(精选)Chapter3
Chapter3--NegotiationLubrication
Chapter 3 Negotiation Lubrication(润滑剂)谈判润滑剂Key Issues(主要问题)·What preparatory(准备的) work do negotiation have to do ?谈判必须做的准备工作是什么?·What target are to be set for a successful negotiation?成功的谈判应该制定哪些目标?·Why is information so important in a negotiation ?谈判中信息为什么这么重要?·What is negotiating team composed of(组成,构成) ?谈判团队应由哪些人员组成?Every negotiation requires preparation. The preparatory(准备的)work, in a sense, functions as lubrication(润滑剂)on either regular or an ad hoc(特别的) basis. Preparation is an integral (构成整体所必需的)and fundamental (基本的，重要的)part of a negotiation, which prepares parties with information critical (关键性的)to negotiation, equip participants with weapons necessary for bargaining and build up negotia tors’ confidence. Amost important cause(原因) for failure in international negotiation is insufficient preparation and information. The failure of negotiators to comprehend(理解，领会) complex situations, the failure to remember that negotiation cases and their adversaries(对手，敌人) differ from case to case ，person to person ,and lack of investigation into financial credit and market situation has made international business negotiation a high-risk activity. International business research is therefore instrumental （有帮助的）to international business success since it permit(许可) negotiator to take into account (重视，考虑)different environments, attitudes, and market conditions. Y et, such research has also become less complicated(结构复杂的).V arious information channels, especially internet enable information and research from around the globe can be obtained (获得)quite easily. Negotiation preparation begins when people related with negotiation have to make decision on the following issues: ⑴objectives （目标）and targets to be achieved(实现);⑵macro(巨大的)and micro（极小的）information to be researched;⑶ negotiation team members to be involved, and ;⑷locations where negotiations to be conducted(实施，进行)。
chapter3特殊无差异曲线
第三章 选择理论在第一章中，我们对经济学中的选择进行了一般性分析，这一章重点分析建立在偏好基础上的个人选择，即个人如何进行选择并做出决策。
在经济生活中，选择是人们必然面对的重要问题，具有不可回避性，而如何做出选择又是非常现实的方法问题。
选择理论之所以在经济分析特别是微观经济分析中占有重要的地位，主要是因为：第一，借助选择理论，我们可以深入到居民需求曲线和供给曲线的背后，去探究居民面对价格的变化如何调整自己的经济行为，以及价格的变化如何影响需求曲线和供给曲线。
第二，选择理论提供了一个分析框架帮助人们理解人类行为的共同特征和人类广泛的活动领域。
第三，选择理论提供了一种分析方法帮助人们正确描述和判断经济生活中的经济问题和经济现象。
第四，选择理论是科学决策的理论基础，科学的决策必然建立在科学的选择理论的基础之上。
研究选择理论，必须首先分析偏好，因为偏好是选择的基础，是进行科学选择的依据。
第一节 偏好与偏好假定一、个人偏好关系1、选择束偏好（preferences ）说明了个人面临各种可供选择的对象时，哪一个是值得或更值得去争取的这样一个问题。
主体的选择对象可以是商品及其组合，也可以是行动及其组合。
无论商品，行动以及它们的组合，都可以用一般化的概念 选择束（choice bundle ）来表示。
换言之，选择束包含了相应的商品、行动或它们的组合。
例如，当个人面临两种商品的选择时，图3－1给出了几个可供选择的选择束，它们分别表示：A ：三瓶啤酒和四个鸭蛋；B ：二瓶啤酒和六个鸭蛋；C ：四瓶啤酒和八个鸭蛋； A 、B 、C 分别代表了消费者的选择束。
对于消费者，选择束也叫消费束。
4 C 3 A2 B4 6 8图3-1：消费者的选择束再比如，当个人面临两种可供选择的行动（如学习和聊天）时，至少有下列三种选择束： A ：聊天，不学习；啤酒（瓶）鸭蛋（只）B：学习，不聊天；C：学习两小时，聊天两小时。
选择束是个人的选择对象。
Chapter+3
Practice 1 Develop the fragment into a proper topic sentence. 1. A trip to the Great Wall ________________________________________ 2. Taking College English Test Band 4 ________________________________________ 3. The problem of juvenile delinquency ________________________________________ 4. Remedial classes for primary students ________________________________________ 5. People who buy lottery ________________________________________
Narrowed topic: Why I Like Daniang Dumpling? Topic sentence: I love Daniang Dumpling for several reasons. Narrowed topic: An Effective Way to Control Air Pollution Topic sentence: An effective way to reduce air pollution is to limit the number of private cars. Narrowed topic: Two Kinds of Tests Topic sentence: There are mainly two kinds of tests in modern exams. Narrowed topic: A Bitter Experience in My Childhood Topic sentence: I can’t forget a bitter experience in my childhood.
Chapter3习语和四字格的翻译
五.借用英语中的同义习语
英语里有一些习语和汉语的一些习语采用相同或相似的形象或比喻，表达相同或相似的喻意，可以借用英语同义习语来翻译。
What is most detestable is that all my colleagues in the bank call me a blind old fool behind my back because I have engaged anuneducatedthirdrater as my assistant.
(1)粗枝大叶
粗枝大叶为联合结构，字面意义是，枝子很粗，叶子很大，很不精细。通常当马虎大意和粗心大意使用。
thick branches and broad leaves;
(in doing things,) do not take due care;
careless or carelessly
(2)闻所未闻
闻所未闻为动宾结构，字面意义是听到了从未听到过的，通常用于指事理或论述的新鲜、奇特。
hearing what has never been heard before;
rarely or seldom heard of
(3)盛气凌人
盛气凌人为主谓结构，字面意义是骄横傲慢以气势压人，通常与不可一世、咄咄逼人等词语同义
（6）她好久不来信了，一家子盼了星星盼月亮。
For many months no letter came from her, till her whole familyworried over her day and night.
chapter3化学热力学基础讲解
例： 在大气中的反应均为等压反应。 根据热力学第一定律：ΔU = Q + W 在等温等压，W = -pΔV
ΔU = Qp- pΔV 移项展开得： Qp=(U2+P2V2)-(U1+P1V1) 令 H=U+PV 引入一个新的状态函数H，称为焓 则 ΔH =H2-H1= Qp ΔH称为焓变 结论：在等温等压，不作非体积功的过程中，反应 吸收的热全部用来增加系统的焓。
= 1364 kJ
2018/10/24
27
小结
热力学第一定律： ΔU =Q+W
在等温等容，不作非体积功的封闭系统中：ΔU=Qv 在等温等压，不作非体积功的封闭系统中：ΔH=Qp ΔH 与ΔU的关系： ΔH =ΔU + p外ΔV ΔH 与ΔU的近似换算式：（有气体参与的反应） ΔH =ΔU + n RT
系统对环境做功，功取负值（W<0，系统能量降低）
2018/10/24
14
热力学能
热力学能 即内能，它是系统内部各种形式能量的总和，用
符号U表示，单位J或kJ ，包括系统中分子的平动能、转动
能、振动能、电子运动和原子核内的能量以及系统内部分子 与分子间的相互作用的位能等。 在实际化学过程中，U的绝对值不可能得到!!!!!
例如： 反应 N2(g) + 3H2(g) = 2NH3(g) 反应过程中有1mol N2和3molH2完全反应生成2molNH3。 反应进度变化以N2的物质的量改变量来计算: (0 1) ＝ 1mol
1
以H2的物质的量改变量来计算:
(0 3) ＝ 1mol 3
以NH3的物质的量改变量来计算:
2018/10/24
Chapter3Ourschoolevents背诵总结(知识清单)-新思维小学英语三年级上册
3A Chapter 3 背诵内容一、单词：序数词1.first 第一2.second 第二3.third 第三4.fourth 第四5.fifth 第五6.eighth 第八7.ninth 第九8.tenth 第十9.eleventh 第十一10.twelfth 第十二11.thirteenth 第十三12.fourteenth 第十四13.fifteenth 第十五14.sixteenth 第十六15.seventeenth第十七16.eighteenth 第十八17.nineteenth 第十九18.twentieth 第二十19.twentyfirst 第二十一20.twentysecond 第二十二21.twentythird 第二十三22.twentyfourth 第二十四23.twentyfifth 第二十五24.twentysixth 第二十六25.twentyseventh 第二十七26.twentyeighth 第二十八27.twentyninth 第二十九28.thirtieth 第三十29.thirty first 第三十一月份1.January 一月2.February 二月3.March 三月4.April 四月5.May 五月6.June 六月7.July 七月8.August 八月9.September 九月10.October 十月11.November 十一月12.December 十二月其它1.event 事件2.webpage 网页3.diary 日记4.concert 演唱会，音乐会5.speech 演讲6.picnic 野餐7.fair 市场8.invitation 邀请（n.名词）invite 邀请（v.动词）9.calendar 日历10.both (两个)都11.stick v. 粘、贴12.still 仍然13.return 返回二、词组和句型：1.our school events 我们学校的大事2.make a webpage 做网页3.help sb. (somebody) do sth.(something) 帮助某人做某事4.an invitation for Parents’ Day 家长会的邀请（函）5.feel bad 感觉糟糕6.give the cards to Mum and Dad = give Mum and Dad the cards把卡片给爸爸妈妈7.Parents’ Day at Sunny Girls’ School 阳光女子学校的音乐会8.half past three 三点半four o’clock9.Our school fair is on the twentyfirst of December, from nine o’clockin the morning to four o’clock in the afternoon. 我们学校的义卖在12月21号，从早上9点到下午4点。
大学英语写作课件chapter3
• 1) denotative(外延) A word’s denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary. 2）connotative（内涵） A word’s connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it.
e.g.1 p13
Country, nation, state, land (国家) • Country: refers to an area of land and its population and government. • Nation: emphasizes the people of a country. • State: refers to the government or political organization of a country. • Land: less precise but more literary and emotive.
Complimentary pejorative
Firm, determined Thrifty, frugal Trusting, naï ve Proud Strong-willed Group Accumulate, amass Routine, ordinary Old, elderly Obstinate Miserly, niggardly Gullible Haughty, arrogant Wilful Gang Hoard Mundane, dull senile
Complimentary or pejorative words
Chapter3 上课要点及单词
Dialogue one
• • • • • • • • • sports complex tricky alley diagonal road coordinate rink anonymous donation hockey 综合体育馆 难的;棘手的 巷道；胡同 对角线公路 坐标 溜冰场 匿名的 捐赠 曲棍球
Dialogue two
• • • • • • • • • • • digestion digestive due penalty consolidate enzymatic membrane protein carbohydrate nourish acid 消化 消化的; 助消化的 到期的 惩罚 合并 酶的 膜 蛋白（质） 碳水化合物; 给…提供营养 酸
Which of the following statements is most likely true about…? What probably occurred after…? It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about…? Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the author’s opinion about…?
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
clandestine shackle intrinsic legitimate medium ponder chronicle
–
秘密的 kept secret 羁绊;枷锁 内在的，本质的 basic 合法的；依法的 acceptable according to the law 媒质 思索 reflect deeply on a subject; 按时间顺序记述 歌词 不抱幻想的 歧视 treat differently on the basis of sex or race 失败主义者 哀叹；痛惜 sadness, regret, or disappointment 支持，拥护 support 天生的 present at birth
听力-chapter3
Chapter 3 Americans at Work1. PRELISTENINGB. V ocabulary and Key Concepts1. As we look at the changes over the last century, we’ll use a lot of statistics to describe these changes.2. While the number of people in these goods producing industries went down, the number of people in the service industries went up.3. Over the years, child labor laws became much stricter and by 1999, it was illegal for anyone under sixteen to work full-time in any of the fifty States.4. In 1900 the average per capita income was $4, 200.5. One of the important benefits most workers received later in the century was health insurance.6. Whereas wages and salaries rose over the century, the average workweek dropped.7. People often tend to romanticize the past and talk about “the good old days.”8. According to a 2003 study released by the United Nations International Labor Organization, U. S. workers are the most productive in the world.9. Longer working hours in the United States is a rising trend, whilethe trend in other industrialized countries is the opposite.10. Workers in some European countries actually outproduce American workers per hour of work.11. This higher rate of productivity might be because European workers are less stressed than U. S. workers.12. Between 1949 and 1974, increases in productivity were matched by increases in wages.13. After 1974, productivity increased in manufacturing and services, but real wages stagnated.14. The money goes for salaries to CEOs, to the stock market, and to corporate profits.15. Some people say that labor unions have lost power since the beginning of the 1980s, and that the government has passed laws that favor the rich and weaken the rights of the workers.II. LISTENINGLECTURE：Americans at WorkWhether you love it or hate it work is a major part of most people's lives everywhere in the world. Americans are no exception. Americans might complain about “blue Monday,” when they have to go back to work after the weekend, but most people put a lot of importance on their Job, not only in terms of money but also in terms of identity. In fact, when Americans are introduced to a newperson, they almost always ask each other,“What do you do?”They are asking, what is your Job or profession. Today, however, we won’t look at work in terms of what work means socially or psychologically. Rather, we’re going to take a look at work in the United States today from two perspectives. First, we’ll take a historical look at work in America. We’ll do that by looking at how things changed for the American worker from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century, that is, from the year 1900 to the year 1999. Then we'll look at how U.S. workers are doing today.As we look at the changes over the last century, we're going to use a lot of statistics to describe these changes. You will need to write down a lot of numbers in today’s lecture. First, let's consider how the type of work people were involved in changed. At the beginning of the twentieth century, about 38 percent of the workforce was involved in agriculture, that is, they worked on a farm. By the end of the century, only 3 percent still worked on farms. There was also a large decrease in the number of people working in mining, manufacturing, and construction. The number of workers in mining, manufacturing and construction went down from 31 percent to 19 percent.While the number of people in these goods producing industries went down, the number of people in the service industries went up.As you may know, a service industry is one that provides a service, rather than goods or products. A few examples include transportation, tourism, banking advertising, health care, and legal services. I’m sure you can think of more. The service industry workforce jumped from 31 percent of the workforce at the turn of the century to 78 percent in 1999. Let's recap the numbers: in 1900, 38 percent in agriculture；3l percent in mining, manufacturing, and construction; and 3l percent in the service industries. That should add up to 100 percent. In 1999, 3 percent in agriculture；19 Percent in mining, manufacturing and construction; and 78 percent in the service industries. Again, that should add up to 100 percent.The labor force changed in other important ways. For example, child labor was not unusual at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900 there were l, 750, 000 children aged ten to fifteen working full-time in the tabor force. This was 6 percent of the labor force. Over the years, child labor laws became much stricter and by 1999, it was illegal for anyone under sixteen to work full-time in any of the fifty states. While the number of children in the workforce went down, the number of women went up dramatically. In 1900, only 19 percent of women were employed；in 1999, 60 percent of women were holding down jobs.Let's see what has happened to wages and salaries. All the numbers Iwill give you are in terms of 1999 dollars. Let me explain. In 1900 the average per capita income was $4,200 a year. That does not mean that the average worker in 1900 earned $4, 200, a year, but that what he or she earned was equal to $4, 200 in 1999. That is, the amount of money the average worker earned in 1900 was worth the same as $4, 200 in 1999. The average per capita income in 1999 was $33,700. Not only did people earn a lot more money at the end of the century, they also received a lot more in benefit than at the beginning of the century. One of the important benefits most workers received later in the century was health insurance. Whereas wages and salaries rose over the century, the average workweek dropped. That is, workers, in general, did not work as long hours in 1999 as they did in 1900.The last area that I'd like to give you a few statistics about is work place safety. Most of us who go to work every day don’t think a lot about whether we are safe or not, but in 1900 it was a real concern for a lot of workers. There aren’t many statistics available, but the U. S. government does have statistics on two industries that will give you some idea of the differences today. In 1900 almost l,500 workers were killed in coal-mining accidents；in 1999, the number was 35. 2, 555 railroad workers were killed in 1900, compared to 56 in 1999. People often tend to romanticize the past and talk about “the goodold days, but I think it’s fair to say by the end of the twentieth century, U. S. workers in general made more money, they enjoyed more benefits, and their working conditions had improved greatly. Now 1et’s turn our attention to the current situation for U. S. workers. The picture is not so rosy as the one drawn by comparing U. S. workers at the beginning and the end of the twentieth century. I'm going to focus on the current situation in terms of productivity, working hours, and wages and salaries.First 1et’s consider the number of hours worked. According to a 2003 study released by the United Nations International Labor Organization, U. S. workers are the most productive in the world among industrialized nations, but they work longer hours than European workers to achieve this productivity. Europeans typically have four to six weeks of vacation a year, whereas the average American worker has only about two weeks. This study points out that the longer working hours in the United States is a rising trend, while the trend in other industrialized countries is the opposite. Workers in some European countries actually outproduce American workers per hour of work. It has been suggested that this higher rate of productivity might be because European workers are 1ess stressed than U. S. workers.At any rate, there seems to be general agreement that U. S.productivity has greatly increased over the last thirty years. However, workers have not seen their wages rise at the same rate. A group of sociologists in their book Inequality by Design point out that there is a growing gap between rich Americans and everyone else in the United States. They write that between 1949 and 1974, increases in productivity were matched by increases in wages for workers in both manufacturing and the service industries, but since 1974 productivity increased 68 percent in manufacturing and 50 percent in services, but real wages stagnated. That is, wages moved up little or not at all. So, where does all the money generated by the increased productivity go then? According to the authors of this book；the money goes to the salaries for CEOs, to the stock market, and to corporate profits. Workers play a great role in increasing productivity, but no longer see their wages connected to increased productivity. In other words, CEOs' salaries, the stock market, and corporate profits go up as work productivity goes up, but workers’wages don’t.What are the reasons why U. S. workers, who are the most productive in the world, have to work longer hours, have fewer vacations days, and see their wages stagnate and not rising at the same rate as productivity? The answer to this question is complex and controversial, but there are two reasons most people who speak or write about these issues mention：The first is that labor unions inthe United States have lost great power since the beginning of the 1980s, and the second is that the government has passed laws that favor the rich and weaken the rights of the workers.I see our time is up. So, I’ll see you next time.III POSTLISTENINGA.Accuracy Check1. What percentage of the workforce was engaged in agriculture in 1900?2. What percentage of the workforce was still engaged in agriculture in 1999?3. At the end of the twentieth century, which industries had the largest percentage of the workforce?4. Compare the number of women in the workforce in 1900 and in 1999.5. Compare the average per capita income in 1900 and in 1999.6. What is one benefit that most U.S. workers received by the end of the twentieth century?7. Which workers, U. S. or European workers, work longer hours?8. What might be one reason that some European workers out produce U.S. workers per hour?9. According to the authors of Inequality by Design, are wages in manufacturing and service industries increasing at the same rateas productivity?10. Again, according to the authors of Inequality by Design, where does the money generated by increased productivity go?。
Chapter3 (2) 非谓语动词
定语
形容词性/名词性
非谓语动词的语法功能 主 ● ● 谓 宾 ● ● 补 ● ● ● ● 定 ● ● ● ● 状 ● ● ●
不定式 动名词
现在分词 过去分词
主 不定式 ●
谓
宾 ●
补 ●
定 ●
状 ●
-ing分词 -ed分词
●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●
动名词作定语和分词作定语的区别：
动名词放在被修饰名词的前面，一般表示所 修饰名词的用途。 a sleeping car
Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accompanied by two children. He saw a woman, accompanied by two children, walking slowly down the road.
To tell the truth, I forgot all about your request. Covered with confusion, she hurriedly left the room. Judging from what you say, he has done his best. Once published, the book caused a remarkable stir.
与非谓语动词有关的英式思维典型句式： 1. It 作形式主语的句式 It is impossible for us to master English in a short time. It is against the regulation for you to park car here.
2. 动词+it +宾补+ to do
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Amoretti, a collection of Spenserian
sonnets?
p40
Philip Sidney, another most important poet
His works include:
a pastoral prose romance (eclogues + romances + speeches + songs in sestina?):
nature), traceable to the work of the French essayist, Montaigne. e.g. the selected reading?
“Of Studies”…
Ben Jonson, the last great Elizabethan
and the first poet laureate
play, Interlude; and th③e true drama (comedy,
tragedy, tragicomedy; comedy of manners;
black comedy; farce)
p 45-47
③prose: Lyly’s Eupheus (Euphemism?) and
a poet and playwright, who lived an eventful life
the young admirers, Robert Herrick, together with all the remarkable poets in the first years of the 17th C, gathered around Jonson and called themselves as?
sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic, choleric
Volpone or the Fox , following the theory of the three unities:
unity of action, unity of time, and unity of
Apology for Poetry/Apologie for Poetrie p44par2
Christopher Marlowe, the greatest playwright before Shakespeare
His three great tragedies include: ? Tamburlaine the Great, The Jew of Malta The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus,
The life of Jesus Christ and the birth and growth of the Christian faith, usually earthly stories
King James’ Bible or the Authorized Bible, ?
the best that the west has going now. p70
p37-38 Who was the most preeminent figure among them? Christopher Marlowe p47par2
Several firsts 1
Who introduced the sonnet into E?
Thomas Wyatt
Who brought the blank verse into E poetry?
Selected readings
The Faerie Queene (Spenserian Stanza) Of studies ( style)
②a great patron of literature, encouraged
learning and adventures
p36par1
The background2 of the literary boom during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I?
• Economic boom and expansion ?
opposing sides of the religious conflict—Catholic Spain and Protestant France; at home, united the divided
country and made the Church of E steer strictly the middle of the road
began
p36par1
Three major categories of literature?
①poetry: sonnet, blank verse, epic, eclogue,
sestina, prothalamia, epithalamia
p37 &
p41 &p43 &p40
②drama: Mystery play, Miracle play; Morality
What’s the first wholly E comedy?
A domestic drama entitled Gammer Gurton’s Needle (1575)
What’s the first E tragedy?
Gorboduc
p47
Edmund Spenser, the poet’s poet, the most poetical of all poets
Arcadia
p43
A collection of Sonnets and songs: ?
Astrophel and Stella, a love story p44 par1
A defense of poetry, a prose work:? Plato’s ideal state, Republic
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey p37par1
Who first translated the Homeric classics?
George Chapman
p39
Who first employed the blank verse in drama?
Christopher Marlowe
“the Tribe/ Sons of Jonson/Ben” p66par2
In which poem, he called Shakespeare “the soul of the Age,” and “Not of an age but for all time”?
“To Shakespeare”
place
p66par3
King James’ Bible
What kind of stories are told in The Old Testament and The New Testament?
The history and religious beliefs of the Jews, usually mythological stories
the founder of ? English materialist philosophy and modern empirical science in England
p64par3 &p65par1 His well-known philosophical works include: ? Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum New Atlantis Essays, 58 essays on man and his life (human
His works include:
p40
The Shepherd’s Calendar, eclogues? p41
பைடு நூலகம்
The Faerie Queene, a grand epic poem, m.piece, Spenserian Stanza? p42par2
Two odes to Marriage -Epithalamion/um, prothalamium/on
masterpiece, Mephistophilis/eles, Their common tragic flaw: ? insatiability, lust and greed, insatiable
thirst for knowledge and power p47-8
Francis Bacon, the first E essayist
Chapter3 & Chapter 4 The Elizabethan age
The background1 of the literary
boom during the reign of Queen
Elizabeth I?
• Queen the person ?
①shrewd and tactful to a fault: outside England, made friends with the
①Elizabethan E crawled to the zenith of
wealth and power ③ ②in 1588,through the War with Spain, E
became the first sea power in the world
③ the expansion of the British Empire
Bacon’s Essays
p37 & p65
In addition,
King James’ Bible , the best