An Operational Semantics of a Simulator Algorithm
SimTALK
Sets the number of methods that may be suspended at the same time and wait for an event to occur.
Last printed: 10/26/2008 2:03:00 PM Last saved: 2/19/2004 1:54:00 PM
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Strategies
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Lesson 1: Introduction to the Object Method
Introduction
A Method is a small program, comparable to a procedure or a function in the programming languages Basic, Pascal or C++.
The Object Method
Use the Method to program controls that other objects start and execute during the simulation run.
Properties:
Capacity: 0 Information flow object
Strategies 1-1
电子公司笔试题精选
电子类公司笔试题精选一、模拟电路1基尔霍夫定理的内容是什么？〔仕兰微电子〕基尔霍夫电流定律是一个电荷守恒定律,即在一个电路中流入一个节点的电荷与流出同一个节点的电荷相等.基尔霍夫电压定律是一个能量守恒定律,即在一个回路中回路电压之和为零.2、平板电容公式(C=εS/4πkd)。
〔未知〕3、最基本的如三极管曲线特性。
〔未知〕4、描述反馈电路的概念，列举他们的应用。
〔仕兰微电子〕5、负反馈种类〔电压并联反馈，电流串联反馈，电压串联反馈和电流并联反馈〕；负反馈的优点〔降低放大器的增益灵敏度，改变输入电阻和输出电阻，改善放大器的线性和非线性失真，有效地扩展放大器的通频带，自动调节作用〕〔未知〕6、放大电路的频率补偿的目的是什么，有哪些方法？〔仕兰微电子〕7、频率响应，如：怎么才算是稳定的，如何改变频响曲线的几个方法。
〔未知〕8、给出一个查分运放，如何相位补偿，并画补偿后的波特图。
〔凹凸〕9、基本放大电路种类〔电压放大器，电流放大器，互导放大器和互阻放大器〕，优缺点，特别是广泛采用差分结构的原因。
〔未知〕10、给出一差分电路，告诉其输出电压Y 和Y-,求共模分量和差模分量。
〔未知〕11、画差放的两个输入管。
〔凹凸〕12、画出由运放构成加法、减法、微分、积分运算的电路原理图。
并画出一个晶体管级的运放电路。
〔仕兰微电子〕13、用运算放大器组成一个10倍的放大器。
〔未知〕14、给出一个简单电路，让你分析输出电压的特性〔就是个积分电路〕，并求输出端某点的rise/fall时间。
(Infineon笔试试题)15、电阻R和电容C串联，输入电压为R和C之间的电压，输出电压分别为C上电压和R 上电压，要求制这两种电路输入电压的频谱，判断这两种电路何为高通滤波器，何为低通滤波器。
当RC18、说说静态、动态时序模拟的优缺点。
〔威盛VIA 2003.11.06 上海笔试试题〕19、一个四级的Mux,其中第二级信号为关键信号如何改善timing。
计算语言学讲义(03)词法分析(一)
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序列标注问题
• 输入：一个符号序列 • 输出：给每一个输入符号赋予一个标记 • 常见具体问题：
– 音字转换：拼音序列 – 词性标注：词语序列 – 词义排歧：词语序列 汉字序列 词性序列 词义标记序列
计算语言学讲义(04)词法分析I
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序列结构化
• 输入：一个符号序列 • 输出：一个结构，刻划符号之间的关系 • 常见具体问题：
• 输入：一段文本 • 输出：单词串 • 算法：（略）
计算语言学讲义(04)词法分析I
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Stemming
屈折型语言的词语变化形式： • 屈折变化：即由于单词在句子中所起的语法作用的不同而 发生的词的形态变化，而单词的词性基本不变的现象，如 （ take, took, takes）。识别这种变化是词法分析的最 基本的任务。 • 派生变化：即一个单词从另外一个不同类单词或词干衍生 过来，如morphological morphology，英语中派生变化 主要通过加前缀或后缀的形式构成；在其他语言中，如德 语和俄语中，同时还伴有音的变化。 • 复合变化：两个或更多个单词以一定的方式组合成一个新 的单词。这种变化形式比较灵活，如well-formed, 6year-old等等。 Stemming的目的：将上述变化还原
– 成分句法分析：词语序列 短语结构树 – 依存句法分析：词语序列 依存树 – 语义分析：词语序列 语义网络
计算语言学讲义(04)词法分析I
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问题与方法
• 计算语言学常用方法：
– 规则方法
• 形式语法理论 • 形式逻辑 • ……
– 统计方法
• • • • n元语法模型 隐马尔科夫模型 最大熵模型 ……
计算语言学讲义(04)词法分析I
(完整版)人工智能原理MOOC习题集及答案北京大学王文敏课件
正确答案：A、B 你选对了Quizzes for Chapter 11 单选(1 分)图灵测试旨在给予哪一种令人满意的操作定义得分/ 5 多选(1 分)选择下列计算机系统中属于人工智能的实例得分/总分总分A. W eb搜索引擎A. 人类思考B.超市条形码扫描器B. 人工智能C.声控电话菜单该题无法得分/1.00C.机器智能 1.00/1.00D.智能个人助理该题无法得分/1.00正确答案：A、D 你错选为C、DD.机器动作正确答案： C 你选对了6 多选(1 分)选择下列哪些是人工智能的研究领域得分/总分2 多选(1 分)选择以下关于人工智能概念的正确表述得分/总分A.人脸识别0.33/1.00A. 人工智能旨在创造智能机器该题无法得分/1.00B.专家系统0.33/1.00B. 人工智能是研究和构建在给定环境下表现良好的智能体程序该题无法得分/1.00C.图像理解C.人工智能将其定义为人类智能体的研究该题无法D.分布式计算得分/1.00正确答案：A、B、C 你错选为A、BD.人工智能是为了开发一类计算机使之能够完成通7 多选(1 分)考察人工智能(AI) 的一些应用，去发现目前下列哪些任务可以通过AI 来解决得分/总分常由人类所能做的事该题无法得分/1.00正确答案：A、B、D 你错选为A、B、C、DA.以竞技水平玩德州扑克游戏0.33/1.003 多选(1 分)如下学科哪些是人工智能的基础？得分/总分B.打一场像样的乒乓球比赛A. 经济学0.25/1.00C.在Web 上购买一周的食品杂货0.33/1.00B. 哲学0.25/1.00D.在市场上购买一周的食品杂货C.心理学0.25/1.00正确答案：A、B、C 你错选为A、CD.数学0.25/1.008 填空(1 分)理性指的是一个系统的属性，即在_________的环境下正确答案：A、B、C、D 你选对了做正确的事。
得分/总分正确答案：已知4 多选(1 分)下列陈述中哪些是描述强AI (通用AI )的正确答案？得1 单选(1 分)图灵测试旨在给予哪一种令人满意的操作定义得分/ 分/总分总分A. 指的是一种机器，具有将智能应用于任何问题的A.人类思考能力0.50/1.00B.人工智能B. 是经过适当编程的具有正确输入和输出的计算机，因此有与人类同样判断力的头脑0.50/1.00C.机器智能 1.00/1.00C.指的是一种机器，仅针对一个具体问题D.机器动作正确答案： C 你选对了D.其定义为无知觉的计算机智能，或专注于一个狭2 多选(1 分)选择以下关于人工智能概念的正确表述得分/总分窄任务的AIA. 人工智能旨在创造智能机器该题无法得分/1.00B.专家系统0.33/1.00B. 人工智能是研究和构建在给定环境下表现良好的C.图像理解智能体程序该题无法得分/1.00D.分布式计算C.人工智能将其定义为人类智能体的研究该题无法正确答案：A、B、C 你错选为A、B得分/1.00 7 多选(1 分)考察人工智能(AI) 的一些应用，去发现目前下列哪些任务可以通过AI 来解决得分/总分D.人工智能是为了开发一类计算机使之能够完成通A.以竞技水平玩德州扑克游戏0.33/1.00常由人类所能做的事该题无法得分/1.00正确答案：A、B、D 你错选为A、B、C、DB.打一场像样的乒乓球比赛3 多选(1 分)如下学科哪些是人工智能的基础？得分/总分C.在Web 上购买一周的食品杂货0.33/1.00A. 经济学0.25/1.00D.在市场上购买一周的食品杂货B. 哲学0.25/1.00正确答案：A、B、C 你错选为A、CC.心理学0.25/1.008 填空(1 分)理性指的是一个系统的属性，即在_________的环境下D.数学0.25/1.00 做正确的事。
Graph rewriting
Graph rewritingGraph transformation,or graph rewriting,concerns the technique of creating a new graph out of an origi-nal graph algorithmically.It has numerous applications, ranging from software engineering(software construction and also software verification)to layout algorithms and picture generation.Graph transformations can be used as a computation ab-straction.The basic idea is that the state of a computa-tion can be represented as a graph,further steps in that computation can then be represented as transformation rules on that graph.Such rules consist of an original graph,which is to be matched to a subgraph in the com-plete state,and a replacing graph,which will replace the matched subgraph.Formally,a graph rewriting system usually consists of a set of graph rewrite rules of the form L→R,with L being called pattern graph(or left-hand side)and R be-ing called replacement graph(or right-hand side of the rule).A graph rewrite rule is applied to the host graph by searching for an occurrence of the pattern graph(pattern matching,thus solving the subgraph isomorphism prob-lem)and by replacing the found occurrence by an instance of the replacement graph.Rewrite rules can be further regulated in the case of labeled graphs,such as in string-regulated graph grammars.Sometimes graph grammar is used as a synonym for graph rewriting system,especially in the context of formal languages;the different wording is used to em-phasize the goal of constructions,like the enumeration of all graphs from some starting graph,i.e.the generation of a graph language–instead of simply transforming a given state(host graph)into a new state.1Graph rewriting approaches There are several approaches to graph rewriting.One of them is the algebraic approach,which is based upon category theory.The algebraic approach is divided into some sub approaches,the double-pushout(DPO)ap-proach and the single-pushout(SPO)approach being the most common ones;further on there are the sesqui-pushout and the pullback approach.From the perspective of the DPO approach a graph rewriting rule is a pair of morphisms in the category of graphs with total graph morphisms as arrows:r=(L←K→R)(or L⊇K⊆R)where K→L is injective. The graph K is called invariant or sometimes the gluinggraph.A rewriting step or application of a rule r to a host graph G is defined by two pushout diagrams both origi-nating in the same morphism k:K→G(this is where the name double-pushout comes from).Another graph morphism m:L→G models an occurrence of L in G and is called a match.Practical understanding of this is that L is a subgraph that is matched from G(see subgraph isomorphism problem),and after a match is found,L is replaced with R in host graph G where K serves as an interface,containing the nodes and edges which are pre-served when applying the rule.The graph K is needed to attach the pattern being matched to its context:if it is empty,the match can only designate a whole connected component of the graph G.In contrast a graph rewriting rule of the SPO approach is a single morphism in the category labeled multigraphs with partial graph morphisms as arrows:r:L→R. Thus a rewriting step is defined by a single pushout di-agram.Practical understanding of this is similar to the DPO approach.The difference is,that there is no inter-face between the host graph G and the graph G'being the result of the rewriting step.There is also another algebraic-like approach to graph rewriting,based mainly on Boolean algebra and an alge-bra of matrices,called matrix graph grammars.[1][2] Yet another approach to graph rewriting,known as deter-minate graph rewriting,came out of logic and database theory.In this approach,graphs are treated as database instances,and rewriting operations as a mechanism for defining queries and views;therefore,all rewriting is re-quired to yield unique results(up to isomorphism),and this is achieved by applying any rewriting rule concur-rently throughout the graph,wherever it applies,in such a way that the result is indeed uniquely defined.2Term graph rewritingAnother approach to graph rewriting is term graph rewrit-ing,which involves the processing or transformation of term graphs(also known as abstract semantic graphs)by a set of syntactic rewrite rules.Term graphs are a prominent topic in programming lan-guage research since term graph rewriting rules are ca-pable of formally expressing a compiler’s operational se-mantics.Term graphs are also used as abstract machines capable of modelling chemical and biological compu-tations as well as graphical calculi such as concurrency 123IMPLEMENTATIONS AND APPLICATIONSmodels.Term graphs can perform automated verifica-tion and logical programming since they are well-suited to representing quantified statements in first order logic.Symbolic programming software is another application for term graphs,which are capable of representing and performing computation with abstract algebraic struc-tures such as groups,fields and rings.The TERMGRAPH conference [3]focuses entirely on re-search into term graph rewriting and its applications.3Implementations and applica-tionsExample for graph rewrite rule (optimization from compiler con-struction:multiplication with 2replaced by addition)Graphs are an expressive,visual and mathematically pre-cise formalism for modelling of objects (entities)linked by relations;objects are represented by nodes and rela-tions between them by edges.Nodes and edges are com-monly typed and putations are described in this model by changes in the relations between the en-tities or by attribute changes of the graph elements.They are encoded in graph rewrite/graph transformation rules and executed by graph rewrite systems/graph transforma-tion tools.•Tools that are application domain neutral:• ,the graph rewrite generator,a graph transformation tool emitting C#-code or .NET-assemblies•AGG ,the attributed graph grammar system (Java )•GP (Graph Programs)is a programming lan-guage for computing on graphs by the directed application of graph transformation rules.•GMTE ,the Graph Matching and Transforma-tion Engine for graph matching and transfor-mation.It is an implementation of an exten-sion of Messmer’s algorithm using C++.•GROOVE ,a Java-based tool set for editing graphs and graph transformation rules,explor-ing the state spaces of graph grammars,and model checking those state spaces;can also be used as a graph transformation engine.•Tools that solve software engineering tasks (mainly MDA )with graph rewriting:•eMoflon ,an EMF-compliant model-transformation tool with support for Story-Driven Modeling and Triple Graph Grammars •GReAT •VIATRA•Graph databases often support dynamic rewriting of graphs•Gremlin ,a graph-based programming lan-guage (see Graph Rewriting )•PROGRES ,an integrated environment and very high level language for PROgrammed Graph REwriting Systems•Fujaba uses Story driven modelling,a graph rewrite language based on PROGRES •EMorF and Henshin ,graph rewriting systems based on EMF ,supporting in-place model transformation and model to model transfor-mation•Mechanical engineering tools•GraphSynth is an interpreter and UI environ-ment for creating unrestricted graph grammars as well as testing and searching the resultant language variant.It saves graphs and graph grammar rules as XML files and is written in C#.•Soley Studio ,is an integrated development en-vironment for graph transformation systems.It’s main application focus is data analytics in the field of engineering.•Biology applications•Functional-structural plant modeling with a graph grammar based language•Multicellular development modeling with string-regulated graph grammars•Artificial Intelligence/Natural Language Processing•OpenCog provides a basic pattern matcher (on hypergraphs )which is used to implement var-ious AI algorithms.3•RelEx is an English-language parser that em-ploys graph re-writing to convert a link parseinto a dependency parse.4See also•Category theory•Graph theory•Shape grammar•Term graph5Notes[1]Perez2009covers this approach in detail.[2]This topic is expanded at .[3]“TERMGRAPH”.6References•Rozenberg,Grzegorz(1997),Handbook of GraphGrammars and Computing by Graph Transforma-tions,World Scientific Publishing,volumes1–3,ISBN9810228848.•Perez,P.P.(2009),Matrix Graph Grammars:An Al-gebraic Approach to Graph Dynamics,VDM Verlag,ISBN978-3-639-21255-6.•Heckel,R.(2006).Graph transformation in a nut-shell.Electronic Notes in Theoretical ComputerScience148(1SPEC.ISS.),pp.187–198.•König,Barbara(2004).Analysis and Verifica-tion of Systems with Dynamically Evolving Structure.Habilitation thesis,Universität Stuttgart,pp.65–180.•Lobo,D.et al.(2011).Graph grammars with string-regulated rewriting.Theoretical Computer Science,412(43),pp.6101-6111.47TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES,CONTRIBUTORS,AND LICENSES 7Text and image sources,contributors,and licenses7.1Text•Graph rewriting Source:/wiki/Graph%20rewriting?oldid=651791188Contributors:Rp,Silverfish,MathMartin, Giftlite,Thv,Matt Crypto,Cmdrjameson,R.S.Shaw,Oleg Alexandrov,Linas,Rjwilmsi,Batztown,Michael Slone,Arthur Rubin,Rtc, Dougher,David Eppstein,Ppablo1812,Addbot,JakobVoss,4th-otaku,AnomieBOT,Gragragra,HanielBarbosa,TechBot,Mattica,2nd-jpeg,FrescoBot,Gwpl,Playmobilonhishorse,Waidanian,Ɯ,Ptrb,Helpful Pixie Bot,Bouassida,Eptified,Loelib,Mark viking,Dokkam, RolandKluge and Anonymous:377.2Images•File:GraphRewriteExample.PNG Source:/wikipedia/commons/4/44/GraphRewriteExample.PNG License: Public domain Contributors:Own work Original artist:Gragra7.3Content license•Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike3.0。
Production Rule Verification for Quasi-Delay-Insensitive Circuits
模块化多电平变换器最近电平调制研究
模块化多电平变换器最近电平调制研究张国荣;韩慧颖;王啸飞;陈祥【摘要】模块化多电平变换器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的调制方法直接影响其运行时的整体性能.最近电平调制(nearest level modulation,NLM)由于其多电平输出时开关频率低、易于工程实现等优点在中高压大功率场合得到广泛应用.文章针对传统NLM采用电容电压排序,根据电流方向选择相应子模块触发导通的电压均衡方法,在阶梯波形成过程中引入自变量的偏差值,调整近似函数,对发波过程的算法进行修正,使得输出电平数增加一倍,显著提高交流输出电压谐波特性;同时分析比较不同调制偏差量组合情况下的输出电压谐波水平,最后仿真验证了该方法的效果.%The overall performance of modular multilevel converter (MMC) is directly affected by the modulation method.And the nearest level modulation (NLM) has been widely used in high voltage and high power applications today,due to its lower switching losses and more convenience when implemented in MMC.In this paper,the voltage balancing method based on capacitor voltage sequencing is applied,and then,a small offset is added to the approximate function during the trigger pulse forming process.The function-rounding process is adjusted so that the time of step changing staggered and the harmonic distortions of output wave can be improved dramatically.Furthermore,the output voltage harmonic level of the combination of different modulation deviation is analyzed.The inventor model of MMC with 10 sub-modules is realized byMATLAB/Simulink.Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.【期刊名称】《电测与仪表》【年(卷),期】2017(054)023【总页数】9页(P1-9)【关键词】模块化多电平;最近电平调制;电容电压排序;近似函数;输出电压谐波【作者】张国荣;韩慧颖;王啸飞;陈祥【作者单位】合肥工业大学电气与自动化工程学院,合肥230009;合肥工业大学电气与自动化工程学院,合肥230009;合肥工业大学电气与自动化工程学院,合肥230009;芜湖县广播电视台,安徽芜湖241199【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM930 引言模块化多电平变换器（MMC）因其在功率控制、开关频率、输出波形、模块化设计等方面的诸多优点在高压大功率场合得到了广泛应用。
Cadence-使用参考手册
Cadence 使用参考手册邓海飞微电子学研究所设计室20XX7月目录概述11.1 Cadence概述11.2 ASIC设计流程1第一章Cadence 使用基础52.1 Cadence 软件的环境设置52.2 Cadence软件的启动方法102.3库文件的管理122.4文件格式的转化132.5 怎样使用在线帮助132.6 本手册的组成14第二章Verilog-XL 的介绍153. 1 环境设置153.2 Verilog-XL的启动153.3 Verilog－XL的界面173.4 Verilog-XL的使用示例183.5 Verilog-XL的有关帮助文件19第四章电路图设计与电路模拟214.1 电路图设计工具Composer (21)4.1.1 设置214.1.2 启动224.1.3 用户界面与使用方法224.1.4 使用示例244.1.5 相关在线帮助文档244.2 电路模拟工具Analog Artist (24)4.2.1 设置244.2.2 启动254.2.3 用户界面与使用方法254.2.5 相关在线帮助文档25第五章自动布局布线275.1 Cadence中的自动布局布线流程275.2 用AutoAbgen进行自动布局布线库设计28第六章版图设计与其验证306.1 版图设计大师Virtuoso Layout Editor (30)6.1.1 设置306.1.2 启动306.1.3 用户界面与使用方法316.1.4 使用示例316.1.5 相关在线帮助文档326.2 版图验证工具Dracula (32)6.2.1 Dracula使用介绍326.2.2 相关在线帮助文档33第七章skill语言程序设计347.1 skill语言概述347.2 skill语言的基本语法347.3 Skill语言的编程环境347.4面向工具的skill语言编程35附录1 技术文件与显示文件示例60附录2 Verilog-XL实例文件721．Test_memory.v (72)2．SRAM256X8.v (73)3．ram_sy1s_8052 (79)4．TSMC库文件84附录3 Dracula 命令文件359概述作为流行的EDA工具之一，Cadence一直以来都受到了广大EDA工程师的青睐。
人工智能习题答案
第一章绪论1-1. 什么是人工智能？试从学科和能力两方面加以说明。
从学科角度来看：人工智能是计算机科学中涉及研究、设计和应用智能机器的一个分支。
它的近期主要目标在于研究用机器来模仿和执行人脑的某些智能功能，并开发相关理论和技术。
从能力角度来看：人工智能是智能机器所执行的通常与人类智能有关的功能，如判断、推理、证明、识别、感知、理解、设计、思考、规划、学习和问题求解等思维活动1-2. 在人工智能的发展过程中，有哪些思想和思潮起了重要作用？控制论之父维纳1940年主张计算机五原则。
他开始考虑计算机如何能像大脑一样工作。
系统地创建了控制论，根据这一理论，一个机械系统完全能进行运算和记忆。
帕梅拉·麦考达克(Pamela McCorduck)在她的著名的人工智能历史研究《机器思维》(Machine Who Think,1979)中曾经指出：在复杂的机械装置与智能之间存在着长期的联系。
著名的英国科学家图灵被称为人工智能之父,图灵不仅创造了一个简单的通用的非数字计算模型，而且直接证明了计算机可能以某种被理解为智能的方法工作。
提出了著名的图灵测试。
数理逻辑从19世纪末起就获迅速发展；到20世纪30年代开始用于描述智能行为。
计算机出现后，又在计算机上实现了逻辑演绎系统。
1943年由生理学家麦卡洛克(McCulloch)和数理逻辑学家皮茨(Pitts)创立的脑模型，即MP模型。
60-70年代，联结主义，尤其是对以感知机(perceptron)为代表的脑模型的研究曾出现过热潮，控制论思想早在40-50年代就成为时代思潮的重要部分，影响了早期的人工智能工作者。
到60-70年代，控制论系统的研究取得一定进展，播下智能控制和智能机器人的种子。
1-3. 为什么能够用机器（计算机）模仿人的智能？物理符号系统的假设：任何一个系统，如果它能够表现出智能，那么它就必定能执行输入符号、输出符号、存储符号、复制符号、建立符号结构、条件性迁移6种功能。
CENTUM CS3000简介
•输入/输出冗余 •远程IO
各种各样的现场设备上都可 以连接到相对应的通讯接口
CPU 冗余 -- Pair&Spare -
Vnet/IP
Coupler Coupler
两块CPU模块各 自独立工作，两 块CPU模块可以 进行无缝切换.
CPU module
CPU module
Vnet I/F
Main memory
FFCS
HF-Bus 1MBPS Dual Redundant Token Pass
EOPS
1975
CENTUM
COPS CFFS CFCS2CFCD2 CFCS EFCD
F-Bus 250 KBPS Dual Redundant Token Pass
CFCSCFCD
CENTUM CS 3000 R3
System alarm window
Node Interface Unit status window
远程HIS TS 系统结构
- 流程图操作
- 仪表面板操作 - 趋势画面 - 报警监视
HIS TS 可扩展到8个客户端
HIS
V net/IP
Office 局域 网 防火墙
Port:3389
FCS
Windows2003 TSE
HART
PROFIBUS-DPV1
主要部件
V net/IP (Control Network 控制网络) HIS (Human Interface Station 操作站) FCS (Field Control Station 现场控制站)
控制网络的发展
Vnet/IP 1 Gbps Vnet 10 Mbps HF-BUS 1 Mbps