑处得到了宝贵的建议和反馈，这对于完善并提升我们的文章至关重要。
本文将依次针对编辑所提出的几点重要意见进行梳理和回应。
首先，我们将关注第一个要点，这个要点涉及到......接着，我们将探讨第二个要点，它提出了......最后，我们会详细研究第三个要点，这个要点对于......通过对这几个关键要点的分析和回应，我们旨在给读者展示我们对编辑意见的理解，并在文中作出充分的解释和说明。
同时，我们也将在文章的结论部分总结这些要点的重要性，并展望未来我们的研究将如何继续改进和发展。
总之，本文将以review finalized的意见为基础，探讨几个重要要点，并对每个要点进行分析和回应。
我们希望通过这篇文章，读者能够更好地理解并接受这些编辑意见，同时也能够对我们的研究有更深入的认识。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分是为了给读者一个清晰的导向，让他们能够更好地理解和组织文章的内容。
以下是文章结构的具体内容：文章结构部分的主要目的是为读者提供一个整体的概览，让他们了解本文的组织结构和主要内容。
通过明确的结构，读者可以更好地理解文章的主旨和论点，并更容易找到他们感兴趣的部分。
本文的结构可以分为三个主要部分：引言、正文和结论。
在引言部分，我们将提供一个概述，简要介绍文章的主题和目的。
我们还将介绍文章的整体结构，以便读者能够对其有一个清晰的认识。
正文部分将是我们对主题进行详细叙述和分析的地方。
我们将提出三个主要要点，依次对它们进行论述和解释。
每个要点都将包含相关的证据和例子，以支持我们的论述。
机械专业英语(第三版)第4章
Unit 4
1．Carbon steels (1) Low carbon steel containing from 0.05 to 0.15 percent carbon; this steel is also known as machine steel. (2) Medium carbon steel containing from 0.15 to 0.60 percent carbon. (3) High carbon steel containing from 0.6 to 1.50 percent carbon; this steel is sometimes called “tool steel”.
Unit 4
High carbon steels may be hardened by heating it to a certain temperature and then quickly cooling in water. The more carbon the steels contains and the quicker the cooling is, the harder it becomes. Because of its high strength and hardness this grade of steel may be used for tools and working parts of machines.
Unit 4
Unit 4
TEXT LEARN TO SPEAK NEW WORDS AND PHRASES NOTES EXERCISES READING MATERIAL PROFESSIONAL WORDS AND PHRASESຫໍສະໝຸດ Unit 4TEXT
弹性力学专业英语英汉互译词汇
elasticitytheory of elasticity homogeneous state ofstressstress invariant strain invariant strain ellipsoid homogeneous state ofstrainequation of strain compatibilityLame constants isotropic elasticityrotating circular diskwedgeKelvin problemBoussinesq problemAiry stress functionKolosoff-Muskhelishvili methodKirchhoff hypothesisPlateRectangular plate Circular plate Annular plate Corrugated plate Stiffened plate,reinforced弹性力学 弹性理论 均匀应力状态 应力不变量 应变不变量 应变椭球 均匀应变状态应变协调方程拉梅常量各向同性弹性旋转圆盘楔开尔文问题布西内斯克问题 艾里应力函数 克罗索夫―穆斯赫利什维 利法基尔霍夫假设板 矩形板 圆板 环板 波纹板 加劲板PlatePlate of moderate thickness Stress function of bendingShell Shallow shell Revolutionary shell Spherical shell Cylindrical shell Conical shell Toroidal shell Closed shell Corrugated shell Stress function of torsionWarping function semi-inverse method Rayleigh-Ritz method Relaxation methodLevy method Relaxation Dimensional analysis self-similarity Influence surface Contact stress Hertz theory Conforming contact Sliding contact Rolling contact中厚板 弯［曲］应力函数壳 扁壳 旋转壳 球壳 ［圆］柱壳锥壳 环壳 封闭壳 波纹壳 扭［转］应力函数翘曲函数 半逆解法 瑞利―里茨法松弛法 莱维法 松弛 量纲分析 自相似［性］影响面 接触应力 赫兹理论 协调接触压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity 颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity 大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave 畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave 勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave 边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity 安定［性］理论Shake-down theory 运动安定定理kinematic shake-downtheoremStatic shake-down theorem rate dependent theoremload factor Loading criterion Loading function Loading surface Plastic loading Plastic loading waveSimple loading Proportional loadingUnloading Unloading wave Impulsive load step load pulse load limit load nentral loading instability in tension acceleration wave constitutive equation complete solution nominal stress over-stress true stress equivalent stressflow stress stress discontinuity静力安定定理 率相关理论 载荷因子 加载准则 加载函数 加载面 塑性加载 塑性加载波 简单加载 比例加载 卸载 卸载波 冲击载荷 阶跃载荷 脉冲载荷 极限载荷 中性变载 拉抻失稳 加速度波 本构方程 完全解 名义应力 过应力 真应力 等效应力 流动应力 应力间断stress space principal stress space hydrostatic state of stresslogarithmic strain engineering strain equivalent strain strain localizationstrain ratestrain rate sensitivitystrain space finite strain plastic strain incrementaccumulated plastic strainpermanent deformationinternal variable strain-softening rigid-perfectly plasticMaterialrigid-plastic materialperfectl plastic material stability of material deviatoric tensor of strain deviatori tensor of stress spherical tensor of strain spherical tensor of stresspath-dependency linear strain-hardening应力空间 主应力空间 静水应力状态 对数应变 工程应变 等效应变 应变局部化 应变率 应变率敏感性 应变空间 有限应变塑性应变增量累积塑性应变永久变形 内变量 应变软化 理想刚塑性材料刚塑性材料 理想塑性材料 材料稳定性 应变偏张量 应力偏张量 应变球张量 应力球张量 路径相关性strain-hardening kinematic hardening isotropic hardening strain-hardening moduluspower hardening plastic limit bendingMomentplastic limit torque elastic-plastic bending elastic-plastic interface elastic-plastic torsionViscoplasticityInelasticityelastic-perfectly plasticMaterial limit analysislimit design limit surface upper bound theorem upper yield point lower bound theorem lower yield point bound theorem initial yield surface subsequent yield surface convexity of yield surface shape factor of cross-section应变强化 随动强化 各向同性强化 强化模量 幕强化 塑性极限弯矩塑性极限扭矩 弹塑性弯曲 弹塑性交界面 弹塑性扭转粘塑性非弹性理想弹塑性材料极限分析 极限设计 极限面 上限定理 上屈服点 下限定理 下屈服点 界限定理 初始屈服面 后继屈服面 屈服面［的］外沙堆比拟屈服屈服条件屈服准则屈服函数屈服面塑性势能量吸收装置能量耗散率塑性动力学塑性动力屈曲塑性动力响应塑性波运动容许场静力容许场流动法则速度间断滑移线滑移线场移行塑性铰塑性增量理论米泽斯屈服准则普朗特―罗伊斯关系特雷斯卡屈服准则sand heap analogyYieldyield conditionyield criterionyield functionyield surfaceplastic potential energy absorbing device energy absorbing device dynamic plasticity dynamic plastic buckling dynamic plastic response plastic wave kinematically admissibleFieldstatically admissibleFieldflow rule velocity discontinuityslip-linesslip-lines field travelling plastic hinge incremental theory ofPlasticityMises yield criterion prandtl- Reuss relation Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数莱维―米泽斯关系亨基应力方程赫艾一韦斯特加德应力空间洛德应变参数德鲁克公设盖林格速度方程结构力学结构分析结构动力学拱三铰拱抛物线拱圆拱穹顶空间结构空间桁架雪载［荷］风载［荷］土压力地震载荷弹簧支座支座位移支座沉降Lode stress parameterLevy-Mises relation Hencky stress equation Haigh-Westergaardstress space Lode strain parameter Drucker postulateGeiringer velocityEquation structural mechanics structural analysis structural dynamicsArchthree-hinged archparabolic archcircular archDomespace structurespace trusssnow loadwind loadearth pressureearthquake loadingspring support support displacementsupport settlementdegree of indeterminacy kinematic analysis method of joints method of sectionsjoint forces conjugate displacementinfluence line three-moment equation unit virtual force stiffness coefficient flexibility coefficientmoment distributionmoment distribution methodmoment redistribution distribution factor matri displacement method element stiffness matrix element strain matrix global coordinates Betti theorem Gauss-Jordan eliminationMethod buckling mode mechanics of compositescomposite materialfibrous composite unidirectional composite超静定次数 机动分析 结点法 截面法 结点力 共轭位移 影响线 三弯矩方程 单位虚力 刚度系数柔度系数力矩分配力矩分配法 力矩再分配 分配系数 矩阵位移法 单元刚度矩阵 单元应变矩阵 总体坐标 贝蒂定理 高斯一若尔当消去法屈曲模态复合材料力学 复合材料foamed composite particulate compositeLaminate sandwich panel cross-ply laminate angle-ply laminatePlycellular solid ExpansionDebulk Degradation DelaminationDebond fiber stress ply stress ply strain interlaminar stress specific strength strength reduction factor strength -stress ratio transverse shear modulustransverse isotropyOrthotropyshear lag analysis chopped fiber continuous fiber fiber direction泡沫复合材料 颗粒复合材料层板 夹层板 正交层板 斜交层板 层片 多胞固体 膨胀 压实 劣化 脱层 脱粘 纤维应力 层应力 层应变层间应力比强度强度折减系数 强度应力比 横向剪切模量 横观各向同性 正交各向异 剪滞分析 短纤维 长纤维fiber break fiber pull-out fiber reinforcementDensification optimum weight design netting analysis rule of mixture failure criterion Tsai-W u failure criterionDugdale model fracture mechanics probabilistic fractureMechanicsGriffith theory linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFMelastic-plastic fracturemecha-nics, EPFMFracture brittle fracturecleavage fracture creep fracture ductile fracture inter-granular fracture quasi-cleavage fracture trans-granular fractureCrack纤维断裂 纤维拔脱 纤维增强 致密化 最小重量设计 网格分析法 混合律 失效准则 蔡一吴失效准则 达格代尔模型断裂力学概率断裂力学格里菲思理论线弹性断裂力学弹塑性断裂力学断裂 脆性断裂 解理断裂 蠕变断裂 延性断裂 晶间断裂 准解理断裂 裂纹Flaw Defect Slit MicrocrackKinkelliptical crack embedded crack penny-shape crackPrecrack short crack surface crack crack blunting crack branching crack closure crack front crack mouthcrack opening angle,COAcrack opening displacement,CODcrack resistancecrack surfacecrack tipcrack tip opening angle,CTOAcrack tip openingdisplacement, CTOD crack tip singularity裂缝 缺陷 割缝 微裂纹 折裂 椭圆裂纹 深埋裂纹 ［钱］币状裂纹预制裂纹 短裂纹 表面裂纹 裂纹钝化 裂纹分叉 裂纹闭合 裂纹前缘 裂纹嘴 裂纹张开角 裂纹张开位移裂纹阻力裂纹面裂纹尖端 裂尖张角裂尖张开位移Fieldcrack growth rate stable crack growth steady crack growth subcritical crack growthcrack retardation crack arrest arrest toughness fracture mode sliding mode opening mode tearing mode mixed mode Tearingtearing modulus fracture criterionJ-integral J-resistance curve fracture toughness stress intensity factor Hutchinson-Rice-RosengrenFieldconservation integraleffective stress tensor strain energy density energy release ratecohesive zone裂纹扩展速率 稳定裂纹扩展 定常裂纹扩展 亚临界裂纹扩展 裂纹［扩展］减速 止裂 止裂韧度 断裂类型 滑开型 张开型 撕开型 复合型 撕裂 撕裂模量 断裂准则 J 积分 J 阻力曲线 断裂韧度 应力强度因子HRR 场守恒积分 有效应力张量 应变能密度 能量释放率塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transitiontempe- rature剪切带shear band 剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge notchedspecimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notchedspecimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bendingspecimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tensionspecimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panelspecimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen,CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic riskassessment, PRAdamage mechanicsDamagecontinuum damage mechanics microscopic damage mechanicsaccumulated damage brittle damage ductile damage macroscopic damage microscopic damage microscopic damagedamage criteriondamage evolution equationdamage softeningdamage strengtheningdamage tensor damage threshold damage variable damage vector damage zone Fatigue low cycle fatigue stress fatigue random fatigue creep fatigue corrosion fatigue fatigue damage 损伤力学 损伤 连续介质损伤力学 细观损伤力学 累积损伤 脆性损伤 延性损伤 宏观损伤 细观损伤 微观损伤损伤准则损伤演化方程损伤软化 损伤强化 损伤张量 损伤阈值 损伤变量 损伤矢量 损伤区 疲劳 低周疲劳 应力疲劳 随机疲劳 蠕变疲劳 腐蚀疲劳fatigue failure fatigue fracture fatigue crack fatigue life fatigue rupture fatigue strength fatigue striations fatigue threshold alternating load alternating stress stress amplitudestrain fatiguestress cyclestress ratio safe life overloading effect cyclic hardening cyclic softening environmental effectcrack gage crack growth, crackPropagation crack initiationcycle ratio experimental stressAnalysisactive[strain] gage疲劳失效 疲劳断裂 疲劳裂纹 疲劳寿命 疲劳破坏 疲劳强度 疲劳辉纹 疲劳阈值 交变载荷 交变应力应力幅值应变疲劳应力循环 应力比 安全寿命 过载效应 循环硬化 循环软化 环境效应 裂纹片 裂纹扩展裂纹萌生 循环比工作［应变］片backing material stress gage zero shift, zero drift strain measurementstrain gage strain indicator strain rosette strain sensitivity mechanical strain gage rectangular rosetteExtensometertelemetering of strain transverse gage factor transverse sensitivity weldable strain gage balanced bridge bonded strain gage bonded foiled gage bonded wire gage bridge balancing capacitance strain gage compensation technique compensation techniquereference bridge resistance strain gageself-temperature compensating gage基底材料 应力计 零［点］飘移 应变测量 应变计 应变指示器 应变花 应变灵敏度 机械式应变仪 直角应变花弓I 伸仪 应变遥测 横向灵敏系数 横向灵敏度 焊接式应变计 平衡电桥 粘贴式应变计 粘贴箔式应变计 粘贴丝式应变计桥路平衡 电容应变计 补偿片 补偿技术 基准电桥 电阻应变计semiconductor strainGageslip ring strain amplifier fatigue life gage inductance [strain] gagePhotomechanics Photoelasticity Photoplasticity Young fringe birefrigent effect contour of equal Displacement dark fringefringe multiplication interference fringeIsochromatic Isoclinic isopachic stress- optic lawIsostatic light fringe optical path differencephoto-thermo -elasticityphotoelastic coatingMethodphotoelastic sandwich半导体应变计集流器 应变放大镜 疲劳寿命计 电感应变计 光［测］力学光弹性 光塑性 杨氏条纹 双折射效应 等位移线暗条纹 条纹倍增 干涉条纹 等差线 等倾线 等和线 应力光学定律 主应力迹线亮条纹光程差热光弹性 光弹性贴片法Methoddynamic photo-elasticityspatial filtering spatial frequencyPolarizerreflection polariscope residual birefringentEffectstrain fringe valuestrain-optic sensitivitystress freezing effectstress fringe valuestress-optic pattern temporary birefringentEffect pulsed holographytransmission polariscope real-time holographic interfero - metrygrid methodholo-photoelasticityHologram Holographholographic interferometry holographic moire techniqueHolography whole-field analysis动态光弹性 空间滤波 空间频率 起偏镜 反射式光弹性仪 残余双折射效应应变条纹值应变光学灵敏度应力冻结效应应力条纹值 应力光图 暂时双折射效应脉冲全息法 透射式光弹性仪 实时全息干涉法网格法 全息光弹性法全息图 全息照相 全息干涉法 全息云纹法 全息术散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearinginterferometry,shearography散斑图Specklegram 白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry ［叠栅］云纹moire fringe［叠栅］云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method 参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method脆性涂层法brittle-coating method 条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation ofCoordinates计算结构力学computational structuralmecha-nics加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限［单］元法finite element method 配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variationalPrinciple 最小二乘法least square method胡［海昌］一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-ReissnerPrinciple修正变分原理modified variationalPrinciple约束变分原理constrained variationalPrinciple混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调兀conforming element非协调兀non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition自然边界条件natural boundary condition离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized straingeneralized stress interface variable node, nodal pointElement corner node mid-side node internal node nodeless variablebar element truss element beam elementtwo-dimensional elementone-dimensional elementthree-dimensional element axisymmetric elementplate element shell elementthick plate element triangular element quadrilateral element tetrahedral element curved element quadratic element linear element cubic element quartic element isoparametric element广义应力 界面变量 节点 ［单］元 角节点 边节点 内节点 无节点变量杆元 桁架杆元梁元二维元一维元 三维元 轴对称元厚板元 三角形元 四边形元 四面体元 曲线元 二次元 线性元 三次元 四次元 等参［数］super-parametric element sub-parametric element variable-number-nodeelement Lagrange element Lagrange family serendipity element serendipity family infinite element element analysis element characteristicsstiffness matrixgeometric matrixequivalent nodal forcenodal displacementnodal load displacement vectorload vector mass matrix lumped mass matrix consistent mass matrixdamping matrix Rayleigh damping assembly of stiffnessMatricesconsistent mass matrix assembly of mass matrices assembly of elements超参数元 亚参数元 节点数可变元 拉格朗日元 拉格朗日族 巧凑边点元 巧凑边点族 无限元 单元分析 单元特性刚度矩阵几何矩阵等效节点力节点位移 节点载荷 位移矢量 载荷矢量 质量矩阵 集总质量矩阵 相容质量矩阵 阻尼矩阵 瑞利阻尼 刚度矩阵的组集载荷矢量的组集 质量矩阵的组集local coordinate systemlocal coordinate area coordinates volume coordinates curvilinear coordinates static condensation contragradienttransformation shape function trial function test function weight function spline function substitute function reduced integration zero-energy mode p-convergenceh-convergenceblended interpolation isoparametric mapping bilinear interpolationpatch test incompatible modenode number element number band width banded matrix profile matrix局部坐标系 局部坐标 面积坐标 体积坐标 曲线坐标 静凝聚合同变换 形状函数 试探函数 检验函数 权函数 样条函数 代用函数 降阶积分 零能模式P 收敛H 收敛 掺混插值 等参数映射 双线性插值 小块检验 非协调模式 节点号 M 二 口. 单兀号minimization of band widthfrontal method subspace iteration method determinant search methodstep-by-step methodNewmark Wilsonquasi-Newton method Newton-Raphson method incremental method initial straininitial stresstangent stiffness matrixsecant stiffness matrix mode superposition method equilibrium iterationSubstructure substructure techniquesuper-element mesh generationstructural analysis programpre-processing post-processing mesh refinement stress smoothing composite structure带宽最小化 波前法 子空间迭代法 行列式搜索法逐步法 纽马克法 威尔逊法 拟牛顿法 牛顿-拉弗森法增量法初应变初应力切线刚度矩阵 割线刚度矩阵 模态叠加法 平衡迭代 子结构 子结构法 超单元 网格生成 结构分析程序前处理 后处理 网格细化 应力光顺。
凹陷类痕迹的种类特征
凹陷类痕迹是指物体表面凹陷留下的痕迹，常见于犯罪现场调查中的勘察和痕迹分析。
凹陷类痕迹的种类和特征可以根据痕迹形状、尺寸、深度等方面进行分类和描述。
以下是几种常见的凹陷类痕迹及其特征：
1. 压痕（Impression）：
-形状：通常是物体表面凹陷形成的痕迹。
-特征：可以提供物体的形状、纹理、轮廓、尺寸等信息。
-示例：脚印、轮胎痕迹等。
2. 刮痕（Scratch）：
-形状：由物体表面被另一物体刮削或摩擦造成的线性凹陷痕迹。
-特征：刮痕在方向、长度、深度和宽度上有所变化，可以提供磨擦方向、工具类型等信息。
-示例：工具刮痕、车辆刮擦痕迹等。
3. 挤压痕（Indentation）：
-形状：由物体表面被外界施加压力形成的深度凹陷。
-特征：可以提供施力物体形状、硬度、压力方向等信息。
-示例：指纹压痕、物体挤压痕迹等。
4. 破碎痕迹（Fracture）：
-形状：物体表面或物体内部发生破裂、断裂形成的凹陷。
-特征：破裂的形态、断面特征、破碎路径等可以提供破裂来源、导致断裂的因素等信息。
-示例：玻璃破裂痕迹、撞击物体破碎痕迹等。
凹陷类痕迹的种类和特征对于痕迹分析和犯罪现场调查非常重要，通过分析这些痕迹可以推断出犯罪现场的情况、物品的使用和处理过程、涉案工具的特征等，并为犯罪案件的侦破提供关键线索。
纳米压痕技术及其在薄膜涂层体系中的应用
表面技术第51卷第6期纳米压痕技术及其在薄膜/涂层体系中的应用王宇迪1，王鹤峰1,2，杨尚余1，赵帅1，金涛1，肖革胜1，树学峰1（1.太原理工大学 机械与运载工程学院，太原 030024；2.太原清泽智成科技合伙企业，太原 030024）摘要：综述了纳米压痕技术的发展历程及其在薄膜领域的应用。
介绍了当前实验室条件下主要采用的电磁驱动式纳米压痕仪的构造和工作过程。
为了保证测试结果的准确性，要在合适的温度、湿度下进行压入实验，借助保载来消除一些可以避免的误差。
阐述了压头的分类和选择原则，玻氏压头相比于维氏压头具有更小的中心线与棱面夹角，避免了尖端横刃对于压入结果准确性的影响，因此最常用的压头为玻氏压头；表征断裂韧性最合适的压头为立方角压头；表征微机电系统的弯曲采用楔形压头。
总结了通过最大载荷和压入面积得到涂层力学参量的分析流程。
归纳了将纳米压痕法应用于表征薄膜涂层的硬度和弹性模量、室温下蠕变性能、断裂韧性、残余应力、塑性性能等力学量的研究，如表征硬度和弹性模量的Oliver-Pharr法的应用，识别蠕变柔量的Lee-Radok模型的应用，分析断裂韧性的Lawn-Evans-Marshall模型的应用。
在涂层制备过程中，制备参数的改变可以使得涂层具有不同的力学性能，涂层厚度远小于表面尺寸，硬度和弹性模量仍然存在各向异性，非晶态结构涂层具有更高的硬度和弹性模量。
采用碳纳米管强化可以提高涂层的断裂韧性，涂层内存在适量的残余应力数值和合适的残余应力类型，可以改善涂层的力学性能。
具有多层结构、梯度结构等新型结构的涂层相比于传统涂层具有更优良的力学性能。
纳米压痕法结合AFM原子力显微镜可以实现原位测量，结合有限元法可以对于理论模型进行完善，并拓宽模型的适用范围。
最后，对于纳米压痕技术在薄膜涂层中的应用前景进行了展望。
关键词：纳米压痕；薄膜；涂层；力学性能；研究现状中图分类号：TG174 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2022)06-0138-22DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2022.06.012Nanoindentation Technique and Its Application in Film/Coating SystemWANG Yu-di1, WANG He-feng1,2, YANG Shang-yu1, ZHAO Shuai1,JIN Tao1, XIAO Ge-sheng1, SHU Xue-feng1(1. College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China;2. Taiyuan Qingze Zhicheng Technology Partnership, Taiyuan 030024, China)收稿日期：2021–05–06；修订日期：2021–09–02Received：2021-05-06；Revised：2021-09-02基金项目：山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目（2020-030）；山西省科协项目（RZ2000004218）；山西省留学人员科技活动择优资助项目（20200028）Fund：Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China (2020-030); Shanxi Science and Technology Association Project (RZ2000004218); Shanxi Province Overseas Students Science and Technology Activity Funding Project (20200028).作者简介：王宇迪（1997—），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为金属力学性能实验表征。
机械专业英语 单词
Step I. Review 5 ＇Step II. Duty Report and Recite 15 ＇Step III. Reading material loudly 15 ＇Step IV. Clutch 25＇Step V. Dialogue 20 ＇Step VI. Exercises 10 ＇Lesson 1 The Views ofEngineering Draftingview n．视图，风景，观点，观察，意见；vt．观察，观看perpendicular a.垂直的，正交的；n.垂线normal n正视，正规，常态，〔数〕法线：a正常的，标准的Projection n.投影，发射Parallel a.平行的，相同的；n.平行线；v．相应于，平行于equidistant a.距离相等的，等距的Auxiliary a.辅助的，补助的orthographic a.正交的，垂直的Projector n.投影仪，投影orthogonal a.直角的，垂直的orient vt使朝东．定向：n.东方；a东方的；vi.转向东illustrate vt.举例说明，图解；vi.举例symmetrical a.对称的，均匀的feature n.特征，性能，优点：vt.使……有特色，描写……的特征dimension n.尺寸，尺度，维（数），度（数），元Redundant a.多余的omit vt. 省略，疏忽，遗漏elevation n. 正面图，上升，高地，海拔，提高，仰角incline n.倾斜，斜面；vt.使倾向于，使倾斜；Vi.倾向，倾斜interior a内部的，内的；n. 内部Symbol n.符号，记号，象征indicate vt.指出，显示，象征，预示，需要，简要地说明Curve n.曲线，弯曲；vt.弯，使弯曲；vi.成曲形，绘制曲线imaginary a.假想的，想象的，虚构的reveal vt展现，显示，揭示，暴露Lesson 2 Engineering Materialorganic[英][ɔ:ˈɡænik][美][ɔrˈɡænɪk] a.有机体的，有机物的chemical [英][ˈkemikəl][美][ˈkɛmɪkəl] a化学的；n.（常p1.)化学制品；化学药品fuel [英][fjuəl][美][ˈfjuəl]n燃料；v加燃料，供给燃料lubricant[英][ˈlu:brɪkənt][美][ˈlubrɪkənt] n.润滑剂polymer [英][ˈpɔləmə][美][ˈpɑləmɚ] n.聚合体，聚合物ceramic[英][siˈræmik][美][səˈræmɪk]a陶器的；n.陶瓷制品composite [英][ˈkɔmpəzit][美][kəmˈpɑzɪt] a.合成的，复合的；n合成物original [英][əˈridʒinəl][美][əˈrɪdʒənəl] a.最初的，原始的，n.原物，原作concrete [英][ˈkɔnkri:t][美][kɑnˈkrit, kɑŋ-, ˈkɑnˌkrit, ˈkɑŋ-] a.具体的，有形的；n.混凝土：v.用混凝土浇筑，凝结reinforce [英][ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:s][美][ˌriɪnˈfɔrs, -ˈfors] vt.加强，vi求援n.加固物polyester [英][ˌpɔliˈestə][美][ˈpɑliˌɛstɚ, ˌpɑliˈɛstɚ]n 聚酯gasket [英][ˈɡæskit][美][ˈɡæskɪt]n垫圈，衬垫，束帆索alloy [英][ˈælɔi][美][ˈælˌɔɪ] n合金；Vt.使熔成合金brass[英][brɑ:s][美][bræs]n黄铜，黄铜制品bronze [英][brɔnz][美][brɑnz]n青铜（铜与锡合金），铜像；a.青铜色的nickel [英][ˈnikəl][美][ˈnɪkəl]n镍，镍币silver [英][ˈsilvə][美][ˈsɪlvɚ]n.银，银子；vt.镀银identify[英][aiˈdentifai][美][aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ]vt.识别，鉴别，把……和……看成一样；v确定code [英][kəud][美][kod]n.代码，代号，密码，编码；v编码forge[英][fɔ:dʒ][美][fɔrdʒ, fordʒ]v锻造，伪造，稳步前进cast [英][kɑ:st][美][kæst]n.铸件，脱落物，v.投，抛，投射，浇注agricultural [英][ˌægriˈkʌltʃərəl][美][ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl] a.农业的，农艺的aircraft[美][ˈɛrˌkræft][英][ˈɛəkrɑ:ft]n.航空器，飞行器，飞机significant [英][siɡˈnifikənt][美][sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt] a.有意义的，重大的，重要的stainless [英][ˈsteɪnlɪs][美][ˈstenlɪs]a不锈的，纯洁的，无瑕疵的corrosion [英][kəˈrəʊʒən][美][kəˈroʒən]n.侵蚀，腐蚀状态die [英][dai][美][daɪ] n.冲模，般子；Vt.死；vi.死亡，消逝，漠然，熄灭_____________________________________________________________________Lesson 3 Mechanical Properties of Metalsproperty [英][ˈprɔpəti][美][ˈprɑpəti] n.性质，特性，财产，所有物，所有权characteristic [英][ˌkæriktəˈristik][美][ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk] a特有的，n.特性，特征response [英][riˈspɔns][美][rɪˈspɑns] n.回答，响应，反应essential[英][iˈsenʃəl][美][ɪˈsɛnʃəl] a.本质的，实质的，基本的；n.本质，实质，要素，要点construct[英][kənˈstrʌkt][美][kənˈstrʌkt] vt.建造，构造，创立sound [英][saund][美][saʊnd] a.可靠的，坚固的，健康的conduct [英][ kənˈdʌkt][美][ kənˈdʌkt] v.实施，引导，管理sample [英][ˈsɑ:mpl][美][ˈsæmpəl] n.标本，样品，样本，待试验物，范例strength [英][streŋθ][美][strɛŋkθ, strɛŋθ, strɛnθ] n.强度，力compression[英][kəmˈpreʃən][美][kəmˈprɛʃən] n.压缩shear[英][ʃiə][美][ʃɪr] n.切力，剪切力bending [英][bend][美][bɛnd] n.弯曲stiffness [英][ˈstɪfnɪs][美][ˈstɪfnɪs] n.刚性，坚硬，硬度ductility[dʌk ˈtiliti]n延展性，柔软性，柔顺impact[英][ˈimpækt][美][ˈɪmˌpækt]冲击，影响，效果vt.撞击，压紧，toughness[英][tʌfnəs][美][tʌfnəs] n.韧性，坚韧sustain [英][səˈstein][美][səˈsten] vt.支撑，撑住，维持，持续distortion [英][dɪˈstɔ:ʃən][美][dɪˈstɔrʃən]n.扭曲，变形，曲解，失真failure [英][ˈfeiljə][美][ˈfeljɚ] n.失败，缺乏，失灵，破产torsion [英][ˈtɔ:ʃən][美][ˈtɔrʃən] n扭转，转矩crankshaft [英][ˈkræŋkʃɑ:ft][美][ˈkræŋkˌʃæft] n［机】曲轴elastic [英][iˈlæstik][美][ɪˈlæstɪk] a.弹性的deflection [英][dɪˈflekʃən][美][dɪˈflɛkʃən] n.变形，偏斜，偏转，偏差identical [英][aiˈdentikəl][美][aɪˈdɛntɪkəl] a．同一的，同样的modulus [英][ˈmɔdjuləs][美][ˈmɑdʒələs] n系数，模数undergo [英][ˌʌndəˈɡəu][美][ˌʌndɚˈɡo] vt.经历，遭受，忍受deformation[英][ˌdi:fɔ:ˈmeɪʃən,ˌdefə-][美][ˌdifɔrˈmeʃən,ˌdɛfə-]n.变形rupture [英][ˈrʌptʃə][美][ˈrʌptʃɚ] v.破裂，裂开，割裂；n破裂，决裂，fracture[英][ˈfræktʃə][美][ˈfræktʃɚ] n．破裂，骨折；v.（使）破碎（使）破裂indentation英][ˌɪndenˈteɪʃən][美][ˌɪndɛnˈteʃən] n.压痕，缩排，scratch英][skrætʃ][美][skrætʃ] n.划痕，抓痕，擦伤；v乱涂，擦，abrasion [英][əˈbreɪʒən][美][əˈbreʒən] n.磨损extremely [英][iksˈtri:mli][美][ɪk'strimlɪ] ad极端地，非常地shape [英][ʃeip][美][ʃep] n型材，型钢，形状，轮廓blow [英][bləu][美][blo] vt.冲击，吹Charpy impact test 摆锤式冲击试验Lesson 4 An Introduction to MechanismsMechanism n.机械装置，机构，机制tremendous a.极大的，巨大的equipment n.装备，设备，器材，装置Division n.分割，部门，除法，公司kinematics n.〔物〕运动学comprehensive a.全面的，广泛的，能充分理解的，包容的Sketch n略图，草图，概略，梗概frame n.结构，体格；vt.构成，设计，制定，使适合stationary a.固定的Piston n.〔机〕活塞，瓣cam n凸轮gravity n.地心引力，重力spring n弹簧，发条，春天，泉；v.跳，使跳跃，触发intake n.（水管、煤气管等的）入口，进口，通风口exhaust vt.用尽，耗尽，抽完，使精疲力竭；vi.排气valve n.阀，电子管，真空管reduction n减少，缩影，变形，缩减量，[ 数］约（简），通分Achieve vt.完成，达到rigid a.刚硬的，刚性的，严格的combustion engine 内燃机Lesson 5 Types of BearingsBearing n.轴承ring n .环，环状separator n.隔离物，离析器，脱脂器，分离者radial a半径的，光线的，放射状的；n.光线，射线thrust n.插，推力，猛推；vt.刺，戳，延伸groove n（唱片等的）凹槽，惯例，最佳状态；vt.开槽于approximately ad近似地，大约notch n.槽口，凹口；vt刻凹痕，在……开槽口，切口，赢得complement n补足物；vt补助，补足conventional a惯例的，常规的，习俗的，传统的insertion n.插入物，插入unidirectional a单向的，单向性的correspond vi.符合，协调，通信，相当，相应Aligning n队列，结盟spherical a.球的，球形的neutralize vt.抵消，使无效wobble v.（使）晃动，（使）摇摆不定，抖动revolve v.（使）旋转，考虑，循环出现shallow a.浅的，浅薄的cylindrical a.圆柱的Lesson 6Spur and Helical Gearsspur gear ［机] 直齿轮helical一gear ［机]斜齿轮gear n齿轮，传动装置axis n.轴，（几何）轴线，轴心线Shaft n.轴，杆状物mate vt.啮合jam n. 拥挤，堵塞，困境；vt 挤进，使塞满，使堵塞therma a.热的，热量的expansion n扩充，开展，膨胀，扩张物lubrication n润滑Compensate v偿还，补偿，付报酬Inaccuracy n.错误，误差manufacture vt.制造，加工；n.制造，制造业，产品Backlash n轮齿隙，侧隙，反斜线（＼）后座，后冲pitch n.（齿轮）节距vice versa 反之亦然eliminate vt.排除，消除split v.劈开，（使）裂开，分裂，分离；n.裂开，裂口，裂痕Pinion n小齿轮overlap v. 与……交叠absorb vt.吸收，吸引herringbone n. 交叉缝式，人字形，鲜鱼鱼骨；a，人字形的，箭尾形的；v.（使）成人字形的，（使）成箭尾形Lesson 7 Lathelathe n.车床，旋车machine tool 机床，工具机drill n.钻头；v.钻（孔）mill n.铣刀，铣床；v.铣fasten vi.固定，紧固feed vt进给，送给；门走刀，进给Cutter n（切削）刀具Clamp vt,紧固，夹住；n.夹钳，夹板tool post 刀座，刀架carriage n（机床）溜板，拖板bed n.床，（机床）床身Headstock n头架，床头箱tailstock n.尾架，尾座slide v.滑动；n．滑板metalwork n.金属加工（制造）live center 主轴顶尖，活动顶尖dead center 尾架顶尖，固定顶尖spindle n.心轴，主轴chuck n.卡盘，夹具；v用（卡盘）夹紧Wobble vi摇晃，摇摆jaw n.卡爪，虎钳牙three-jaw universal chuck 三爪万能卡盘four-jaw independent chuck 四爪卡盘Align v.使成一条直线，对齐alignment n.成直线，对齐Micrometer n.测微器，千分尺，百分表change gear 挂轮，换挡齿轮，变速齿轮，变向齿轮，变换齿轮，交换齿轮Lesson 8 Technologies of Meta Cuttingdrilling machine钻床boring machine 镗床milling machine铣床grinding machine磨床turning machine（lathe）车床planning machine龙门刨床shaping machine牛头刨床rotating dry 旋转钻头single-point tool 单刃刀具multiple cutting edges tool 多刃刀具abrasive wheel 砂轮final finishing 精加工stationary a.固定的，静止的Core v.挖去……内芯；n.芯体，核心Lesson 9 CAD CAMcomputer一a died design (CAD)计算机辅助设计computer-aided manufacturing(CAM)计算机辅助制造digital一computer 数字计算机numerical control 数字控制draft v.制图，绘图drafting n.绘图，（工程）图纸computer-aided engineering(CAE)计算机辅助工程fabrication n制作，制造interact v.相互作用，交互作用via prep．通过，凭借graphics terminal 图像终端，图形终端shared database 公用数据库three-dimensional a.三维的，立体的keyboard n.键盘light-pen n.光笔display screen 显示屏Magnify v.放大flip v.翻转geometric data 几何数据Artwork n印刷线路原图V alidate v.证实V erify 核对geometric modeling几何模型制作，几何建模Robotics n机器人技术，机器人学Lesson 12 Electrical Discharge Machiningconvert ...into 将……转变成electric motor 电动机electrical energy 电能Employ v应用，使用metal removal 金属切削EDM (electrical discharge machining)电火花加工，放电加工spark machining （电）火花加工Erode v.腐蚀，侵蚀，浸蚀erosion n.腐蚀，侵蚀，磨损electrode n电极，焊极，（电）焊条surface finish 表面粗糙度pulsate n.脉冲；v.搏动pulsating direct current 脉冲直流电shaped tool 成型工具，成型刀具workpiece n. 工件，被加工零件conducting electricity 传导电流，导电dielectric fluid（＝nonconducting fluid)绝缘液体，非导电液体insulator n绝缘体V oltage n.电压gap n间隙，壕沟mount.．.on…将……安装在……上chuck n.夹具，卡盘machine spindle 机床主轴vertical feed 垂直进刀（进给）servomotor n.伺服电机reduction gearbox 减速（齿轮）箱tank n水（油）池，水（汕）箱relaxation circuit 张弛电路DC generator 直流发电机pump n.泵a constant value 常数，定量Servomechanism 伺服机构cutting force 切削力spark channel 火花通道，（电极）放电通道metallurgical change 金相（组织）变化Lesson 13 The Basic Components of an Automobilemechanism n.机械装置，机构，结构lubricate vt.使润滑，给一涂上油；V i,起润滑作用accessory n附件，附属品；a.附属的，附加的windshield n.挡风玻璃wiper n.刮水器，滑动片combustion n.燃烧vital a.极其重要的，必不可少的ignite vt.点燃，点火，使燃烧sprocket n.链轮齿，齿轮柱stroke n.冲程，行程consist of 由……组成，由……构成take place 发生，产生，举行power train 动力系统，传动系统play a vital part in 在……起重要作用four-stroke-cycle 四冲程循环Lesson 14 Electronic Fuel Injection Systemthrottle vt.压制，节流；n.节流阀，节气门choke n节气门，节流口，挡板regulator n调节器，稳定器nozzle n.喷嘴，油嘴spray n喷雾，喷嘴，喷雾器；v.喷射solenoid n螺线管，圆筒形线圈microcomputer n.微型电子计算机Simultaneous a同时的，一齐的，同时发生的Sequential a.连续的，有顺序的filtration n过滤，可滤性squirt…into... 将……喷射入…simultaneous injection 同时喷射Sequentiallnjection 顺序喷射electronic fuel injection 电子燃油喷射multiple point injection 多点喷射fuel filter 燃料滤清器single point injection 单点喷射main metering system 主调节系统on-time 接通持续时间，工作时间pulse width 脉宽throttle body injection 节流阀体燃油喷Lesson 15 Diesel Engine Operating Featuresinternal a.内部的Diesel n.柴油机characteristic n特征；a.特有的feature n 特点explosive a.爆炸的carburetor n.化油器inject vt.喷射sequence n.顺序，次序fundamental a.基本的namely ad.也就是说spark n.火花；vi发出火花generate vt.产生initiate vt.引起withstand vt.经受住stress n.应力Substantial a.物质的，实质的kilowatt n.千瓦efficient a有效的Compression n.压缩ratio n比，比率in principle 原则上，大体上jerk pump 脉动式喷油泵at the required instant 在所需要的那一刻in addition 另外，此外prevent from 防止，阻止Lesson 16 Mechatronics andEducationprecision mechanics 精密机械学discipline n.学科，教学科目expertise n.专门技术precision engineering 精密工程manufacturing engineering 制造工程Microprocessor n微处理器Mechatronics n.机械电子学，机电一体化robotics n机器人技术，机器人学overlap v.重叠，覆盖factory automation 工厂自动化office automation 办公自动化consumer electronics 家用电器，消费电器semiconductor fabrication equipment半导体制造（生产）设备automatic device 自动化装置precision optics 精密光学computer peripherals 计算机外部设备FMS (flexible manufacturing systems)柔性制造技术computer controlled machine计算机控制机床improving manufacturing productivity提高制造生产率specialist n.专家manipulate v.操作engineering formulae and processes工程公式(计算）和处理Lesson 17 What Is a RobotRobot n.机械人，机器人automatic machine 自动化机器duplicate vt.复制automatic control自动控制Intervention n.介入，干涉，调停anatomy n.解剖学manipulator n.操作手，机械手mobile robot 移动机器人，行走机器人propulsion n推进reactor n.反应堆expire v.期满，呼吸toxic a有毒的propeller n.螺旋桨effectors n.执行件pinch type clamp 挟起式夹钳Texture n.纹理，质地，构造hydraulic a水压的，液压的pneumatic a气动的，气压的joint n.关节，接合处NC（numerical control）数字控制SC（serve control）伺服机构控制Lesson 19 Computerized Numerical Control (CNC)CNC (computerized numerical control)计算机数控Mount v安装powerful a.强大的minicomputer n.小型计算机incorporate v.并入memory capacity 储存容量program editing 程序编辑maintenance n.维护，保养machine user 机器用户tape reader 纸带阅读机off-line unit 脱机设备manually d手工地，手动地transform v.转移Lesson 20 Flexible Manufacturing Systems（FMS)Flexible manufacturing systems(FMS)柔性制造系统flexible manufacturing cells (FMC)柔性制造单元automated guided vehicles自动搬运小车conveyor n.传送带，运输机pallet loading and unloading carts 上下料小车part program 零件程序data base 数据库data processing networks 数据处理网络inspection program 检验程序robot program 自动机程序real-time control data 实时控制数据the control hierarchy 控制层次real-time fault recovery 实时故障恢复unmanned operation 无人化操作chip removal 排屑module n.模块，模数intelligent node 智能节点--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. metal n. 金属2. construction n. 结构bine … with把…和…结合(起来)4. iron n. 铁5. carbon n. 碳6. ferrous a.（含）铁的；二价铁的~ metals 黑色金属7. nonferrous metals 有色金属8. copper n. 铜9. aluminium n. 铝10. lead n. 铅11. zinc n. 锌12 tin n. 锡13. metallurgical a. 冶金（学）的14. strength n. 强度；实力15. hardness n. 硬度16. plasticity n. 可塑性，适应性17. ore n. 矿；矿砂（石）18. impurity n. 杂质；不纯19. mineral n. & a. 矿物（的）20. metallurgy n. 冶金；冶金术It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals(金属) have the greatest importan ce for industry. All machines and other engineering constructions（结构）have metal parts, so me of them consist only of (由…构成) metal parts.There are two large groups of metals:o Simple metals – more or less (或多或少) pure chemical elements.o Alloys（合金）–materials consisting of simple metal combined with （与…结合） some other elements（元素）.About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metals, but not all metals may be used in industry. Those metals which are used in industry are called engineering metals (工程金属). The most important engineering metal is iron (Fe)（铁）, which in the form of alloys with carbon(C) （碳元素）and other elements, finds greater use than any other metal. Metals consisting of iron are called ferrous metals (黑色金属). The most important nonferrous metals are copper (Cu)（铜）, aluminum (Al)（铝）, lead (铅) (Pb), zinc（锌）(Zn), tin(锡) (Sn), but all these metals are used much less than ferrous metals, because the ferrous metals are much cheaper.Engineering metals are used in industry in the form of alloys because the properties（特色）of alloys are much better than the properties of pure metals. Only aluminum may be largely used in the form of simple metal. Metals have such a great importance because of their useful properties or their strength, hardness, and plasticity（弹性）.Different metals are produced in different ways, but almost all the metal are found in the form of metal ore（矿石）(iron ore, copper ore, etc)The ore is a mineral (矿物质) consisting of a metal combined with some impurities (杂质) . In order to produce a metal from some metal ore, we must separate these impurities（杂质）from metal that is done by metallurgy (冶金术) .1. theory of mechanisms2. mechanical shock and vibration3. balancing4. Mechanical Draw ing olerance and fit5. fatigue6. reliability7. tribology8. corrosion and P rotective9. Mechanical P arts10.transmissionemery 金钢砂ferrostatic pressure 钢铁水静压力forging die steel 锻造模用钢galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁板hard alloy steel 超硬合金钢high speed tool steel 高速度工具钢hot work die steel 热锻模用钢low alloy tool steel 特殊工具钢low manganese casting steel 低锰铸钢marging steel 马式体高强度热处理钢martrix alloy 马特里斯合金meehanite cast iron 米汉纳铸钢o carbon n. 碳、石墨o alloy n. 合金 v. 熔合（结）o alloying elements 合金元素o nickel n. 镍，Nio chromium [ 'krəumjəm ] n. 铬，Cro manganese [.mæŋgə'ni:z, ] n. 锰o molybdenum [ mə'libdinəm ] n. 钼，Mo o construct vt. 构造（制、筑）o shear v.剪断 n. 剪切力o stiffness n. 刚性（度）o tungsten n. 钨o vanadium n. 钒o low carbon steel 低碳钢lo high carbon steel 高碳钢o high speed steel 高速钢o self-hardening steel 自硬钢；风钢o toughness n. 韧性、韧度o ductility n. 可延伸型o sustain vt. 支撑、承受o undue a. 过渡的、过分的；不适当的o distortion n. 变形；扭曲o failure n. 失效（败、灵）o adequate a.足够的o deflection n. 偏转；挠曲o modulus n.模（数、量）o deform v. 使（变形）；损坏o elasticity n. 弹力学；弹性变形o torsion n. 扭矩，转拒Step I. Duty ReportStep II. ReviewReview what they learnt in the last class1.Mention the classification of engine2.Four stroke of engine3.Main components of an automobileRecite the new wordsStep III. Reading materialAsk the students read the whole text and get the main idea Discuss about the textStep IV. Connecting rods and crankshaftNew words:1.Check the pronunciation of the new words2.main usage of the wordsText:Structure:1.Main components of the power mechanism which called the crankshaft andconnecting rod assembly.(passage 1)2.Function: to convert thermal energy into mechanical energy used to drive thevehicle. (passage 2-3)3.Introduction of the piston (passage 4)4.Connecting rod (passage 5)5.crankshaft (passage 6-8)6.conclusion (passage 9)Step V: to study the skills for translating special English一.泛词实译或实词泛译由于英汉两种语言表达习惯不同, 在进行科技英语翻译时, 不能拘泥于词语的字面意思, 需要根据实际情况做些变更. 例如:1. As with the locomotive bogie, the coach bogie is a four-wheel or six-wheel truck, supporting the coach-end through the medium of a pivot, and with freedom to swing.同机车转向架一样, 客车转向架也是二轴或三轴的, 利用枢轴支承车厢的端部, 使之可以自由转动.2. In the earlier days of railways, the rules laid down that no train should be allowed to start, even if all signals were clear, until the stationmaster had authorized the guard to give the driver the “night way”.在铁路发展的早期, 规定即使所有的信号都已开通, 列车也不能发车-----一直要等到站长已授权站务员给司机发车离站信号.3. Because of the circuitous and directional flow of waterways, railways often have an energy advantage over barges.由于河道迂回曲折且水流具有方向性, 因而铁路运输较之水运, 常常具有节能优势.二. 名词化名词化是科技英语的一个重要的语体标记.名词化是指把句子中的动词或形容词转换为名词或名词词组,从而使名词或名词词组获得动词或形容词的意义而具有名词的语法功能.1. The shrinkage of the sun to this state would transform our oceans into ice and our atmosphere into liquid air.如果太阳收缩到这种状态, 就会把海洋变成冰, 把大气变成液化气.2. The accumulation of new data during the past decade has brought a refinement of some earlier views and concepts.最近几十年来, 由于不断地积累新资料, 从而完善了以前的一些观点和概念.Step VI. ExerciseAsk the students translate some passagesAsk the students describe the main units of the connecting rod and crankshaft, and their main functionsBicycle helmets aluminum car brakes lithium batteries。
TheVDI3198indentationtestevaluationofareliable…
Journal of Materials Processing Technology 143–144(2003)481–485The VDI 3198indentation test evaluation of a reliablequalitative control for layered compoundsN.Vidakis a ,A.Antoniadis a ,∗,N.Bilalis baTechnological Educational Institute of Crete,Romanou 3,Crete 73133,Greeceb Technical University of Crete,Chania GR 73100,GreeceAbstractMono-or multi-layered coated compounds are powerful alternatives of conventional bulk materials,which normally illustrate a restricted surface performance.Nowadays,advanced and complicated techniques are induced in film production devices,leading in this way to the development of an extended variety of different coating types.Herewith,soft,hard or super-hard films can be produced in single or multi-layer textures,serving in this way demanding applications,which require advanced surface attitude.Taking into account the growing industrial and manufacturing demands,a well-organized contest of characterization processes for such coatings is required.This paper describes the methodology and typical results of a fast,reliable and cost effective quality test,which is based on the Rockwell C indentation on planar surfaces of coated compounds.This destructive test,may rigorously exhibit two distinctive properties of the coated compound,i.e.the interfacial adhesion as well as the film brittleness and cohesion.The stress–strain field,which occurs during the indentation and the relaxation stages respectively,must be thoroughly considered in order to obtain secure conclusions,regarding the quality of the coating substrate system.©2003Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords:Indentation tests;Quality control;Fracture mechanics;Adhesion;Cohesion1.IntroductionThe effective improvement of substrate materials with re-stricted properties,by means of thin coating deposition,has become a well-known and economically satisfactory prac-tice.In this way,advantageous mechanical,physical and chemical properties can be achieved,by means of thin and hard mono-or multi-layer coatings on conventional mate-rials,such as steel and cemented carbides.Nowadays,ad-vanced deposition techniques are being used,exploiting in this way highly sophisticated and evolved depositing de-vices.These processes ensure the possibility to achieve flex-ibly excellent surface behaviour.On the other hand they set the quality control of a coated compound an exceptional multi-parametric process,counting the film bulk properties as well as the one of the compound.Furthermore,the fail-ure type expectations of the coating substrate systems are technological data,which hold great research and industrial merit.∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+30-28210-23001;fax:+30-28210-23003.E-mail address:**************************.gr (A.Antoniadis).The well-known Rockwell C indentation test is prescribed by the VDI 3198norm,as a destructive quality test for coated compounds [1].The principle of this method is pre-sented in the upper right part of Fig.1.A conical diamond indenter penetrates into the surface of a coated compound,thus inducing massive plastic deformation to the substrate and fracture of the coating.As in every indentation test,the 1/10th rule must be accomplished,and therefore the overall specimen thickness must be at least 10times greater than the indentation depth.The type and the volume of the coat-ing failure zone,exhibit in a first sight the film adhesion and secondly its brittleness.The coated specimen may be adequately evaluated,by means of conventional optical mi-croscopy.However,the specific quality control method be-comes significantly more effective,when scanning electron microscopy and spectroscopy are utilized.The contact geometry,in combination with the intense load transfer,induces extreme shear stresses at the inter-face.Well adherent coatings,manage to withstand these shear stresses and prevent extended delamination circumfer-entially to the imprint.The four different textures of the left part of Fig.1,illustrate the imprint shapes that guarantee strong interfacial bonds between the coating and the sub-strate [1,2].On the other hand,extended delamination at the0924-0136/$–see front matter ©2003Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00300-5482N.Vidakis et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 143–144(2003)481–485Fig.1.The principle of the VDI 3198indentation test.vicinity of the imprint indicates a poor interfacial adhesion.Furthermore,radial cracks and poor delamination indicate a strongly adherent coating but also brittle ones.In any case,the explicit and comprehensive description of the stress–strain field,which takes place during the indenta-tion process,is of great importance,taking into account that the failure modes of coated compounds are well correlated to specific stress components.Therefore,such parameters are presented in the following paragraph.2.Potential failure types of coated compounds The coating performance under usual or extreme stress-ing conditions has,as it is already mentioned,twodiffer-Fig.2.The potential failure types of coated compounds owing overstressing.ent but evenly fundamental aspects.The first one refers to the mechanical properties of the films as discrete media and corresponds to their bulk properties.In spite of their elemen-tary thickness,coatings illustrate intrinsic mechanical prop-erties,such as their internal cohesion.The related literature indicates the normal components of the stress tensor to be responsible for brittle failures of the coatings [2–7].Nor-mal stresses greater than the critical ones,i.e.the coating strength,cause coherence release or chipping,as it is shown in the upper left micrograph of Fig.2for TiAlN coating deposited in premium quality 100Cr6bearing steel.On the other hand,remembering that the film teams up with the ground material,i.e.the substrate,the formation of strong interfacial bonds,the so-called adhesion is a key parameter.The release of the interfacial bonds is correlatedN.Vidakis et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology143–144(2003)481–485483Fig.3.Typical experimental cases of the same coating,well and poor adherent on different substrates under identical conditions.with shear stress components of the stress tensor,which cause micro-or macro-delamination.This kind of failure is illustrated in the upper right part of Fig.2,for CrN coating deposited on high speed steel(HSS).In this dashing case,the film delamination is evident,whereas the ground material is so exposed that even its grinding marks are visible. There is also the probability to handle failure mechanisms, the so-called mixed failure modes,which are not easy to be classified.In such cases it is difficult to conclude whether the fracture is a result of de-cohesion or delamination.Normally, this kind of failure is caused by a combination of normal and shear stresses,according to the scenarios illustrated in the bottom part of Fig.2[2–7].These scenarios may include the effect of shearing,bending and buckling.The ensemble of the aforementioned failure modes can appear during the evaluation of Rockwell C indentations into coated compounds.The reasons have to be gone after the breadth of parameters that define the overall performance of each specific compound,such as the bulk mechanical properties of the component materials and their mismatch, thefilm thickness,the deposition temperature,the chemical affinity between the coating and the substrate and many oth-ers.However the evaluation of the test results easily depicts primarily the interfacial adhesion and secondly thefilm brit-tleness.Obviously,the aforementioned data are qualitatively determined,bearing in mind that they are results of optical observations.The specific stressfield,which occurs during the inden-tation tests,is well approached analytically by the plastic-ity theory for non-layered materials.However,elastoplastic indentations on layered compounds cannot be examined us-ing analytical methods,considering that this kind of prob-lems is associated with three non-linear sub-problems,i.e. the plastic deformation of the substrate,the anisotropic be-haviour of the compound and the contact problem itself. Nevertheless,the VDI test has been examined by means of arithmetical techniques,such as thefinite element method (FEM),especially using the capabilities of contact elements and other non-linear modules of various FEM codes.De-spite the fact that such methods illustrate great research in-terest,such non-linear FEM analyses are complicated up to time exhaustive,and up to today they cannot practically be exploited by the coating industry.3.Typical experimental results—case studiesThe optical or SEM observations of examined specimens readily yield practicable and applicable information,espe-cially when they are applied in comparative analyses.Afirst typical application refers to the performance of the same coating on different substrates.It is well-known and ex-plained that the interfacial adhesion is a compound property, so that it is very regular that a certainfilm,deposited under identical conditions and specifications,exhibits excellent ad-hesion to a particular substrate but a very poor to another one.Fig.3illustrates such a case.In the left micrograph,CrN is deposited onto premium quality bearing steel100Cr6,and evidently exhibits ideal adhesion.The interfacial bonds are so strong that even at the region where the substrate piles up,there is not any indication of delamination.On the other hand,the same coating on HSS(see the right micrograph of Fig.3)indicates very poor adhesion and a remarkable number of radial micro-cracks.Both micrographs have been taken with the aid of optical microscopy.To increase the contrast of the pictures,a graphite layer were spread onto the specimens before the indentation,which is a very com-mon practice when conventional microscopes are used.A second but still typical request of coating producers is the failure resistance of coated compounds,after the com-pletion of a marginal thermal circle.The conservation of the bulk properties and the interfacial performance of coatings is usually a key demand also for coating users.This param-eter becomes more composite,considering that coatings ex-perience chemical transformations at elevated temperatures, besides any impact to their mechanical properties.Theflexibility of the Rockwell C indentation method, when a fast decision has to be taken,is presented with the aid of the second experimental assignment.A contest be-tween the two titanium and aluminium derivativefilms,i.e. of TiAlN and TINALOX on cemented carbide substrates was carried out with the aid of the Rockwell-indentation test,484N.Vidakis et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 143–144(2003)481–485Fig.4.Qualitative explanation of the heating and oxidation effect on the adhesion of TiAlN coating on cemented carbidesubstrate.Fig.5.Qualitative explanation of the heating and oxidation effect on the adhesion of TINALOX coating on cemented carbide substrate.according to the VDI indications [8].This test was per-formed for both coatings,in “as deposited”status,as well as after their oxidation at high temperatures (750◦C)and recovery at room conditions.Figs.4and 5illustrate the cor-responding results.The left SEM micrographs of Figs.4and 5state that at room temperatures the adhesion of both coatings,being at their as deposited status is comparable,yet illustrating a more ductile behaviour for the TINALOX coating and a more brittle for the TiAlN one.This behaviour is common when cemented carbides are used as substrate materials.At room temperature,the TiAlN coating exhibits an increased brittleness,despite its lower hardness than the TINALOX coating and its lower hardness mismatch to the substrate.This behaviour is highlighted by the radial micro-cracks in the vicinity of the imprint.Even after the oxidation and thermal recovery to the room conditions,which are pre-sented in the right micrographs of this figure,the failure zonearound the formed imprint is greater for the TiAlN coating.The decisive remark of this experimental branch is that the TINALOX coating is better adherent to the same ground material,keeping satisfactorily this property after oxidation.Each of the four-presented micrographs incorporates a de-tailed aspect of the coating surface,which indicate the effect of the chemical phenomena,i.e.oxidation,on the structure and consequently on the expected film performance.4.ConclusionsThis paper presents a very applicative quality control method,which is to be used to characterize the adhesion of thin coatings on various substrates,as well as to out-line their cohesion expectations.The mainly qualitative test can be exploited for research as well as for industrial pur-poses.This method can be easily applied using commonN.Vidakis et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology143–144(2003)481–485485equipment,such as a typical sclerometer and a conventional optical microscope.However,a scanning electron micro-scope and its energy dispersive X-ray(EDX)analyser,offer more extensive information,yet qualitative.The Rockwell C test method onto coated specimens is ideal for compar-ative and parametric analyses,and usually saves evolution cost and time.On the other hand the specific test is sup-plemental to other qualitative methods,such as the scratch test.The research and development capabilities of the test were exhibited in the present research work in two different but ordinary quality control cases,using the capabilities of optical and scanning electron microscopy respectively. References[1]Verein Deutscher Ingenieure Normen,VDI3198,VDI-Verlag,Dus-seldorf,1991.[2]N.Vidakis,Determination of the fatigue strength of thin hard coatingsfor the prediction of their life time on hybrid bearings steel races,used in high speed spindles of machine tools,Ph.D.Thesis,Aristoteles University of Thessaloniki,Greece,1997.[3]H.Djablella,R.Arnell,Finite elements analysis of the contact stressesin an elastic solid coating on an elastic substrate,Thin Solid Films 213(1992)205–219.[4]K.Komvopoulos,Finite elements analysis of a layered elastic solidin normal contact with a rigid surface,ASME J.Tribol.110(1988) 477–485.[5]T.Ihara,Afinite elements analysis of contact stress and strain in anelasticfilm on a rigid substrate,ASME J.Tribol.108(1986)527–533.[6]H.Tian,N.Saka,Finite element analysis of an elastic–plastic twolayer half space:normal contact,Wear148(1991)47–68.[7]W.Lin,et al.,Analysis of a transversely isotropic half space undernormal and tangential loadings,ASME J.Tribol.113(1991)335–338.[8]K.D.Bouzakis,et al.,Quantification of properties modification andcutting performance of(Ti x Al1−x)N coatings at elevated temperatures, Int.J.Surf.Coat.Technol.120–121(1999)34–43.。
弹性力学专业英语词汇-elasticity
弹性力学专业英语词汇-elasticity弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem 艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫■穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate 加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate 中厚板Plate of moderate thickness 弯［曲］应力函数Stress fun ctio n of ben di ng 壳Shell 扁壳Shallow shell 旋转壳Revolutionary shell 球壳Spherical shell［圆］柱壳Cylindrical shell 锥壳Coni cal shell 环壳Toroidal shell 封闭壳Closed shell 波纹壳Corrugated shell 扭［转］应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function 半逆解法semi-in verse method 瑞利里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method 莱维法Levy method 松弛Relaxation 量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似［性］self-similarity 影响面In flue nee surface 接触应力Con tact stress 赫兹理论Hertz theory 协调接触Con formi ng con tact 滑动接触Slidi ng con tact 滚动接触Rolli ng con tact 压入Indentation 各向异性弹性An isotropic elasticity 颗粒材料Granular material 散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity 超弹性Hyperelasticity 粘弹性Viscoelasticity 对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding 微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness 非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity 大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through 有限变形Finite deformation 格林应变Green strain 阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain 弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity 运动方程Equation of motion 准静态的Quasi-static 气动弹性Aeroelasticity 水弹性Hydroelasticity 颤振Flutter 弹性波Elastic wave 简单波Simple wave 柱面波Cylindrical wave 水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave 无旋波Irrotational wave 畸变波Distortion wave 膨胀波Dilatation wave 壬瑞利波Rayleigh wave 等容波Equivoluminal wave 勒夫波Love wave界面波In terfacial wave 边缘效应edge effect 塑性力学Plasticity 可成形性Formability 金属成形Metal forming 耐撞性Crashworth in ess 结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthi ness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity 安定［性］理论Shake-down theory 运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-dow n theorem 率相关理论rate dependent theorem 载荷因子load factor加载准贝V Loading criterion加载函数Loading function 力口载面Loadingsurface 塑性加载Plastic loading 塑性加载波Plastic loading wave 简单加载Simple loading 比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading 卸载波Unloading wave 冲击载荷Impulsive load 阶跃载荷step load 脉冲载荷pulse load 极限载荷limit load 中性变载nentral loading 拉抻失稳in stability in tension 力口速度波acceleration wave 本构方程constitutive equation 完全解completesolution 名义应力nominal stress 过应力over-stress 真应力true stress 等效应力equivale nt stress 流动应力flow stress应力间断stress disc on ti nuity 应力空间stress space 主应力空间principal stressspace 静水应力状态hydrostatic state ofstress 对数应变logarithmic strain 工程应变engineering strain 等效应变equivale nt strain 应变局部化strain localization 应变率strainrate 应变率敏感性strain rate sen sitivity 应变空间strain space 有限应变finite strain 塑性应变增量plastic strain in creme nt 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain 永久变形permanent deformation 内变量internalvariable 应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material 理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material 材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain 应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain 应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency 线性强化linear strain-hardening 应变强化strain-hardening 随动强化kinematic hardening 各向同性强化isotropic harde ning 强化模量strain-hardening modulus 幂强化power hardening 塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Mome nt 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque 弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending 弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic in terface 弹塑性扭转elastic-plastictorsion 粘塑性Viscoplasticity 非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design 极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem 下屈服点lower yield point 界限定理bound theorem 初始屈服面initial yield surface 后继屈服面subsequent yield surface 屈服面［的］外凸性convexity of yield surface截面形状因子shape factor of cross-secti on沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈服Yield屈服条件yield condition 屈服准则yieldcriterion 屈服函数yield function 屈服面yield surface 塑性势plastic potential 能量吸收装置energy absorb ing device 能量耗散率energy absorbing device 塑性动力学dynamicplasticity塑性动力屈曲dyn amic plastic buckli ng塑性动力响应dyn amic plastic resp onse 塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field 静力容许场statically admissible Field 流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity disc on ti nu ity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论in creme ntal theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterio n 普朗特---------- 罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reussrelati on特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criteri on 洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter 莱维米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equati on 赫艾一一韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter 德鲁克公设Drucker postulate_____ 盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equati on 结构力学structural mechanics 结构分析structural analysis 结构动力学structuraldynamics 拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch 抛物线拱parabolicarch 圆拱circular arch 穹顶Dome 空间结构space structure 空间桁架space truss 雪载［荷］snow load 风载［荷］wind load 土压力earth pressure 地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support 支座位移supportdisplacement 支座沉降support settlement 超静定次数degree of in determ inacy 机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints 截面法method of sections 结点力joint forces 共轭位移conjugate displacement 影响线in flue nee line 三弯矩方程three-moment equation 单位虚力unit virtual force 刚度系数stiffness coefficient 柔度系数flexibility coefficient 力矩分配moment distribution 力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution 分配系数distribution factor 矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵eleme nt stiff ness matrix 单元应变矩阵eleme nt strain matrix 总体坐标global coord inates 贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯---- 若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elim in ati on Method屈曲模态buckling mode 复合材料力学mecha nics of composites 复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrouscomposite 单向复合材料uni directio nalcomposite 泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Lam in ate 夹层板sandwich panel 正交层板cross-ply laminate 斜交层板an gle-ply lam inate 层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion 压实Debulk 劣化Degradation 脱层Delam in ati on 脱粘Debond 纤维应力fiber stress 层应力plystress 层应变ply strain 层间应力interlaminar stress 比强度specific strength 强度折减系数stre ngth reductio n factor强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量tran sverse shear modulus 横观各向同性tran sverse isotropy 正交各向异Orthotropy 剪滞分析shear lag analysis 短纤维chopped fiber 长纤维continuous fiber 纤维方向fiber directi on 纤维断裂fiber break 纤维拔脱fiber pull-out 纤维增强fiber reinforcement 致密化Densification 最小重量设计optimum weight desig n 网格分析法netting analysis 混合律rule of mixture 失效准贝V failure criterion蔡 --- 吴失效准则Tsai-W u failurecriteri on达格代尔模型Dugdale model 断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mecha nics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracturemecha ni cs, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学 elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂 Fracture脆性断裂 解理断裂 蠕变断裂 延性断裂 晶间断裂 微裂纹 Microcrack 折裂Kink 椭圆裂纹 elliptical crack 深埋裂纹 embedded crack ［钱］币状裂纹 penny-shape crack预制裂纹 Precrack 短裂纹 short crackbrittle fracturecleavage fracturecreep fractureductile fracturein ter-gra nu lar fracture准解理断裂 quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂 trans-granular fracture 裂纹 裂缝 缺陷 割缝 CrackFlawDefectSlit表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack ope ning an gle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack ope ning displaceme nt, COD 裂纹阻力crack resista nee裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA 裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displaceme nt, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field 裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate 稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth 定常裂纹扩展steadycrack growth 亚临界裂纹扩展subcriticalcrack growth裂纹［扩展］减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness 断裂类型fracturemode 滑开型sliding mode 张开型openingmode 撕开型tearing mode 复合型mixedmode 撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearingmodulus 断裂准贝V fracture criterion J 积分J-integralJ 阻力曲线J-resistanee curve 断裂韧度fracture toughness 应力强度因子stress inten sity factor HRR 场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field 守恒积分conservationintegral 有效应力张量effective stress ten sor应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate 内聚区cohesive zone 塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile tran siti on temperature剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge no tched specime n, DEN specimen单边缺口试件sin gle edge no tched specime n, SEN specimen二点弯曲试件three poi nt bending specime n, TPB specime n中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specime n, CCT specime n中心裂纹板试件center cracked pane specime n, CCP specime n紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen, CT specime n大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibulldistribution帕里斯公式paris formula 空穴化Cavitation 应力腐蚀stress corrosion 概率风险判定probabilistic risk assessme nt, PRA损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mecha nics细观损伤力学microscopic damagemecha nics累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage 微观损伤microscopic damage 损伤准贝V damagecriterion 损伤演化方程damage evoluti onequati on 损伤软化damage softening 损伤强化damage strengthening 损伤张量damagetensor损伤阈值damage threshold 损伤变量damage variable 损伤矢量damage vector 损伤区damage zone 疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue 应力疲劳stress fatigue 随机疲劳random fatigue 蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue 疲劳损伤fatiguedamage 疲劳失效fatigue failure 疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack 疲劳寿命fatigue life 疲劳破坏fatigue rupture 疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatiguestriations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternatingstress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue 应力循环stress cycle 应力比stress ratio 安全寿命safe life 过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage 裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio 实验应力分析experime ntal stress An alysis 工作［应变］片active［strain］ gage 基底材料backing material 应力计stress gage零［点］飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement 应变计strain gage 应变指示器strain indicator 应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mecha ni cal strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette弓丨伸仪Extensometer 应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balaneedbridge 粘贴式应变计bon ded stra in gage 粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage 粘贴丝式应变计bon ded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing 电容应变计capacitanee strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥referenee bridge 电阻应变计resista nee strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compe nsati ng gage半导体应变计semic on ductor strain Gage 集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage 电感应变计inductanee [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics 光弹性Photoelasticity 光塑性Photoplasticity 杨氏条纹Young fringe 双折射效应birefrigent effect 等位移线con tourof equal Displaceme nt 暗条纹dark fringe 条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interferenee fringe 等差线Isochromatic 等倾线Isoclinic 等和线isopachic 应力光学定律stress- optic law 主应力迹线Isostatic 亮条纹light fringe 光程差optical path differenee 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coat ing Method 光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwichMethod动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringent Effect应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度stra in-optic sen sitivity 应力冻结效应stress freez ing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value 应力光图stress-opticpattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefri ngent Effect脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪tran smissi on polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographic in terferometry网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis 散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing in terferometry, shearography散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry［叠栅］云纹moire fringe［叠栅］云纹法moire method云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅referenee grating 试件栅specimengrating 分析栅analyzer grating 面内云纹法in-plane moire method 脆性涂层法brittle-coating method 条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation of Coordinates计算结构力学computational structural mecha nics力口权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite differenee method 有限［单］元法finite element method 配点法pointcollocation 里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Prin ciple最小二乘法least square method胡［海昌］一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu prin ciple 赫林格-赖斯纳原理Helli nger-Reiss ner Prin ciple 修正变分原理modified variationalPrin ciple约束变分原理constrained variational Prin ciple混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element 非协调元non-conforming element 混合元mixed element 杂交元hybrid element 边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary con diti on 自然边界条件n atural boundary con diti on 离散化Discretization 离散系统discrete system 连续问题continuous problem 广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load 广义应变generalized strain 广义应力generalized stress 界面变量in terface variable 节点no de, no dal point ［单］元Element 角节点corner node 边节点mid-side node 内节点in ter nal node 无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element 梁元beam element 二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 车由对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element 壳元shell element 厚板元thick plate element 三角形元triangular element 四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedralelement 曲线元curved element 二次元quadratic element 线性元linear element 三次元cubic element 四次元quartic element 等参［数］元isoparametric element 超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element 节点数可变元variable-number-nodeeleme nt拉格朗日元Lagra nge eleme nt 拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element 巧凑边点族serendipity family 无限元infinite element 单元分析element analysis 单元特性elementcharacteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix 几何矩阵geometric matrix 等效节点力equivalent no dal force 节点位移no dal displaceme nt 节点载荷no dal load 位移矢量displacementvector 载荷矢量load vector 质量矩阵massmatrix 集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix 相容质量矩阵con siste nt mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix 壬瑞利阻尼Rayleighdamping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices载荷矢量的组集con siste nt mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices单元的组集assembly of elements 局部坐标系local coord in ate system 局部坐标localcoordinate 面积坐标area coordinates 体积坐标volume coordinates 曲线坐标curvilinearcoord inates 静凝聚static condensation 合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function 试探函数trial function 检验函数test function 权函数weight function 样条函数spline function 代用函数substitutefunction 降阶积分reduced integration 零能模式zero-energy mode P 收敛p-c on vergenee H 收敛h-c on verge nee 掺混插值blended interpolation 等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation 小块检验patch test非协调模式in compatible mode 节点号node number 单元号element number 带宽band width 带状矩阵banded matrix 变带状矩阵profile matrix 带宽最小化mini mizatio n of band width 波前法frontal method 子空间迭代法subspace iterati on method 行列式搜索法determ inant search method 逐步法step-by-step method 纽马克法Newmark 威尔逊法Wilson 拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method 牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法in creme ntal method 初应变initial strain 初应力initial stress 切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵seca nt stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration 子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element 网格生成mesh generation 结构分析程序structural an alysis program 前处理pre-processing 后处理post-processing 网格细化mesh refinement 应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure 流体动力学fluid dynamics 连续介质力学mechanics of continuousmedia 介质medium 流体质点fluid particle 无粘性流体non viscous fluid, i nviscid fluid 连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis 流体运动学fluid kinematics 水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics 支配方程governing equation 伯努利方程Bernoulli equation 伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem 毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law 欧拉方程Euler equation 亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem 开尔文定理Kelvin theorem 涡片vortex sheet 库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski con diti on布拉休斯解Blasius solution 达朗贝尔佯廖d&;am #39;Alembert paradox 雷诺数Reyno Ids n umber 施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number 随体导数material derivative 不可压缩流体in compre ible fluid 质量守恒co ervation of ma 动量守恒co ervation of momentum 能量守恒co ervation of energy 动量方程momentum equation 能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume 液体静压hydrostatic pre ure 涡量拟能e trophy 压差differential pre ure 流［动］flow 流线stream line 流面stream surface 流管stream tube 迹线path, path line 流场flow field 流态flow regime 流动参量flow parameter 流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex 涡量vorticity 涡丝vortex filament 涡线vortex line 涡面vortex surface 涡层vortex layer 涡环vortex ring 涡对vortex pair 涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex 对流涡胞convective cell 卷筒涡胞roll cell 涡eddy 涡粘性eddy viscosity 环流circulation 环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole 驻点stagnation point 总压［力］total pre ure 总压头total head 静压头static head 总焓total enthalpy 能量输运energy tra ort 速度剖面velocity profile 库埃特流Couette flow 单相流single phase flow 单组份流single-component flow 均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow 二维流two-dime ionalflow 三维流three-dime ional flow 准定常流quasi-steady flow 非定常流u teady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流tra ient flow 周期流periodic flow 振荡流oscillatory flow 分层流stratified flow 无旋流irrotational flow 有旋流rotational flow 车由对称流axisymmetric flow 不可压缩性incompre ibility 不可压缩流［动］incompre ible flow 浮体floating body 定倾中心metacenter 阻力drag, resista nee 减阻drag reduction 表面力surface force 表面张力surface te ion 毛细［管］作用capillarity 来流in com ing flow自由流free stream 自由流线free stream line 夕卜流external flow 进口entrance, inlet 出口exit, outlet 扰动disturbanee, perturbation 分布distribution 传播propagation 色散di ersion 弥散di ersion 附加质量added ma ,a oeiated ma 收缩eontraetion 镜象法image method 无量纲参数dime ionle parameter 几何相似geometric similarity 运动相似kinematic similarity 动力相似［性］dynamic similarity 平面流plane flow 势potential 势流potential flow 速度势velocity potential 复势complex potential复速度complex velocity 流函数stream function 源source 汇sink 速度［水］头velocity head 拐角流corner flow 空泡流cavity flow 超空泡supercavity 超空泡流supercavity flow 空气动力学aerodynamics 低速空气动力学low- eed aerod yn amics 高速空气动力学high- eed aerod yn amics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics 亚声速流［动］su onic flow 跨声速流［动］tra onic flow 超声速流［动］supersonic flow 锥形流coni cal flow 楔流wedge flow 叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流［动］non-equilibrium flow 细长体slender body 细长度slenderne钝头体bluff body 钝体blunt body 翼型airfoil 翼弦chord 薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory 构型configuration 后缘trailing edge 迎角angle of attack 失速stall 脱体激波detached shock wave 波阻wave drag 诱导阻力induced drag 诱导速度induced velocity 临界雷诺数critical Reyno Ids nu mber 前缘涡leading edge vortex 附着涡bound vortex 约束涡confined vortex 气动中心aerodynamic center 气动力aerodynamic force 气动噪声aerodynamic noise 气动加热aerodynamicheating 离解di ociation地面效应ground effect 气体动力学gas dynamics 稀疏波rarefaction wave 热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow 瑞利流Rayleigh flow 可压缩流［动］compre ible flow 可压缩流体compre ible fluid 绝热流adiabatic flow 非绝热流diabatic flow 未扰动流undisturbed flow 等熵流isentropic flow 匀熵流homoentropic flow 兰金-于戈尼奥条件Ran ki ne-Hugo niot con diti on 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equati on of state 完全气体perfect gas 拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle 马赫角Mach angle 马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line 马赫数Mach number 马赫波Mach wave 当地马赫数local Mach number 冲击波shock wave 激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave 斜激波oblique shock wave 头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front 激波层shock layer 压缩波compre ion wave 反射reflection 折射refraction 散射scattering 衍射diffraction 绕射diffraction 出口压力exit pre ure 超压［强］over pre ure 反压back pre ure 爆炸explosion爆轰det on ati on 缓燃deflagration 水动力学hydrodynamics 液体动力学hydrodynamics 泰勒不稳定性Taylor i tability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave 斯托克斯波Stokes wave 壬瑞利数Rayleigh number 自由面free surface 波速wave eed, wave velocity 波高wave height 波列wave train 波群wave group 波能wave energy 表面波surface wave 表面张力波capillary wave 规则波regular wave 不规则波irregular wave 浅水波shallow water wave 深水波deep water wave 重力波gravity wave 椭圆余弦波enoidal wave 潮波tidal wave 涌波surge wave 破碎波breaking wave 船波ship wave 非线性波nonlinear wave 孤立子soliton 水动［力］噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer 空化cavitation 空化数cavitation number 空蚀cavitation damage 超空化流supercavitating flow 水翼hydrofoil 水力学hydraulics 洪水波flood wave 涟漪ri le 消能energy di ipation 海洋水动力学marine hydrod ynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula 欧拉数Euler number 弗劳德数Froude number 水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope 高度水头elevating head 水头损失head lo 水位water level 水跃hydraulic jump 含水层aquifer 排水drain age 排放量discharge 壅水曲线back water curve 压［强水］头pre ure head 过水断面flow cro -section 明槽流open cha el flow 孑L流orifice flow 无压流free surface flow 有压流pre ure flow 缓流subcritical flow 急流supercritical flow 渐变流gradually varied flow 急变流rapidly varied flow 临界流critical flow 异重流de ity current, gravity flow 堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream 降水曲线dropdown curve 沉积物sediment, deposit 沉［降堆］积sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度settling velocity 流动稳定性flow stability 不稳定性i tability 奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation 泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow 奥辛流Oseen flow 剪切流shear flow 粘性流［动］viscous flow 层流laminar flow分离流separated flow 二次流sec on dary flow 近场流near field flow 远场流far field flow 滞止流stagnation flow 尾流wake ［flow］回流back flow反流reverse flow 射流jet 自由射流free jet 管流pipe flow, tube flow 内流internal flow 拟序结构cohere nt structure 猝发过程bursting proce 表观粘度 a arent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise 厘泊centipoise 厘沱centistoke 剪切层shear layer 次层sublayer 流动分离flow separation 层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point 附着点attachment point 再附reattachment 再层流化relam in arizati on 起动涡starting vortex 驻涡standing vortex 涡旋破碎vortex breakdown 涡旋脱落vortex shedding 压［力］降pre ure drop 压差阻力pre ure drag 压力能pre ure energy 型阻profile drag 滑移速度slip velocity 无滑移条件non-slip condition 壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度friction velocity 磨擦损失friction lo 磨擦因子friction factor耗散di ipation 滞后lag 相似性解similar solution 局域相似local similarity 气体润滑gas lubrication 液体动力润滑hydrod yn amic lubricati on 浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory 边界层方程boundary layer equation 边界层boundary layer 附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer 湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer 温度边界层thermal boundary layer 边界层转捩boundary layer tra ition 边界层分离boundary layer separation 边界层厚度boundary layer thickne 位移厚度di lacement thickne 动量厚度momentum thickne 能量厚度energy thickne 焓厚度enthalpy thickne 注入injection 吸出suction 泰勒涡Taylor vortex 速度亏损律velocity defect law 形状因子shape factor 测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry 流动显示flow visualization 油烟显示oil smoke visualization 孑L板流量计orifice meter 频率响应frequency re o e 油膜显示oil film visualization 阴影法shadow method 纹影法schlieren method 烟丝法smoke wire method 丝线法tuft method 氢泡法nydrogen bu le method 相似理论similarity theory 相似律similarity law 咅B分相似partial similarity 定理pi theorem, Buck in gham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration 动态校准dynamic calibration 风洞wind tu el 激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tu el 水洞water tu el 拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin 扩散段diffuser 测压孑L pre ure tap 皮托管pitot tube 普雷斯顿管preston tube 斯坦顿管Stanton tube 文丘里管Venturi tube U 形管U-tube 压强计manometer 微压计microma nometer 多管压强计multiple manometer 静压管static [pre ure]tube 流速计an emometer 风速管Pitot- static tube 激光多普勒测速计laser Do ler an emometer, laser Do ler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire an emometer 热膜流速计hot- film an emometer 流量计flow meter 粘度计visco[si] meter 涡量计vorticitymeter 传感器tra ducer, se or压强传感器pre ure tra ducer 热敏电阻thermistor 示踪物tracer 时间线time line 脉线streak line 尺度效应scale effect 壁效应wall effect 堵塞blockage 堵寒效应blockage effect 动态响应dynamic re o e 响应频率re o e frequency 底压base pre ure 菲克定律Fick law 巴塞特力Ba et force 埃克特数Eckert number 格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number 努塞特数Nu elt number 普朗特数prandtl number 雷诺比拟Reyno Ids an alogy 施密特数schmidt number 斯坦顿数Stanton number 对流convection自由对流n atural con vecti on,free con vec-ti on 强迫对流forced convection 热对流heat convection 质量传递ma tra fer 传质系数ma tra fer coefficient 热量传递heat tra fer 传热系数heat tra fer coefficient 对流传热convective heat tra fer 辐射传热radiative heat tra fer 动量交换momentum tra fer 能量传递energy tra fer 传导conduction 热传导conductive heat tra fer 热交换heat exchange 临界热通量critical heat flux 浓度concentration 扩散diffusion 扩散性diffusivity 扩散率diffusivity 扩散速度diffusion velocity 分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation 气化gasification 凝结conde ation 成核nucleation 计算流体力学computational fluid mecha nics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem 伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程con vecti on diffusi on equati on KDU 方程KDV equation 修正微分方程modified differe ntial equati on 拉克斯等价定理Lax equivale nee theorem 数值模拟numerical simulation 大涡模拟large eddy simulation 数值粘性numerical viscosity 非线性不稳定性nonlinear i tability 希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability an alysis 相容条件co istency conditionCFL 条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewycon diti on ,CFL con diti on 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet bou ndarycon diti on熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary con diti on 流入边界条件inflow boundary con diti on 无反射边界条件non reflect ing boundary con diti on数值边界条件numerical boundary con diti on流出边界条件outflow boundary con diti on 冯■诺伊曼条件von Neuma condition 近似因子分解法a roximate factorization method人工压缩artificial compre ion人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method 配置方法collocation method 能量法energy method 有限体积法finite volume method 流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected tra ort method通量矢量分解法flux vector litt ing method 伽辽金法Galerkin method 积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics 直线法method of lines 矩量法moment method 多重网格法multi- grid method 板块法panel method 质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method 预估校正法predictor-corrector method 投影法projection method 准谱法eudo- ectral method 随机选取法random choice method 激波捕捉法shock-capturing method 激波拟合法shock-fitting method 谱方法ectral method 稀疏矩阵分解法lit coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method 时间分步法time litting method 变分法variational method 涡方法vortex method 隐格式implicit scheme 显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alter nati ng directi on implicit scheme, ADI scheme反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion differenee scheme紧差分格式compact differenee scheme 守恒差分格式co ervation differenee scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Cran k-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Fra nkel scheme 指数格式exponential scheme 戈本诺夫格式Godu nov scheme 高分辨率格式high resoluti on scheme 拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-We ndroff scheme 蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone differe nee scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving differe nee scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme 半隐格式semi-implicit scheme 斜迎风格式skew-u tream scheme 全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式u tream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain 影响域domai n of in flue nee 依赖域domain of dependence 区域分解domain decomposition 维数分解dime ion al lit 物理解physical solution 弱解weak solution 黎曼解算子Riema solver 守恒型co ervation form 弱守恒型weak co ervation form 强守恒型strong coervation form 散度型diverge nee form 贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates［自］适应网格［self-］ adaptive mesh 适应网格生成adaptive grid gen erati on 自动网格生成automatic grid gen erati on 数值网格生成n umerical grid gen erati on 交错网格staggered mesh 网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number 数植扩散numerical diffusion 数值耗散numerical di ipation 数值色散numerical di ersion 数值通量numerical flux 放大因子amplification factor 放大矩阵amplification matrix 阻尼误差damping error 离散涡discrete vortex 熵通量entropy flux 熵函数entropy function 分步法fractional step method 广义连续统力学generalized continuum mecha nics 简单物质simple material 纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differential type 积分型物质material of integral type 混合物组份co tituents of a mixture 非协调理论in compatibility theory 微极理论micropolar theory 决定性原理principle of determinism 等存在原理principle of equipresenee 局部作用原理prin ciple of objectivity 客观性原理。