Lecture 9 Strategic Behaviour_11
Lecture-9-Pragmatics
The maxim of Manner方式perspicuous 清晰
第11页，共13页。
Characteristics of implicature 含义的特征
Calculability可推导性（如弦外之音） Cancellability可取消性/可废除性，即通过改变
后续行为第7页，共13页。Locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act
Locutionary act(发话行为）非语内
表现行为:
the utterance意见 of a sentence with determinate确定 sense and reference. 说出一些具有一定意义的语言单位，这种意 义上的行为叫做发话行为
第1页，共13页。
1. What is Pragmatics?
Pragmatics may be defined as the study of language in use.
meaning divided into two major sides:the side more closely related to the words used(semantics);the side more closely related to the context,pragmatics
话语对听话人产生的效果
第10页，共13页。
3. The theory of conversational implicature会话含义理论
The cooperative principle合作原则（Four
maxims）
The introduction of game theory (lecture notes 9)
Finitely Repeated Games
• Writingபைடு நூலகம்down the strategy space for repeated games is difficult, even if the game is repeated just 2 rounds. • Finite Repetition of a Game with a Unique Equilibrium
– Two types of repeated games: – Finitely repeated: the game is played for a finite and known number of rounds, for example, 2 rounds. – Infinitely or Indefinitely repeated: the game has no predetermined length; players act as though it will be played indefinitely, or it ends only with some probability
Repeated Games
Repeated Games
• With the exception of our discussion of bargaining, we have examined the effect of repetition on strategic behavior in games. • If a game is played repeatedly, players may behave differently than if the game is a one-shot game. (e.g. borrow friend’s car versus rent-a-car).
Strategic Management战略管理学09讲解
Test your own assumptions about the case
9-11
Financial Ratio Analysis Techniques
Writing down a problem statement gives you a reference point when you proceed through case analysis
Some problems are not apparent until after you do the analysis
onducting a Strategic Management Case Analysis
Step 3: Conduct strategic analyses
Determine which strategic issues are involved Use strategic tools to conduct the analysis
9-7
How to Conduct a Case Analysis
Put yourself “inside” the case
Think like an actual participant
Strategic decision maker Board of directors Outside consultant
Envision explanation that might not readily be apparent Imagine different scenarios Contemplate the outcome of a decision Deal with uncertainty and incomplete knowledge
lecture9语言学
Sense relations
• Synonymy
• Antonymy • Hyponymy
15
Synonymy
• • • • • • • buy/purchase world/ universe brotherly/ fraternal thrifty/economical/stingy autumn/fall flat/apartment tube/underground
• 古希腊哲学家柏拉图认为语言形式是语言中的一 个词，语义是它所代表、所指示、所表示的世界 上的实体——指称（referent）。比如dog这个词 代表了属于这一类的实体。
• There is something behind the concrete thing we can see with our eyes. And thห้องสมุดไป่ตู้t something is abstract, which has no existence in the material world and can only be sensed in our minds. This abstract thing is usually called concept(概念）.
Relation of cooccurrence
Endocentric & exocentric
coordination &
subordination
NP,VP,AP
Subordinate clauses
S,PP,VO…
Syntactic function
• Subject, object, predicate
Category Phrase,clause,sent ence
Lecture note 9
Managing Change15:322Fall 2003John Van MaanenThree PerspectivesStrategic DesignOrganizations are machinesAn organization is a mechanical system crafted to achieve a defined goal. Parts must fit well together and match the demands of the environment. Action comes through planning.PoliticalOrganizations are contestsAn organization is a social system encompassing diverse, and sometimes contradictory, interests and goals. Competition for resources is expected. Action comes through power.CulturalOrganizations are institutionsAn organization is a symbolic system of meanings, artifacts, values, and routines. Informal norms and traditions exert a strong influence on behavior.Action comes through habit.Change is Difficult ...•Resistance to Change Comes from Many Sources•Fear of Loss of Power•Loss of value (eg, losing jobs, having experience discounted)•Anxiety about new skills being required•Negative assessment of the need for change•And don’t forget past resentments, sense of nobility & expectation of more work !…and has to be managed•Make the right diagnosis-Analyze the situation carefully-Understand the trade-off involved in different change strategies-Develop adequate and realistic goals•Implement the change Effort-Make sure you have the resources you need to drive process-Build the necessary support-Manage the cultural assumptions•Managing change is about understanding and managing perceptions ...–Understanding how others see the situation–Convince others that the status quo is not working–Explain the logic of the change agendaSchein’s Model of PersonalChangeSource: Schein, E. Career Anchors: Discovering your real values. San Diego, CA: University Associates, 1990.Dimensions of OrganizationalChangeTop Down _______________Bottom-upRadical_______________IncrementalDiscontinuous _____________ContinuousPlanned_______________EmergentRules for the Change Agent •Rule One: Try to Stay Alive•Is this for you?•What are the real benefits and costs?•What are the real chances of success?•Rule Two: Learn•Learn how others see you and what you represent.•Are your ends getting in the way of the project?。
Lecture 9
Shop in the beach
18
In the NE of this game both players locate in the center. Why? If they are not in the same location, there is always an incentive to move closer to your competitor. If they are in the same location but not in the center, you can capture customers by moving towards there.
Guess the Average
[Introduced by Nagel (1995)] “Each of you (the students in this course) have to choose an integer between 0 and 100 in order to guess "2/3 of the average of the responses given by all students in the course". Each student who guesses 2/3 of the average of all responses rounded up to the nearest integer, will receive a prize to be announced by your teacher (or alternatively will have the satisfaction of being righrimental Economics
Experimental economics evolved in three areas: 1. Market experiments (Chamberlin ,1948!) . 2. Game experiments. (Nash et al., 1954) 3. Individual choice experiments.
消费者行为学英文版最新版教学课件第11章
Learning Objective 3
• We are motivated to buy or use products
in order to be consistent with what other people do.
11-15
Factors Influencing Conformity
• Risky shift: group members show a greater
willingness to consider riskier alternatives following group discussion than if members made their own decisions
11-22
Sociometric Methods
• Sociometric methods: trace communication
patterns among group members
• Systematic map of group interactions • Most precise method of identifying product-
• The things other consumers tell us about
products (good and bad) often are more influential than the advertising we see.
3. We are motivated to buy or use products
in order to be consistent with what other people do.
11-2
Chapter Objectives (continued)
2011-罗宾斯-管理学-11版-英文PPT-09
Step 6: Evaluating results
Analyzing financial and physical assets is fairly easy, but assessing intangible assets (employee skills, culture, corporate reputation, etc.) isn’t as simple.
Functional strategy - the strategies used by an organization’s various functional departments to support the competitive strategy.
Threat of New Entrants
Core competencies - the organization’s major value-creating capabilities that determine its competitive weapons.
Step 4: Formulating strategies
Develop and evaluate strategic alternatives.
Strategic management - what managers do to develop the organization’s strategies.
管理学罗宾斯(第11版)第9章知识
●什么是战略管理？战略管理：管理者为制定组织的战略而做的工作战略：关于组织将如何经营、如何在竞争中获得成功以及如何吸引和满足顾客以实现组织目标的各种方案商业模式：公司如何赚钱●战略管理为何重要？1.它能够提高组织绩效。
2.它要求管理者考察和适应商业环境的变化。
3.它可以协调组织内的不同部门，帮助它们聚焦于组织目标。
●什么是战略管理过程？战略管理过程：一个包含六个步骤的过程，涵盖了战略的计划、实施和评估。
●战略管理过程步骤1：识别组织当前的使命、目标和战略·使命：对组织目标的陈述·组织的产品或服务的范围·目标：进一步计划的基础·可测量的绩效目标步骤2：进行外部环境分析·对具体环境和一般环境进行环境扫描·主要是找出组织面临的机遇和威胁步骤3：进行组织内部分析·评估本组织的资源、能力和活动:·本公司的优势能够为顾客创造价值，并且加强本公司在竞争中的地位·劣势会使本公司在竞争中陷入不利位置·分析财务资产和有形资产是非常容易的，但评估无形资产（员工的技能、组织文化、公司名声，等等）则不那么容易（步骤2和步骤3结合起来则被称为ＳＷＯＴ分析。
）步骤4：制定战略·制定和评估各种战略备选方案·选择能够为本组织提供相对竞争优势的合适战略·利用本组织的优势去抓住环境中的机遇·改进劣势和防御威胁步骤5：实施战略·实施：使组织结构和活动与环境实现有效匹配·环境决定了组织所选择的战略；要想有效地实施战略，组织结构必须符合环境的要求步骤6：评估结果·战略的效果如何？·如有必要，需要采取什么调整措施？●SWOT分析SWOT分析：对本组织的优势、劣势、机遇和威胁的分析资源：组织用来开发、制造以及向顾客提供产品的各种资产能力：组织用来从事一切必要活动的技能和才智●优势和劣势优势：组织擅长的行动或者拥有的独特资源劣势：组织不擅长的行动或者该组织需要但却并不具有的资源。
工商管理专业MBALectureStrategic+Managementlectu
A benefit for reaching the objective ( e.g. bonus)
管理ppt
A personal Example Be healthy look good
Lose weight Lose 5 kilos by January 2011 Eat no sweets
• Strategy seeks to match activities of an organisation to the environment in which it operates
• Strategy seeks to match organisations activities with its resource capability
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