Lecture 2 – Modern Print Media in America
英美概况美国部分
Lecture one: Geography and PeopleLocation :Situated in the central part of North America with Canada on the north ,Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south ,the United States is on the east coast of Pacific and west coast of Atlantic.Territorial area:9.5million square kilometers50states and seat of government is Washington D.CLargest state---AlaskaLargest on the continent---TexasSmallest-----Rhode Island(罗德岛州)Newest---HawaiiThree geographical divisions（三大地形区）:Western ,central and eastern part .Land forms and region:Eastern part:Highlands formed by Appalachian rangeWestern part:High plateaus and mountains(Rockies are called as the back bone of the continent). Great central plain:A large plain between the eastern Appalachian and western RockiesMain geographical regions:New England(6,northeast, longest history featured with mountains ,valleys and rivers ,and cities and towns with historic sites ,top-ranking universities )The Mid-Atlantic StatesThe West (11,a wealth of forests and stream notable cities, high-tech industry predominant agricultural yielding,14% of GDP )The Mid-WestThe South(13,plenty of rainfall and mild climate are favorable for agriculture, fast growing industry and population recent years, great size with few large citiesThe SouthwestHawaii:Tourism is the largest source of incomeTropical climateRivers and Lakes:Mississippi River---largess and most important river in the system of GulfKnown as the river to American Indians.Hudson River:Flow through New York.The Great Lakes:Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Lake Huron and Lake Erie.The most important system of inland waterways in the world.Lake Michigan is wholly within the United StatesPart of the boundary runs through these lakesNiagara Fall is located on the U.S-Canada border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Climate:Mainly temperate and some mild subtropical areas with only southern Florida and Hawaii being tropical.Natural resources:Abounds in mineral resourcesPopulation:The third most populous country in the worldUneven distribution :most densely populatedNation of Immigrants :White Anglo-Saxon protestantThe Black :The Civil Rights Movements:The Civil Rights Movements began when the black people spontaneously oppose the Segregation Law and establish organizations to make the protest successful.Martin Luther King:The political and religious leaders of non-violent civil rights movementNobel peace prize.Hispanics:Spanish-speaking AmericansMexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban-Americans(best economic achievements )MiamiAsian Immigrants :The Chinese were the first Asians to come to the U.S, ”model minority”.Racial Assimilation:America is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a ”Melting Pot”and a Multi-Cultural SocietySpeak the same languageHave the same habits and manner.Lecture2:government and political systemAmerican constitution :Set down the basic framework of American government.Basic concept :Separation of power ,check and balances.Functions :Founding the American rule of law.Creating the federal system with a supreme national government.Having great flexibilityBuilding up the Republican form of government(共和制政体).Defining and limiting the power of the national government.Defining the relationship between national government and individual(个别)state governments.Guaranteeing the rights of the citizens of America.Supreme law, authority derived from people.Significance :Taking precedence over （为…开创先例）all state constitutions and law.First of its kind in the world, it has inspired dozens of other countries to seek for political reform.Federal system and government:The definition of Federalism(联邦制):The states are united into a federation.Federal government has the delegated power（委托权）.Both federal government and state government are Supreme power in their spheres of authority.Significance of federalism :Unify the states in their pursuit of common goals without completely deprive them of their independence.Federal government:Established by a federalism, there is a federal republic of 50 U.S states, District ofColombia and many other insular(岛屿的) areas.Branches of the government :Legislative ,executive and judicial branch.Separate but equally important ,checked and balanced by each other.The legislative branch :Congress :Briefing :Conference venue（会议场所）：The capitol(国会大厦)with Senate in the north wing and the house of representatives in the south wing.Law making and supreme legislative body.Monitor /supervise and influence aspects of the executive branch(congress’s responsibility :ensure ,comply with the law)Two chambers ----Senate（参议院）and the House of representatives（众议院）. Senate:Two members from each state as required by the Constitution with current membership 100.More important, consent to president’s proposal.The house of representatives:Each congressional district elect a representative.Each state is represented on the basis of population.More partisan that the Senate.The function:Pass the laws for the Union.The revenue bills must be originated in the house of representatives.The executive branch: comprises 14 branches and other independent agencies.Cabinet :formed by department’s heads ----secretaries.President:the chief of executive branch of the federal government. state and commander-in-chief of the military.Presidential residence: White House ,presidential term ：Serve one or two successive terms.Responsibility: taking care of the laws be faithfully executed.Executive Departments :Functions:The day-to-day enforcement and administration of federal laws.Head of the departments are chosen by president and approved by the Senate .Cabinet :A part of the executive branches of the U.S government and consists of the heads of the executive departments.Secretary of the state:Head of the Department of State, foreign affairs.Judicial branch:Definition:consist of a series of courts:supreme court (highest),court of appeal and district court.What it applies to ?In most criminal cases and some civil cases.Function:Finders of factDecide on whether the defendant committed the crime.Unanimous decision.Political partiesDemocratic party and Republican partyDonkey and ElephantThe Democratic Party(donkey):Liberal.Anti –federalists southwest cotton plantation ownersEmphasizing the governmental interference in economy.The Republican Party(GOP, elephant):Conservative (more assertive in international affairs)Difference and similarity:With regard to economy, the Democrats favor the governmental intervention while the Republicans stress the role of the market.On social issues, the Democrats support a strong social security system while the Republican oppose a large social security programs.Presidential election:Only the candidates nominated by the two Parties have the chance to win a Presidential election.Presidential election has 4 stages：The first stage: choosing the candidatesThe second stage: the campaigning stageThe third stage: votingThe forth stage: meeting the states capitalsLecture3:EconomyThe U.S economy is the current economic, industrial and technological giant.The largest developed country and the only superpower in the worldMixed economy:Emphasizing the private ownership(私有制).Federal government will regulate businesses.Private business produce the most goods and services.Economy system :free enterprise system.Type of business: Proprietorship(独资), cooperation and partnerships.History of American economy:The colonial period:Colonies are settled to escape religious persecutions and business ventures.After the settlement of the new England in1620,The English investors turn over colonial charter to the settlersSubsequently, the settlers established secondary industries formed a clear regional patterns of development.Since the America gained its independence:(词汇自己衔接)The constitution establish the nation as a unified market.Alexander Hamilton’s economic development strategyThe Industrial Revolution ：the boom of the cotton cloth production and textile industry(棉布生产和纺织业的繁荣)During that period of time, the south were dependant on the north for capital and manufactured goods.The Second Industrial Revolution gave birth to an explosion of new discoveries and inventions.In the 20 century :The U.S experienced a period of prosperity in the early of 20 century.Underwent Great Depression in the 1930s.President Roosevelt’s New Deal （massive intervention of the government ）saved itseconomy.略看：历届总统经济政策：Regan administration---new monetarist policiesGeorge Bush H.W----slow recession.Clinton----RecoveryAppearance of the new tycoonCurrent American economy:Agriculture：favorable natural condition.Successful agriculture mode （investment, labor method）and modern technology of farming .Remain to be the foundation of the economyManufacturing industry : America formed an industrial system with large productivity(northeastern is the lead region)Service industry:Financial services :banking, real estates and law servicesPublic welfare services:sheltering and retail servicesTop high-tech industryAdvanced space technology, information technology and computing.Lecture 4: Thirteen Colonies and the Independence War Pilgrim fathers:Columbus discovered the new world in1492.The discovery of new world epoch-making: people come to realise the world is round.Pilgrim Father(English separatists and other colonists) landed on north America on Dec 21th,1620 to escape religious persecutions. Forefather’s day Dec 21th(Mayflower).Thanksgiving day:For celebrating their first harvest of the forefathers.Fourth Thursday of November.Thirteen colonies:Those colonies were separately charted and governed by the Great Britain and finally became independent by signing the Declaration of Independence, which led the American Revolutionary War and the establishment of the U.SThe first colony was Virginia.The independence war:A series of armed conflict between the Great Britain and its 13 colonist for the colonists trying to gain their Independence and the uncontrollable contradictions. The shot of Lexington marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary WarThe Second Continental Congress:Held in Philadelphia ,May 10th , 1775Assume the functions of a national governmentFounding continental Army and NavyAppointed George Washington as the commander-in-chief of America forces. Printing paper money and open diplomatic relations.On fourth of the January,1776 approved the Declaration of IndependentThe Declaration :Consisting two parts：1.Justifing the rights for people to rebel against a government that denied theirnatural rights2.Indicting the King George for his cruel tyranny.Significance :Upholding the principle of equality and freedom of all manThe principle that people have the right to revolt.Independent DayJuly 4thThe course of the independence war:It dragged on for seven yearsThe victory of Saratoga became the turning point of the war.With the Assistance of French, Spain and Holland the war quickly ended.The Treaty of Paris put an end to the war and bring about the Independence of the 13states.Lecture 5:The American Constitution and Civil War.The American Constitution:The Constitutional Convention(制宪会议)Washington(elected as chairman), James Madison and other predominant figures discussed issues on federalism James Madison became “the father of the constitution”.Content :Representation : equal number of Senators, representatives based on population Structure of the government：a strong central government divided into 3 branches. Establishing federalism. (constitution day Sep17,1787)Causing disagreement between the federalist and the anti-federalist.Ten amendments were add to the constitution, known as “The Bill of Rights”.First general election: First President Washington.Significance of the US Constitution:Designed to unite all the people and prevent abuse of power by government officials Dividing the federal government into 3 separate but interdependent part: legislature, judiciary and executive.Becoming the first written constitution in modern sense upholding the principle that government should serve the people.Guaranteeing the unalienable human rights with the adoption of the Bill of Rights ,people’s supremacyupholding equality and political liberalism .The Era of Expansion:Louisiana Purchase became the first major event in American expansion.The Monroe doctrine: show “America for Americans “in foreign policy.Initiating Mexican American War annexed the entire southeast and CaliforniaThe civil war :The American civil war was fought in the united states between the Union and the Confederate States of the America from 1861 until 1865.The only war fight on America soil by Americans.Causes:Economic reason: contradictions between the two different existing economic systemsPolitical reason: the independence of the states.Immediate cause :The dispute over Negro slavery finally led to the session of the southern sates Abraham Lincoln:On Feb 4,1861,Abraham Lincoln took the office and insisted that slavery was evil and should be ultimately abolished.1862,he announced the Emancipation Proclamation, providing all slaves in the rebellion states freedom and setting the stage for the ultimate abolition to slavery. Gettysburg---turning point of the war.Lincoln deliver the famous Gettysburg Address, proposing the 3 principles of an ideal: government of the people, by the people and for the people.Assassinate , Lincoln memorialAftermath(result) :Victorious Union government sought to end the slavery and guarantee a permanently unbreakable union.The Confederate surrendered, the U.S stayed as a whole countrySlavery was totally abolished through the 13 and 14 amendment to the constitution, which swept the obstacles to the development of the U.S capital production.。
托福听力tpo46 section2 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo46section2对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation2 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (7)译文 (7)Lecture3 (9)原文 (9)题目 (11)答案 (14)译文 (14)Lecture4 (16)原文 (16)题目 (20)答案 (22)译文 (23)Conversation2原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a conversation between a student and her history professor.FEMALE STUDENT:So I definitely wanna write my term paper on American journalism in the eighteenth century.That old copy of the New York Daily Gazette you showed us,the one printed from the library's microfilm…just seeing a newspaper that was published in1789,that was really cool.MALE PROFESSOR:Yes,reading old newspapers can be a powerful experience,especially to a budding historian like yourself.As a resource for scholars and researchers,I don't think any form of publication really captures the day-to-day life of a community better than a local newspaper.FEMALE STUDENT:Yeah,I mean I knew that the number of newspapers exploded in the eighteenth century,but I figured they all deteriorated before the technology was invented to preserve them,or y'know,make copies.MALE PROFESSOR:Well,actually,before the mid-1800s,newspapers were printed on fairly sturdy paper made from cotton fibers.Those that survived are in surprisingly good shape.FEMALE STUDENT:Are there many more copies of the Gazette on microfilm?MALE PROFESSOR:Yeah,we've got a great microfilm library on campus. You'll find it invaluable,I'm sure,as you research your paper.Um,but also talk to the librarians,because they're creating an online archive of their microfilm collection.I'm not sure of the project's status,but if it's done,it'll probably save you time.So,um,eighteenth-century journalism; you must realize that that topic's too broad for this assignment. FEMALE STUDENT:I do.So one idea I had was like,looking at an important world event,like maybe the French Revolution of1789,since we just finished a unit on it.The readings you had given us were incredibly vivid;I loved them.But they were translations of French writers…historians.So,I thought it'd be interesting to pick the Gazette and one other American newspaper to see how each covered the Revolution,how the journalists reported it from America’s perspective….MALE PROFESSOR:Hmm.Interesting approach.But remember,I’ll be grading your paper based on the details you include.And at some point in your paper,you'll want to focus on a particular event of the Revolution, like maybe the storming of the Bastille prison?FEMALE STUDENT:How'bout the formation of the French NationalConstituent Assembly?MALE PROFESSOR:Sure,that would work.FEMALE STUDENT:And since I'm gonna look at newspapers from two cities,I could read the editorials,the opinion pieces,to find out what each community thought about the National Assembly.MALE PROFESSOR:OK,but…y'know,I once attended a history conference where a professor presented a paper on the American press and the French Revolution.She was discussing the development of democratic ideals here and in France at the time.But,ah,she also pointed out that using old newspapers as primary sources…to be aware that they reflected the values of only a segment of society and should not be used to draw conclusions about all Americans.I don't think I held onto her paper,but it was subsequently published,so you'll have no trouble tracking it down on the Internet.Let me give you her name…题目1.What is the conversation mainly about?ing new technologies to preserve old newspapersing old newspapers to conduct historical researchC.The rise of American journalism in the eighteenth centuryD.Press coverage of the French Revolution of17892.What gave the student inspiration for the topic of her term paper? [Click on2answers.]A.A recent visit to the library's microfilm collectionB.A long-standing interest in the history of FranceC.Seeing what an eighteenth-century newspaper looked likeD.Reading a translation of French historical accounts3.According to the professor,what should the student ask the librarians?A.Which eighteenth-century newspapers covered events in FranceB.If she can request microfilmed newspapers from another libraryC.If the old newspapers she wants to read are available online yetD.Whether the library has any original copies of eighteenth-century newspapers4.What will the student probably include in her term paper?A.Newspaper coverage of the French National Constituent AssemblyB.Newspaper coverage of the storming of the Bastille prisonC.Ways in which the French Revolution contributed to the development of democratic idealsD.How the reporting of American journalists differed from that of French journalists5.What can be inferred about the professor when he discusses a paper presented at a history conference?A.He is grateful that he saved the paper because it might help the student.B.He worries that the student will overgeneralize American attitudes based on the content of newspapersC.He is excited to provide a model that the student can use to organize her term paper.D.He hopes that the student will consider interviewing the author of the paper.答案B CDC A B译文旁白：听一段一个学生和她的历史教授之间的对话。
托福Lecture场景讲义
1.艺术类讲座Arts：绘画，雕塑* Cubism 立体派；立体主义* Fauvism野兽派* Abstractism 抽象派* Pop Art 波普艺术；流行艺术Brush 画笔；毛笔Genuine 真品Fake 赝品Aesthetic 美学Gallery 美术馆Brushstroke 绘画技巧color 颜料dye 染料Pigment 颜料figure画像canvas帆布frame[电影] 画面easel 画架sketch. 素描Oil painting油画；油画艺术portrait 肖像；半身雕塑像style 风格；字体painting 绘画；着色perspective远景portray 描绘impressionism印象派，印象主义statue雕像，塑像sculpture 雕塑；雕刻carve. 雕刻bust半身像relief浮雕retouch 润饰；修整部分restore恢复；还原refine精炼，提纯watercolor 水彩画；水彩颜料pastel粉蜡笔；粉蜡笔画Charcoal drawing素描mural壁画fresco壁画engraving. 雕刻；雕刻术；雕刻品Landscape painting风景画，山水画still life静物；静物写生caricature 漫画original原作copy. 副本；摹仿reproduction复制品replica 复制品✧音乐accompaniment 伴奏conservatory音乐学校band乐队solo 独奏；独唱duet 二重奏；二重唱trio三重唱concerto 协奏曲symphony交响乐Folk music民俗音乐time节拍Rock and roll摇滚乐Pop music流行音乐harmony 协调；调和concert. 音乐会play剧本opera. 歌剧Hillbilly music乡村音乐Country music乡村音乐serenade小夜曲volume音量chord. 弦；和弦Sheet music散页乐谱；活页乐谱arrangement整理；准备Chamber music室内音乐orchestra. 管弦乐队note音符2.生命科学类life science植物flora 植物区系botany植物学plant植物root 根stem干；茎stalk茎，秆leaf叶子flower花fruit. 水果；产物seed 种子shoot发芽bud 萌芽；蓓蕾petal 花瓣pollen花粉pollinate对...授粉trunk 树干；躯干branch树枝，分枝twig 小枝；嫩枝；末梢bark 树皮shrub. 灌木；灌木丛nectar 花蜜fern 蕨；蕨类植物photosynthesis光合作用Aquatic plant水生植物canopy天篷foliage植物；叶子wither 枯萎；凋谢bush灌木；矮树丛herb 香草，药草symbiosis共生blossom. 花；开花期perennial多年生植物annual一年生植物动物&微生物Whale鲸Fossil化石remainsHippopotamus----Hippo河马Carnivore食肉动物Herbivore食草动物Omnivore杂食动物marsupial有袋动物amphibian两栖动物reptile爬行动物Mammal哺乳动物vertebratecold-blooded animalwarm-blooded animal Metabolism新陈代谢queen蜂王drone 雄蜂worker bees工蜂Colony种群Hive蜂巢Mate 配偶Nectar花蜜Pollen花粉gills鳃SQUID鱿鱼；乌贼sac囊convergent evolution趋同进化Octopus章鱼Imitation 拟态Chromatophores 色素细胞sepia乌贼墨Distraction display 迷惑表演Displacement activity 换位行为Hatch 孵化Migration 飞行中的空气动力学Aerodynamics 空气动力学动物听觉器官及机理Echolocation蝙蝠Eardrum青蛙auditory canal鸟Film蝗虫Symbiosis共生Mutualism互利共生Commensalism偏利共生Parasitism寄生Klepto-parasitism偷窃寄生Cell 细胞prokaryotic cell 原核细胞eukaryotic cell 真核细胞Protozoa 原生动物Unicellular organism 单细胞生物multicellular organism 多细胞生物nucleoid 拟核Mitochondrion 线粒体Chlorophyll 叶绿素Anthocyanin 花青素cell wall 细胞壁Cytoderm 细胞壁DNA（deoxyribonucleic acid）脱氧核糖核酸Gene基因Chromosome 染色体Mitosis 有丝分裂Amitosiss 无丝分裂bacteria & germ 细菌fungus 真菌filaments 菌丝chitin 甲壳素Enzyme酶Penicillin 抗生素Virus 病毒amino acid 氨基酸scavenger 食腐动物insect昆虫pest害虫fauna. 动物群hunting 打猎foraging觅食力behavior行为genus属species物种predator 捕食者prey.捕食；被捕食的动物game 猎物habitat栖息地nest巢hibernate冬眠attack 攻击Defend防御mate配偶offspring后代，子孙descendant后裔；子孙larva 幼体，幼虫gene基因kingdom领域phylum 门class种类order 命令family家族extinction 灭绝camouflage伪装，掩饰marinelife陆地生物reproduce生殖multiply繁殖breed繁殖hatch 孵化nutrition营养品muscle 肌肉；力量nerve神经Bone骨头protein蛋白质fur毛皮feather羽毛hide兽皮adaptation. 适应endangered濒临灭绝的remains遗骸feed 饲料respire 呼吸digest消化；吸收migrate随季节而移居plankton 浮游生物heredity遗传inherit遗传而得anatomy 解剖mutation突变cold-blooded animal冷血动物warm-blooded animal温血动物metabolism新陈代谢microbe细菌，微生物organism有机体；微生物bacteria细菌germ胚芽virus 病毒3.自然科学类physical science天文学* Black Hole “黑洞”* emission nebula 发射星云* reflection nebula 反射星云* Interstellar cloud 星际云* dark nebula 暗星云* Mercury 水星* Venus 金星* Earth 地球* Mars 火星* Jupiter 木星* Saturn 土星* Uranus 天王星* Neptune 海王星Observatory天文台universe宇宙space太空cosmos宇宙Celestial body天体Heavenly body天体dwarf侏儒，矮子constellation 星座galaxy银河The Milky Way银河Solar system太阳系Cluster星团corona日冕chromospheres色球层photosphere光球，光球层vacuum真空eclipse日蚀，月蚀Solar radiation太阳辐射planet 行星asteroid/planetoid小行星meteoroid流星体Meteor流星Comet彗星Meteorite陨星；流星rotate旋转地理学* Volcano 火山* active volcano 活火山* dormant volcano 休眠火山* Extinct Volcano 死火山* Drought 旱灾* Rainstorm 暴雨* Flood 洪水* debris flow 泥石流* Ozone Layer 臭氧层* aurora 极光* solar wind太阳风* magnetosphere 磁层* wetlands 湿地Horizon地平线continent大陆，洲terrestrial陆地生物landscape地形vegetation植被Rainforest雨林swamp沼泽；湿地tundra苔原；冻原；冻土地带mesa台地hill小山；丘陵lagoon泻湖；环礁湖；咸水湖basin盆地valley 山谷gorge峡谷latitude纬度Longitude经度equator赤道Tropic of Cancer北回归线Tropic of Capricorn南回归线The tropics热带地区The temperate zone温带The frigid zone寒带Hemisphere半球pole极点Polar circle极圈The Arctic北极区The Antarctic 南极地区The primemeridian南极地区The Arctic circle北极圈The Antarctic circle南极圈frost 冰冻，严寒Atmosphere大气层spell轮替Climate气候Temperature气温precipitation降水；冰雹moisture湿度；潮湿humidity湿度；湿气dry干涸arid干旱的semiarid半干旱的monsoon 季风Weather天气subterranean地底下territory版图terrain地形，地势Mountain range山脉dune沙丘summit顶峰Peak顶峰ridge山脉Plateau高原Plain平原highland丘陵地带reef矿脉Tide潮汐torrent激流isle岛islet小岛archipelago 群岛cliff悬崖hillside山坡，山腹marsh沼泽；湿地canyon. 峡谷crack. 裂缝fissure裂缝；裂沟crevasse裂缝cave 洞穴，窑洞cavern洞穴delta 三角洲Island岛屿peninsula半岛channel海峡bay海湾Strait海峡savanna热带草原prairie大草原；牧场grassland. 草原；牧草地steppe大草原oasis 绿洲zone地带desert沙漠Offshore海岸melt 熔化Jungle热带丛林irrigate灌溉gulf海湾elevation海拔altitude海拔Time zone时区subterranean地下的coast海岸watershed流域Upper reaches上游Lower reaches下游deposit沉淀物Spring泉水fountain喷泉Iceberg冰山glacier冰河，冰川waterfall瀑布lithosphere岩石圈ore矿；矿石geyser喷泉plate金属板tectonics构造地质学Continentaldrift大陆漂移学说avalanche雪崩mudslide塌方；山崩地质学crust地壳Core地核mantle地幔Rock岩石mineral矿物aquifer蓄水层layer层sediment沉积；沉淀物fossil化石stratum地层fault断层fold折痕Dating techniques年代测定技术Earthquake地震seismicwaves地震波epicenter震中magnitude震aftershock余震volcano火山erode腐蚀，侵蚀sedimentaryrock沉积岩limestone石灰岩granite花岗岩Eruption爆发magma岩浆lava火山岩浆Ash火山灰chamber房间crater火山口Activevolcano活火山dormantvolcano休眠火山extinctvolcano死火山bedrock基岩tsunami海啸landslide山崩mudslide泥流avalanche雪崩化学Erode--ErosionRotDecay Decomposition RustLimestone石灰石Silicon硅CrystalCopperLead铅Mercury水银Nickle镍Sodium钠Calcium钙Oxygen氧气Nitrogen氮Gasoline Petroleum Hydrocarbon PlasticMolecule Particle Solution—solubility DissolveBlend Compound物理学Dimension维度Vibration震动Electron电子Neutron中子Nucleus原子核Proton质子Atom原子Ion离子Distillation蒸馏Density密度Friction摩擦Magnet磁体Spectrum光谱Conductor道题Optics光学的Emit发出Eject喷射Thaw融化Shrink缩水Ultra red telescopes 红外望远镜electromagnetic wave 电磁波radio wave无线电波（即赫兹波）ultrasonic wave 超声波radiation decay 衰变radiation 辐射half-life 半衰期spectroscopy 光谱学考古学* Relative dating 相对年龄测定* Absolute dating 绝对测年法* Radiocarbon dating放射性碳定年法* Radiometric Dating同位素年龄测定* radiocarbon dating 放射性碳定年法* Radiometric Dating 同位素年龄测定* Excavate 发掘* Paleolithic [,pelɪo‘lɪθɪk] 旧石器时代* Mesolithic [ˌmiːzə(ʊ)ˈlɪθɪk] 中石器时代* Neolithic [ˌniəˈlɪθɪk] 新石器时代* Chronological 年代的* Remnant 遗迹* Pottery 陶* Ceramics 陶* Antique 古老的* Artifact 手工艺品能源学* tidal energy* barrage* dam* Solar energy* Silicon* pollution环境科学* Ecosystem* Poisonous* Pollute—pollutant—pollution* Contaminate* Waste* Habitat* balance4社会科学类讲座social science美国历史Early HistoryChristopher ColumbusAmerigo VespucciFrance VS Great BritainMay Flower (Pilgrims, peasant, prisoners, losers&Dios)Washington (cerasus, sakura, William Wallace)Boston Tea Party (Tea Act issued by British Parliament, East India Company, Boston Harbor, iconic event, December 16, 1773)American RevolutionAmerican Revolutionary War(the original 13 colonies, France, the French Revolution)the Declaration of Independence(July 4th, 1776)StatementStatue of LibertyCopperBronzeBrassPatinastudioWestward MovementAmerican Civil WarIndustrialization VS slavery plantation economyImport VS ExportTariffslaverylabornegroraw materialNegroAbraham LincolnSecessionUnited States of America Confederate States of America Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Address AssassinationModern daysWorld War ⅠGreat Depression（financial crisis）The Roosevelt New Deal 罗斯福新政Relief 救济Recovery 复兴Reform 改革World War ⅡPearl Harbor经济管理4MsMarket市场Media 媒体Money钱Message信息4PsProduct 产品Price 价格Place 渠道Promotion 促销7Psproduct 产品price 价格place 渠道promotion 促销People 人Process 过程Physical evidence有形展示Porter‘s Five Forces：Supplier powerBuyer powerRivalryBarriers to enterThreat of substituteSWOT analysis：StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreatsSMART：SpecificMeasurableAttainableRelevantTime-boundService Management：IntangibilityPerishabilityInseparabilityVariabilityService FailureService RecoveryService DesignService StandardSatisfied---pleasantExperience EconomyDinning Experience---exceed expectation---customer loyalty ZOT商业贸易InboundOutboundTariffBalanceSurplusDeficitTrade & CommerceImport & ExportTollFortuneDepressionBid Merchandise Inflation Consume ContractMerge Acquisition PatronageDebtRevenueProfit Shopping mall Outlet Department store Supermarket Warehouse Convenience store On-line store政治Confederate Senate Congress Diplomatic Domestic Privilege Democracy Territory Election Dominate Colonizestrike。
山西省新高考英语教材电子版
山西省新高考英语教材电子版Period 1 warming-upStep 1something about The Guinness Book of World RecordsThe Guinness Book of World Records is a world famous collection of records in human life ,including alll specific skills.What is the longest song title? Who is the tallest living human being?What is the rarest stamp? The answers to these questions, and more, can be found at today's Family Site. Called The Guinness Book of Records, this is a site that represents an organization that for years has recorded events and stunts from all over the world. The desire of human beings to be the fastest,or tallest, or have that smallest or largest of an item are the bread andbutter of this group.At this site, you can find out about the latest record setting attemptsand in what categories, search for existing records, find out the schedule of their television show, and suggest ideas for new categories or records.This site is really interesting, one that you can spend an hour or two and be thoroughly entertained. By the way, the longest song title is a song by Hoagy Carmichael called "I'm a Cranky Old Yank in a Clanky Old Tank on the Streets of Yokohama with my Honolulu Mama Doing Those Beat-o, Beat-o, Flat on my Seat-o Hirohito Blues". Or it was the last time I looked. As for the other answers, you can find those for yourself at the site.The book of records has been renewed each year and has been bought and enjoyes in 141 countries around the worls .The 262 editions and 35 languangesit has used ,may be a record itself.Who got the idea to write the Guinness Book of World Records?In , Sir Hugh Beaver, the then managing director of the Guinness Brewery, went on a shooting party and became involved in an argument. Which was the fastest game bird in Europe ?the golden plover or the grouse? He realized then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove popular. He was right!Step 2Take the quiz below and see whether you can guess the answer1. The lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth is __________.A. �C75.4℃B. �C89.2 ℃C. �C110.7 ℃(-128.6°F) at the Russian Base in Vostock in Antarctica on July 21,2. The world’s tallest man is ________A. 2.35mB. 2.45mC. 2.55(America's Robert Wadlow who still towers above the rest at 8ft 11.1 inches. )3. The youngest college graduatewas_______A.10 years old B 12 years old C. 14 years old4. The highest number of goalsin a soccer career is ______A. B,546 C.5. The longest beard is _________A. 73cmB. 1.83 cmC. 2.336. The longest lecture lasted _______A. 32.5 hB. 62.5hC. 82.5hStep 3 listeninganswer the questions in the SBposssible answers:1, large, big ,short,great,long,giant,small,tiny,strong , thin,….2. reach, up to,speed, kilometre,hour,second,minute,metre,mile, per, fast,slow…3.tall people; easy to reach sth, waste cothshort pepole : smart quick,difficult to reach sth.Finish the Exs in the SBStep 4 speakingask the students to work in pairs to have a dissussionPeriod 2and 3 readingStep1. Pre �Creading : answer the questions in the SbStep2. Scanning1. Who was Sir Hugh Beaver?2.When was the first edition of Guinness Book of World Records published?Match the general idea of each paragraph.. Chinese record2. The first edition of Guinness Book of World Record3. Records from the world of sports4. Records of different categories5. How to set a record?6. Why are people so interested in recordsStep 3 carefully reading1. Who got the idea to write the Guinness Book of World Records?2. When was the first edition of the Guinness Book of World Records published?3. How are records collected in the book? Please give 3 examples.4. Why are people so interested in world records?5. How can you try to set a record?posssible answers:1. Sir. Hugh Beaver.2. In .3. The Guinness Book of World Records has chapters on the human body, amazing feats, the natural world, science and technology , arts and the media, modern society, travel and transport, and sports and games.Examples: Tian’anmen Square is the largest square in the world.the longest moustache reached a length of 1.6 metres.the longest poisonous snake is 5.71 metres long.4. Because we are curious about the records and also entertained by accounts of strange and unusual deeds and facts.5. First contact the Guinness Book of World Records.Then the editors will send you rules and the form you need to apply the record after their discussion.Afterwards a Guinness official will come to inspect your attempt.If you are successful, the official will confirm the record and give you a certificate.Step 4Match each of the sentence below with a paragraph in the reading.A . The Guinness Book of World Records is popular because people enjoy reading about strange facts and exciting achievements.B. The editors of the book collect all the records and put them into different groups.C. Sir Hugh Beaver decided to write the book as the result of an argument with a friend.D. Even though the records themselves are amazing, the stories of the people who set the records are often even more interesting.E. A new Guinness world record will only be accepted if it is safe and has been done according to the rules.F. “ I just love reading about people w ho do amazing things, such as swimming a long river or running across a country. The stories inspire me and are fun to read.Step 5 T or F.1. The Guinness company began to the Guinness Book of World Records in the s.2. More than 60,000 new records are printed in the book each year.3. An Englishman balanced a small car weighing 159.6 kilogrammes on his head for 33 seconds.4. Lance Armstrong’s speed record is more impressive than his struggle against his disease.5.The records that are dangerous to the person who is attempting it or to others are not allowed in the book.6. The records in the Guinness Book of World Records are including different areas of people’s life.Step 6 post- readingAnswer the following questions.1. How did Sir Hugh Beaver come up with the idea for Guinness Book of World Records?2 .What Guinness record were set in Urumqi and Hong Kong?3. How long is the longest moustache in the world?4. What are the categories in Guinness Book of World Records?5. Why are Lance Armstrong’s records special?6. What types of record attempts are not allowed?7. Why do you think many people are interested in world records?How much do you know about Guinness and the world record?If you want to set a record, what kind of record would you like to?posssible answers:1. He first wanted to settle an argument about the fastest bird in Europe．After talking to his friends, he concluded that a book which answered such questions might popular.2. Urumqi is the most remote city from the sea ; A special and deliciousr ecord was set in to celebrate Hong Kong’s return to China.3. 1.6 meters4. human body，amazing feats，the natural world，science and technology，arts and the media，model society，travel and transport，and sports and games．5. It fades next to the s tory of Armstrong’s struggle against disease.6.Records that are dangerous to the person who is attempting it or toothers7.Because we want to know what is possible and find out just how far wecan push ourselves and are also entertained by accounts of strange and unusual deeds and facts．Step 7 Language points1. conclude vt. conclude that…. conclusion n.come to the conclusion that... 所得结论是..., 断定draw the conclusion得出结论，推测leap / jump to a conclusion 冒然断定，过早下结论in conclusion = lastly 最后,总之eg: In conclusion I’ d like to say that you did it very well.2.set sth. down 写下下来eg: Why don’t you set your idea down on paper?set sb. down 停放使人上车eg: The bus stopped to set down an old lady.I’ll set you down on the corner of the street.set about sth./doing sth.做手某事/做某事＝set out to do开始干set off 启程set aside 不理会；搁置；存储＝put awayset foot in/on 走上set fire to sth./set sth on fire 防火烧掉…set up 设立；修建be set in 以…为背景3. keep track of sb./ sth.eg: It’s hard to keep track of all one’s old school friends.lose track ofeg: lose track of time 说不准现在的确切时间4. balance 天平eg: Have you brought something to weigh the flesh? A balance?均衡 eg: balance of naturekeep/lose one’s balance 谐调，匀称eg: All the parts of the building are in perfect balance. 余额eg: I must check my bank balance. v. 使……保持平衡eg: How long can you balance on one foot? 支付eg: balance an account / one’s books 结帐等价，抵消eg: This year’s profits will balance our previous losses.5. stand out明显；醒目注重；优秀 ; 秉持；提振eg: to stand out a crisis熬过危机Stand still ! 站住，不许动！stand by 在场；靠近; 袖手旁观（无线电台或军事方面）待命，准备工作行动 ; 企图援助；极力积极支持拥护；信守eg: to stand by one's promise严格遵守诺言 stand down选择退出竞选;返回证人席stand for代表，表示；意指；容忍；允许stand in当替身演员；替代 stand up耐热；坚固耐用; 设立eg: Will the charge stand up in court?这个指控在法庭上能够设立吗？stand up for维护；拥护；支持6.next to1) 在……旁边He lives next to me.2) 跟在……之后 Next to skiing her favorite sport was ice-hockey.我最喜欢的运动是滑雪，其次是冰球。
Lecture+2
2.1.4 Opinion/preference questions
How are you today, Mark? Have you any brothers or sisters? What is the date today?
LOGO
2.4.2 Longer WH-questions
Time • (In) which year were you born (in)? • (In) which month are they leaving (in)? • (On) which day will you phone (on)? • (On) what date does it start (on)? • (At) what time do we arrive (at)? • (For) how long (a time) will she stay (for)? • (For) what length of time is it valid (for)? • (At) what age can you marry (at)? • How often does he play football? • How many times (a week) do they play? • Since when has he been smoking?
What is Ben? He’s a civil engineer. He’s managing director.
He’s a boy. He’s happy. Why can’t he play football? What haven’t the boys done?
Lecture 2 Finding a Topic
2.2 Discovering a General Subject
• • • • • • • • • • 2.2.7 Search the headings in periodical indexes A. Domestic journals Contemporary Linguistics（《当代语言学》 Foreign Language Teaching and Research (《外语教学与研究》） Foreign Languages (Journal of Shanghai International Studies University)（《外国语》） Modern Foreign Language（《现代外语》） Chinese Translation（《中国翻译》） Chinese Translation of Science and Technology《中国科技翻译》 Shanghai Translation《上海翻译》 Foreign Languages and Translation《外语与翻译》
2 FINDING A TOPIC
CONTENTS 2.1 Discovering your purpose 2.2 Generating ideas and discovering a general subject 2.3 Narrowing the general subject down to a specific topic 2.4 Sample topics
2.1 Discovering your purpose
• 2.1.2 An analytical purpose • An analytical paper is written to analyze component parts so that meanings, causes, or consequences can be arrived at. General conclusions are drawn from facts and basic evidence. You may separate the issues, comment on each one, and arrive finally at a synthesis.
tpo36听力题目 解析
Conversation 1 (1)Lecture1 (2)Lecture 2 (4)答案： (6)Conversation 2 (6)Lecture3 (8)Lecture4 (10)答案： (12)Conversation 11.What do the speakers mainly discuss?O Methods that the professor uses to challenge her studentsO Reasons that the student turned in his paper a week late .O The two parts of an assignment for a writing class.O Seldom discussed aspects of a famous poet's work.2.What reason does the professor give for wanting to meet with the student?O She wants to compliment him on the work he has done so far.O She is concerned that the student is not reading a wide enough variety of poetry. O She wants to lend him a book of poetry.O She routinely meets individually with her students.3.What does the student like about Pablo Neruda's poems in the book Elemental Odes?O That Neruda challenged himself by limiting the theme of all the poems to fruits and vegetables O That the poems have been written in many different styles.O How Neruda focuses on color to make his poems more memorable.O How Neruda describes common objects in unexpected ways.4.Why does the student mention the meter called iambic pentameter?O To point out that his poem is longer than The Lemon.O To explain how he approached the composition of his poem.O To explain what he liked most about Neruda's poem The LemonO To distinguish Neruda's poetry from that of other poets.5.What does the professor mean when she says this:O Neruda was an extraordinary writer.O Neruda should not have won a Nobel Prize.O It is surprising that Neruda's poems are not more popularO It is unfortunate that Neruda did not win a Nobel Prize.Lecture16.What aspects of snowflakes does the professor mainly discuss? Click on 2 answers.O How they develop into complex structures.O How they are affected by the presence of ozone.O The challenges researchers face in studying them.O The function of their quasi-liquid layer.7.What does the professor say about the role of water vapor in snowflake formation?O Too much water vapor prevents the initial dinner plate from forming.O Water vapor's role in snowflake formation is not completely understood.O Water vapor molecules in snowflakes attract ice particles from the air.O Water vapor is necessary for snowflakes to be able to form branches.8.What factor helps explain why no two snowflakes are alike?O They all freeze at different rates.O They all form in slightly different air temperatures.O They all begin with a different number of water moleculesO They all follow different paths through clouds.9.How do molecules in the quasi-liquid layer differ from those in other parts of the snowflake?O They are not held in place as tightly as other molecules.O They react with ozone to keep the layer from completely freezing.O They prevent ice crystals from forming additional branches.O They are thinner than other molecules.10.What does the professor imply about ice crystals with a large number of branches? O They help block harmful radiation from the Sun.O They form as a result of complex reactions with ozone.O They contribute to a reduction in ground-level ozone.O They have a thinner quasi-liquid layer than ice crystals with fewer branches 11.What can be inferred about the professor when he says this:O He doubts that the students have understood his explanation.O He does not think that bricks are an ideal illustration of his point.O He is not sure that the information he has just given is accurate.O He thinks that the similarities between liquid and bricks are surprising Lecture 212.What is the lecture mainly about?O The discovery of a previously unknown trace metal.O The role trace metals play in carbon cycling.O Ways that living organisms rid themselves of trace metals.O Ways that zinc interacts with carbon dioxide.13.What does the professor imply about the conversation of carbon dioxide molecules in plants?O It is an unusually complex chemical process.O It only takes place in full sunlight.O It proceeds slowly when cadmium is present.O It is regulated by an enzyme that may contain zinc.14.According to the professor, why is it surprising that many marine plants areable to survive near the surface of oceans?O Weather conditions near the surface disrupt certain life processes.O The salt content of surface waters is constantly changing.O Surface waters contain low quantities of zinc.O Surface waters absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide.15.A ccording to the professor, what important function do diatoms serve?O They alter cadmium so it is less toxic to humans.O They help cycle zinc in places where it is scarce.O They distribute carbon throughout the ocean.O They remove cadium from the ocean floor.16.What point does the professor make when she talks about cadmium being poisonous to humans?O That cadmium and zinc can serve a similar function in plant enzymes.O That both cadmium and zinc are rare in plant enzymes.O That most trace metals are poisonous to humans.O That cadmium does not serve any biological purpose.17.The professor states that the discovery of an enzyme containing cadmium is important. What are two reasons that this discovery is important? Click on 2 answers.O It may lead to the discovery of new enzymes that use other trace metals.O It may explain the ocean's increased levels of carbon dioxide.O It may explain the scarcity of some elements in the ocean.O It may help scientists better understand global warming.答案：1.c2.D3. D4.B5. D6.AD7.A8.D9.A10.B11.C12.B13.D14.C15.C16.A17.ADConversation 21.Why does the woman go to talk to the man?O To find out how the store pays artists for their work.O To purchase some ceramic coffee mugs.O To find out if the store sells objects made by students.O To ask about the advantages and disadvantages of consignment sales2.What is the main reason that the woman cannot display her ceramic bowls in the campus store?O Her bowls are too expensive.O There is not enough room for her display case.O The store gets merchandise only from approved suppliers. O There is little demand on campus for ceramic bowls.3.According to the conversation, what is a reason that the woman wants to sell her bowls?O To earn enough money to buy a second display case. O To fulfill a requirement of one of her courses.O To impress her studio art professor.O To gain experience that could help in her future career.4.What is the woman's attitude toward selling items at the Emporium?O She is eager to display her work to the public there.O She is encouraged because the Emporium specializes in selling ceramics.O She is worried because she does not fully understand the consignment process.O She is worried that she might not make much money.5.What concerns does the woman initially express about selling items at the craft fair? Click on 2 answers.O Whether doing so would interfere with her studies.O Whether customers would appreciate her artistryO Whether she could afford the fee charged to sellers.O Whether she would be able to transport her items to the fair.Lecture36.What is the main purpose of the lecture?O To familiarize students with the Mayan civilization in the Classic Period.O To prepare students for an archaeology project about the Mayan civilization.O To provide evidence for a point made in a previous class about the Mayan civilization O To call into question a common view about the decline of ancient Mayan civilization.7.Why does the professor discuss Lamanai in detail?O To present findings about one Mayan settlement from the Postclassic period.O To describe the physical layout of the first Mayan settlements in Central America.O To criticize the excavation methods used there during the 1970s.O To note how the size of a typical Mayan settlement varied throughout its history.8.What is one of the features that gives Lamanai special archaeological significance?O It was the first Mayan site in Belize to be excavated in modern times.O It was occupied by two distinct cultural groups during the Classic period.O It was continuously occupied by the Maya longer than any other site.O It had an economic structure that was distinct from that of other Mayan cities9.Why does the professor say that it would require lots of funding to uncover the stone structures that she discusses?O Because there are so many of them.O Because very few archaeologists are given access to them. O Because they arelocated on so many different islands.O Because of difficult weather conditions in the region.10.According to the professor, what can be inferred from the ceramic artifactsfound on the island? O The island was the source of most of the pottery used at Lamanai.O Much of Lamanai's population relocated to the island during the Postclassicperiod. O The Mayan trading network remained strong during the Postclassicperiod.O The Maya developed new technological capabilities on the island.11.Why does the student say this:O To request that the professor repeat the point she just made.O To express his doubt about the period of time being discussed.OTo disagree with the professor's interpretation of the evidence about Lamanai. OTo find out if he correctly understands the professor's point.Lecture412.What is the main purpose of the lecture?O To explain how musicians can perform successfully in theaters and concert halls with poor acoustics.O To explain how the design of theaters and concert halls has changed over time.O To discuss design factors that affect sound in a room.O To discuss a method to measure the reverberation time of a room.13.According to the lecture, what were Sabine's contributions to architectural acoustics? Click on 2 a nswers.O He founded the field of architectural acoustics.O He developed an important formula for measuring a room’s reverberation time. O H e renewed architects ’ interest in ancient theaters.O He provided support for using established architectural principles in the design of concert halls.14.According to the professor, what is likely to happen if a room has a very long reverberation time?O Performers will have to make an effort to be louder.O Sound will not be scattered in all directions.O Older sounds will interfere with the perception of new sounds.O Only people in the center of the room will be able to hear clearly.15.Why does the professor mention a piano recital?O To illustrate that different kinds of performances require rooms with different reverberation times.O To demonstrate that the size of the instrument can affect its acoustic properties.O To cite a type of performance suitable for rectangular concert hall.O To exemplify that the reverberation time of a room is related to its size.16.According to the professor, what purpose do wall decorations in older concert halls serve?O They make sound in the hall reverberate longer.O They distribute the sound more evenly in the hall.O They make large halls look smaller and more intimate.O They distuise structural changes made to improve sound quality.17.Why does the professor say this:O To find out if students have understood his point.O To indicate that he will conclude the lecture soon.O To introduce a factor contradicting his previous statement. O To add emphasis to his previous statement.答案：1.C2.B3.B4.D5.AD6.D7.A8.C9.A10.C11D12.C13.AB14.C15.AD16.B17.D。
专业英语(传播学)-教学大纲
《专业英语（传播学）》教学大纲Specialized English for Journalism & Communication StudiesⅠ课程编号：061982B课程类型：专业选修课总学时：32 讲课学时：21.5 实验（上机）学时：10.5 学分：2适用对象：传播学专业先修课程：大学英语、《中外新闻传播史》（双语）一、课程的教学目标本课程是传播学专业本科生的专业选修课。
它的开设目的在于引导新闻学与传播学专业的高年级本科学生直接阅读专业原著，在专业学习中巩固和提高英语水平，在英语学习中了解和研究专业知识。
具体而言，本课程能够将新闻学与传播学的历史与现实、理论与实践、专业领域与相关学科的论述原汁原味地展现在学生面前，使他们通过这些作品的学习，熟悉新闻学与传播学专业英语的基本词汇、语法、表达方法、句型和部分经典论述与名人名言，为在今后的工作与研究中直接阅读并有效借鉴国外的研究成果打下坚实的基础。
课程还能提高学生用英语进行有关专业内容的一般性的会话或讨论的能力，以及写作和翻译专业性文章的能力。
该课程还将为学生们日后参阅国外新闻传播学专业论著，撰写学术论文，参加高层次的学术交流和专业性极强的科学研究奠定坚实的基础。
二、教学基本要求（一）教学内容教学内容大致涵盖大众传播事业主要部类和新闻传播学的主要领域，点面结合，深浅有致，形成梯次。
每个单元由4或5篇选文构成，一般有1－2篇著名学者关于该主题的经典论述，1－2篇比较具体的个案研究性质的文章，以及1篇综合性的概述。
（二）教学方法和手段课上教师重点讲解课文中难点。
课堂翻译练习着重培养学生的专业翻译能力。
为了巩固和提高学生的听说能力，每个单元后的练习中都设有role play（角色扮演）和presentation（展示）的训练。
学生可结成若干小组，选择某一感兴趣的专题，寻找相关英文材料，制作成演示文件，课上用英文进行阐释。
教师结合学生未来实际工作需要，酌情补充实用性强的新闻传播领域的英文专业术语。
高级英语-unit6-Mark-Twain-—Mirror-of-America
2016/11/8
8
In the 1890s Twain lost most of his earnings in financial speculations and in the downhill of his own publishing firm. The death of his wife and his second daughter brought a sense of gloom in the author's later years, which is seen in writings and his autobiography. Twain died on April 21, 1910.
愛好像發生得很快然而它是一切成長中愛好像發生得很快然而它是一切成長中最緩慢的
Lesson Six
Mark Twain —Mirror of America
2016/11/8
1
Teaching Aims
1) 2) 3) 4)
To acquaint students with the major events in the history of USA. To acquaint students with the life and writing of Mark Twain. To acquaint students with the writing of biography. To help students to appreciate the rich rhetorical devices in the text
The proper office of a friend is to side with you when you are in the wrong. Nearly anybody will side with you when you are in the right. Loyalty to petrified opinions never yet broke a chain or freed a human soul in this world--and never will. Loves seems the swiftest, but it is the slowest of all growths. No man or woman really knows what perfect love is until they have been married a quarter of a century.愛好像發生得很快，然而它是一切成長中
听力minilecture 原文
6 Study in AmericaThis week in our Foreign Student Series, we discuss something for students interested in higher education in the United States.Firstly, let’s learn about how to get the information you need. One place to go for advice and information about American colleges and universities is an Education USA center. More than four hundred of these educational advising centers are located around the world. The advisers at Education USA centers do not charge any money for their services.They help students find schools and get information about financial aid, admissions tests and visa requirements. The centers are supported by the State Department. You can find the nearest one on the State Department's Web site for international students.Another place to get information is at an educational fair.Representatives of American colleges and universities present information and answer questions from students and their parents.The Institute of International Education has been organizing United States Higher Education Fairs in Asia since 1982. Last year, more than fourteen thousand students attended these fairs in China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Thailand and Vietnam. The next higher education fairs in Asia are in October.Secondly, we talk about applying to an American college or university. International admissions officers advise students to apply to at least three schools.You may be able to apply online and pay the application charge with a credit card, or by mail.You should study the Web sites of schools that interest you. You can find information about how and when to apply, how much it will cost and whether any financial aid is available. And you can probably e-mail the admissions office with any questions.In most schools, the admissions Web site has an area where people can send questions to current international students.Wherever you apply, you should start the application process at least two years before you want to begin your studies. Completing the applications and any required admissions tests will take time.There are two competing admissions tests at the undergraduate level: the SAT and the ACT.The SAT involves mathematics and language and includes writing an essay.The ACT is designed to measure what a student learned in high school. There are questions in four skill areas: math, English, reading and science.Most American colleges and universities require applicants for a bachelor's degree to take one of the tests. Some students take both.The ACT is advertised as "America's most widely accepted college entrance exam." The SAT is advertised as the one "most widely taken" and, combined with high school grades, "the best predictor of college success."For graduate-level programs, applicants often have to take the Graduate Record Examinations, or GRE.The general test measures reasoning, thinking and writing skills.Non-native English speakers will most likely have to take the TOEFL, the Test of English as a Foreign Language, or IELTS, the International English Language Testing System.Most American colleges and universities accept one or both of the two major tests.The TOEFL is given in 180 countries. The competing IELTS is given in 121 countries.One million people each year take the TOEFL, says Tom Ewing, a spokesman for the Educational Testing Service. Same with the IELTS, says Beryl Meiron, the executive director of IELTS International.She says two thousand colleges and universities in the United States now recognize the IELTS.The IELTS is a paper test, while the TOEFL is given on paper only in places where a computer test is unavailable.The TOEFL paper test costs 150 dollars. It tests reading, listening and writing. A separate Test ofSpoken English costs 125 dollars.The computer version is called the TOEFL iBT, or Internet-based test. The price is different in each country, but generally falls between 150 and 200 dollars.The TOEFL iBT and the IELTS both measure all four language skills --- listening, reading, writing and speaking. But with the IELTS, the speaking test is done separately as a live interview. You speak with an examiner who is certified in ESOL - English for speakers of other languages.IELTS International says the test measures true-to-life ability to communicate in English for education, immigration and employment. Institutions in Britain and Australia jointly developed it.Thirdly, what’s the next step if you get accepted? Just getting accepted to an American college or university does not guarantee that you will get a visa. And getting a visa just lets you arrive in the United States. It does not guarantee that an immigration officer will permit you to enter the country.Travel documents come from the Department of State. But immigration is the responsibility of the Department of Homeland Security.The State Department has a Web site with all the rules for getting a visa. The address is . Unitedstatesvisas is all one word.If you are requesting a visa for the first time, you will probably have to go to an American embassy. You will need to bring a government form sent to you by your American school that shows you have been accepted.You will also need banking and tax records that show you have enough money to pay for your education. And be prepared to provide evidence that you will return to your home country after your studies end.All of this is important in satisfying the requirements to get a visa.Foreign students must contact their local embassy to request an interview and to get other information. This includes directions about how and where to pay the visa application charge. The cost is 200 dollars.You should apply for the visa as soon as you have been accepted to a school in the United States. The government needs time to perform a background investigation.You cannot receive a visa more than 120 days before the start of your program. And if you are coming as a student for the first time, you cannot enter the country more than thirty days before classes begin.Once you come to the United States, you can stay for the length of your period of study. Your school is required to provide the Department of Homeland Security with reports on your status as a student.7 How to Conduct Research OnlineGood morning, everyone. In today’s lecture, I’ll talk about tips on how to do researc h online. Nowadays, online resources can be found easily, and they can be of very high quality. The best way to find high-quality journal articles is to get them through your online library, or to buy the articles through an article provider.However, there are good sources that are both accurate and of high quality on the Web, and they are often free and don’t need any password.Whether you are looking for journal articles, thesis, factual information, or high-quality resources, the same principles are always helpful. Narrow your topic, make sure your search terms are relevant and focused, make sure your articles and your topic are consistent, examine your sources for prejudice and distortion, and finally, make sure that your research provides enough support and background for your argument.Let's expand the steps and look at them again. It is useful to look at each of the stepsindividually.(1)Define your topic.Narrow it down, but don't constrain it too much. Develop a solid topic statement that gives you room to develop an argument. This is a great time to do brainstorming. Clusters, mind maps, concept maps, decision trees, and free-writing are all very useful.Determine what fields of study your research question will address.(2)Identifying the fields of study will help you determine which journals or databases tosearch.(3)Make a list of items that interest you about the topic.For example, you may be required to write an essay on an aspect of Hamlet in your English class. At first, you feel puzzled. Later, however, you think about the characters and situations that most interested you and you recall that Ophelia's speech and then her death were interesting to you. You wondered about the psychological state, and how she was thought by the others in the play. Does her situation show something essential about the human condition? You don't have any idea, but you'd like to explore it. So, you start by looking into what others have said about Ophelia in Hamlet. You find that her madness and death reflect and reinforce the overall themes of death, madness, murder, and betrayal. How does Ophelia's madness contrast with Hamlet's? (4) You start writing down ideas and key words. These will help you develop search terms and focus your search by going to the correct types of journals and materials.Narrow your topic.This requires another round of brainstorming, but this time you will be focusing on what others have written. List terms, ideas, and concepts that occur to you, and then focus on the subcategories that you find most interesting.Then, use the list to narrow your topic. (5)Avoid old-fashioned subjects and the ones that are too narrow or too broad.What have others said?As you conduct beginning research in the library, you will find books and articles on your topic. As you read the material, try to form an idea of what the major issues have been in the discussions about your topic.For example, if your topic is on how the study of pragmatics starts, you will need to have an idea of who started researching the topic first. You will also need to identify the sides of the argument. Who is for it? Who is against it? Why? What are the issues?(6) Once you have a sense of the main players, you can start to do searches based on author name as well as key words or topics.Evaluate your material.How do you determine if a source of information is of high quality? Even if you are getting your data from a library database such as Lexis-Nexis, (7) you should be aware that the articles contained in the newspapers they have in their database could be prejudiced.Anyone with access to a server can put material on the web; there are no controls on what people choose to write. As a result, web pages should be viewed with even more caution than most print materials. In particular you should look for:- who is responsible for the site ---is there a name and contact address?- what is the operating rule for the site ---is it supporting a particular viewpoint to prove other views to be wrong?- is there a list or bibliography of evidence?-(8) is there a date when the site was last updated ---how long ago did this happen?- does the site seem to be permanent or part of a permanent organization?Organize your sources, articles, and notes.After you have found your articles, be sure to organize them so that you have a sense of where they will go in your paper. Keep your original topic in mind and the points you are trying to make. You should support them with evidence and research findings from your articles.This is a good time to return to your outline and to start mapping out where you plan to use your sources and materials.Create a bibliography.(9)As you download and read your articles, you can keep track of them by creating an"electronic notebook" which would consist of a list of your sources. Create an entry for each source. Use the appropriate style. After you have completed that, be sure to write a one-sentence summary of the article and how it relates to your topic.Update your outline.Re-examine your thesis. Look at your argumentation structure. Does each paragraph help support your thesis? How does your research fit? Determine where you have gaps and redundancies.Fill in the gaps.Make a list of the places in your paper where you need additional support for your argument.(10)Then, after eliminating redundancies, map where you need to fill gaps, and where your argument needs additional support.8 Mass Media in AmericaGood morning, everyone, today my topic is mass media in America. By media, we refer to the variety of means by which technology transmits information and entertainment to us. Thus, in its broadest sense, the term media includes newspaper, television, movies, radio, books, and magazines. Mass media specifically refer to those publications and programs that attempt to serve most or all of the people in a given market. Here I would like to introduce the mass media in America by dividing them into three groups: newspaper; magazines; radio and television.First, let’s have a look at newspapers. For a long time, newspapers have been the chief means by which people get themselves informed. While television has replaced newspapers as the primary source of news for most Americans, and while computer network is increasingly becoming a faster and easier way of obtaining news for many Americans, newspapers still remain as one of the most powerful means of communications in the United States. For one thing, reading newspapers is different from watching TV. It gives detailed coverage of news items,and tends to provide substantial treatment of news events. And, sometimes it offers interesting and stimulating opinions as well as analysis over important events at home and abroad.For another, unlike watching TV, reading newspapers does not require one to be confined to his sitting-room. He can do it virtually anywhere he likes: in his car, at the breakfast table, sitting in the sun, waiting at the subway station, and believe it or not, in the restroom. So, for these and many other reasons, newspapers in the United States are still a big business. And, this is borne out by two facts: (1) the large circulation of a number of important newspapers such as USA Today and The Wall Street Journal; (2) the great variety of newspapers available in the United States, big and small, local and national, special and general, radical and conservative, and so on. The top 3 daily newspapers in the United States are: Wall Street Journal, USA Today and New York Times.Second, we’ll move to magazines. According to a statistical r ecord in 1990, there were over 12, 205 magazines being published in the United States. More than 4, 000 of them appear monthly, and over 1, 300 are published each week. They cover all topics and interests, from art and architecture to sports, from aviation and gardening to computers and book reviews, from fashion design and cooking to homemaking. Quite a few have international editors, are translated into other languages,or have “daughter” editions in foreign countries. Among the many internationals are National Geographic, Reader’s Digest, Cosmopolitan, Vogue, Time, Newsweek, Scientific American and Psychology Today. The weekly newsmagazines --- the best known are Time, Newsweek, and U. S. News & World Report --- serve as a type of national press. Unlike newspapers, however, weekly newsmagazines tend to give extensive coverage and provide detailed, and sometimes in-depth, analysis. Also unlike newspapers, which usually have the lowest common denominator in their appeal to the general reading public, weekly newsmagazines normally target at the well-educated, well-informed, and public-conscious people of the society. Many weekly newsmagazines also have considerable international impact, particularly Time and Newsweek. The top three magazines in America are: (1) Reader’s Digest; (2) TV Guide; (3) The Conde Nast Select.Third, I’ll say something about radio and television. In more than two generations, the two powerful mass media transformed much of American life.Radio, emerging at the same period when the Great Depression pervaded in America, provided free entertainment in the comforts of the home. Families that could no longer afford to go out for entertainment gathered together in their living rooms to escape reality by laughing, fantasizing and dreaming of happier times. From then on, radio became a first-class entertainment medium for most Americans. Up until now, in view of the popularity of radio programs in the United States, the future of radio as a form of medium continues to look bright.Then, with the rapid development of science and technology, TV came into being in 1920s. It primarily serves as a medium of entertainment, and then also has a big role to play as a news broadcasting agency. Networks began experimenting with news at locally owned stations as early as January 1940. But, early-day television news could not begin to compare with radio news. Only after the invention of portable cameras and videotape recorders had television been made a much more credible news medium because viewers saw pictures of the news events on the day they occurred. Consequently, access to news is made much easier, and the general public is getting better informed.Gradually, television’s impact on American society has been more and more profound. It has changed the life-styles of most Americans and become a major influence on American culture. It can be seen from 5 aspects.First and foremost is the socialization effect. Many studies have shown that TV’s dominance as household activity often reduces the level of communication among family members and, as a result, much of the culture being distributed to youngsters today in the United States comes from the tube rather than the family.Secondly, television programming has played an important role in shaping and reflecting for the masses the cultural changes that have been occurring in American society. TV functions both as a transmitter of new cultural trends and as a molder of new attitudes towards these new trends.Thirdly, television has revolutionized the marketing of goods in the American economy. With TV marketing, people become vulnerable to the products, or in other words, to the commercials.Fourthly, the cultural impact of violent TV programs has been quite enormous. Needless to say, the question of violence on TV has been around nearly as long as the medium. Many critics claim that TV violence increases violence in American society.Fifthly, the impact of TV on religion has also been an issue of great concern to many Americans. So far now, it is still an issue full of disputes.To sum up, the mass media in America includes so many different forms, and each of them plays a vital role in American people’s life not only in the past, but also at present and in the future. To know much about America, one must have a good knowledge about its mass media.9 Problems for EFL LearnersEven though some EFL learners achieve high score in a certain standard English test such as IELTS or TOFEL, they still have some problems concerning the learning of English. Today I’d l ike to talk about some of the problems that students face when they follow a course of study through the medium of English - if English is not their mother tongue. The purpose is to show that we’re aware of students’ problems, and that by analyzing them perhaps it’ll be possible to suggest how some of them may be overcome.The problems can be divided into three broad categories: psychological, cultural and linguistic. Some of the common psychological problems really involve fear of the unknown: for example, whether one’s academic studies will be too difficult, whether one will fail the exams, and so on. All students share these apprehensions.It’s probably best for a student not to look too far ahead but to concentrate day-by-day on increasing his knowledge and developing his ability. The overseas student in Britain may also suffer from separation from his family and possible homesickness; enjoyment of his activities in Britain and the passage of time are the only real help here.Looking now at the cultural problems,we can see that some of them are of a very practical nature, for example, arranging satisfactory accommodation, getting used to British money (or the lack of it), British food and weather. Some of the cultural difficulties are less easy to define: they are bound up with the whole range of alien customs, habits and traditions --- in other words, the British way of life. Such difficulties include:settling into a strange environment and a new academic routine; learning a new set of social habits, ranging from the times of meals to the meanings of gestures; expressing appropriate greetings; understanding a different kind of humor; and learning how to make friends. Being open-minded and adaptable is the best approach to some of the difficulties listed here.The largest category is probably linguistic. Let’s look at this in some detail. Most students have learnt English at school, but they have had little everyday opportunity to practice using English. When foreign learners first have the opportunity to speak to an English-speaking person they may have a shock: they often have great difficulty in understanding! There are a number of reasons for this. I’ll just mention three of them.Firstly, it seems to students that English people speak very quickly. Secondly, they speak with a variety of accents. Thirdly, different styles of speech are used in different situations, for example, everyday spoken English, which is colloquial and idiomatic, is different from the English used for academic purposes. Don’t f orget, by the way, that if students have difficulty in understanding English-speaking people, these people may also have difficulty in understanding the students!What can a student do then to overcome these difficulties? Well, obviously, he can benefit from attending English classes and if a language laboratory is available use it as much as possible. He should also listen to programmes in English on the radio and TV. Perhaps the most important of all, he should take every available opportunity to meet and speak with native English-speaking people. He should be aware, however, that English people are, by temperament, often reserved and may be unwilling to start a conversation. Nevertheless, if he has the courage to take the initiative, however difficult it may seem to be, most English people will respond. He will need patience and perseverance.In addition to these problems regarding listening and understanding, the student probably has difficulty in speaking English fluently. He has the ideas, he knows wh at to say but he doesn’t know how to say it in English. The advice here will seem difficult to follow but it’s necessary. Firstly, he must simplify his language so that he can express himself reasonably clearly;for example, short sentences will be better than long ones. Secondly, he must try to think in English, not translate from his mother tongue. That’ll only begin to take place when his use of English becomes automatic;using a language laboratory and listening to as much English as possible will help. In general, he should practice speaking as much as possible. He should also notice the kind of English, and its structure, that educated people use, and try to imitate it.The problem with learning English as a foreign language is that all English learners want to speak English well; however, most learners don't want to spend time on learning English on their own. Learning English requires action. You may know all the learning tips, but if you don't start doing things, you will achieve nothing. The fact is, if you want to learn to speak English well, you must change your life.Thank you for your attention.10 Attending a College or University in the USAToday, I’m going to talk about how people from foreign countries can attend a college or university in the United States. Experts say you must plan early if you want to study in the United States. They say to begin at least two years before you want to start your studies.The first step is to visit an American educational advising center. There are more than 400 such offices around the world. You can find the one closest to your home by using a computer. Go to an Education Report on the Special English Web site and click on the link to the State Department Education Foreign Student Web page.Or ask the Public Affairs Office at the United States Embassy in your country to tell you where the nearest American educational advising center is. Educational advising centers have information about American colleges. They have computers so you can do a search to find the best school for you.Colleges and universities in the United States offer different kinds of degrees that require one or more years of study. For example, some schools offer certificate programs. These programs offer one year of training in subjects like office work, computer programming or car repair.You may also choose a two-year junior college or community college. Such programs lead to an associate degree. For example, some two-year programs prepare students for skilled jobs in electronics.Studying at a community college costs much less than at a four-year college. Many colleges and universities accept community college work as the first two years toward a four-year bachelor’s degree. To get a bachelor’s degree, you study general subjects lik e English, history, mathematics, and science during the first two years. During the last two years you take classes in your major area of study.If you already have a college degree, you may want to get an advanced degree at an American graduate school. A master’s degree usually takes two or three more years of full-time study in one subject. You must attend graduate school if you want to be a college professor, medical doctor or lawyer. These special degree programs require between three and six years of additional study.People attend a college or university to continue their education after high school. This prepares them for work. It also provides them with a greater understanding of the world and its past. And, it helps them value the arts and sciences. But what is the difference between a college and a university in the United States?Students usually attend a college for four years to complete a program of study. Those who are successful receive a bachelor’s degree. Colleges generally do not offer additional study programs or support research projects.Universities often are much larger than colleges. Universities carry out research. They also offer several programs in many areas of study. Universities offer bachelor’s degrees after four years of study. They also offer graduate degrees that require additional years of study.Modern universities developed from those of Europe’s Middle Ages. They took their name from the Latin word “universitas”. It meant a group of people organized for one purpose. Th e firstEuropean colleges were groups of students who came together because of the same interests. In England, colleges were formed to provide students with living places. Usually each group was studying the same thing, so the word “college” came to mean o ne area of study.Today, most American colleges offer an area of study called liberal arts. The liberal arts are subjects first developed and taught in ancient Greece. They trained a person’s mind. They were considered different from subjects that were us eful in life. The word “college” also means a part of a university that teaches one area of study. That is because the first American universities divided their studies into many areas and called each one a college. For example, the University of Texas at Austin has fourteen different colleges. It also has the most students of any single university in the country. This year, more than 52,000 men and women are studying there.One way to earn a degree at an American college or university is to stay at home and use a computer. American universities have been offering classes online for a number of years. Students who have taken online classes say they like them. One reason is because they do not have to travel to a building at a set time to listen to a professor. Professors say they have better communication with students through electronic mail notes than they do in many traditional classes.Some colleges offer academic degrees online. One is Jones International University in Englewood, Colorado. Its web site says it is the first fully online accredited university.It offers both bachelor’s degrees and master’s degrees.The University of Phoenix in Arizona has been offering degrees online since 1989. University officials say they try to provide students with a social experience as well as an educational one. For example, in some programs, groups of the same six students progress through all their classes together. They communicate by computer.Another online school is Cardean University ,near Chicago, Illinois. It began operations two years ago. It is offering online classes leading to a Master’s of Business Administration degree. Cardean University uses a problem-solving method of teaching. Students attempt to solve real problems in their classes online instead of reading information.Anyone with a computer can find information on the Internet about these schools and others. You can use a search engine such as Google or Yahoo. Type “online education”, and choose from a list of schools. Each will provide information about its programs and costs.However, experts say you should not send money to any school that says you can get a college degree without doing any work. These are illegal operations. Experts also say that you should find out if such college degrees are recognized in your country before you decide to get an education online.Well, this is part of a series of talks about how people from foreign countries can attend a college or university in the United States. Next week, we’ll continue with the talk s.。
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Major Newspaper Companies
Corporations Control US Mainstream Media
Bertelsmann AG – Global – Random House Gannet Co. The Hearst Corporation – William Randolph Hearst News Corp – Rupert Murdock - Global Tribune CO Washington Post – Buffet - Berkshire Hathaway
Spin
Points of View & Variable Perspectives
Guaranteed right to disagree “Tell a lie long enough and people will believe it” Spin Doctors Advertising versus Propaganda – Best product Obama– Jobs statistics state 90,000 new jobs Territorial claims & national view points Education – Duty to the truth / History
Allows for Torture Outing of Agents Lies by Government
Corruption
elieve?
Research Information Compare Facts Think Beyond the Obvious “Read Between the Line” Read Peoples Actions Beware of the „Politically Correct‟ Discover the „Hidden Truth‟ Question what you read
Interests Of The State
Spin & Slant
“You are with us or against us.” G. W. Bush Speaks before the military as Commander in Chief Spin Doctor – Karl Rove Master of Disinformation – Dick Cheney Cloak of Patriotism – Environment of Fear
Lecture 2 – Modern Print Media in America Oral English: Mr. Lee Junior Classes 3&4 Video Production 2
Free Press
What Is A Free Press?
Protected by the Constitution of the United States Freedom of Press - “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”
Wire Services
Western Control Filters News
Reuters Associated Press BBC CNN – Ted Turner – Times Warner
Good News! Class Is Over!
Freedom & Peoples Rights
Crime
Accused in Sex Crimes – Damages before trial Victims in Sex Crimes – Damages reputation Protection of the Court Gruesome Details National Security
Pride of Nationalism Yellow Cake Uranium Weapons of Mass Destruction
Influences On the News
Business
Newspaper Sales – Subscribers Advertisers – Car Dealers – Real Estate Shareholders – Owners – Murdock Events – Local, National, International People – Royal Family – Prince Harry, Kate Middleton Bad News Sells Better Than No News Created News & Probabilities Editorial Policy
Conditions & Restrictions
Libel & Slander Obscenity & Profanity
Not protected
Pornography
Community standards
Political
Free Speech Zones – WTO Seattle / G8 - Toronto No violent over throw No assassination of the President