高考数学一轮复习课时跟踪检测三十四等差数列及其前n项和含解析

高考数学一轮复习课时跟踪检测三十四等差数列及其前n项和含解析
高考数学一轮复习课时跟踪检测三十四等差数列及其前n项和含解析

课时跟踪检测(三十四) 等差数列及其前n 项和

[A 级 基础题——基稳才能楼高]

1.已知等差数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n ,a 3=3,a 5=5,则S 7的值是( ) A .30 B .29 C .28

D .27

解析:选C 由题意,设等差数列的公差为d ,则d =

a 5-a 3

5-3

=1,故a 4=a 3+d =4,所以

S 7=

7a 1+a 7

2

7×2a 4

2

=7×4=28.故选C. 2.(·北京丰台区模拟)数列{2n -1}的前10项的和是( ) A .120 B .110 C .100

D .10

解析:选C ∵数列{2n -1}是以1为首项,2为公差的等差数列,∴S 10=a 1+a 10×10

2

1+19×10

2

=100.故选C.

3.(·豫北重点中学联考)已知数列{a n }中a 1=1,a n +1=a n -1,则a 4等于( ) A .2 B .0 C .-1

D .-2

解析:选D 因为a 1=1,a n +1=a n -1,所以数列{a n }为等差数列,公差d 为-1,所以

a 4=a 1+3d =1-3=-2,故选D.

4.(·张掖质检)设等差数列{a n }的公差为d ,且a 1a 2=35,2a 4-a 6=7,则d =( ) A .4 B .3 C .2

D .1

解析:选C ∵{a n }是等差数列,∴2a 4-a 6=a 4-2d =a 2=7,∵a 1a 2=35,∴a 1=5,∴d =a 2-a 1=2,故选C.

5.(·南昌模拟)已知等差数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n ,且S 5=50,S 10=200,则a 10+a 11的值为( )

A .20

B .40

C .60

D .80

解析:选D 设等差数列{a n

}的公差为d ,由已知得?????

S 5

=5a 1

+5×4

2

d =50,S 10=10a 1

+10×9

2

d =200,

即?

????

a 1+2d =10,a 1+9

2d =20,

解得???

??

a 1=2,d =4.

∴a 10+a 11=2a 1+19d =80.故选D.

[B 级 保分题——准做快做达标]

1.(·惠州调研)已知等差数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n ,且a 9=1

2a 12+6,a 2=4,则数列????

?

?1S n 的前10项和为( )

A.11

12 B .1011 C.910

D .89

解析:选B 设等差数列{a n }的公差为d ,由a 9=1

2a 12+6及等差数列的通项公式得a 1+

5d =12,又a 2=4,∴a 1=2,d =2,∴S n =n 2

+n ,∴1S n

1n n +1=1n -1n +1,∴1S 1+1

S 2

+…

1

S 10=? ????1-12+? ????12-13+…+? ????110-111=1-111=1011.选B.

2.(·昆明适应性检测)已知等差数列{a n }各项均为正数,其前n 项和为S n ,若a 1=1,

S 3=a 2,则a 8=( )

A .12

B .13

C .14

D .15

解析:选D 法一:设等差数列{a n }的公差为d ,由题意得3+3d =1+d ,解得d =2或

d =-1(舍去),所以a 8=1+7×2=15,故选D.

法二:S 3=a 1+a 2+a 3=3a 2,由S 3=a 2可得3a 2=a 2,解得a 2=3或a 2=0(舍去),则d =a 2-a 1=2,所以a 8=1+7×2=15,故选D.

3.(·南宁名校联考)等差数列{a n }中,a 3+a 7=6,则{a n }的前9项和等于( ) A .-18 B .27 C .18

D .-27

解析:选B 法一:设等差数列的公差为d ,则a 3+a 7=a 1+2d +a 1+6d =2a 1+8d =6,所以a 1+4d =3.于是{a n }的前9项和S 9=9a 1+9×82

d =9(a 1+4d )=9×3=27,故选B.

法二:由等差数列的性质,得a 1+a 9=a 3+a 7=6,所以数列{a n }的前9项和S 9=9a 1+a 92=9×6

2

=27,故选B.

4.(·中山一中统测)设数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n ,且a n =-2n +1,则数列????

??S n n 的前11项和为( )

A .-45

B .-50

C .-55

D .-66

解析:选D ∵a n =-2n +1,∴数列{a n }是以-1为首项,-2为公差的等差数列,∴S n

n [-1+-2n +1]

2

=-n 2

,∴S n n =-n 2

n =-n ,∴数列????

??S n n 是以-1为首项,-1为公差

的等差数列,∴数列????

??S n n 的前11项和为11×(-1)+11×10

2×(-1)=-66,故选D.

5.(·南昌模拟)《九章算术》“竹九节”问题:现有一根9节的竹子,自上而下各节的容积成等差数列,上面4节的容积共3升,下面3节的容积共4升,则第5节的容积为( )

A .1升

B .6766升 C.47

44

升 D .3733

升 解析:选 B 设该等差数列为{a n },公差为d ,由题意得?

??

??

a 1+a 2+a 3+a 4=3,

a 7+a 8+a 9=4,即

?

??

??

4a 1+6d =3,

3a 1+21d =4,解得?????

a 1

=13

22,d =7

66.

∴a 5=1322+4×766=67

66

.故选B.

6.(·云南统一检测)已知等差数列{a n }中,a 1=11,a 5=-1,则{a n }的前n 项和S n 的最大值是( )

A .15

B .20

C .26

D .30

解析:选C 设数列{a n }的公差为d ,则d =

a 5-a 1

5-1

=-3,所以a n =a 1+(n -1)d =-3n

+14,由?

??

??

a n ≥0,

a n +1≤0??

??

??

14-3n ≥0,

11-3n ≤0,解得113≤n ≤14

3

,即n =4,所以{a n }的前4项和最

大,且S 4=4×11+4×3

2

×(-3)=26,故选C.

7.(·四川三地四校联考)在等差数列{a n }中,a 1=-2 015,其前n 项和为S n ,若

S 12

12

S 10

10

=2,则S 2 018=( )

A .2 018

B .-2 018

C .4 036

D .-4 036

解析:选C 设等差数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n =An 2

+Bn ,则S n n

=An +B ,∴????

??S n n 是等差数

列.∵

S 1212-

S 10

10=2,∴??????S n n 的公差为1,又S 11=a 11=-2 015,∴????

??

S n n 是以-2 015为首项,1为公差的等差数列,∴S 2 018

2 018

=-2 015+2 017×1=2,∴S 2 018=4 036.故选C.

8.(·太原模拟)已知数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n ,点(n ,S n )(n ∈N *

)在函数y =x 2

-10x 的图象上,等差数列{b n }满足b n +b n +1=a n (n ∈N *

),其前n 项和为T n ,则下列结论正确的是( )

A .S n <2T n

B .b 4=0

C .T 7>b 7

D .T 5=T 6

解析:选D 因为点(n ,S n )(n ∈N *

)在函数y =x 2

-10x 的图象上,所以S n =n 2

-10n ,所以a n =2n -11,又b n +b n +1=a n (n ∈N *

),数列{b n }为等差数列,设公差为d ,所以2b 1+d =-9,2b 1+3d =-7,解得b 1=-5,d =1,所以b n =n -6,所以b 6=0,所以T 5=T 6,故选D.

9.(·长春模拟)已知数列{a n }是等差数列,其前n 项和S n 有最大值,且a 2 019

a 2 018

<-1,则使得S n >0的n 的最大值为( )

A .2 018

B .2 019

C .4 035

D .4 037

解析:选C 设等差数列{a n }的公差为d ,由题意知d <0,a 2 018>0,a 2 018+a 2 019<0,所以

S 4 035=

4 035a 1+a 4 0352=4 035a 2 018>0,S 4 036=4 036a 1+a 4 0362=

4 036a 2 018+a 2 019

2

<0,所以使得S n >0的n 的最大值为4 035,故选C.

10.(·武汉模拟)设等差数列{a n }满足a 3+a 7=36,a 4a 6=275,且a n a n +1有最小值,则这个最小值为( )

A .-10

B .-12

C .-9

D .-13

解析:选B 设等差数列{a n }的公差为d ,∵a 3+a 7=36,∴a 4+a 6=36,又a 4a 6=275,

联立,解得?

??

??

a 4=11,

a 6=25或?

??

?? a 4=25,

a 6=11,

当???

??

a 4=11,a 6=25

时,可得???

??

a 1=-10,d =7,

此时a n =7n -17,a 2=-3,a 3=4,易知当n ≤2

时,a n <0,当n ≥3时,a n >0,

∴a 2a 3=-12为a n a n +1的最小值;

当?

??

??

a 4=25,a 6=11时,可得?

??

??

a 1=46,

d =-7,此时a n =-7n +53,a 7=4,a 8=-3,易知当n ≤7

时,a n >0,当n ≥8时,a n <0,

∴a 7a 8=-12为a n a n +1的最小值. 综上,a n a n +1的最小值为-12.

11.(·广州适应性测试)设等差数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n .若a 3=5,且S 1,S 5,S 7成等差数列,则数列{a n }的通项公式a n =________.

解析:设等差数列{a n }的公差为d ,∵a 3=5,且S 1,S 5,S 7成等差数列,∴

?

??

??

a 1+2d =5,

a 1+7a 1+21d =10a 1+20d ,

解得?

??

??

a 1=1,

d =2,∴a n =2n -1.

答案:2n -1

12.(·北京高考)设{a n }是等差数列,且a 1=3,a 2+a 5=36,则{a n }的通项公式为________. 解析:法一:设数列{a n }的公差为d .∵a 2+a 5=36,∴(a 1+d )+(a 1+4d )=36,∴2a 1+5d =36.∵a 1=3,∴d =6,∴a n =6n -3.

法二:设数列{a n }的公差为d ,∵a 2+a 5=a 1+a 6=36,a 1=3,∴a 6=33,∴d =a 6-a 1

5

6.∵a 1=3,∴a n =6n -3.

答案:a n =6n -3

13.(·南昌模拟)等差数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n ,已知a 5+a 7=4,a 6+a 8=-2,则当S n

取最大值时,n 的值是________.

解析:依题意得2a 6=4,2a 7=-2,a 6=2>0,a 7=-1<0.又数列{a n }是等差数列,所以在该数列中,前6项均为正数,自第7项起以后各项均为负数,于是当S n 取最大值时,n =6.

答案:6

14.(·石家庄重点高中摸底考试)设公差不为0的等差数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n ,若a 2,

a 5,a 11成等比数列,且a 11=2(S m -S n )(m >n >0,m ,n ∈N *),则m +n 的值是________.

解析:设等差数列{a n }的公差为d (d ≠0),因为a 2,a 5,a 11成等比数列,所以a 2

5=a 2a 11,所以(a 1+4d )2

=(a 1+d )(a 1+10d ),解得a 1=2d ,又a 11=2(S m -S n )(m >n >0,m ,n ∈N *),所以2ma 1+m (m -1)d -2na 1-n (n -1)d =a 1+10d ,化简得(m +n +3)(m -n )=12,因为m >n >0,m ,

n ∈N *

,所以?

??

??

m -n =1,

m +n +3=12或?

??

??

m -n =2,

m +n +3=6,解得?

??

??

m =5,

n =4或?????

m =5

2,n =1

2

(舍去),

所以m +n =9.

答案:9

15.(·江西三校联考)已知等差数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n ,且S 5=45,S 6=60. (1)求数列{a n }的通项公式;

(2)若数列{b n }满足b n +1-b n =a n (n ∈N *

),且b 1=3,求????

??1b n 的前n 项和T n .

解:(1)设等差数列{a n }的公差为d , 则a 6=S 6-S 5=15,所以???

?

?

a 6=a 1+5d =15,S 5=5a 1+10d =45,

解得a 1=5,d =2,所以a n =2n +3.

(2)b n =(b n -b n -1)+(b n -1-b n -2)+…+(b 2-b 1)+b 1 =a n -1+a n -2+…+a 1+3=n 2

+2n , 所以1

b n =

1n

n +2=12? ??

??1

n -1n +2, 所以T n =12? ????1+12-1n +1-1n +2=3n 2

+5n 4n 2

+12n +8

. 16.(·辽宁五校协作体模考)已知数列{a n }是等差数列,且a 1,a 2(a 1

-6x +5=0的两个实根.

(1)求数列{a n }的前n 项和S n ; (2)在(1)中,设b n =

S n

n +c ,求证:当c =-1

2

时,数列{b n }是等差数列. 解:(1)∵a 1,a 2(a 1

-6x +5=0的两个实根, ∴a 1=1,a 2=5,∴等差数列{a n }的公差为4, ∴S n =n ·1+

n n -1

2

·4=2n 2

-n .

(2)证明:当c =-12时,b n =S n n +c =2n 2

-n

n -

1

2=2n ,

∴b n +1-b n =2(n +1)-2n =2,b 1=2.

∴数列{b n }是以2为首项,2为公差的等差数列.

新人教版必修一 Unit5 Period 1课时跟踪检测

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上,所以有? ???? 3a -9≤0, a +2>0, 即-2

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