职称英语c级第3部分：概括大意

第一篇：More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing

1 Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.

2 Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up1 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and

feeling refreshed after a night ' s sleep than 8-hour sleepers.2

3 These findings, which Dr Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic

Medicine3, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night ' s rest may not need to set

aside4 more than 8 hours a night He added that “ it might be a good idea ” for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this.

4 Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep —for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.

5 For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to- day functioning5.

6 Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed “ It stands to reason6 that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they 'll spend a higher percentage of time awake, ” he said.

词汇：

refresh / r? 'fre?/ v.( 使) 精力恢复

questionnaire / ,kwest?? ' ne?(r)/ n. 问卷

psychosomatic / ,sa?k??s? ' m?t?k / adj.（指疾病）由精神压力引起的

fatigue / f? ' ti:g / n. 疲劳

caution / 'k?:??n/ v. 警告

insomnia / ?n ' s?mn??/ n. 失眠

habitually / h? 'b?tj??l?, - t??-/ adv. 习惯地

注释：

1. clock up ：时间达到

2. they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night ' s sleep than 8-hour sleepers ：falling 和feeling 都是说明trouble 的。全句可译为：与8 小时睡眠者相比，他们在入睡和经过一夜睡眠恢复精力方面有更多的麻烦。

3. Psychosomatic Medicine ：《心身医学》（医学杂志名）

4. set aside ：留出

5. having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning ：感到疲乏影响日常工作。

6. stand to reason ：是当然的，是合情合理的

练习：

1. _________________ Paragraph 2

2. _________________ Paragraph 4

3. _________________ Paragraph 5

4. _________________ Paragraph 6

A Kripke ' s Research Tool

B Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep

C Criticism on Kripke ' s Report

D A Way of Overcoming Insomnia

E Sleep Problem of Long and Short Sleepers

F Classification of Sleep Problems

5. To get a good night __________________ ' s rest, people may not

need to .

6. ____________________________________________ Long sleepers are reported to be more

likely to _______________________________________ .

7.One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to _______________ .

8.One survey showed that people who habitually _______ each night have a higher

risk of dying.

A fall asleep again

B become more energetic the following day

C sleep less than 7 hours

D confirm those serious consequences

E suffer sleep problems

F sleep more than 8 hours

答案与题解：

1. E 第二段列举了睡眠时间多于或少于8 小时而带来的多种sleep problems 。

2. B 第四段阐述了长期睡眠不足所带来的严重后果。

3. A 第五段介绍了Kripke 的调查工具(tool) 。他用的是有关睡眠的问卷。问卷包括两大内容：睡眠时间及睡眠困扰问题。

4. D 第六段最后两句是：“ ... one wayto help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. ” 和“ It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they 'll spend

a higher percentage of time awake. ”这是选择D 的依据。

5. F 选择F 的依据是第三段第一句。原文是：“... people who want to get a good night ' s rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night. ”

6. E 选择E的依据是第六段第一句。原文是：" … people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. ”

7. A 本题答案的依据是第五段第二句：“ Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep ... ”

8. C 本题答案的依据是第四段：“ ... one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. ”

译文：每晚只需8 小时，睡眠过多非益事

睡眠不足带来的危害已经广为人知，而一项新的研究表明睡眠过多同样会使人们产生不良后果。

圣地亚哥加利福尼亚大学的研究人员发现在入睡、保持睡眠等方面，每晚睡眠9 或10 小时的人比睡8小时的人存在更多问题。而每晚仅睡7 小时的人则表示，他们在入睡及休息后精力恢复程度上不及8 小时睡眠者。

Daniel Kripke 博士在《心身医学》杂志上报告的这些新发现表明，人们如果想晚上休息好，每天留给睡眠的时间只需8 小时。他补充说，对于那些每晚睡8 小时以上的人们来说，考虑减少在床上度过的时间“也许是个好主意”。不过他又提醒说这还需要进一步的研究证实。

以往的研究证明了长期睡眠缺乏的潜在危机。有报告显示，睡眠经常少于7 小时的人比睡

眠充足者，在特定时期内死亡的机率更高。

而在目前这份报告中，Kripke 考评了一份1004 名成年人参与反馈的睡眠调查问卷。问卷内容涉及每周睡眠时间和各种可能的睡眠问题，包括半夜惊觉，清晨早醒，无法重新入睡，以及白天疲劳，影响日常工作等。

Kripke 发现每晚9 至10小时睡眠者比睡8 小时的人更容易出现各类睡眠问题。在次访谈中，Kripke 注意到睡眠时间长的人夜间可能难以入眠，正是因为他们睡得太多了。因此他补充说，治疗失眠最好的一种方法就是少睡点儿。“在床上花得时间过长，醒着的时间就会更多，这是理所当然的。” 第二篇：Soot and Sow 附译文word

1 New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot maybe responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.

2 Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs

more of the sun' s energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.

3 Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change.

Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. “ This provides a positive feedback, as

glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier, said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA ' s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.

4 Hansen found soot ' s effect on snow albedo(solar energy reflected back to space) ，which1 may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice, melting glaciers and permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.

5 “ Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space,

thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon2 ，” Hansen said. Soot ' s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world ' s climate. “ This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global wanning as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude, Hansen noted.

6 Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.3 Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest4 of this century.

7 The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers ' climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover5 and sufficient sunlight.

词汇：

soot / s?t / n. 煤烟，煤灰

emission / ? ' m???n/ n. 释放，散发，排放

simulation / ,s?mj? ' le???n/ n. 模拟

latitude / 'l?t?tju:d / n. 纬度

glacier / ' gl?s??(r) / n. 冰川，冰河

albedo / ?l ' bi:d??/ n. 反照率

permafrost / ' p?:m?fr?st/ n. 永冻层

forcing / f?:s??/ n. 温室作用

dioxide / da? '?ka?d / n. 二氧化物

magnitude / ' m?gn?tju:d / n. 量，大小

注释：

1. which 指代albedo 。

2. thus

heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon ：相当于thus heating the snow surface more than(heating the snow surface)if there were no black carbon 。

3 ... the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during

the past century ：“ that greenhouse gases ... during the past century ”是同位语从句，表达fact 的内容。

4. the rest ：剩余部分

5. snow cover ：雪的覆盖层

练习：

1. _________________ Paragraph 3

2. _________________ Paragraph 4

3. _________________ Paragraph 6

4. _________________ Paragraph 7

A Soot ' s Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere

B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere

C Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot

D Effort to Reduce Snow Albedo

E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission

F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming

5.In the twentieth century, soot _______ .

6. _________________________________________ H ansen cautioned that greenhouse gases .

7. _________________________________ Black soot covered snow and ice .

8. _________________________________________ A soot forcing is unusually effective, which

___________________________________________ .

A produces much more global wanning than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude

B continued to 25 percent of observed global warming

C can produce greenhouse gases

D absorb more of sun ' s energy and warmth than white background

E still surpass soot in warming the world ' s climate during the last centry

F can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere

答案与题解：

1. C 第三段解释了为什么soot 会增加地球升温效应。

2. A 第四段介绍了soot 在两方面起的作用：(1)soot 增加了雪吸收太阳能量和热量的能

力;(2)soot导致海洋和陆地上空的大气层发生变化。

3. F 第六段的关键句子是：“ ... greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. ”

4. B 第七段介绍了在研究北半球的纬度、雪覆盖面和日照诸因素与气温升高之间的关系方面取得的成果。

5. B 选择B 的依据是第一段。有关的句子是：“ ... black soot may be responsible for

25 percent of observed global warming over the past century. ”选项B 中用了过去式contributed ，也是选B的一个线索，因为第五题的题干中有in the twentieth century ，这个时间状语要求谓语

动词用过去式，而4个选项中只有B项的动词用的是过去式。

6. E Hansen cautioned 和greenhouse gases 仅出现在第六段。该段的大意是：虽然煤烟

在改变全球气候方面所起的作用相当显著，但是上个世纪气温上升的主要因素还是温室气体。选项E 概括了第六段的意思。

7. D 本题答案的依据是第二段第一句