国际植物新品种保护联盟
甘薯DUS测试标准制定及新品种保护
其它性状
Other characteristics
国际马铃薯中心 International Potato Center (CIP)
国际植物遗传资源研究所 International Plant Genetic Resource Institute ( IPGRI)
我国田间记载标准 Field Record Criteria in China
摘要 :随着我国加入国际植物新品种保护联盟 (UPOV) ,植物新品种保护工作就越来越重要和紧迫 。介绍了制 定甘薯 DUS 测试标准的主要做法 ,以及甘薯 DUS 测试标准与国内外相关记载标准的异同 ,分析了我国甘薯新 品种保护的现状和存在的问题 ,并提出扩大甘薯品种申请保护的措施 。 关键词 :甘薯 ;DUS 测试标准 ;新品种保护 中图分类号 :S531. 01 文献标识码 :A
随着我国改革开放的不断深入 ,市场经济体系的不
断完善 ,国际间科技合作与交流越来越频繁 ,我国政府越 来越重视知识产权的保护 。作为知识产权保护的组成部 分 ,植物新品种保护中的甘薯新品种保护也在有条不紊 的进行 。我国甘薯 ( Ipomoea batatas (L. ) Lam. ) 常年种植 面积在 600 万 hm2 左右 ,占世界种植面积的 60 %以上 ,总 产占世界总产的 80 %以上 ,甘薯资源和新品种数量丰富 , 随着中国加入国际植物新品种保护联盟 (UPOV) ,甘薯科 研人员之间的国际合作与交流必将日益扩大 ,因此 ,十分 有必要对甘薯品种权实施保护 。
针对甘薯新品种保护中存在的问题 ,及甘薯自身的 特殊性 ,首先要加强新品种保护的宣传普及工作 ,使甘薯 育种家充分了解我国《植物新品种保护条例》《、种子法》 的主要内容和内涵 ,逐步提高甘薯育种家申请新品种保 护的积极性 ,学会依法维护自己的权益 。其次 ,针对甘薯 繁殖材料的广泛性和低效益性 ,积极探索与种子公司的 合作道路 ,使种子公司积极投身到种薯苗的开发中来 ,真 正把甘薯产业做大做强 ,这样育种家才会申请保护更多 的甘薯品种 。最关键的是甘薯育种家要不断研究和培育 适应市场需求的特色专用品种 ,建立配套的推广 、栽培 、 贮藏和加工技术体系 ,使农民有积极性种植甘薯 ,种子公 司能看到经营甘薯种薯苗的效益而积极投身甘薯经营之 中。
dus测试知识
dus测试知识前⾔1 前⾔1.1 研究的⽬的和意义DUS（Distinctness,Uniformity and Stability）测试是指对申请品种权的植物新品种的特异性、⼀致性和稳定性进⾏测试。
特异性（Distinctness）是指申请品种权的植物新品种应当明显区别于在申请⽇以前所有已知的植物新品种，即指该品种⾄少应当有⼀个特征明显区别于已知品种，且是在遗传性状上有明显的区别，⽆论在属或种间都要在遗传表现型性状上有明显的差异，它是区别申请品种与已有品种差异的主要测试内容。
⼀致性（Uniformity）是指申请品种权的植物新品种经过繁殖，除可预见的变异外，其相关的特征或者特性⼀致，即指品种的形态特征、⽣理特性⽅⾯的⼀致性、整齐性。
如果有变异株出现，其变异是由遗传造成的，⽽不是⾮遗传因素的结果。
稳定性（Stability）是指申请品种权的植物新品种经过反复繁殖或者在特定繁殖周期结束时，其相关的特征或者特性保持相对不变，即指性状繁殖⼏代后仍与原来保持⼀致。
DUS测试结果直接影响到植物新品种是否能被授予保护权，即通过DUS测试是品种获得授权的必要依据。
植物新品种DUS测试性状主要分为质量性状、假质量性状和数量性状。
质量性状是表现不连续变异状态的性状（例如颜⾊的有⽆）；假质量性状的表达部分是连续的，但其变化范围是多维的（例如颜⾊的深浅）；数量性状是表现为连续变异的性状，能以⼀维的、线性等级进⾏描述（例如株⾼）。
DUS测试的⽬的主要有两个，⼀是对申请品种权的植物新品种的特异性、⼀致性和稳定性进⾏测试，⼆是要完成申请品种的性状描述。
在测试过程中，数量性状对于完成品种的性状描述⾮常重要，⽽随着新品种的不断选育，品种间差异越来越⼩，利⽤数量性状进⾏特异性判定也越来越普遍⽤于DUS测试中，数量性状的调查花费⼈⼯最多、⼯作量最⼤，怎样能缩⼩⼯作量⼜能准确反映数量性状调查的准确性，这成为当前DUS测试⼯作者需要解决的课题。
植物新品种保护若干问题的思考
江西农业学报2010，22(11)：199—203A c t a A gr i cu l t ur ae J i an gxi植物新品种保护若干问题的思考单忠德(江苏沿海地区农业科学研究所，江苏盐城224002)摘要：植物新品种保护制度的建立，对推动我国农业生产的发展发挥着巨大的作用，随着经济的发展和农业科技的进步，现有的品种保护制度已明显不适应品种保护工作的需求，，本文阐述了我国植物新品种保护制度及组织体系的建立，分析了我国农业植物新品种保护的现状，对新品种保护的发展提出了建议。
关键词：植物新品种保护；品种权；问题；思考中图分类号：S5—024文献标识码：A文章编号：1001—8581(2010)11—0199—05植物新品种，是指经过人工培育的或者对发现的野生植物加以开发，具备新颖性、特异性、一致性和稳定性并有适当命名的植物品种¨o。
根据《中华人民共和国种子法》的规定，品种是指经过人工选育或者发现并经过改良，形态特征和生物学特性一致，遗传性状相对稳定的植物群体旧1。
作为人类智力劳动成果和重要的生产要素，新品种在农业增产、增效和品质改善中起着至关重要的作用。
对植物新品种实施保护，是当今世界的潮流和人类文明的标志。
植物新品种保护同专利、商标、著作权一样，是知识产权保护的一种形式。
植物新品种权是依法授予植物新品种的所有人以生产、销售和使用授权品种繁殖材料的专有权。
任何单位或者个人未经品种权人许可，不得为商业目的生产或者销售该授权品种的繁殖材料，不得为商业目的将该授权品种的繁殖材料重复使用于生产另一品种的繁殖材料。
也就是说，品种权就是育种者权利。
为了保护植物新品种权，鼓励培育和使用植物新品种，促进农业、林业的发展，国务院于1997年颁布施行了《中华人民共和国植物新品种保护条例》。
正式启动了我国的植物新品种保护工作，标志着我国知识产权保护事业进入了一个新的发展阶段。
农作物新品种保护制度在激励育种创新、优化资源配置、促进成果转化、保障农业安全、促进经济发展等方面发挥着极其重要的作用。
2020年日本《种苗法》部分修正的概述
2020年日本《种苗法》部分修正的概述2020年日本政府对1998年版《种苗法》（平成十年法律第83号）进行修正，同年12月9日颁布了新版《种苗法》（令和2年法律第74号，以下简称“修正法”），并于2021年4月1日起施行（其中，自家繁殖等相关规定，延后至2022年4月1日施行）。
一、日本部分修正《种苗法》的原因目前日本有效登记品种已达9000个左右，构成了日本农产品在海外市场的品牌优势和竞争力。
近年来，日本不断有注册品种违规流向海外，在当地繁殖且产地化，并向第三国出口，影响了日本农业发展和农产品海外市场的拓展。
例如，日本国立研究开发法人农业·食品产业技术综合研究机构（以下简称“农研机构”）培育的闪耀玫瑰香葡萄（日文名：シャインマスカットブドウ；英文名：Shine Masscut grape）种苗流失到中国和韩国，然后在东南亚等地以“阳光玫瑰”“阳光パラ”“香印翡翠”等品名销售；草莓、樱桃等也有类似情况发生。
2020年日本农林水产省辅助事业调查中发现，在中国和韩国的网上销售的种苗中，有36个品种与日本在登记的品种名称相同，虽然不确定是否是真货，但可扰乱国际市场对日本品种的评价，造成日本农产品出口企业潜在客户的丧失，损失不可估量［1-4］。
日方据此认为，宽松的品种知识产权管理会挫伤日本农研机构、种苗业界培育新品种的积极性和农民的出口欲望。
农作物由于立地条件和栽培技术等原因，有可能致使品种的特性不能充分表现出来，导致收获物的质量受到很大的影响。
在日本国内，如果主要农作物和果树品种流出到与品种权人意向相左的都道府县地区栽培，一旦产品达不到品种权人要求的品质而上市，不仅会导致注册品种的评价下降，还会妨碍各地战略性的地域品牌化的确立，从而影响农民的积极性。
同时，为了保护日本优良品种持有者的权利，要在海外证明侵权的事实，需要与品种登记时的种苗进行比较栽培试验等，过程复杂，困难不少，往往取证难以成功。
植物新品种保护与DUS测试的发展现状
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国际植物新品种保护公约UPOV(1991年文本)
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIESOF PLANTSof December 2, 1961, as Revised at Geneva on November 10, 1972, on October 23, 1978, and on March 19, 1991CHAPTER IDEFINITIONSArticle 1DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Act:(i) "this Convention" means the present (1991) Act of the International Conventionfor the Protection of New Varieties of Plants;(ii) "Act of 1961/1972" means the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants of December 2, 1961, as amended by the Additional Act of November 10, 1972;(iii) "Act of 1978" means the Act of October 23, 1978, of the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants;(iv) "breeder" means- the person who bred, or discovered and developed, a variety,- the person who is the employer of the aforementioned person or who has commissioned the latter's work, where the laws of the relevant Contracting Party so provide, or- the successor in title of the first or second aforementioned person, as the case may be;(v) "breeder's right" means the right of the breeder provided for in this Convention;(vi) "variety" means a plant grouping within a single botanical taxon of the lowest known rank, which grouping, irrespective of whether the conditions for the grant of a breeder's right are fully met, can be- defined by the expression of the characteristics resulting from a given genotype or combination of genotypes,- distinguished from any other plant grouping by the expression of at least one of the said characteristics and- considered as a unit with regard to its suitability for being propagated unchanged;(vii) "Contracting Party" means a State or an intergovernmental organization party to this Convention;(viii) "territory," in relation to a Contracting Party, means, where the Contracting Party is a State, the territory of that State and, where the Contracting Party is an intergovernmental organization, the territory in which the constitutingtreaty of that intergovernmental organization applies;(ix) "authority" means the authority referred to in Article 30(1)(ii);(x) "Union" means the Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants founded by the Act of 1961 and further mentioned in the Act of 1972, the Act of 1978 and in this Convention;(xi) "member of the Union" means a State party to the Act of 1961/1972 or the Act of 1978, or a Contracting Party.CHAPTER IIGENERAL OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIESArticle 2Basic Obligation of the Contracting PartiesEach Contracting Party shall grant and protect breeders' rights.Article 3Genera and Species to be Protected(1) [States already members of the Union] Each Contracting Party which is boundby the Act of 1961/1972 or the Act of 1978 shall apply the provisions of this Convention,(i) a t the date on which it becomes bound by this Convention, to all plantgenera and species to which it applies, on the said date, the provisions ofthe Act of 1961/1972 or the Act of 1978 and,(ii) a t the latest by the expiration of a period of five years after the said date, to all plant genera and species.(2) [New members of the Union] Each Contracting Party which is not bound by theAct of 1961/1972 or the Act of 1978 shall apply the provisions of thisConvention,(i) a t the date on which it becomes bound by this Convention, to at least 15plant genera or species and,(ii) a t the latest by the expiration of a period of 10 years from the said date, to all plant genera and species.Article 4National Treatment(1) [Treatment] Without prejudice to the rights specified in this Convention,nationals of a Contracting Party as well as natural persons resident and legal entities having their registered offices within the territory of a Contracting Party shall, insofar as the grant and protection of breeders' rights are concerned, enjoy within the territory of each other Contracting Party the same treatment as is accorded or may hereafter be accorded by the laws of each such otherContracting Party to its own nationals, provided that the said nationals, natural persons or legal entities comply with the conditions and formalities imposed on the nationals of the said other Contracting Party.(2) ["Nationals"] For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, "nationals" means,where the Contracting Party is a State, the nationals of that State and, wherethe Contracting Party is an intergovernmental organization, the nationals of the States which are members of that organization.CHAPTER IIICONDITIONS FOR THE GRANT OF THE BREEDER'S RIGHTArticle 5Conditions of Protection(1) [Criteria to be satisfied] The breeder's right shall be granted where the varietyis(i) n ew,(ii) d istinct,(iii) u niform and(iv) s table.(2) [Other conditions] The grant of the breeder's right shall not be subject to anyfurther or different conditions, provided that the variety is designated by a denomination in accordance with the provisions of Article 20, that the applicant complies with the formalities provided for by the law of the Contracting Party with whose authority the application has been filed and that he pays therequired fees.Article 6Novelty(1) [Criteria] The variety shall be deemed to be new if, at the date of filing of theapplication for a breeder's right, propagating or harvested material of thevariety has not been sold or otherwise disposed of to others, by or with the consent of the breeder, for purposes of exploitation of the variety(i) i n the territory of the Contracting Party in which the application has beenfiled earlier than one year before that date and(ii) i n a territory other than that of the Contracting Party in which the application has been filed earlier than four years or, in the case of trees or of vines, earlier than six years before the said date.(2) [Varieties of recent creation] Where a Contracting Party applies this Conventionto a plant genus or species to which it did not previously apply this Convention or an earlier Act, it may consider a variety of recent creation existing at the date of such extension of protection to satisfy the condition of novelty defined inparagraph (1) even where the sale or disposal to others described in that paragraph took place earlier than the time limits defined in that paragraph.(3) ["Territory" in certain cases] For the purposes of paragraph (1), all the ContractingParties which are member States of one and the same intergovernmentalorganization may act jointly, where the regulations of that organization so require, to assimilate acts done on the territories of the States members of that organization to acts done on their own territories and, should they do so, shall notify the Secretary-General accordingly.Article 7DistinctnessThe variety shall be deemed to be distinct if it is clearly distinguishable from any other variety whose existence is a matter of common knowledge at the time of the filing of the application. In particular, the filing of an application for the granting of a breeder's right or for the entering of another variety in an official register of varieties, in any country, shall be deemed to render that other variety a matter of common knowledge from the date of the application, provided that the application leads to the granting of a breeder's right or to the entering of the said other variety in the official register of varieties, as the case may be.Article 8UniformityThe variety shall be deemed to be uniform if, subject to the variation that may be expected from the particular features of its propagation, it is sufficiently uniform in its relevant characteristics.Article 9StabilityThe variety shall be deemed to be stable if its relevant characteristics remain unchanged after repeated propagation or, in the case of a particular cycle of propagation, at the end of each such cycle.CHAPTER IVAPPLICATION FOR THE GRANT OF THE BREEDER'S RIGHTArticle 10Filing of Applications(1) [Place of first application] The breeder may choose the Contracting Party withwhose authority he wishes to file his first application for a breeder's right. (2) [Time of subsequent applications] The breeder may apply to the authorities ofother Contracting Parties for the grant of breeders' rights without waiting for the grant to him of a breeder's right by the authority of the Contracting Party with which the first application was filed.(3) [Independence of protection] No Contracting Party shall refuse to grant abreeder's right or limit its duration on the ground that protection for the same variety has not been applied for, has been refused or has expired in any other State or intergovernmental organization.Article 11Right of Priority(1) [The right; its period] Any breeder who has duly filed an application for theprotection of a variety in one of the Contracting Parties (the "first application")shall, for the purpose of filing an application for the grant of a breeder's right for the same variety with the authority of any other Contracting Party (the"subsequent application"), enjoy a right of priority for a period of twelvemonths. This period shall be computed from the date of filing of the firstapplication. The day of filing shall not be included in the latter period.(2) [Claiming the right] In order to benefit from the right of priority, the breedershall, in the subsequent application, claim the priority of the first application.The authority with which the subsequent application has been filed may require the breeder to furnish, within a period of not less than three months from the filing date of the subsequent application, a copy of the documents whichconstitute the first application, certified to be a true copy by the authority with which that application was filed, and samples or other evidence that the variety which is the subject matter of both applications is the same.(3) [Documents and material] The breeder shall be allowed a period of two yearsafter the expiration of the period of priority or, where the first application is rejected or withdrawn, an appropriate time after such rejection or withdrawal, in which to furnish, to the authority of the Contracting Party with which he has filed the subsequent application, any necessary information, document ormaterial required for the purpose of the examination under Article 12, as required by the laws of that Contracting Party.(4) [Events occurring during the period] Events occurring within the periodprovided for in paragraph (1), such as the filing of another application or thepublication or use of the variety that is the subject of the first application, shall not constitute a ground for rejecting the subsequent application. Such events shall also not give rise to any third-party right.Article 12Examination of the ApplicationAny decision to grant a breeder's right shall require an examination for compliance with the conditions under Article 5 to Article 9. In the course of the examination, the authority may grow the variety or carry out other necessary tests, cause the growing of the variety or the carrying out of other necessary tests, or take into account the results of growing tests or other trials which have already been carried out. For the purposes of examination, the authority may require the breeder to furnish all the necessary information, documents or material.Article 13Provisional ProtectionEach Contracting Party shall provide measures designed to safeguard the interests of the breeder during the period between the filing or the publication of the application for the grant of a breeder's right and the grant of that right. Such measures shall have the effect that the holder of a breeder's right shall at least be entitled to equitable remuneration from any person who, during the said period, has carried out acts which, once the right is granted, require the breeder's authorizationas provided in Article 14. A Contracting Party may provide that the said measures shall only take effect in relation to persons whom the breeder has notified of the filing of the application.CHAPTER VTHE RIGHTS OF THE BREEDERArticle 14Scope of the Breeder's Right(1) [Acts in respect of the propagating material](a) Subject to Article 15 and Article 16, the following acts in respect of the propagatingmaterial of the protected variety shall require the authorization of thebreeder:(i) p roduction or reproduction (multiplication),(ii) c onditioning for the purpose of propagation,(iii) o ffering for sale,(iv) s elling or other marketing,(v) e xporting,(vi) i mporting,(vii) stocking for any of the purposes mentioned in (i) to (vi), above.(b) The breeder may make his authorization subject to conditions andlimitations.(2) [Acts in respect of the harvested material] Subject to Article 15 and Article 16, the actsreferred to in items paragraph (1)(a)(i) to paragraph (1)(a)(vii) in respect of harvested material, including entire plants and parts of plants, obtained through the unauthorized use of propagating material of the protected variety shall require theauthorization of the breeder, unless the breeder has had reasonableopportunity to exercise his right in relation to the said propagating material.(3) [Acts in respect of certain products] Each Contracting Party may provide that,subject to Article 15 and Article 16, the acts referred to in items paragraph (1)(a)(i) to paragraph(1)(a)(vii) in respect of products made directly from harvested material of theprotected variety falling within the provisions of paragraph (2) through theunauthorized use of the said harvested material shall require the authorization of the breeder, unless the breeder has had reasonable opportunity to exercise his right in relation to the said harvested material.(4) [Possible additional acts] Each Contracting Party may provide that, subject toArticle 15 and Article 16, acts other than those referred to in items paragraph (1)(a)(i) to paragraph(1)(a)(vii) shall also require the authorization of the breeder.(5) [Essentially derived and certain other varieties](a) The provisions of paragraph (1) to paragraph (4) shall also apply in relation to(i) v arieties which are essentially derived from the protected variety,where the protected variety is not itself an essentially derived variety, (ii) v arieties which are not clearly distinguishable in accordance with Article 7 from the protected variety and(iii) v arieties whose production requires the repeated use of the protected variety.(b) For the purposes of subparagraph (a)(i), a variety shall be deemed to be essentiallyderived from another variety ("the initial variety") when(i) i t is predominantly derived from the initial variety, or from a varietythat is itself predominantly derived from the initial variety, whileretaining the expression of the essential characteristics that result fromthe genotype or combination of genotypes of the initial variety, (ii) i t is clearly distinguishable from the initial variety and(iii) e xcept for the differences which result from the act of derivation, it conforms to the initial variety in the expression of the essentialcharacteristics that result from the genotype or combination ofgenotypes of the initial variety.(c) Essentially derived varieties may be obtained for example by the selectionof a natural or induced mutant, or of a somaclonal variant, the selection ofa variant individual from plants of the initial variety, backcrossing, ortransformation by genetic engineering.Article 15Exceptions to the Breeder's Right(1) [Compulsory exceptions] The breeder's right shall not extend to(i) a cts done privately and for non-commercial purposes,(ii) a cts done for experimental purposes and(iii) a cts done for the purpose of breeding other varieties, and, except where the provisions of Article 14(5) apply, acts referred to in Article 14(1) to Article 14(4) inrespect of such other varieties.(2) [Optional exception] Notwithstanding Article 14, each Contracting Party may, withinreasonable limits and subject to the safeguarding of the legitimate interests of the breeder, restrict the breeder's right in relation to any variety in order to permit farmers to use for propagating purposes, on their own holdings, the product of the harvest which they have obtained by planting, on their own holdings, the protected variety or a variety covered by Article 14(5)(a)(i) or Article 14(5)(a)(ii).Article 16Exhaustion of the Breeder's Right(1) [Exhaustion of right] The breeder's right shall not extend to acts concerning anymaterial of the protected variety, or of a variety covered by the provisions of Article 14(5), which has been sold or otherwise marketed by the breeder or with his consent in the territory of the Contracting Party concerned, or any material derived from the said material, unless such acts(i) i nvolve further propagation of the variety in question or(ii) i nvolve an export of material of the variety, which enables the propagation of the variety, into a country which does not protect varieties of the plantgenus or species to which the variety belongs, except where the exportedmaterial is for final consumption purposes.(2) [Meaning of "material"] For the purposes of paragraph (1), "material" means, inrelation to a variety,(i) p ropagating material of any kind,(ii) h arvested material, including entire plants and parts of plants, and(iii) a ny product made directly from the harvested material.(3) ["Territory" in certain cases] For the purposes of paragraph (1), all the ContractingParties which are member States of one and the same intergovernmentalorganization may act jointly, where the regulations of that organization so require, to assimilate acts done on the territories of the States members of that organization to acts done on their own territories and, should they do so, shall notify the Secretary-General accordingly.Article 17Restrictions on the Exercise of the Breeder's Right(1) [Public interest] Except where expressly provided in this Convention, noContracting Party may restrict the free exercise of a breeder's right for reasons other than of public interest.(2) [Equitable remuneration] When any such restriction has the effect ofauthorizing a third party to perform any act for which the breeder'sauthorization is required, the Contracting Party concerned shall take allmeasures necessary to ensure that the breeder receives equitableremuneration.Article 18Measures Regulating CommerceThe breeder's right shall be independent of any measure taken by a Contracting Party to regulate within its territory the production, certification and marketing of material of varieties or the importing or exporting of such material. In any case, such measures shall not affect the application of the provisions of this Convention.Article 19Duration of the Breeder's Right(1) [Period of protection] The breeder's right shall be granted for a fixed period.(2) [Minimum period] The said period shall not be shorter than 20 years from thedate of the grant of the breeder's right. For trees and vines, the said period shall not be shorter than 25 years from the said date.CHAPTER VIVARIETY DENOMINATIONArticle 20Variety Denomination(1) [Designation of varieties by denominations; use of the denomination](a) The variety shall be designated by a denomination which will be its genericdesignation.(b) Each Contracting Party shall ensure that, subject to paragraph (4), no rights in thedesignation registered as the denomination of the variety shall hamper the free use of the denomination in connection with the variety, even after the expiration of the breeder's right.(2) [Characteristics of the denomination] The denomination must enable thevariety to be identified. It may not consist solely of figures except where this is an established practice for designating varieties. It must not be liable to mislead or to cause confusion concerning the characteristics, value or identity of the variety or the identity of the breeder. In particular, it must be different from every denomination which designates, in the territory of any Contracting Party, an existing variety of the same plant species or of a closely related species. (3) [Registration of the denomination] The denomination of the variety shall besubmitted by the breeder to the authority. If it is found that the denomination does not satisfy the requirements of paragraph (2), the authority shall refuse toregister it and shall require the breeder to propose another denomination withina prescribed period. The denomination shall be registered by the authority atthe same time as the breeder's right is granted.(4) [Prior rights of third persons] Prior rights of third persons shall not be affected.If, by reason of a prior right, the use of the denomination of a variety isforbidden to a person who, in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (7), is obliged to use it, the authority shall require the breeder to submit another denomination for the variety.(5) [Same denomination in all Contracting Parties] A variety must be submitted toall Contracting Parties under the same denomination. The authority of each Contracting Party shall register the denomination so submitted, unless itconsiders the denomination unsuitable within its territory. In the latter case, it shall require the breeder to submit another denomination.(6) [Information among the authorities of Contracting Parties] The authority of aContracting Party shall ensure that the authorities of all the other Contracting Parties are informed of matters concerning variety denominations, in particular the submission, registration and cancellation of denominations. Any authority may address its observations, if any, on the registration of a denomination to the authority which communicated that denomination.(7) [Obligation to use the denomination] Any person who, within the territory ofone of the Contracting Parties, offers for sale or markets propagating material of a variety protected within the said territory shall be obliged to use thedenomination of that variety, even after the expiration of the breeder's right in that variety, except where, in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (4), prior rights prevent such use.(8) [Indications used in association with denominations] When a variety is offeredfor sale or marketed, it shall be permitted to associate a trademark, trade name or other similar indication with a registered variety denomination. If such anindication is so associated, the denomination must nevertheless be easilyrecognizable.CHAPTER VIINULLITY AND CANCELLATION OF THE BREEDER'S RIGHTArticle 21Nullity of the Breeder's Right(1) [Reasons of nullity] Each Contracting Party shall declare a breeder's rightgranted by it null and void when it is established(i) t hat the conditions laid down in Article 6 or Article 7 were not complied with at thetime of the grant of the breeder's right,(ii) t hat, where the grant of the breeder's right has been essentially based upon information and documents furnished by the breeder, the conditions laiddown in Article 8 or Article 9 were not complied with at the time of the grant of the breeder's right, or(iii) t hat the breeder's right has been granted to a person who is not entitled to it, unless it is transferred to the person who is so entitled.(2) [Exclusion of other reasons] No breeder's right shall be declared null and voidfor reasons other than those referred to in paragraph (1).Article 22Cancellation of the Breeder's Right(1) [Reasons for cancellation](a) Each Contracting Party may cancel a breeder's right granted by it if it isestablished that the conditions laid down in Article 8 or Article 9 are no longerfulfilled.(b) Furthermore, each Contracting Party may cancel a breeder's right grantedby it if, after being requested to do so and within a prescribed period,(i) t he breeder does not provide the authority with the information,documents or material deemed necessary for verifying themaintenance of the variety,(ii) t he breeder fails to pay such fees as may be payable to keep his right in force, or(iii) t he breeder does not propose, where the denomination of the variety is cancelled after the grant of the right, another suitabledenomination.(2) [Exclusion of other reasons] No breeder's right shall be cancelled for reasonsother than those referred to in paragraph (1).CHAPTER VIIITHE UNIONArticle 23MembersThe Contracting Parties shall be members of the Union.Article 24Legal Status and Seat(1) [Legal personality] The Union has legal personality.(2) [Legal capacity] The Union enjoys on the territory of each Contracting Party, inconformity with the laws applicable in the said territory, such legal capacity as may be necessary for the fulfillment of the objectives of the Union and for the exercise of its functions.(3) [Seat] The seat of the Union and its permanent organs are at Geneva.(4) [Headquarters agreement] The Union has a headquarters agreement with theSwiss Confederation.Article 25OrgansThe permanent organs of the Union are the Council and the Office of the Union.Article 26The Council(1) [Composition] The Council shall consist of the representatives of the membersof the Union. Each member of the Union shall appoint one representative to the Council and one alternate. Representatives or alternates may be accompanied by assistants or advisers.(2) [Officers] The Council shall elect a President and a first Vice-President fromamong its members. It may elect other Vice-Presidents. The first Vice-President shall take the place of the President if the latter is unable to officiate. ThePresident shall hold office for three years.(3) [Sessions] The Council shall meet upon convocation by its President. Anordinary session of the Council shall be held annually. In addition, the President may convene the Council at his discretion; he shall convene it, within a period of three months, if one-third of the members of the Union so request.(4) [Observers] States not members of the Union may be invited as observers tomeetings of the Council. Other observers, as well as experts, may also beinvited to such meetings.(5) [Tasks] The tasks of the Council shall be to:(i) s tudy appropriate measures to safeguard the interests and to encouragethe development of the Union;(ii) e stablish its rules of procedure;(iii) a ppoint the Secretary-General and, if it finds it necessary, a Vice Secretary-General and determine the terms of appointment of each;(iv) e xamine an annual report on the activities of the Union and lay down the programme for its future work;(v) g ive to the Secretary-General all necessary directions for the。
植物新品种权及品种权保护
中 图分 类 号 ： Ｆ ４ ８ Ｄ ６
文献标识码 ： Ａ
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植 物 新 品种 保 护 是 知 识 产 权 保 护 的 一种 形 式 ， 越
“ 国际 植 物 新 品 种 保 护 联 盟 （ ＯＶ） ， 我 国植 物 新 ＵＰ ”使
品 种 权 保 护 工 作 正 式 启 动 。１ ９ ９ ９年 ６月 １ 日 ． 业 部 ６ 农 颁 布 了 《 华 人 民 共 和 国 植 物 新 品 种 保 护 条 例 实 施 细 中 则 业 部 分 ） （ 下 简 称 《 施 细 则 》 。 物 新 晶 种 是 农 》以 实 ）植 经 过 人 工 培 育 的 或 者 对发 现 的 野 生植 物 加 以 开 发 ， 具
规 定 的 除 外 。 ” １ 品 种 权 人 的 权 利 根 据 《 例 》 六条 规 定 ， 种 权 人 是 品 种 权 法 律 条 第 品
后 ． 自初 步 审查 合 格 公 告 之 日起 至 被授 品种 权 之 日 在 止 的期 问 ， 对未 经 申请人 许 可 ， 商业 目的 生产或 者销 为 售 该授 权 品种 的 繁 殖 材 料 的单 位 和 个 人 ， 品种 权人 享 有 追偿 的权 利 。 ”
权 的 法 律 地 位 。 １９ ９ ９年 ４月 ２ 日 ， 国 正 式 加 入 了 ３ 我
家利 益 或者 公共 利 益 并 有重 大 应 用价 值 的植 物新 品种 育种 的单 位 或 者 个 人 ， 由县 级 以 上人 民政 府 或者 有 关
部 门 给 予 奖 励 。 ” 】 ６ 许 可 权 。 根 据 品 种 权 人 拥 有 的 独 占 权 ， 种 权 人 ． 品
DUS测试
DUS测试植物新品种测试是对申请保护的植物新品种进行特(Distinctness)、一致性(Uniformity)和稳定性(Stability)的栽培鉴定试验或室内分析测试的过程(简称DUS测试)，根据特异性、一致性和稳定性的试验结果，判定测试品种是否属于新品种，为植物新品种保护提供可靠的判定依据。
特异性的判别是根据测试品种在质量性状上有一个性状或数量性状上有二个及二个以上性状与近似品种达到差异，或数量性状有一个性状与近似品种相差二个及二个以上代码，即可判定测试品种具有特异性。
一致性是指以代码为单元，分析整个小区植株的变异率，结果的判别是采用3％的群体标准和95％的接受概率。
稳定性的判别要求观察植株至少为50株，如果测试品种同一性状在两个相同生长季节表现在同一代码内，或第2次测试的变异度与第1次测试的变异度无显著变化，表示该品种在此性状上具有稳定性。
目前，DUS的测试方法仍然采用田间种植鉴定，是将申请品种与近似品种在相同的生长条件下，从植物的种子、幼苗、开花期、成熟期等各个阶段对多个质量性状、数量性状及抗病性等作出观察记载，并与近似品种进行结果比较，一般要经过2～3年的重复观察，才能最后作出合理、客观的评价。
目前DUS测试还存在以下问题1 田间测试的最大缺点就是测试周期长，要经过2～3年的重复观察，受季节限制，也易受自然灾害、病虫害等因素的影响，不能及时给授权决策或者法院的判决提供依据。
2 测试性状多，花费的人工多，工作量较大。
3 测试性状多数为多基因控制的数量性状，受环境等因素影响较大，表现为连续变异，使性状分级不明显。
在国际上，为保证各成员国在植物新品种审查测试方面具有共同的基础，UPOV（国际植物新品种保护联盟）制定了一套详尽的关于对植物新品种的特异性、一致性和稳定性(DUS)进行审查测试的总体原则，并为约200个植物属和种制定了更加具体的测试指南，同时，UPOV不断地修订这些测试指南，并陆续制定出涉及更多植物属和种的测试指南。
作物种质资源管理:现状与展望
作物种质资源管理：现状与展望武 晶，郭刚刚，张宗文，王述民（中国农业科学院作物科学研究所，北京 100081）摘要：作物种质资源是推动现代种业创新的物质基础、推进农业高质量发展的“芯片”，是保障国家粮食安全、建设生态文明、维护生物多样性的战略性资源。
如何对种质资源进行有效管理，是种质资源安全保护和高效利用的重要一环。
首先，本文分析了联合国粮农组织、联合国环境规划署和国际植物新品种保护联盟等国际组织对作物种质资源的管理体系和保护与利用体系，并以美国、日本、巴西和印度为例介绍了在针对种质资源的法律法规、经费支持、运行机制等方面的现状；然后，介绍了我国种质资源管理的政府主导阶段、行政指导下的技术部门负责阶段和依法管理阶段等三个发展阶段的种质资源管理工作，同时阐述了我国现行种质资源的管理体系、运行体系及保障机制等；最后，结合国内外种质资源管理发展现状及趋势，借鉴国际种质资源管理的好的做法，对我国种质资源管理未来开展的重点工作提出建议，以期促进种质资源的保护和利用。
关键词：种质资源；管理；保护和利用Management of Crop Germplasm Resource ：Advances and PerspectivesWU Jing ，GUO Gang-gang ，ZHANG Zong-wen ，WANG Shu-min（Institute of Crop Sciences ，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences ，Beijing 100081）Abstract ：Crop germplasm are the material basis for promoting the innovation of modern seed industry ，the “chip ”for stimulating the high-quality development of agriculture ，and the strategic resources for ensuring national food security ，building ecological civilization and maintaining biodiversity. Effective management of germplasm is an important part of their safety protection and efficient utilization. This study analyzed the management system as well as the protection and utilization system of crop germplasm from international organizations such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization ，the United Nations Environment Programme and the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants ，and introduced the current status of laws and regulations as well as financial support and operation mechanism for germplasm resources ，taking the United States ，Japan ，Brazil and India as examples ；introduced the three development stages ，including the government-led stage ，the technical department responsible stage under the administrative guidance as well asthe legal management stage ，of germplasm resources management in our country ，and expounded the domestic current management system ，operation system and guarantee mechanism of germplasms ；put suggestions on the key work of national germplasm management in the future to promote the protection and utilization of germplasm resources ，combining with the development status and trend of domestic and foreign germplasm management and learning from the good practices of international germplasm resources management.Key words ：germplasm resources ；management ；conservation and utilization收稿日期：2022-01-25 修回日期：2022-02-11 网络出版日期：2022-02-15URL ：/10.13430/ki.jpgr.20220125002第一作者研究方向为作物种质资源，E-mail ：**************基金项目：农作物种质资源保护与利用专项；第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动Foundation projects ：The Program of Protection of Crop Germplasm Resources ，The Third National General Survey and Collection Action of CropGermplasm Resource植物遗传资源学报2022，23（3）：627-635Journal of Plant Genetic ResourcesDOI ：10.13430/ki.jpgr.20220125002628 植 物 遗 传 资 源 学 报 23卷作物种质资源是农作物新品种培育和原始创新的物质基础，是保障国家粮食安全、推动农业绿色发展、维护生物多样性的战略性资源。