翻译术语
专利翻译常见用词与术语
一、常用语言点1. according to vs. based on美国版：in accordance with 更开放，according to 范围更小。
美国律师Paul觉得，based on似乎有direct dependent （直接依附/取决于）的意思，也就说，似乎可理解为直接因素。
欧洲字对字版：字面对应翻译，“根据” according to ; "基于" based on2. can vs. may关于“能够”，要根据实际情况选词：# 表达能力，一般不建议用can，而是capable of# 表示可能性，用can或 may# 如果只是表示具体事实，“能够”多余，可以不翻译（但需IPR确认）补充说明：以前美国律师强调过，can会有主观色彩，不建议用。
但现在没有强调，很多时候也用了。
但如果表示可能，用may更保险。
也有美国律师认为，没说can一定不用能，要看在什么地方。
如果是独权相应的描述，每个特征都是必须的，则不用can, can be, may, may be, optionally, etc. 当然，能够用may的地方，比用can听上去顺耳些，大概是更加正式吧。
3. consist of说明书、权利要求均应避免使用封闭性的短语和词语，例如：consist of, composed of, contain。
翻译时确认是否为封闭式。
如果是，可用；如果不是，用form, formed by, include等开放式表述。
（David: 这一条仍有待外国专家确认，但大家可以先遵守。
）4. comprise说明书部分不用comprise这种法律性很强的词。
只是要用include（注：comprise 和include都属于“包括但不限于”的意思，属于开放性词语）。
5. efficient权利要求避免使用以下词语：big, sufficient, strong, such as, when required, etc. e.g.6. preferred说明书中避免使用preferred，这样会给申请本身造成一定的限制。
翻译专业术语
术语翻译贡献者Absolute Translation绝对翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abstract Translation摘要翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abusive translation滥译路易斯（Lewis）Acceptability可接受性托利（Toury）Accuracy准确Adaptation改编Adequacy充分性Adjustment调整Analogical Form类同形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Analysis分析奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Applied Translation Studies应用翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Architranseme (ATR)元译素·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Autonomy Spectrum自立幅度罗斯（Rose）Autotranslation自译波波维奇（Popovic）Back Translation回译Bilateral interpreting双边传译凯斯（Keith）Class Shift词类转换韩礼德（Halliday）Close Translation贴近翻译纽马克（Newmark）Communicative Translation传意翻译；交际翻译纽马克（Newmark）Community interpreting社群传译Compensation补偿赫维（Hervey）Competence能力托利（Toury）Componential Analysis语义成分分析奈达（Nida）Comprehensive theory综合理论Conference interpreting会议传译Consecutive interpreting接续传译Contextual consistency语境一致奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Conventions常规诺德（Nord）Corpora语料库Correspondence对应Court interpreting法庭传译Covert translation隐型翻译豪斯（House）Creative transposition创造性转换Creative treason创造性叛逆罗伯特·埃斯卡皮（Robert Escarpi）Deconstruction解构主义德里达（Derrida）Descriptive translation studies描写性翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Differance分延德里达（Derrida）Doentary translation文献型翻译诺德（Nord）Domesticating translation归化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Dynamic equivalence动态对等奈达（Nida）Dynamic fidelity动态忠信比克曼（Beekman）和卡洛（Callow）Effort models用功模式贾尔（Gile）Equivalence对等Excluded receiver非目标接受者皮姆（Pym）Exegetic translation诠释性翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Exoticism异国情调赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Expectancy norms期待规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）Explicitation明示维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Expressive text表情型文本赖斯（Reiss）Extraneous form外来形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Faithfulness忠实Foreignizing translation异化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Formal corresponding形式对应卡特福德（Catford）Formal equivalence形式对等奈达（Nida）Free translation自由译Full translation全文翻译General theories of translation普通翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Gist translation要旨翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Gloss translation释词翻译奈达（Nida）Grammatical transposition语法置换赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Hermeneutic motion诠释步骤斯坦纳（Steiner）Hierarchy of Correspondences对应层级霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Horizontal translation横向翻译福勒纳（Folena）Hyperinformation超额信息赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Idiomatic translation地道翻译比克曼（Beekman）和卡洛（Callow）Imitation拟译德莱顿（Dryden）、利弗威尔（Lefevere）Indeterminacy不确定性Information offer信息提供弗米尔（Vermeer）Informative texts信息文本赖斯（Reiss）Initial norms初始规范托利（Toury）Instrumental translation工具翻译诺德（Nord）Integral translation整合翻译·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Interlineal translation隔行翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Interlinear translation逐行翻译Interlingual translation语际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intersemiotic translation符际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intralingual translation语内翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intra-system shift系统内转换卡特福德（Catford）Inverse translation逆向翻译Kernel sentence核心句Keyword translation关键词翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Level shift层次转换卡特福德（Catford）Lexical translation词汇翻译卡特福德（Catford）Liaison interpreting联络传译凯斯（Keith）Linguistic translation语言翻译Literal translation字面翻译；直译Mapping图谱霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Matricial norms矩阵规范托利（Toury）Meta-language元语言霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Metatext元文本Mimetic form模仿形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Mutation变异·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Naturalness自然性Negative shift负面转换Norms规范Obligatory equivalents必要对等语奈达（Nida）Oblique translation曲径翻译维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Operational model操作模式巴斯盖特（Bathgate）Operational norms操作规范托利（Toury）Optional equivalents可换对等语奈达（Nida）Overlapping translation重合翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Overt translation显型翻译豪斯（House）Overtranslation超额翻译维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Paradigmatic equivalence范式对等波波维奇（Popovic）Paraphrase释译德莱顿（Dryden）Partial theories of translation局部翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Participative receiver参与型接受者皮姆（Pym）Particularizing translation具体化翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Performance运用托利（Toury）Phonemic translation音素翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）Phonological translation音位翻译卡特福德（Catford）Pivot language中枢语言Polysystem theory多元文化理论埃文·佐哈尔（Even-Zohar）Pragmatic Approach语用途径Pragmatic translation语用翻译Preliminary norms预先规范托利（Toury）Prescriptive translation studies规定翻译研究托利（Toury）Primary translation首级翻译迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）Problem-restricted theories oftranslation 关于问题的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Process-oriented translation theories过程取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Product-oriented translation studies成品取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Professional norms翻译规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）Prospective translation前瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Prototext原型文本波波维奇（Popovic）Pseudotranslation伪翻译Pure language纯语言沃尔特·本雅明（Walter Benjamin）Radical translation原始翻译奎因（Quine）Rank-bound translation级阶受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Realia独有特征弗拉科夫（Vlakhov）和弗罗林（Florin）Receptor language接受语奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Translation with reconstruction重构式翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Redundancy冗余奈达（Nida）Refraction折射利弗威尔（Lefevere）Regulative translational conventions规约性翻译常规诺德（Nord）Relay interpreting转接传译Repertoreme知识库要素托利（Toury）Resistancy阻抗韦努狄（Venuti）Restricted translation受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Restructuring重组奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Retrospective translation后瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Rewriting重写利弗威尔（Lefevere）Rhymed translation韵体翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）Secondary translation二级翻译迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）Selective translation选译古阿德克（Gouadec）Semantic disambiguation语义消歧Semantic translation语义翻译纽马克（Newmark）Serial translation序列翻译卡塞格兰德（Casagrande）Service translation服务型翻译纽马克（Newmark）Sight translation视译Signed language translation手语传译Simultaneous interpreting同声传译Skopos theory目的论赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Source language源语Source text源文本Source text-oriented translationstudies 源文本取向翻译研究Specification具体化Structure shift结构转换卡特福德（Catford）Stylistic equivalence文体对等Target language目标语Term banks术语库Terminology术语Text typology文本类型学Textual equivalence文本对等卡特福德（Catford）Textual norms文本规范托利（Toury）Thick translation增量翻译阿皮尔（Appiah）Think-aloud translation有声思维记录Third code第三语码弗劳利（Frawley）Time-restricted theories of translation 关于时域的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Total translation完全翻译卡特福德（Catford）Transcription注音Transeme译素·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Transfer转移Transference迁移卡特福德（Catford）Translatability可译性Translationese翻译体Translatorial action译者行为赫尔兹·曼塔里（Justa Holz-Manttari）Transliteration音译Transposition置换维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Unbounded translation不受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Undertranslation欠额翻译纽马克（Newmark）Unit of translation翻译单位Universals of translation翻译普遍特征Verbal consistency词语一致Verifiability可核实性赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Vertical translation纵向翻译福勒纳Voids空缺Whispered interpreting耳语传译Writer-oriented machine translation作者取向机器翻译。
翻译理论翻译学术语列表
术得费软叁Absolute Translation 绝对初译古阿德克〔CouadecJ Abstract Translation 摘要译古阿德克〔CouadecJ Abusive translation 滥译路易新〔Lewis〕Acceptability 可接受性托利〔Toury；Accuracy 准确Adaptation 双伤Adequacy 充分性Adjustment 明整Analogical Form 美同形大•一姆斯(Holmes) Analysis 分析泰达〔Nida〕和泰佝fTaber〕Applied Translation Studies 应用初年研无•一姆斯(Holmes) Architranseme (ATR) 元泽素,路文卷瓦特(van Leuven-ZwartJ Autonomy Spectrum 自立幅度罗斯(Rose) Autotranslation 自年波波维奇〔PopovicJBack Translation 回外Bilateral interpreting 双边传译凯斯CKeith；Class Shift 词类精换礼聪fHalliday) Close Translation 贴氏初译纽马克「Newmark〕传奇译；交际和Communicative Translation纽马克(NewmarkJ泽Community interpreting 社群传玲Compensation 补俵赫维〔Hervey〕Competence 水平托利〔Toury；Componential Analysis 语义成分分折泰达(Nida)Comprehensive theory 综合理论Conference interpreting 会议传译Consecutive interpreting 接续传译Contextual consistency 语地一改泰达〔Nida〕和泰佝fTaber〕Conventions *规诺德〔Nord〕Corpora 语料库Correspondence 对应Court interpreting 法庭传译Covert translation 晦型译豪斯fHouse) Creative transposition 创选性转换Creative treason 创选性叛逆罗的精•埃斯卡皮〔Robert EscarpiJ Deconstruction 解构主义掠里达(Derrida)Descriptive translation studies 楮写性译研•比•一姆斯(Holmes) Diagrammatic translation 图表译古阿提克〔Couadec〕Differance 分延掠里达(Derrida) Doentary translation 文故更翻泽诺堤〔Nord〕Domesticating translation 归化译韦努狄(VenutiJ Dynamic equivalence 动杰对等鑫达(Nida)Dynamic fidelity 动杰忠信比克曼CBeekmanJ和卡洛〔Callow〕Effort models 用功模为要乐CGileJEquivalence 对等Excluded receiver 非n标接•交者皮姆(Pym)Exegetic translation 诠释性翻泽尚维fHerveyJ和希金斯fHigginsJ Exoticism 异国情*q 椅维fHerveyJ和希金斯fHigginsJ Expectancy norms 期待规切斯材受fChesterman) Explicitation 明示维纳fVinay〕和达尔贝勒纳〔DarbelnetjExpressive textExtraneous formFaithfulnessForeignizing translationFormal correspondingFormal equivalenceFree translationFull translation General theories of translation Gist translationGloss translationGrammatical transpositionHermeneutic motion Hierarchy of Correspondences Horizontal translationHyperinformationIdiomatic translationImitationIndeterminacyInformation offerInformative textsInitial normsInstrumental translationIntegral translationInterlineal translationInterlinear translation表情型文本忠实异化初年自由泽金文译普通初年理论要a译绛的译诠粹步骤对应层级横向译姆领信息地道译拟降不确定性信息提供信息文本初始规工具译整合译周行译遂行译赖斯(Reiss)农泰林斯〔Holmes〕韦努秋(VenutiJ卡耐福思〔Catford〕奈达〔Nida；笈余姆斯〔Holmesj尚维fHerveyJ和希金斯fHigginsJ奈达〔Nida；尚维fHerveyJ和希金斯fHigginsJ斯坦纳〔Steiner〕笈余姆斯〔Holmesj福勒纳CFolena)赖斯〔Reiss〕和希米尔〔Vermeer〕比克曼〔BeekmanJ和卡洛〔Callow〕掠莱顿〔Dryden人利希龙乐r Lefevere〕布米尔(VermeerJ赖斯(Reiss)托利(TouryJ诺堤〔Nord〕,路文卷瓦特(van Leuven-ZwartJ据维〔Hervey；和希金斯〔Higgins〕Interlingual translation 语际初译雅可布逊〔JacobsonJ Intersemiotic translation 符际初译雅可布逊〔JacobsonJ Intralingual translation 雅可布逊〔JacobsonJ Intra-system shift 条统转换卡林福建〔CatfordJ Inverse translation 走向译Kernel sentence 枝心勺Keyword translation 关健词翻泽古阿提克〔Couadec〕Level shift 层次精换卡特福瘪〔CatfordJ Lexical translation 词汇译卡特福瘪〔CatfordJ Liaison interpreting 麻络传译凯斯CKeith；Linguistic translation 语言译Literal translation 字而初泽；玄泽Mapping 图诺•一姆斯(Holmes) Matricial norms 矩阵规托利(TouryJMeta-language 元语言•一姆斯(Holmes) Metatext 元文本Mimetic form 模仿形大•一姆斯(Holmes) Mutation 变异,路文卷瓦特(van Leuven-ZwartJ Naturalness 自然性Negative shift 负面精换Norms 规Obligatory equivalents 必要对等语鑫达(Nida)维纳fVinayJ和达尔贝勒纳Oblique translation 曲及译〔Darbelnetj Operational model 燎作模式巴斯盖柠fBathgate〕Operational norms 掾作规托利(TouryJOptional equivalents 可换对等语泰达〔Nida；Overlapping translation 重合初年尚维fHerveyJ和希金斯(Higginsj Overt translation 星型初译豪斯〔House；Overtranslation 超额初译维纳fVinayJ和达余贝勒纳〔Darbelnetj Paradigmatic equivalence 太对等波波维奇CPopovicJ Paraphrase 村年掠茶顿(Dryden)Partial theories of translation 局部初译理论看泰姆斯〔HolmesJ Participative receiver 参与型接受者皮姆(Pym) Particularizing translation 其体化译恭维〔Hervey；和希金斯〔Higgins〕Performance 运用托利〔Toury；Phonemic translation 音素初年矛」希贰尔〔Lefevere〕Phonological translation 音伍初年卡甘福建〔CatfordJ Pivot language 中枢语言Polysystem theory 多元文化理论埃文•佐哈尔〔Even-ZoharjPragmatic Approach 语用途及Pragmatic translation 语用初年Preliminary norms 预先规托利〔Toury；Prescriptive translation studies 规定译研究托利〔Toury；Primary translation 首级初年迪勒〔Diller〕和康纳智斯fKorneliusJProblem-restricted theories oftranslation 关于问题的和年理论看泰姆斯〔HolmesJProcess-oriented translationtheories11程取向译研究府余姆斯〔HolmesJ Product-oriented translationstudies成g取向初年研究笈尔垓斯〔Holmes〕Professional norms 初泽规切斯柠史(Chesterman)Prospective translation 看赡尤翻泽波斯杵盖特CPostgateJ Prototext 原型文本波波维奇(PopovicJ Pseudotranslation 伪初泽Pure language 的语言沃余柠,本雅明^Walter Benjamin) Radical translation 原如译奎因(QuineJ Rank-bound translation 级阶受限匐译卡特福瘪(CatfordJ Realia 独有将征布拉科夫(Vlakhov)和第罗林(Florin) Receptor language 接受语泰达(Nida)和泰佝fTaber) Translation with reconstruction 重妁太翻泽古阿提克(Couadec) Redundancy 五余鑫达(Nida)Refraction 折对利布成余(Lefevere ) Regulative translational conventions 规约性初泽常规诺博(Nord) Relay interpreting 转接传书Repertoreme 知盟库要素托利(Toury；Resistancy 抗韦努狄fVenutiJ Restricted translation •更限初年卡甘福建(CatfordJ Restructuring 重姐泰达(Nida)和泰佝fTaber) Retrospective translation 后唔尤初泽波斯将盖特(Postgatej Rewriting 重写矛」希贰尔(Lefevere) Rhymed translation 韵体初年矛」希贰尔(Lefevere) Secondary translation 二级初年迪勒(Diller)和康纳智斯fKorneliusJ Selective translation 选外古阿徒克(Couadec) Semantic disambiguation 语义清故Semantic translation 语义初年纽马克(Newmark) Serial translation 序列初年卡塞格.言德(CasagrandeJService translation 效劳型翻泽纽马克〔NewmarkJSight translation 视译Signed language translation 手语传译Simultaneous interpreting 同声传译Skopos theory 〔\的论赖斯〔Reiss〕为希米尔〔Vermeer〕Source language 源语Source text 源文本Source text-oriented translationstudies 源文本取的译研无Specification 具体化Structure shift 结构转换卡甘福建〔CatfordJ Stylistic equivalence 文体对等Target languageTerm banks 术语库Terminology 术语Text typology 文本类型学Textual equivalence 文本对等卡甘福建〔CatfordJ Textual norms 文本现托利〔TouryJThick translation 增量初年阿史泰〔AppiahJThink-aloud translation 有力思维记录Third code 第三语吗弗劳利〔Frawley〕Time-restricted theories oftranslation关于时城的和年理论农泰姆斯〔HolmesJ Total translation 免全初年卡莉福鹿、〔CatfordJTranscription 注音Transeme 译素•路文卷瓦特〔van Leuven-ZwartJTransfer 转移Transference 迁移卡林福建(CatfordJTranslatability 可泽性Translationese 初泽体Translatorial action 译者行为尚东旌・曼沐里〔Justa Holz-ManttariJ Transliteration 音译Transposition 笈挨维纳fVinayJ和达尔贝勒纳(Darbelnetj Unbounded translation 不受限初泽卡甘福建(CatfordJ Undertranslation 欠领加译纽马克〔NewmarkJUn什of translation 译单位Universals of translation 匐年普遍籽征Verbal consistency 词语一致Verifiability 可核实性赖新(Reiss)和希米余(Vermeer) Vertical translation 纵向初年施勒纳Voids 全然Whispered interpreting 耳语传玲。
术语翻译59313080
术语翻译GPM General Purpose Medium 通用介质hp horsepower 马力HTA High Threat Area 高威胁区HVLT High V oltage Long-Term 长期高压HVST High V oltage Short-Term 短时低压Hz hertz 赫兹IL Isolating 隔离/绝缘ILS Instrument Landing System 仪表着陆系统IMA Individual Mobilization Augmentee个人动员增长IR Infrared 红外线/红外的ISO International Standardization Organization 国际标化组织ISSA Interservice Support Agreement 军种支持协议JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff参谋长联席会议JSP Joint Support Plan 联合支援计划kg/L kilogram per liter 千克/升kV kilovolt 千伏kV A kilovoltampere 千伏安kVp kilovolt peak 千伏峰值kWh kilowatt hour 千瓦时lat Latitude 维度LB Limited Base 有限的基地LCN Load Classification Number 荷载等级号码lin ft linear foot 纵尺，延长英尺LN Local National 当地国民/当地人LOC Lines of Communications 通信线路LORAN Long-Range Aid to Navigation 远距导航LTA Low Threat Area 低威胁区LVLT Low V oltage Long-term 长期低压LVST Low V oltage Short-term 短时低压MDF Main Defense Force 主要的防御部队MEP Mission Essential Power 任务必须的动力MHE Materials Handling Equipment 物料处理设备Mi mile 英里MKT Mobile Kitchen Trailer 移动式厨房拖车mm millimeter 毫米mph miles per hour 英里/小时MRA Minimum Reserve Authorization最低储备金授权MSL Mean Sea Level 平均海平面MTF Medical Treatment Facility 医疗设施NBC Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical 核、生、化NCO Noncommissioned Officer 士官NCOIC Noncommissioned Officer in Charge 主管士官/值班军士NSN National Stock Number 国家库存物资编号NTA Non-Threat Area 无威胁区OIC Officer in Charge 主管官员ONC Operational Navigation Charts 作战领航图OR Operationally Ready作好战斗准备OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration职业安全与健康管理（局）OSI Office of Special Investigations 特别调查办公室PDC Primary Distribution Center 基层配送中心/高压配电中心PMEL Precision Measurement Equipment Laboratory精密测量设备实验室ppm parts per million 百万分之RAL Remote Area Lighting 远程大面积照明/远程区域照明RAPCON Radar Approach Control 雷达进场控制/管制RCR Runway Condition Reading跑道状况读数ROK Republic of Korea 韩国RRR Rapid Runway Repair 跑到快速维修RSC Runway Surface Condition 道面状况RSP Render-safe Procedures执行安全程序SAR Search and Rescue 搜救SBSS Standard Base Supply System （美国空军）标准基地供应系统SCNS Standard Camouflage Net System标准伪装网系统SDC Secondary Distribution Center二次配电中心，辅助配电中心，低压配电中心SME Squadron Medical Element 中队医疗分队SNCOIC Senior NCOIC 高级军士SOA Separate Operating Agency 分开的作战机构SOF Special Operations Forces特种作战部队SP Security Police 安全警察SRC Survival Recovery Center救援中心STAMP Standard Air Munitions Package标准航空弹药包STANAG Standard NA TO Agreement标准北约协议SWA Southwest Asia 西南亚TACAN Tactical Air Navigation战术空中导航TDS Total Dissolved Solids总溶解固体TLV Threshold Limit V alue 临界阈值TM Technical Manual 技术手册TO Technical Order 技术规程TOL Takeoff and Landing 起飞与着陆UMD Unit Manning Document分队人员职位配制表/分队人员配置表UTC Unit Type Code设备类型代号UXO Unexploded Ordnance未爆弹药V V olt 伏特V A voltampere 伏安V AC volts alternating current 交流电压V AL V ehicle Authorization List车辆核定表V ASI V isual Approach Slope Indicator目视进近坡度指示灯VDC volts direct current 直流电压W Watt瓦特WDR War Damage Repair 战损修复WOC Wing Operations Center 联队作战中心WRM War Reserve Materiel战争储备物资WRSK War Readiness Spares Kit战备备用套件Air Base Defense--Those measures taken to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of enemy attacks on, or sabotage of, air bases to ensure that the senior commander retains the capability to assure aircraft sortie generation.Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (AFCESA)--A field operating agency (FOA) located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. The Directorate of Contingency Support (HQ AFCESA/CEX) acts as the Air Force program manager for Base Civil Engineer (BCE) Contingency Response Planning.空军土木工程师支援局（AFCESA）- 一个位于佛罗里达州廷德尔空军基地野战工作的机构（FOA）。
英语语法中的专业术语的翻译
感叹词 interjection 缩写 int.
代词pronoun 缩写pron.
名词 noun 缩写n.
☆普通名词 common noun (集体名词 collective noun/个体名词 individual noun
物质名词 material noun/ 抽象名词 abstract noun ) ☆专有名词 proper noun
☆可数名词 countable noun 不可数名词 uncountable noun
关联词 connective
从句 clause
从属句 subordinate clause
并列句 coordinate clause
☆名词从句 nominal clause
主语从句 subject clause
宾语从句 objective clause
表语从句 predicative clause
同位语从句 oppositive clause
定冠词 definite article 不定冠词 indefinite article
☆数词 numeral 缩写num.
基数词 cardinal numeral 序数词 ordinal numeral
连词 conjunction 缩写 conj.
☆并列连词 coordinating conjunction 从属连词 subordinating conjunction
☆定语从句 attributive clause
翻译理论】翻译学术语列表资料
翻译贡献者术语Absolute Translation绝对翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abstract Translation摘要翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abusive translation滥译路易斯（Lewis）Acceptability可接受性托利（Toury）Accuracy准确Adaptation改编Adequacy充分性Adjustment调整Analogical Form类同形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Analysis分析奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Applied Translation Studies应用翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Architranseme (ATR)元译素范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Autonomy Spectrum自立幅度罗斯（Rose）Autotranslation自译波波维奇（Popovic）Back Translation回译Bilateral interpreting双边传译凯斯（Keith）Class Shift词类转换韩礼德（Halliday）Close Translation贴近翻译纽马克（Newmark）传意翻译；交际翻Communicative Translation纽马克（Newmark）译Community interpreting社群传译Compensation补偿赫维（Hervey）Competence能力托利（Toury）Componential Analysis语义成分分析奈达（Nida）Comprehensive theory综合理论Conference interpreting会议传译Consecutive interpreting接续传译Contextual consistency语境一致奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Conventions常规诺德（Nord）Corpora语料库Correspondence对应Court interpreting法庭传译Covert translation隐型翻译豪斯（House）Creative transposition创造性转换Creative treason创造性叛逆罗伯特·埃斯卡皮（Robert Escarpi）Deconstruction解构主义德里达（Derrida）Descriptive translation描写性翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）studiesDiagrammatic translation图表翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Differance分延德里达（Derrida）Doentary translation文献型翻译诺德（Nord）Domesticating translation归化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Dynamic equivalence动态对等奈达（Nida）Dynamic fidelity动态忠信比克曼（Beekman）和卡洛（Callow）Effort models用功模式贾尔（Gile）Equivalence对等Excluded receiver非目标接受者皮姆（Pym）Exegetic translation诠释性翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Exoticism异国情调赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Expectancy norms期待规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳Explicitation明示（Darbelnet）Expressive text表情型文本赖斯（Reiss）Extraneous form外来形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Faithfulness忠实Foreignizing translation异化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Formal corresponding形式对应卡特福德（Catford）Formal equivalence形式对等奈达（Nida）Free translation自由译Full translation全文翻译General theories of普通翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）translationGist translation要旨翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Gloss translation释词翻译奈达（Nida）Grammatical transposition语法置换赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Hermeneutic motion诠释步骤斯坦纳（Steiner）Hierarchy of Correspondences对应层级霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Horizontal translation横向翻译福勒纳（Folena）Hyperinformation超额信息赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Idiomatic translation地道翻译比克曼（Beekman）和卡洛（Callow）德莱顿（Dryden）、利弗威尔Imitation拟译（Lefevere）Indeterminacy不确定性Information offer信息提供弗米尔（Vermeer）Informative texts信息文本赖斯（Reiss）Initial norms初始规范托利（Toury）Instrumental translation工具翻译诺德（Nord）Integral translation整合翻译范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Interlineal translation隔行翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Interlinear translation逐行翻译Interlingual translation语际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intersemiotic translation符际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intralingual translation语内翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intra-system shift系统内转换卡特福德（Catford）Inverse translation逆向翻译Kernel sentence核心句Keyword translation关键词翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Level shift层次转换卡特福德（Catford）Lexical translation词汇翻译卡特福德（Catford）Liaison interpreting联络传译凯斯（Keith）Linguistic translation语言翻译Literal translation字面翻译；直译Mapping图谱霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Matricial norms矩阵规范托利（Toury）Meta-language元语言霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Metatext元文本Mimetic form模仿形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Mutation变异范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Naturalness自然性Negative shift负面转换Norms规范Obligatory equivalents必要对等语奈达（Nida）维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳Oblique translation曲径翻译（Darbelnet）Operational model操作模式巴斯盖特（Bathgate）Operational norms操作规范托利（Toury）Optional equivalents可换对等语奈达（Nida）Overlapping translation重合翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Overt translation显型翻译豪斯（House）维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳Overtranslation超额翻译（Darbelnet）Paradigmatic equivalence范式对等波波维奇（Popovic）Paraphrase释译德莱顿（Dryden）Partial theories of局部翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）translationParticipative receiver参与型接受者皮姆（Pym）Particularizing translation具体化翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Performance运用托利（Toury）Phonemic translation音素翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）Phonological translation音位翻译卡特福德（Catford）Pivot language中枢语言Polysystem theory多元文化理论埃文·佐哈尔（Even-Zohar）Pragmatic Approach语用途径Pragmatic translation语用翻译Preliminary norms预先规范托利（Toury）Prescriptive translationstudies规定翻译研究托利（Toury）Primary translation首级翻译迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）Problem-restricted theories oftranslation 关于问题的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Process-oriented translationtheories过程取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Product-oriented translationstudies成品取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Professional norms翻译规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）Prospective translation前瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Prototext原型文本波波维奇（Popovic）Pseudotranslation伪翻译Pure language纯语言沃尔特·本雅明（Walter Benjamin）Radical translation原始翻译奎因（Quine）Rank-bound translation级阶受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Realia独有特征弗拉科夫（Vlakhov）和弗罗林（Florin）Receptor language接受语奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Translation with重构式翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）reconstructionRedundancy冗余奈达（Nida）Refraction折射利弗威尔（Lefevere）Regulative translational规约性翻译常规诺德（Nord）conventionsRelay interpreting转接传译Repertoreme知识库要素托利（Toury）Resistancy阻抗韦努狄（Venuti）Restricted translation受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Restructuring重组奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Retrospective translation后瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Rewriting重写利弗威尔（Lefevere）Rhymed translation韵体翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯Secondary translation二级翻译（Kornelius）Selective translation选译古阿德克（Gouadec）Semantic disambiguation语义消歧Semantic translation语义翻译纽马克（Newmark）Serial translation序列翻译卡塞格兰德（Casagrande）Service translation服务型翻译纽马克（Newmark）Sight translation视译Signed language translation手语传译Simultaneous interpreting同声传译Skopos theory目的论赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Source language源语Source text源文本Source text-oriented translation studies 源文本取向翻译研究Specification具体化Structure shift结构转换卡特福德（Catford）Stylistic equivalence文体对等Target language目标语Term banks术语库Terminology术语Text typology文本类型学Textual equivalence文本对等卡特福德（Catford）Textual norms文本规范托利（Toury）Thick translation增量翻译阿皮尔（Appiah）Think-aloud translation有声思维记录Third code第三语码弗劳利（Frawley）Time-restricted theories oftranslation 关于时域的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Total translation完全翻译卡特福德（Catford）Transcription注音Transeme译素范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Transfer转移Transference迁移卡特福德（Catford）Translatability可译性Translationese翻译体Translatorial action译者行为赫尔兹·曼塔里（JustaHolz-Manttari）Transliteration音译维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳Transposition置换（Darbelnet）Unbounded translation不受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Undertranslation欠额翻译纽马克（Newmark）Unit of translation翻译单位Universals of translation翻译普遍特征Verbal consistency词语一致Verifiability可核实性赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Vertical translation纵向翻译福勒纳Voids空缺Whispered interpreting耳语传译。
商务英语中常用术语的翻译
商务英语中常用术语的翻译定价和支付price and payment1.CIF 到岸价格/ 成本加保险费,运费价2.FOB离岸价格/ 装运港船上交货3.CFR离岸加运费价格/ 成本加运费价格4.佣金commission5.折扣discount6.净价,单价net price / unit price7.定金down payment8.分期付款installment payment询盘和报盘1.询盘inquiry2.发盘offer3.还盘counter-offer4.实盘firm offer5.虚盘non-firm offer6.规格specification7.样品sample8.交货delivery9.定货order10.最低价rockbottomprice11.价格单price list单据document1.形式发票proformainvoice2.商业发票commercial invoice3.领事发票consular invoice4.汇票draft / bill of exchange5.即期信用证sight draft6.远期信用证usancedraft7.信用证letter of credit / L/C8.即期信用证sight L/C9.远期信用证usanceL/C10. 装船通知shipping advice11.装箱单packing list11.货运单据shipping documents12.海运提单bill of lading / B/L13.清洁提单clean B/L14.不清洁提单unclean B/L16.保险单insurance policy17.检验证书certificate of inspection18.质检证书certificate of quality19.原产地证明书certificate of origin20.进口许可证import license21.出口许可证export license22.合同contract23.确认书confirmation24.售货确认书sales confirmation25.购货确认书confirmation of purchase。
英文合同翻译常见术语
英文合同翻译常见术语Common Terms in English Contract Translation for LawyersBasic Information of Both Parties:1. Parties: The parties to this contract are [Party A] and [Party B].2. Legal Entities: [Party A] is a legal entity incorporated under the laws/rules of[Country/Region], with its registered office at [address], and [Party B] is a legal entity incorporated under the laws/rules of [Country/Region], with its registered office at [address].3. Individuals: [Party A] is represented by [Name, Title], and [Party B] is represented by [Name, Title].4. Date: This Contract is effective as of [date].5. Place: This Contract is executed in [location].Identity, Rights, Obligations, Performance, Term, and Default Liability of Each Party:1. Identity: Each party affirms that it has the full capacity and authority to enter into this Contract and to fulfill its obligations hereunder.2. Rights: Each party has the right to enter into and perform under this Contract as specified herein.3. Obligations: Each party shall perform its obligations under this Contract in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth herein.4. Performance: The performance under this Contract shall be conducted in accordance with the procedures and timelines specified herein.5. Term: This Contract shall remain in effect for [duration of term], commencing on the Effective Date and ending on the Expiration Date.6. Termination: This Contract may beterminated by either party upon [reason for termination] with [notice period].7. Default Liability: In the event of default or breach by either party of its obligations under this Contract, the non-defaulting party shall be entitled to [remedies] as specified herein.Compliance with Chinese Laws and Regulations1. The Parties shall comply with all applicable Chinese laws, regulations and policies throughout the term of this Contract.2. Each party shall be fully responsible for complying with its own legal and statutory requirements.Clarity of Rights and Obligations of Each Party:1. Each party represents and warrants that it has read and understood this Contract, and fully understands the obligations, rights and risks involved.2. Each party acknowledges and agrees that it has had the opportunity to seek advice and/or legal counsel with respect to the terms and conditions of this Contract.Legal Effectiveness and Enforceability:1. This Contract is legally binding and enforceable under the laws of[Country/Region].2. Any amendment, modification, or waiver of any provisions of this Contract shall be in writing and executed by the parties.3. This Contract contains the entire understanding between the parties and supersedes all prior negotiations, agreements and understandings between the parties.Other Terms:1. Governing Law: This Contract shall be governed by and construed under the laws of [Country/Region].2.Dispute Resolution: Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this Contract shall be resolved through arbitration in accordance with [arbitration rules], and the arbitral award shall be final and binding upon the parties.3. Counterparts: This Contract may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original and all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.This translation is made solely for reference purposes, and in case of any discrepancies between the English version and the Chinese version, the Chinese version shall prevail.。
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翻译理论知识概要 第一部分：翻译术语
1. Definitions of translation
Translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. Being a very complicated human activity, its whole picture is never easy to describe. Scholars with different academic backgrounds have attempted to define it from various perspectives.
(1). Linguistic Views on Translation Translation theorists from the linguistic school conceive of translation as a linguistic activity and some believe that translation theory is a branch of linguistics, approaching the issues of translating primarily from the viewpoint of the linguistic differences between source and target texts.
Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (the target language). (Catford, 1965: 20).
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber,1969:12).
Translation theory derives from comparative linguistics, and within linguistics, it is mainly an aspect of semantics; all questions of semantics relate to translation theory. (Newmark, 1982 /1988:5).
(2). Cultural Views on Translation In the cultural approach, translation is regarded not only as a transfer of linguistic signs, but also as a communication of cultures, i.e. translation is an "intercultural communication"; hence the terms of "intercultural cooperation", "acculturation", and "transculturation".
Translation is a process which occurs between cultures rather than simply between languages {Shuttleworth & Cowie,1997:35).
A translator who uses a cultural approach is simply recognizing that each language contains elements which are derived from its culture (such as greetings, fixed expressions and REALIA), that every text is anchored in a specific culture, and that conventions of text production and reception vary from culture to culture (Shuttleworth & Cowie1997:35).
For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function. (Nida, 2001:82).
翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。译者不仅要了解外国的文化, 还要深入了解自己民族的文化。不仅如此, 还要不断地把两种文化加以比较, 因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等等都是相当的。翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。人们会说：他必须掌握两种语言; 确实如此, 但是不了解语言当中的社会文化, 谁也无法真正掌握语言(王佐良,1989)。
(3).Literary Views on Translation Translators who hold this view believe that translation is an artistic recreation or a recreated art. Some modern Western scholars from the literary school take literary translation to be "the manipulation or rewriting of the source texts".
文学翻译的任务是要把原作中包含的一定社会生活的映象完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中, 在翻译过程中追求语言的艺术美, 再现原作的艺术性。用茅盾的话说, 是"使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受"。
语言是塑造文学形象的工具, 因而文学的形象性特征必然要在语言上表现出来。文学语言的特征, 诸如形象、生动、鲜明、含蓄、凝练、准确、风趣、幽默、辛辣、滑稽、悦耳、民族特点、地方色彩, 还有行业习语、民间的俚语、谚语等等, 都是作家根据塑造形象的需要, 从现实生活中提炼创造出来的。文学作品的艺术形式与思想内容是辩证统一的, 翻译要保存原作风格特点, 因此要求译文生动形象、形神毕肖、雅俗等同、简洁精美、词情并茂(《译学辞典》2004: 291)。
(4). Semantic Views on Translation This view focuses on the semantic equivalence between the two languages,as well expressed by Eugene Nida(1986):"Translating means translating meaning".
Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text (Newmark,1988:5).
Semantic translation: the translator attempts,within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the target language,to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the author (Newmark,1982:22).
In semantic translation, greater attention is paid to rendering the author's original thought-processes in target language than to attempting to re-interpret source text in a way which the translator considers more appropriate for the target setting (Shuttleworth & Cowie,1997:151).
(5).Functional Views on Translation Functionalists believe that translation is a specific form of human action with a certain purpose, a kind of linguistic service provided to the society.Translators should take into account the needs of the client, the reader as wellas the purpose or use of the translation:
It is not the source text, or its effects on the source-text recipient, or the function assigned to it by the author, that determines the translation process, but the prospective function or purpose of the target text as determined by the initiator's, i.e.client's needs (Baker,2001:236).