法律英语中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”

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如何规范使用法条的条、款、项、目

如何规范使用法条的条、款、项、目

如何规范使用法条的条、款、项、目一、法律条文中条款项的含义及引用要求一部法律根据《立法法》第六十一条的规定,一般由编、章、节、条、款、项、目组成。

编、章、节是对法条的归类。

所以,在使用法律时只需引用到条、款、项、目即可,无需指出该条所在的编、章、节。

因此,弄懂法律规范中条、款、项、目的含义,在执法活动中正确使用法律规范的条、款、项、目,对于规范执法行为,提高执法质量是大有益处的。

1“条”的含义法律规范的“条”,是组成法律法规的基本单位。

一部法律,都是由若干法条组成的。

法律规范条文的适用,一个法条只有一款的,应当直接适用该法条,不应称作该条第一款;一个法条有两款或者两款以上的,应当适用到款。

关于条的数目的书写应使用中文,如《立法法》第十条。

不能使用阿拉伯数字,不能写成《立法法》第10条。

2“款”的含义“款”是“条”的组成部分。

“款”的表现形式为条中的自然段。

每个自然段为一款。

款前均无数字。

有数字排列的不称为款。

“款”的适用。

款一般可以独立适用。

关于引用款时的数目的书写一般应当使用中文,不用阿拉伯数字。

如《立法法》第五十四条第二款,不写作《立法法》第五十四条第2款。

3“项”的含义一般来讲,“项”是以列举的形式对前段文字的说明。

如《立法法》第八条规定:下列事项只能制定法律:(一)国家主权的事项;(二)各级人民代表大会、人民政府、人民法院和人民检察院的产生、组织和职权;(三)......该条中的(一)、(二)、(三)......(十)等就是该条的十个项。

该十项是对前段文字中“下列事项”的说明。

所以,含有项的法条,其前段文字中一般都有“下列”二字或相应的文字表述。

“项”前冠以数字以对列举的内容进行排列。

如上所述,各项前都冠以(一)、(二)、(三)、(四)等数字,而且这些数字只能以中文数字加括号的形式出现。

“项”的适用:对含有项的法条,适用时应当适用到项。

如果不适用到项,有适用法律不正确之嫌。

(1)引用某项时,该项的序号不加括号,表述为:“第×项”,不表述为:“第(×)项”。

法律英语专业术语大全---精品模板

法律英语专业术语大全---精品模板

一、律师部分案件受理费court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂important and complicated case案由cause of action案子case包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件);the accused (用于刑事案件)被上诉人appellee被诉人respondent;defendant本案律师councel pro hac vice本地律师local counsel毕业证diploma; graduation certificate辩护词defense; pleadings辩护律师defense lawyer辩护要点point of defense辩护意见submission财产租赁property tenancy裁定书order;ruling;determination(指终审裁定)裁决书award(用于仲裁)裁决书verdict(用于陪审团)采信的证据admitted evidence;established evidence草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests查阅法条source legal provisions产权转让conveyancing出差go on errand;go on a business trip出国深造further study abroad出具律师意见书providing legal opinion出示的证据exhibit出庭appear in court传票summons;subpoena答辩状answer;reply代理词representation代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark,patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations代理仲裁agency for arbitration代写文书drafting of legal instruments待决案件pending case当事人陈述statement of the parties第三人third party吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license调查笔录investigative record调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence调解mediation调解书mediation二审案件case of trial of second instance发送电子邮件send e—mail法律顾问legal consultants法律意见书legal opinions法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal counseling法庭division;tribunal法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位LL。

常见法律英语词汇大全

常见法律英语词汇大全

一、律师部分案件受理费 court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case案由 cause of action 案子 case 包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits被告 defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件)被上诉人 appellee 被诉人 respondent; defendant 本案律师 councel pro hac vice本地律师 local counsel 毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate辩护词 defense; pleadings 辩护律师defense lawyer 辩护要点 point of defense 辩护意见 submission财产租赁 property tenancy 裁定书 order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定) 裁决书award(用于仲裁)裁决书 verdict(用于陪审团) 采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条source legal provisions产权转让 conveyancing 出差 go on errand; go on a business trip 出国深造further study abroad出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion 出示的证据 exhibit 出庭 appear in court 传票 summons; subpoena答辩状 answer; reply 代理词representation 代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记 agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations 代理仲裁 agency for arbitration代写文书 drafting of legal instruments待决案件 pending case 当事人陈述statement of the parties 第三人 third party 吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license调查笔录 investigative record 调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence 调解 mediation调解书 mediation 二审案件 case oftrial of second instance 发送电子邮件 send e-mail 法律顾问 legal consultants法律意见书 legal opinions 法律援助legal aid 法律咨询 legal counseling法庭 division; tribunal 法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws) 法学会 law society 法学课程 legal courses法学硕士学位 LL.M (Master of Laws) 法学系 faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位 LL.B (Bachelor of Laws) J.D ( juris doctor缩写,美国法学学士) 法学院 law school法院公告 court announcement 反诉状counterclaim 房地产律师 real estate lawyer; real property lawyer非合伙律师 associate lawyer 非诉讼业务non-litigation practice 高级合伙人 senior partner 高级律师 senior lawyer各类协议和合同 agreements andcontracts 公安局 Public Security Bureau 公司上市 company listing 公诉案件public-prosecuting case 公证书 notarial certificate 国办律师事务所 state-run law office 国际贸易 international trade国际诉讼 international litigation 国内诉讼 domestic litigation 合伙律师 partner lawyer合伙制律师事务所 law office inpartner-ship; cooperating law ofice 合同审查、草拟、修改 contract review, drafting and revision 会见当事人 interview a client 会见犯罪嫌疑人 interview a criminal suspect 兼职律师 part-time lawyer监狱 prison; jail 鉴定结论 expert conclusion 缴纳会费 membership dues 举证责任 burden of proof; onus probandi决定书 decision 勘验笔录 record of request 看守所 detention house 抗诉书protest 控告人 accuser; complainant跨国诉讼 transnational litigation 劳动争议 labor disputes 劳动争议仲裁委员会arbitration committee for labor disputes劳改场 reform-through-labor farm; prison farm 利害关系人 interested party; party in interest律管处处长 director of lawyer control department 律师 lawyer attorney; attorney at law律师惩戒 lawyer discipline 律师法Lawyer Law 律师费 lawyer fee 律师函lawyer’s letter律师见证 lawyerattestation/authentication 律师见证书lawyercertification/authentication/witness律师卷宗lawyer’s docile; file 律师刊物lawyer’s journal 律师联系电话 contact phone number of a lawyer律师事务所 law office; law firm 律师收费 billing by lawyer 律师网站 lawyer website律师协会 National Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会会员 member of Lawyer Association律师协会秘书长 secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会章程 Articles of Lawyer Assocition律师业务室lawyer’s office 律师执业证lawyer license 律师助理 assistant lawyer律师资格考试 bar exam; lawyer qualification exam 律师资格证 lawyer qualification certificate民事案件 civil case民事调解 civil mediation 民事诉讼 civil litigation 派出所local police station; police substation判决 judgement(用于民事、行政案件); determination(用于终审); sentence(用于刑事案); verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证 circumstantial evidence 企业章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw企业重组 corporate restructure 起诉状information; indictment 取消律师资格disbar全国律师代表大会 National Lawyer Congress 缺席宣判 pronounce judgement or determination by default人民法院People’s Court 人民检察院People’s Procuratorate 认定事实 determine facts上诉案件 case of trial of second instance; appellate case 上诉人 appellant 上诉状 petition for appeal涉外律师 lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters 申请复议administrative reconsideration petition申请加入律师协会 application for admission to Law Association 申请人petitioner; claimant申诉案件 appeal case 申诉人(仲裁) claimant; plaintiff 申诉书 appeal for revision, petition for revision实习律师 apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period 实习律师证 certificate of apprentice lawyer视听证据 audio-visual reference material 适用法律 apply law to facts 受害人 victim书证 documentary evidence 司法部Ministry of Justice 司法建议书 judicial advise司法局 Judicial Bureau 司法局副局长deputy director of Judicial Bureau 司法局局长 director of Judicial Bureau司法统一考试 uniform judicial exam 送达 service of process 诉讼 litigation; action; lawsuit诉讼当事人 litigation party; litigious party 诉讼业务 litigation practice诉状 complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim 推销法律服务promote/market legal service外国律师事务所 foreign law office 委托代理合同 authorized representation contract委托代理人 agent ad litem; entrusted agent 委托授权书 power of attorney 物证material evidence嫌疑人 criminal suspect 项目融资project financing 项目谈判 project negotiating 刑事案件 criminal case刑事诉讼 criminal litigation 行政诉讼administrative litigation 休庭 adjourn the court; recess宣判 pronounce judgement; determination 宣誓书 affidavit 业务进修attendance in advanced studies一审案件 case of trial of first instance 与国外律师事务所交流 communicate with foreign law firms原告 plaintiff 证券律师 securities lawyer 证人证言 testimony of witness; affidavit 执行笔录 execution record执业登记 registration for practice 执业范围 scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area执业申请 practice application 执业证年检 annual inspection of lawyer license 仲裁 arbitration仲裁案件 arbitration case 仲裁机构arbitration agency 专门律师 specialized lawyer专职律师 professional lawyer;full-time lawyer 撰写法律文章 write legal thesis 资信调查 credit standing investigation自诉案件 private prosecuting case二、诉讼法律案件 case 案件发回 remand/rimit a case (to a low court) 案件名称 title of a case 案卷材料 materials in the case案情陈述书 statement of case 案外人person other than involved in the case 案值 total value involved in the case败诉方 losing party 办案人员 personnel handling a case 保全措施申请书 application for protective measures报案 report a case (to security authorities) 被告 defendant; the accused被告人最后陈述 final statement of the accused被告向原告第二次答辩 rejoinder 被害人victim 被害人的诉讼代理人victim’s agent ad litem被上诉人 respondent; the appellee 被申请人 respondent 被申请执行人 party against whom execution is filed被执行人 person subject to enforcement 本诉 principal action 必要共同诉讼人 party in necessary co-litigation变通管辖 jurisdiction by accord 辩护defense 辩护律师 defense attorney/lawyer 辩护人 defender辩护证据 exculpatory evidence; defense evidence 辩论阶段 stage of court debate驳回反诉 dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim 驳回请求 deny/dismiss a motion驳回上诉、维持原判 reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the originaljudgement/ruling驳回诉讼 dismiss an action/suit 驳回通知书 notice of dismissal 驳回自诉dismiss/reject a private prosecution驳回自诉裁定书 ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case 补充答辩supplementary answer补充判决 supplementary judgement 补充侦查 supplementary investigation 不公开审理 trial in camera不立案决定书 written decision of no case-filing 不批准逮捕决定书 written decision of disapproving an arrest不起诉 nol pros 不予受理起诉通知书notice of dismissal of accusation by the court财产保全申请书 application for attachment; application for property preservation 裁定 order; determination (指最终裁定)裁定管辖 jurisdiction by order 裁定书order; ruling 裁决书 award 采信的证据admitted evidence查封 seal up 撤回上诉 withdraw appeal 撤诉 withdraw a lawsuit 撤销立案 revoke a case placed on file撤销原判,发回重审 rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial出示的证据 exhibit 除权判决invalidating judgement (for negotiable instruments) 传唤 summon; call传闻证据 hearsay 答辩 answer; reply 答辩陈述书 statement of defence 答辩状answer; reply大法官 associate justices; justice 大检察官 deputy chief procurator 代理控告agency for accusation代理申诉 agency for appeal 代理审判员acting judge代为申请取保候审 agency forapplication of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving弹劾式诉讼 accusatory procedure 当事人陈述 statement of the parties当庭宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court 地区管辖 territorial jurisdiction地区检察分院 inter-mediate People’s Procuratorate 第三人 third party 调查笔录record of investigation定期宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date定罪证据 incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence 冻结 freeze 督促程序procedure of supervision and urge独任庭 sole-judge bench 独任仲裁员sole arbitrator对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施 compulsory measures against impairment of civil action对席判决 judgement inter parties 二审trial of second instance 二审案件 case of trial of second insurance罚款 impose a fine 法定证据 statutory legal evidence 法定证据制度 system of legal evidence 法官 judges法警 bailiff; court police 法律文书legal instruments/papers 法律援助 legal aid 法律咨询 legal consulting法庭辩论 court debate 法庭调查 court investigation 法庭审理笔录 court record 法庭审理方式 mode of court trial法庭庭长 chief judge of a tribunal 法院 court 法院公告 court announcement 反诉counterclaim反诉答辩状 answer with counterclaim 反诉状 counterclaim 犯罪嫌疑人 criminal suspect附带民事诉讼案件 a collateral civil action 附带民事诉讼被告 defendant of collateral civil action复查 reexamination; recheck 复验reinspect 高级法官 senior judge 高级检察官senior procurator高级人民法院Higher People’s Court 告诉案件 case of complaint 告诉才处理的案件case accepted at complaint告诉申诉庭 complaint and petition division 工读学校 work-study school for delinquent children公安部 Ministry of Public Security 公安分局 public security sub-bureau公安厅 public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government 公开审理 trial in public 公开审判制度 open trial system 公示催告程序procedure of public summons for exhortation 公诉案件 public-prosecuting case 公诉词statement of public prosecution 公证机关public notary office共同管辖 concurrent jurisdiction 管辖jurisdiction 国际司法协助 international judicial assistance海事法院 maritime court 合议庭collegial panel 合议庭评议笔录 record of deliberating by the collegiate bench和解 composition; compromise 核对诉讼当事人身份 check identity of litigious parties 恢复执行 resumption of execution回避 withdrawal 混合式诉讼 mixed action 基层人民法院basic People’s Court 羁押期限 term in custody级别管辖 subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels 监视居住 living at home under surveillance监狱 prison 检察官 procurator 检察权prosecutorial power 检察委员会procuratorial/prosecutorial committee检察院 procuratorate 检察院派出机构outpost tribunal of procuratorate 简易程序summary procedure鉴定结论 expert conclusion 经济审判庭economic tribunal径行判决 direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice纠问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings 拘传 summon by force; summon by warrant 拘留所 detention house举报 information/report of an offence 举证责任 burden of proof; onus probandi 决定书 decision军事法院 military procuratorate 开庭审理 open a court session 开庭通知 notice of court session勘验笔录 record of inquest 看守所detention house 可执行财产 executable property 控告式诉讼 accusatory proceedings控诉证据 incriminating evidence 控诉职能 accusation function 扣押 distrain on; attachment 扣押物 distress/distraint宽限期 period of grace 劳动争议仲裁申请书 petition for labor dispute arbitration 劳改场 reform-through-labor farm劳教所 reeducation-through-laboroffice类推判决的核准程序 procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence 累积证据 cumulative evidence立案报告 place a case on file 立案管辖functional jurisdiction 立案决定书 written decision of case-filing立案侦查 report of placing a case on file 利害关系人 interested party 临时裁决书 interim award律师见证书lawyer’s written attestation; lawyer’s written authentication 律师事务所 law office; law firm律师提前介入 prior intervention by lawyer 免于刑事处分 exemption fromcriminal penalty 民事案件 civil case民事审判庭 civil tribunal 民事诉讼civil action 民事诉讼法 Civil Procedural Law扭送 seize and deliver a suspect to the police 派出法庭 detached tribunal 派出所police station判决 judgement; determination 判决书judgement; determination; verdict (指陪审团作出的) 旁证 circumstantial evidence陪审员 juror 批准逮捕 approval of arrest 破案 clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case 破产 bankruptcy; insolvency普通程序 general/ordinary procedure 普通管辖 general jurisdiction企业法人破产还债程序 procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation 起诉 filing of a lawsuit起诉 sue; litigate; prosecute; institution of proceedings 起诉状indictment; information区县检察院grassroots People’s Procuratorate 取保候审 the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving缺席判决 default judgement 人民调解委员会People’s Mediation Committee认定财产无主案件 cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity上诉 appeal 上诉人 appellant 上诉状petition for appeal 少管所 juvenile prison社会治安综合治理 comprehensive treatment of social security 涉外案件 cases involving foreign interests涉外民事诉讼 foreign civil proceedings 涉外刑事诉讼 foreign criminal proceedings 申请人 applicant; petitioner申请书 petition; application for arbitration 申请执行人 execution applicant申诉人宣誓书claimant’s affidavit of authenticity 申诉书 appeal for revision; petition for revision神示证据制度 system of divinity evidence 神示制度 ordeal system 审查案件case review审查并决定逮捕 examine and decide arrest 审查起诉阶段 stage of review and prosecution 审理通知书 notice of hearing审判长 presiding judge 审判长宣布开庭presiding judge announce court in session审判管辖 adjudgement/trialjurisdiction 审判监督程序 procedure for trial supervision 审判委员会 judicial committee审判员 judge 审问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings 生效判决裁定 legally effective judgement/order胜诉方 winning party 省市自治区检察院hi gher People’s Procuratorate 失踪和死亡宣告 declaration of disappearance and death 实(质)体证据 substantial evidence 实物证据tangible evidence 实在证据 real evidence示意证据 demonstrative evidence 视听证据 audio-visual evidence 收容所 collecting post; safe retreat首席大法官 chief justice 首席检察官chief procurator 受害人的近亲属victim’s immediate family受理 acceptance 受理刑事案件审批表registration form of acceptance of criminal case 受送达人 the addressee书记员 court clerk 书记员宣读法庭纪律court clerk reads court rules 书证documentary evidence司法部 Ministry of Justice 司法机关judicial organizatons 司法警察 judicial police 司法局 judicial bureau司法厅 judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government 司法协助 judicial assistance 死缓的复核 judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve死刑复核程序 procedure for judicial review of death sentence 死刑复核权competence for judicial review of death sentence送达 service of process 送达传票service of summons/subpoena 送达诉状service of bill of complaint 搜查 search诉 sue; suit; action; lawsuit 诉前财产保全 property attachment prior to lawsuit 诉讼 litigation; lawsuit; sue; action诉讼保全 attachment 诉讼参加人litigious participants 诉讼代理人 agent ad litem诉状 complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim 特别程序 special procedures 提起公诉 institute a public prosecution铁路法院 railway court 铁路检察院railroad transport procuratorate 庭审程序procedure of court trial通缉 wanted for arrest 投案 appearance 退回补充侦查 return of a case for supplementary investigation委托辩护 entrusted defense 未成年人法庭 juvenile court 无行政职务的法官associate judge无正当理由拒不到庭 refuse to appear in court without due cause 无罪判决 acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ”物证 material evidence 先予执行申请书application for advanced execution 先予执行 advanced execution刑事案件 criminal case 刑事拘留criminal detention 刑事强制拘留 criminal coercive/compulsory measures刑事审判庭 criminal tribunal 刑事诉讼criminal proceedings 刑事诉讼法 Criminal Procedural Law刑事自诉状 self-incriminating criminal complaint 行政案件 administrative case 行政审判庭 administrative tribunal行政诉讼 administrative proceedings 行政诉讼法 Administrative Procedural Law宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件 cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death宣判笔录 record of rendition of judgement 选民资格案件 cases concerning qualifications of voters询问证人 inquire/question a witness 训诫 reprimand 讯问笔录 record of interrogation询问犯罪嫌疑人 interrogate criminal suspect 言词证据 verbal evidence 要求传唤证人申请书 application for subpoena一裁终局 arbitration award shall be final and binding 一审 trial of first instance 一审案件 case of trial of first instance应诉通知书 notice of respondence to action 有罪判决 sentence; finding of “guilty” 予审 preliminary examinantion; pretrial原告 plaintiff 院长 court president 阅卷笔录 record of file review (by lawyers) 再审案件 case of retrial再审申请书 petition for retrial 责令具结悔过 order to sign a statement of repentance 债权人会议creditors’ meeting侦查阶段 investigation stage 侦查终结conclusion of investigation征询原、被告最后意见 consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant 证据 evidence证据保全 preserve evidence 证据保全申请书 application for evidence preservation证人证言 testimony of witness;affidavit 支付令 payment order/warrant 知识产权庭 intellectual property tribunal执行程序 procedure execution 执行逮捕execution of arrest 执行和解 conciliation of execution执行回转 recovery of execution 执行庭executive tribunal 执行异议 objection to execution 执行员 executor执行中止 discontinuance of execution 执行终结 conclusion of execution 指定辩护appointed defense指定仲裁员声明 statement of appointing arbitrator 中级人民法院 intermediate People’s Court中途退庭 retreat during court session without permission 仲裁 arbitration 仲裁被诉人 respondent; defendant仲裁裁决 award 仲裁申请书 arbitration 仲裁申诉人 claimant; plaintiff 仲裁庭arbitration tribunal仲裁委员会 arbitration committee 仲裁协议 arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration 仲裁员 arbitrator主诉检察官 principal procurator 助理检察官 assistant procurator 助理审判员assistant judge专门法院 special court专门管辖specific jurisdiction 专属管辖 exclusive jurisdiction追究刑事责任 investigate for criminal responsibility 自首 confession to justice 自诉案件 private-prosecuting case自行辩护 self-defense 自由心证制度doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence自侦案件 self-investigating case 最高人民法院the Supreme People’s Court最高人民检察院the Supreme People’s Procuratorate 最后裁决书 final award三、民事法律法律渊源 source of law制定法 statute判例法 case law; precedent普通法 common law特别法 special law固有法 native law; indigenous law继受法 adopted law实体法 substantial law程序法 procedural law原则法 fundamental law例外法 exception law司法解释 judicial interpretation习惯法 customary law公序良俗 public order and moral自然法 natural law罗马法 Roman Law私法 private law公法 public law市民法 jus civile万民法 jus gentium民法法系 civil law system英美法系 system of Anglo-American law大陆法系 civil law system普通法 common law大陆法 continental law罗马法系 Roman law system英吉利法 English law衡平法 equity; law of equity日尔曼法 Germantic law教会法 ecclesiastical law寺院法 canon law伊斯兰法 Islamic law民法法律规范 norm of civil law授权规范 authorization norm禁止规范 forbidding norm义务性规范 obligatory norm命令性规范 commanding norm民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law平等原则 principle of equality自愿原则 principle of free will公平原则 principle of justice等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange诚实信用原则 principle of good faith行为 act作为 act不作为 omission合法行为 lawful act违法行为 unlawful act民事权利权利能力 civil right绝对权 absolute right相对权 relative right优先权 right of priority先买权 preemption原权 antecedent right救济权 right of relief支配权 right of dominion请求权 right of claim物上请求权 right of claim for real thing形成权 right of formation撤销权 right of claiming cancellation否认权 right of claiming cancellation解除权 right of renouncement代位权 subrogated right选择权 right of choice承认权 right of admission终止权 right of termination抗辩权 right of defense一时性抗辩权 momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权 permanentcounter-argument right不安抗辩权 unstable counter-argument right同时履行抗辩权 defense right of simultaneous performance既得权 tested right期待权 expectant right专属权 exclusive right非专属权 non-exclusive right人身权利 personal right人权 human right人格权 right of personality生命健康权 right of life and health姓名权 right of name名称权 right of name肖像权 right of portraiture自由权 right of freedom名誉权 right reputation隐私权 right of privacy私生活秘密权 right of privacy贞操权 virginity right身份权 right of status亲权 parental power; parental right亲属权 right of relative探视权 visitation right配偶权 right of spouse荣誉权 right of honor权利的保护 protection of right公力救济 public protection私力救济 self-protection权利本位 standard of right社会本位 standard of society无责任行为 irresponsible right正当防卫 justifiable right; ligitimate defence防卫行为 act of defence自为行为 self-conducting act紧急避险 act of rescue; necessity自助行为 act of self-help不可抗力 force majeure意外事件 accident行为能力 capacity for act意思能力 capacity of will民事行为 civil act意思表示 declaration of intention意思表示一致 meeting of minds; consensus完全行为能力 perfect capacity for act限制行为能力 restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人 quasi-interdicted person保佐 protection自治产人 minor who is capable of administering his own capacity无行为能力 incapacity for act禁治产人 interdicted person自然人 natural person公民 citizen住所 domicile居所 residence经常居住地 frequently dwelling place户籍 census register监护 guardianship个体工商户 individual business农村承包经营户 leaseholding rural household合伙 partnership合伙人 partner合伙协议 partnership agreement合伙财产 property of partnership合伙债务 debt of partnership入伙 join partnership退伙 withdrawal from partnership合伙企业 partnership business establishment个人合伙 partnership法人合伙 partnership of legal person特别合伙 special partnership普通合伙 general partnership有限合伙 limited partnership民事合伙 civil partnership隐名合伙 sleeping partnership; dormant partnership私营企业 private enterprise; proprietorship法人 legal person企业法人 legal body of enterprise企业集团 group of enterprise关联企业 affiliate enterprise个人独资企业 individual business establishment国有独资企业 solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业 Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业 Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人 legal body of mass organization财团法人 legal body of financial group联营 joint venture法人型联营 association of legal persons合伙型联营 coordinated management in partnership协作型联营 cooperation-type coordinated management合作社 cooperative民事法律行为 civil legal act单方民事法律行为 unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为 bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为 joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为 civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为 civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award实践性民事法律行为 practical civil legal act诺成性民事法律行为 consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为 formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为 informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为 causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为 noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为 principal civil legal act从民事法律行为 accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为 conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为 civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为 civil legal act before death死后民事法律行为 civil legal act after death准民事法律行为 quasi-civil legal act无效行为 ineffective act可撤销民事行为 revocable civil act违法行为 illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为 tort欺诈 fraud胁迫 duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’ precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的 legal form concealing illegal intention恶意串通 malicious collaboration重大误解 gross misunderstanding显失公平 obvious unjust误传 misrepresentation代理 agency本人 principal被代理人 principal受托人 trustee代理人 agent本代理人 original agent法定代理人 statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人 agent by mandate指定代理人 designated agent复代理人 subagent再代理人 subagent转代理人 subagent代理权 right of agency授权行为 act of authorization授权委托书 power of attorney代理行为 act of agency委托代理 agency by mandate本代理 original agency复代理 subagency次代理 subagency有权代理 authorized agency表见代理 agency by estoppel; apparent agency律师代理 agency by lawyer普通代理 general agency全权代理 general agency全权代理委托书 general power of attorney共同代理 joint agency独家代理 sole agency居间 brokerage居间人 broker行纪 commission; broker house信托 trust时效 time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止 suspension ofprescription/limitation时效中断 interruption oflimitation/prescription时效延长 extension of limitation取得时效 acquisitive prescription时效终止 lapse of time; termination of prescription期日 date期间 term涉外民事关系 civil relations with foreign elements冲突规范 rule of conflict准据法 applicable law; governing law反致 renvoi; remission转致 transmission识别 identification公共秩序保留 reserve of public order法律规避 evasion of law国籍 nationality国有化 nationalization法律责任 legal liability民事责任 civilliability/responsibility行政责任 administrativeliability/responsibility刑事责任 criminalliability/responsibility违约责任 liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default有限责任 limited liability无限责任 unlimited liability按份责任 shared/several liability连带责任 joint and several liability过失责任 liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任 fault liability; liability for fault单独过错 sole fault共同过错 joint fault混合过错 mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’s fault推定过错 presumptive fault恶意 bad faith; malice故意 deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失 negligence重大过失 gross negligence疏忽大意的过失 careless and inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失 negligence with undue assumption损害事实 facts of damage有形损失 tangible damage/loss无形损失 intangible damage/loss财产损失 property damage/loss人身损失 personal damage/loss精神损失 spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式 methods of bearing civil liability停止侵害 cease the infringing act排除妨碍 exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle消除危险 elimination of danger返还财产 restitution of property恢复原状 restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失 compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金 payment of liquidated damage消除影响 eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’sreputation赔礼道歉 extend a formal apology物权 jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度 real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则 the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义 principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则 principal of public summons of right in rem物权法 jus rerem物 property生产资料 raw material for production生活资料 means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物 res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物 limited merchantable thing禁止流通物 res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce资产 asset固定资产 fixed asset流动资产 current asset; floating asset动产 movables; chattel不动产 immovable; real estate特定物 res certae; a certain thing种类物 genus; indefinite thing可分物 res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物 res indivisibiles;indivisible things主物 res capitalis; a principal thing从物 res accessoria; an accessory thing原物 original thing孳息 fruits天然孳息 natural fruits法定孳息 legal fruits无主物 bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods遗失物 lost property漂流物 drifting object埋藏物 fortuna; hidden property货币 currency证券 securities债券 bond物权分类 classification of right in rem/real right自物权 jus in re propria; right of full ownership所有权 dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证 document of title; title of ownership占有权 dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权 right of use; right to use of收益权 right to earnings; right to yields处分权 right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有 possession in good faith恶意占有 malicious possession按份共有 several possession共同共有 joint possession他物权 jus in re aliena用益物权 real right for usufruct使用权 right to use; right of use土地使用权 right to the use of land林权 forest ownership采矿权 mining ownership经营权 managerial authority; power of management承包经营权 right to contracted management相邻权 neighboring right; relatedright地上权 superficies永佃权 jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract地役权 servitude; easement人役权 servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权 real right for security物的担保 security for thing物的瑕疵担保 warranty against defect of a thing抵押权 hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定 creation of right to mortgage抵押人 mortgagor抵押权人 mortgagee抵押标的物 collateral; estate under mortgage抵押权的效力 deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序 sequence of right to mortgage抵押权的抛弃 abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与 alienation of right to mortgage抵押权的实现 materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭 extinction of right to。

法律英语合同条款常用英文词汇

法律英语合同条款常用英文词汇

法律英语合同条款常用英文词汇买方 buyer卖方 seller项目名称 Project name地址 address电话 phone传真 fax联系人 contact person本合同由买卖双方签订,根据本合同条款,买方同意购买,卖方同意出售以下产品。

This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers,whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.1. 详细货物清单 Detail supply list2. 合同价格 Contract value序号 item 型号 model 尺寸 size, dimension 数量 amount,unit 单价 unit price 总价 total price 备注 remark 货物,运费freight, transportation 合同总额(含安装费与税金) Contract amount incl. VAT installation3. 付款条件 payment conditions, payment terms4. 交货地点 delivery place5. 发货期 delivery time6. 安装条款 installation clause7. 验收条款 inspection clause8. 保证条款 guarantee clause9. 不可抗拒条款 Force Majeure Clause10. 违约条款 Breach clause11. 其他条款 Miscellaneous clause12. 买卖双方信息 buyer and seller information此合同一式二份,由双方各持一正本。

法律英语法律术语【范本模板】

法律英语法律术语【范本模板】

1、TWO MAIN LEGAL FAMILIESCommon/English/English—American Law (Legal) System/Family普通法系- case law system—Anglo-Saxon case-law system- Anglo—American legal systemContinental/Roman/Civil Law (Legal)System/Family大陆法系—civilian legal system—civil—law system2、civil law民法、国内法、罗马法、大陆法3、substantive Law(实体法)VS procedural Law(程序法)4、case law(案例法)vs。

statutory law(成文法)statutory / written / codified / enacted law制定法、成文法5、adversary trial system(对抗制) vs. inquisitorial system (纠问制)6、jury trial system陪审团制度7、The reports of the United States Supreme Court联邦最高法院判例汇编The reports of some States州法院判例汇编8、legal cases法律案例9、private law and / vs。

public law10、the statutory law continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law(其成文法继续适用通过判例法(注:即先例)进行的有约束力的解释)11、Common law (in narrow sense):—common general law- local law- itinerant judges of the English royal court- enforcement of a claim- special form of action:writ—classical Roman law- Provisions of Oxford (1258)牛津条例—“writ upon the case”本案令状12、enforcement 强制执行;claim 请求;action 诉讼行为;writ 法院令状;recourse 追索权;追索,追偿13、Equity law衡平法—“ equity ”——doing equity- chancellor- relief 救济—judiciary—Court of Chancery (衡平法院)and / vs。

法律英语专业词组

法律英语专业词组

一、律师部分案件受理费court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂important and complicated case案由cause of action案子case包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件)被上诉人appellee被诉人respondent; defendant本案律师councel pro hac vice本地律师local counsel毕业证diploma; graduation certificate辩护词defense; pleadings辩护律师defense lawyer辩护要点point of defense辩护意见submission财产租赁property tenancy裁定书order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定)裁决书award(用于仲裁)裁决书verdict(用于陪审团)采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests查阅法条source legal provisions产权转让conveyancing出差go on errand; go on a business trip出国深造further study abroad出具律师意见书providing legal opinion出示的证据exhibit出庭appear in court传票summons; subpoena答辩状answer; reply代理词representation代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations代理仲裁agency for arbitration代写文书drafting of legal instruments待决案件pending case当事人陈述statement of the parties第三人third party吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license调查笔录investigative record调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence调解mediation调解书mediation二审案件case of trial of second instance发送电子邮件send e-mail法律顾问legal consultants法律意见书legal opinions法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal counseling法庭division; tribunal法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)J.D ( juris doctor缩写,美国法学学士)法学院law school法院公告court announcement反诉状counterclaim房地产律师real estate lawyer; real property lawyer非合伙律师associate lawyer非诉讼业务non-litigation practice高级合伙人senior partner高级律师senior lawyer各类协议和合同agreements and contracts公安局Public Security Bureau公司上市company listing公诉案件public-prosecuting case公证书notarial certificate国办律师事务所state-run law office国际贸易international trade国际诉讼international litigation国内诉讼domestic litigation合伙律师partner lawyer合伙制律师事务所law office in partner-ship; cooperating law ofice 合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision会见当事人interview a client会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminal suspect兼职律师part-time lawyer监狱prison; jail鉴定结论expert conclusion缴纳会费membership dues举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision勘验笔录record of request看守所detention house抗诉书protest控告人accuser; complainant跨国诉讼transnational litigation劳动争议labor disputes劳动争议仲裁委员会arbitration committee for labor disputes劳改场reform-through-labor farm; prison farm利害关系人interested party; party in interest律管处处长director of lawyer control department律师lawyer attorney; attorney at law律师惩戒lawyer discipline律师法Lawyer Law律师费lawyer fee律师函lawyer's letter律师见证lawyer attestation/authentication律师见证书lawyer certification/authentication/witness律师卷宗lawyer's docile; file律师刊物lawyer's journal律师联系电话contact phone number of a lawyer律师事务所law office; law firm律师收费billing by lawyer律师网站lawyer website律师协会National Bar (Lawyer) Association律师协会会员member of Lawyer Association律师协会秘书长secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会章程Articles of Lawyer Assocition律师业务室lawyer's office律师执业证lawyer license律师助理assistant lawyer律师资格考试bar exam; lawyer qualification exam律师资格证lawyer qualification certificate民事案件civil case民事调解civil mediation民事诉讼civil litigation派出所local police station; police substation判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证circumstantial evidence企业章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 企业重组corporate restructure起诉状information; indictment取消律师资格disbar全国律师代表大会National Lawyer Congress缺席宣判pronounce judgement or determination by default人民法院People's Court人民检察院People's Procuratorate认定事实determine facts上诉案件case of trial of second instance; appellate case上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal涉外律师lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters申请复议administrative reconsideration petition申请加入律师协会application for admission to Law Association 申请人petitioner; claimant申诉案件appeal case申诉人(仲裁)claimant; plaintiff申诉书appeal for revision, petition for revision实习律师apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period实习律师证certificate of apprentice lawyer视听证据audio-visual reference material适用法律apply law to facts受害人victim书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法建议书judicial advise司法局Judicial Bureau司法局副局长deputy director of Judicial Bureau司法局局长director of Judicial Bureau司法统一考试uniform judicial exam送达service of process诉讼litigation; action; lawsuit诉讼当事人litigation party; litigious party诉讼业务litigation practice诉状complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim推销法律服务promote/market legal service外国律师事务所foreign law office委托代理合同authorized representation contract委托代理人agent ad litem; entrusted agent委托授权书power of attorney物证material evidence嫌疑人criminal suspect项目融资project financing项目谈判project negotiating刑事案件criminal case刑事诉讼criminal litigation行政诉讼administrative litigation休庭adjourn the court; recess宣判pronounce judgement; determination宣誓书affidavit业务进修attendance in advanced studies一审案件case of trial of first instance与国外律师事务所交流communicate with foreign law firms 原告plaintiff证券律师securities lawyer证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit执行笔录execution record执业登记registration for practice执业范围scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area 执业申请practice application执业证年检annual inspection of lawyer license仲裁arbitration仲裁案件arbitration case仲裁机构arbitration agency专门律师specialized lawyer专职律师professional lawyer; full-time lawyer撰写法律文章write legal thesis资信调查credit standing investigation自诉案件private prosecuting case二、诉讼法律案件case案件发回remand/rimit a case (to a low court)案件名称title of a case案卷材料materials in the case案情陈述书statement of case案外人person other than involved in the case案值total value involved in the case败诉方losing party办案人员personnel handling a case保全措施申请书application for protective measures报案report a case (to security authorities)被告defendant; the accused被告人最后陈述final statement of the accused被告向原告第二次答辩rejoinder被害人victim被害人的诉讼代理人victim's agent ad litem被上诉人respondent; the appellee被申请人respondent被申请执行人party against whom execution is filed被执行人person subject to enforcement本诉principal action必要共同诉讼人party in necessary co-litigation变通管辖jurisdiction by accord辩护defense辩护律师defense attorney/lawyer辩护人defender辩护证据exculpatory evidence; defense evidence辩论阶段stage of court debate驳回反诉dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim驳回请求deny/dismiss a motion驳回上诉、维持原判reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling驳回诉讼dismiss an action/suit驳回通知书notice of dismissal驳回自诉dismiss/reject a private prosecution驳回自诉裁定书ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case补充答辩supplementary answer补充判决supplementary judgement补充侦查supplementary investigation不公开审理trial in camera不立案决定书written decision of no case-filing不批准逮捕决定书written decision of disapproving an arrest不起诉nol pros不予受理起诉通知书notice of dismissal of accusation by the court财产保全申请书application for attachment; application for property preservation裁定order; determination (指最终裁定)裁定管辖jurisdiction by order裁定书order; ruling裁决书award采信的证据admitted evidence查封seal up撤回上诉withdraw appeal撤诉withdraw a lawsuit撤销立案revoke a case placed on file撤销原判,发回重审rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial出示的证据exhibit除权判决invalidating judgement (for negotiable instruments)传唤summon; call传闻证据hearsay答辩answer; reply答辩陈述书statement of defence答辩状answer; reply大法官associate justices; justice大检察官deputy chief procurator代理控告agency for accusation代理申诉agency for appeal代理审判员acting judge代为申请取保候审agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving弹劾式诉讼accusatory procedure当事人陈述statement of the parties当庭宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court地区管辖territorial jurisdiction地区检察分院inter-mediate People's Procuratorate第三人third party调查笔录record of investigation定期宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date定罪证据incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence冻结freeze督促程序procedure of supervision and urge独任庭sole-judge bench独任仲裁员sole arbitrator对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施compulsory measures against impairment of civil action对席判决judgement inter parties二审trial of second instance二审案件case of trial of second insurance罚款impose a fine法定证据statutory legal evidence法定证据制度system of legal evidence法官judges法警bailiff; court police法律文书legal instruments/papers法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal consulting法庭辩论court debate法庭调查court investigation法庭审理笔录court record法庭审理方式mode of court trial法庭庭长chief judge of a tribunal法院court法院公告court announcement反诉counterclaim反诉答辩状answer with counterclaim反诉状counterclaim犯罪嫌疑人criminal suspect附带民事诉讼案件 a collateral civil action附带民事诉讼被告defendant of collateral civil action复查reexamination; recheck复验reinspect高级法官senior judge高级检察官senior procurator高级人民法院Higher People's Court告诉案件case of complaint告诉才处理的案件case accepted at complaint告诉申诉庭complaint and petition division工读学校work-study school for delinquent children公安部Ministry of Public Security公安分局public security sub-bureau公安厅public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government公开审理trial in public公开审判制度open trial system公示催告程序procedure of public summons for exhortation公诉案件public-prosecuting case公诉词statement of public prosecution公证机关public notary office共同管辖concurrent jurisdiction管辖jurisdiction国际司法协助international judicial assistance海事法院maritime court合议庭collegial panel合议庭评议笔录record of deliberating by the collegiate bench和解composition; compromise核对诉讼当事人身份check identity of litigious parties恢复执行resumption of execution回避withdrawal混合式诉讼mixed action基层人民法院basic People's Court羁押期限term in custody级别管辖subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels监视居住living at home under surveillance监狱prison检察官procurator检察权prosecutorial power检察委员会procuratorial/prosecutorial committee检察院procuratorate检察院派出机构outpost tribunal of procuratorate简易程序summary procedure鉴定结论expert conclusion经济审判庭economic tribunal径行判决direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice纠问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings拘传summon by force; summon by warrant拘留所detention house举报information/report of an offence举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision军事法院military procuratorate开庭审理open a court session开庭通知notice of court session勘验笔录record of inquest看守所detention house可执行财产executable property控告式诉讼accusatory proceedings控诉证据incriminating evidence控诉职能accusation function扣押distrain on; attachment扣押物distress/distraint宽限期period of grace劳动争议仲裁申请书petition for labor dispute arbitration劳改场reform-through-labor farm劳教所reeducation-through-labor office类推判决的核准程序procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence 累积证据cumulative evidence立案报告place a case on file立案管辖functional jurisdiction立案决定书written decision of case-filing立案侦查report of placing a case on file利害关系人interested party临时裁决书interim award律师见证书lawyer's written attestation; lawyer's written authentication律师事务所law office; law firm律师提前介入prior intervention by lawyer免于刑事处分exemption from criminal penalty民事案件civil case民事审判庭civil tribunal民事诉讼civil action民事诉讼法Civil Procedural Law扭送seize and deliver a suspect to the police派出法庭detached tribunal派出所police station判决judgement; determination判决书judgement; determination; verdict (指陪审团作出的)旁证circumstantial evidence陪审员juror批准逮捕approval of arrest破案clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case破产bankruptcy; insolvency普通程序general/ordinary procedure普通管辖general jurisdiction企业法人破产还债程序procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation起诉filing of a lawsuit起诉sue; litigate; prosecute; institution of proceedings起诉状indictment; information区县检察院grassroots People's Procuratorate取保候审the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving缺席判决default judgement人民调解委员会People's Mediation Committee认定财产无主案件cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity上诉appeal上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal少管所juvenile prison社会治安综合治理comprehensive treatment of social security涉外案件cases involving foreign interests涉外民事诉讼foreign civil proceedings涉外刑事诉讼foreign criminal proceedings申请人applicant; petitioner申请书petition; application for arbitration申请执行人execution applicant申诉人宣誓书claimant's affidavit of authenticity申诉书appeal for revision; petition for revision神示证据制度system of divinity evidence神示制度ordeal system审查案件case review审查并决定逮捕examine and decide arrest审查起诉阶段stage of review and prosecution审理通知书notice of hearing审判长presiding judge审判长宣布开庭presiding judge announce court in session审判管辖adjudgement/trial jurisdiction审判监督程序procedure for trial supervision审判委员会judicial committee审判员judge审问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings生效判决裁定legally effective judgement/order胜诉方winning party省市自治区检察院higher People's Procuratorate失踪和死亡宣告declaration of disappearance and death实(质)体证据substantial evidence实物证据tangible evidence实在证据real evidence示意证据demonstrative evidence视听证据audio-visual evidence收容所collecting post; safe retreat首席大法官chief justice首席检察官chief procurator受害人的近亲属victim's immediate family受理acceptance受理刑事案件审批表registration form of acceptance of criminal case受送达人the addressee书记员court clerk书记员宣读法庭纪律court clerk reads court rules书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法机关judicial organizatons司法警察judicial police司法局judicial bureau司法厅judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government司法协助judicial assistance死缓的复核judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve死刑复核程序procedure for judicial review of death sentence死刑复核权competence for judicial review of death sentence送达service of process送达传票service of summons/subpoena送达诉状service of bill of complaint搜查search诉sue; suit; action; lawsuit诉前财产保全property attachment prior to lawsuit诉讼litigation; lawsuit; sue; action诉讼保全attachment诉讼参加人litigious participants诉讼代理人agent ad litem诉状complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim特别程序special procedures提起公诉institute a public prosecution铁路法院railway court铁路检察院railroad transport procuratorate庭审程序procedure of court trial通缉wanted for arrest投案appearance退回补充侦查return of a case for supplementary investigation委托辩护entrusted defense未成年人法庭juvenile court无行政职务的法官associate judge无正当理由拒不到庭refuse to appear in court without due cause无罪判决acquittal, finding of " not guilty "物证material evidence先予执行申请书application for advanced execution先予执行advanced execution刑事案件criminal case刑事拘留criminal detention刑事强制拘留criminal coercive/compulsory measures刑事审判庭criminal tribunal刑事诉讼criminal proceedings刑事诉讼法Criminal Procedural Law刑事自诉状self-incriminating criminal complaint行政案件administrative case行政审判庭administrative tribunal行政诉讼administrative proceedings行政诉讼法Administrative Procedural Law宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death 宣判笔录record of rendition of judgement选民资格案件cases concerning qualifications of voters询问证人inquire/question a witness训诫reprimand讯问笔录record of interrogation询问犯罪嫌疑人interrogate criminal suspect言词证据verbal evidence要求传唤证人申请书application for subpoena一裁终局arbitration award shall be final and binding一审trial of first instance一审案件case of trial of first instance应诉通知书notice of respondence to action有罪判决sentence; finding of "guilty"予审preliminary examinantion; pretrial原告plaintiff院长court president阅卷笔录record of file review (by lawyers)再审案件case of retrial再审申请书petition for retrial责令具结悔过order to sign a statement of repentance债权人会议creditors' meeting侦查阶段investigation stage侦查终结conclusion of investigation征询原、被告最后意见consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant 证据evidence证据保全preserve evidence证据保全申请书application for evidence preservation证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit支付令payment order/warrant知识产权庭intellectual property tribunal执行程序procedure execution执行逮捕execution of arrest执行和解conciliation of execution执行回转recovery of execution执行庭executive tribunal执行异议objection to execution执行员executor执行中止discontinuance of execution执行终结conclusion of execution指定辩护appointed defense指定仲裁员声明statement of appointing arbitrator中级人民法院intermediate People's Court中途退庭retreat during court session without permission仲裁arbitration仲裁被诉人respondent; defendant仲裁裁决award仲裁申请书arbitration仲裁申诉人claimant; plaintiff仲裁庭arbitration tribunal仲裁委员会arbitration committee仲裁协议arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration仲裁员arbitrator主诉检察官principal procurator助理检察官assistant procurator助理审判员assistant judge专门法院special court专门管辖specific jurisdiction专属管辖exclusive jurisdiction追究刑事责任investigate for criminal responsibility自首confession to justice自诉案件private-prosecuting case自行辩护self-defense自由心证制度doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence自侦案件self-investigating case最高人民法院the Supreme People's Court最高人民检察院the Supreme People's Procuratorate最后裁决书final award三、民事法律法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precedent普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo-American law大陆法系civil law system普通法common law大陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system英吉利法English law衡平法equity; law of equity日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality自愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange诚实信用原则principle of good faith行为act作为act不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusive right人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为act of self-help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity 无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individual business establishment国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人legal body of mass organization财团法人legal body of financial group联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award 实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others' precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention 恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission; broker house信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation时效中断interruption of limitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation取得时效acquisitive prescription时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription期日date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrative liability/responsibility刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default 有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim's fault第三人过错third party's fault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one's reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material for production生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物limited merchantable thing禁止流通物res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce 资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus; indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things主物res capitalis; a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings; right to yields处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有possession in good faith恶意占有malicious possession按份共有several possession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena用益物权real right for usufruct使用权right to use; right of use土地使用权right to the use of land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority; power of management承包经营权right to contracted management相邻权neighboring right; relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权servitude; easement人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage。

如何引用法律规定中的条、款、项、目

如何引用法律规定中的条、款、项、目法律规定的结构一般分为编、章、节、条、款、项、目几个层次,在日常的文书中,我们通常只会用到条、款、项、目几个层次。

条是法律规定中具体条文的基本划分,是构成具体法律规定的基本单位。

如《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》就是由六十条组成的。

款是条的组成部分。

在一般情况下,每一款都是一个独立的内容或是对其前一款内容的补充表述。

款的表现形式为条中的自然段。

每个自然段为一款。

该自然段前不冠以数字以排列其顺序。

如《中华人民共和国企业所得税法实施条例》第二十七条有两款,分别是“企业所得税法第八条所称有关的支出,是指与取得收入直接相关的支出”和“企业所得税法第八条所称合理的支出,是指符合生产经营活动常规,应当计入当期损益或者有关资产成本的必要和正常的支出。

”款前均无数字。

有数字排列的不称为款。

如《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例》第十九条第一段冒号下为“(一)销售货物或者应税劳务,为收讫销售款项或者取得索取销售款项凭据的当天;先开具发票的,为开具发票的当天。

”该段文字虽然是另起一行,但因为上段结束符号是冒号,本段开始前有“(一)”,因此,该段文字不视为是一个自然段,也不能认为其是一款。

参照最高人民法院《关于引用法律、法令等所列条、款、项,目顺序的通知》,如果某一条下面没有分款而直接分列几项的,就不要加“第一款”,例如《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第十条只有(一)到(八)项,其第(一)项就不要写“第十条第一款第(一)项”,而直接写“第十条第(一)项”。

关于款的数目的书写。

款的数目的书写一般应当使用中文,不用阿拉伯数字。

如《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第十条第(八)项,不写作《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第10条第8项。

项是以列举的形式对前段文字的说明。

如《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》第三十五条第一款规定,纳税人有下列情形之一的,税务机关有权核定其应纳税额:(一)依照法律、行政法规的规定可以不设置帐簿的;(二)依照法律、行政法规的规定应当设置帐簿但未设置的;(三)…(四)…(五)…(六)…,该六项是对前段文字中“下列情形”的说明。

法律规范的条款项目

法律规范的“条、款、项、目”一般来讲,一件(部)法律由章、节、条、款、项、目组成,个别重要的法典还分编。

编、章、节是对法条的归类,所以,在适用法律时只需引用到条、款、项、目即可,无需指出该条所在的编、章、节。

一、“条”法律规范的“条”,又称“法条”,是组成法律规范的基本单位。

一件(部)法律,都是由若干法条组成的。

如《刑法》由452个法条组成。

法律规范的“条”,是法律规范对某一个具体法律问题的完整规定,如《刑法》第17条是对刑事责任年龄问题的规定。

其中第一款“已满十六周岁的人犯罪,应当负刑事责任”,是对刑事责任年龄的原则规定;第二款“已满十四周岁不满十六周岁的人,犯故意杀人、故意伤害致人重伤或者死亡、强奸、抢劫、贩卖毒品、放火、爆炸、投毒的,应当负刑事责任”,是对已满十四周岁不满十六周岁的特定年龄段,应负刑事责任的罪名的规定;第三款“已满十四周岁不满十八周岁的人犯罪,应当从轻或者减轻处罚”,是对已满十四周岁不满十八周岁的人犯罪在量刑时应当从轻或者减轻处罚的规定;第四款“因不满十六周岁不予刑事处罚的,责令他的家长或者监护人加以管教,在必要的时候,也可以由政府收容教养”,是对因不满十六岁不予刑事处罚的人的处理规定。

本条的四款缺少任何一款,都构不成刑事责任年龄的完整规定。

“条”的适用:一个法条只有一款的,应当直接适用该法条,不应称作该条第一款;一个法条有两款或者两款以上的,应当适用到款。

如对已满十四周岁不满十六周岁的人犯杀人罪给予刑事处罚的,在适用刑法第232条规定的同时,同时适用刑法第17条第二款的规定。

关于条的数目的书写。

一般来讲,条的数目的书写应使用中文,如《刑法》第十七条。

但也有使用阿拉伯数字的,如《刑法》第17条。

执法活动中,对一个涉法问题作出决定时,可能要适用多个法条。

如对教唆他人偷窃的人进行处罚时,应同时适用《条例》的第23条第(一)项和第14条第二款的规定。

二、“款”“款”是“条”的组成部分。

法律英语赔偿条款

ARTICLE 6INDEMNIFICATIONINDEMNIFICATION用于赔偿条款或独立的赔偿协议中时指的是一个广义的过程,包括索赔,赔偿,对赔偿的限制,救济等一切与赔偿相关的行为。

物,但在合同英语中,将indemnity 与 Indemnification 鲜见。

Indemnity 一词的本义是指赔偿不加区别地予以互换使用的情形也不Definitions此标题 Definition 及其下各词条应当纳入对应的定义与解释条款中,亦即合同第一条或者附件之中。

“Affiliate ”means, w ith respect to any person or entity, each stockholder, subsidiary, officer,director, agent and employee of that person or entity.评述:“ affiliate ”一词的译法以前的课时中已经提及,不再赘述。

需要提出的是:“ entity ”一词本意为机构、实体,为在中国法中为之找到对等语以便更符合法律专业人士的通常提法,不妨译为“组织”。

由于在此句中“ entity ”一词显然与“ person”形成对照,可考虑分别译为“组织”和“个人” 。

译文:“关联方” ,就任何个人或组织而言,是指该个人或组织的每一股东,子公司,高级员工,董事,代理及雇员。

“Claim ” has the meaning assigned in Section6.09(a).“索赔”一词具有“claim ”一词在法律语境中作为名词使用时,通常表示“索赔”或者“权利主张”或者“赔偿请求权”。

Eg1: (b) Specific Assignments Prohibited.Assignments prohibited under subsection (a) include, without limitation, assignment of(i) any claim for damages arising out of the Non- assigning party ’ s breach of the wholecontract; and(b)特定转让的禁止。

法律常用术语分类中英对照

法律常用术语分类中英对照法律常用术语【(一)、法令】rule 条例law 法律criminal law 刑法interpret 解释(法律)the legislature 立法机构the legal system/ the judicial system/ court system 法律体系【(二)、主体】the judge 法官the lawyer 律师(总称)the jury 陪审团the juror 陪审团成员the prosecutor(刑事案件)原告人;检察官,公诉人;the plaintiff (民事案件) 原告人the injured party/victim被害人witness/eyewitness 见证人,目击者the prosecution 原告及其代理律师;代表原告的律师the accused/defendant 被告人the defense lawyer/counselor 被告辩护律师【(三)、违法】【案件种类】case 案件crime - criminal adj.a criminal case 刑事案件a civil case民事案件【行为/罪名--criminal behavior】guilt n. [Antonym] innocence guilty adj. [Antonym]innocentguilty of a crime/chargeinnocent of a crime/chargecommit a crime violate a criminal lawmurder 谋杀罪 first-degree murder (deliberately)一级谋杀罪;故意杀人罪manslaughter (not intentionally) 一般杀人罪;过失杀人罪forgery 伪造罪 sexual harassment 性骚扰malfeasance 渎职罪criminal: n. 罪犯 a convicted criminal :one who has been judged guilty in a court of law a hardened criminal :someone who has committed many crimes stab v. 用刀具行凶,捅,刺 to kill or hurt someone by pushing a knife or other sharp object into their body stab someone to death 刺死flick knife /switch blade/knife 弹簧刀mug v. =rob 抢劫 to attack someone in a public place and steal their money, jewellery, or other possessions 【(四)、程序】【逮捕】arrestpick up :to arrest someone and take them away in a car 【调查】investigationconduct a criminal investigation intocriminal proceedings :the process of examining a crime in a court of lawcross-examination 【诉讼】find someone guilty/not guilty ofsomething :officially decide that they are guilty/not guiltyto be charged with/to be accused ofto accuse sb. of certain crimecharge v. to charge sb. with certain crime be charged with (doing) sth e.g. They are the jury forthe trial of a boy charged with murdering his father.prosecute -prosecution n. to prosecute sb. for sth. face prosecution overto bring a prosecution against sb. 对…提起诉讼escape prosecutioncriminal charges :official statements saying that sb is accused by the police of committing a crime claim v. to say that someone’s actions are the cause of something 【法庭种类】a criminal court刑事法庭,e.g. The scene is a jury room in a criminal court.a civil court 民事法庭children’s court 少年法庭The Supreme Court 最高法院【监督】supervise 监督【作证】to testify v.作证 to make a statement about something you saw, know, or experienced, usually in a court of law testify for/against someone testimony 证词proofdefinite proof provide the proofpresent the proofevidence 证据,证物 to identify 鉴别flimsy adj. not very reliable flimsy evidence accurate adj. correct or true in every detail unshakable adj. 不可动摇的 self-contradiction 自相矛盾alibi n. 不在场的证据 someone who has an alibi can prove that they were somewhere else when a crime was committed and so can claim to be not guilty 【庭审】question v.questi on/suspect sb’s motive【辩护】to defend sb为…辩护to refute 反驳--refutable adj.--refutation n. 【陪审团讨论】the jury 陪审团a grand jury 大陪审团the juror 陪审团成员the jury room 陪审室discuss - discussion 讨论proposal 提议vote 投票abstain v. 弃权vote for/in favor of/againsttake a preliminary vote e.g. I think it’s customary to take a preliminary voteanalyze 分析assume v. 假定ballot n. 无记名投票to argue with 争论agreement 一致意见disagreement 反对意见a reasonable doubtto hang the jury: to make the jury unable to reach a unanimous decisiondeclare a hung juryreach a unanimous decisionbe deemed innocent/guilty 被认为无罪/有罪prove innocent/guilty 被证明无罪/有罪【审判】guilty/ not guilty(innocent)trial/ the jury trial 审判a fair trialset free / acquitted 无罪释放admit v. agree that something is true 承认plead guilty to something : say that you areguilty e.g. He pleaded guilty to all charges. 【(五)、处罚--punishment】【场所】reform school 感化院,jail/ prison n.监狱【方式】jail v. to put someone in jail to be in jailjail someone for somethinggo/ be sent to jailto serve a jail termbe executedthe executionerto pull the switchto send sb. to the chair =send someone to the electric chair /to sentence sb. to be electrocuted 电刑 to sentence sb. to death give the sentence 施刑get out of jail 【其他】have the right to do 有权 on behalf of 代表draft 法案,草案 Government bill 政府议案 to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案 to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律 ratification, confirmation 批准 law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效 decree 法令 clause 条款minutes 备忘录 report 判例汇编 codification 法律汇编legislation 立法 legislator 立法者 jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学 legitimation 合法化 legality, lawfulness 法制,合法 legal, lawful 合法的,依法的 to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法 outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的 offender 罪犯 to abolish 废止,取消 rescission, annulment 废除,取消 repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律)cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同) cancellation (支票)作废 annulment 撤消(遗嘱) repeal rescission 撤消(判决) revocation 撤消immunity 豁免,豁免权 disability, legal incapacity 无资格 nonretroactive character 不溯既往性 prescription 剥夺公权 attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收constitutional law 宪法 canon law 教会法规 common law 习惯法 criminal law 刑法 administrative law 行政法civil law 民法 commercial law, mercantile law 商法 law of nations 万国公法,国际法 international law 国际法natural law 自然法 labour laws 劳工法 fiscal law 财政法 Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法Military Law 军法 Conscript Law 兵役法Copyright Law 著作权法 penal code 刑法典 code of mercantile law 商法典 civil rights 民事权利,公民权利right of asylum 避难权 human rights, rights of man 人权 (customs) duties 关税 death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税。

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法律英语中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”法律英语翻译同时涉足三个领域,即法律学界、语言学界和翻译界。

因此,法律翻译对译者要求十分苛刻。

例如,在英汉、汉英翻译中,译者除了要掌握一定程度的中国法律以及普通法知识之外,还要擅长法律英语这一特殊用途英语(ESP)。

与所有的翻译一样,法律翻译的译文要忠实原文的实质内容,还要尽量流畅通顺。

法律翻译通常包括的内容很多,如立法性文件的翻译,合同翻译,诉讼类文书翻译,法庭口译,法学论文翻译,涉外公证文书翻译,判例翻译等等。

法律翻译者在翻译立法条文、法学论文、法院判决等法律文件时,常常会碰到诸如"条"、"款"、"项"、"目"等词的翻译,参阅国内一些法律翻译(英汉、汉英)工具书,我们发现,各工具书对上述四个词的翻译或者没有涉及,或者十分混乱。

这些翻译之中,不乏十分正确的翻译,但是有些翻译则值得商榷。

本文作者旨在探讨这一组词的译法,为法律英语词典编纂及法律条文的翻译提供借鉴。

本文从英译汉、汉译英两个方面来说明这一问题。

一、英汉法律翻译中的"条"、"款"、"项"、"目"在英汉法律翻译中,上述词条的翻译不可一概而论。

我们知道,一般意义上而言,在英文中能够表达法律中"条款"之类的词汇大概有:article; section;subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation;provision,以及stipulation等等。

(1)关于"article"一词的翻译。

将article一词译为"条",争议不大。

例如,《美利坚合众国宪法》(THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,1789)共有"7条"(seven articles)。

再如,世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》(Protocol on the Accession of People’s Republic of China)中文译本也将"article"译为"条"。

根据美国权威的《布莱克法律字典》(Black’s Law Dictionary. Garner,1999:106),Article: A separate and distinct part (as a clause or stipulation) of a writing, esp. in a contract, statute, or constitution. (斜体字为作者所加)。

再如,美国《法律词典》(A Dictionary of the Law. Clapp,2000:36),Article: subdivision of a written instrument; particularly a. a subdivision of a statute or constitution, usually subdivided intosections. b. one of the items or clauses in a contract, treaty, or other agreement.从以上两本比较权威的工具书对Article的释义来看,"Article"是宪法、制定法、或合同中"单独的,显著的部分"。

所以,将之译为我国法律条文中的"条"是合适的。

纵然有字典将"Article"译为"节"(李宗锷、潘慧仪,1999:23),或是其它不同翻译,笔者认为,"Article"一词在法律条文翻译中一般应该译为"条"。

读者不能混淆"Article"与"Articles"的意义、用法。

"Articles"应译为"条例"。

例如,在《美国宪法》之前颁布的《邦联和永久联合条例》(Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union),这一宪法性文件直接称自己为"Articles",不过,这不妨碍我们仍将该"条例"中的具体的13个"Article"译为"条"。

(2)关于section一词的翻译,分歧比较大,主要有两种声音。

第一种观点:"section"应译为"条"或者"节",而绝不可以译为"款"。

如陈忠诚先生在其力作《汉英-英汉法律用语辩证词典》中讲"以个人有限的认识而论,在英美有以’article’称’条’的,也有以’section’称’条’的。

以’article’译’条’为常,以’section’译’节’为常。

……而未见有以’section’译’款’的"(陈忠诚,2000:604)。

第二种观点:"section"可译为"款"(薛波,2003:1234),此外,注释所言,余叔通主编《新汉英法学词典》中也认为"款"可以译为"section"。

依笔者看,section一词在英汉法律英语翻译中,通常译为"节",也可以译为"条",极少数情形下可译为"款"。

把Section译为"节",是因为"section"这一概念有时很大,它比"article"(条)还大,若译为"款"、"项"、"目"过小,译为"章"、"编"则又过大。

例如,在《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights,简称Trips协议)中,第二部分《关于知识产权效力、范围和使用的标准》(Standards Concerning the Availability,Scope and Use of Intellectual Property Rights)包括8个section,第三部分《知识产权的实施》(Enforcement of IntellectualProperty Rights)包括5个section,每个section又包括若干条article.此时,译为"节"最好。

事实也如此,例如,第二部分中的"SECTION 1: COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS",中文翻译便将之译为了"第一节:版权和相关权利"。

关于这点,读者可参看北大法律信息网,Trips协议相关中、英文内容。

把section译为"条",这点很好理解。

当section译为"条"时,subsection则译为"款"。

根据A Dictionary of the Law (Clapp, 2000: 389),Section: a subdivision of a statute or document, represented by the symbol§(or§§for "section")。

Most statutes and codes are divided into sections.另外,subsection: A part within a section of an act .Each section in a Statute may be further divided into subsections…A subsection is denoted as a number with brackets. For example, s.78(1)of the Trade Practices Act would read as section 78 subsection 1.(陈忠诚,2000:605),上述解释说明,section可译为"条,"subsection则可译为"款"。

此外,经笔者检索,加拿大法《北美法案》(British North America Act)、《英国货物买卖法》(SALE OF GOODS ACT 1979)等法律条文中均使用Section来表示"条",subsection表示"款"。

由于人们常将上述《美国宪法》中第1-4条(article)中数目不等的"section"译为"款",而很少有人将这里的"section"译为"节",所以,将"section"译为"款",已经是人们约定俗成的一种情形。

翻开今天的"外国法制史"类教材,我们可以发现这一事实(何勤华,1998:55;由嵘,2000:355)。

总之,英汉法律翻译中的"section"是个相对的词,翻译的时候,译者需发挥主观能动性,选择合适的对应词为好。

但是,同一篇法律条文中,必须遵循"译名同一律",不可毫无规矩。

(3)关于paragraph, subparagraph的翻译。

笔者认为,应将paragraph,subparagraph分别译为"条"、"款"。

以往的翻译中,人们也大都将paragraph,译为了"条"。

这点问题不大。

Trips 协议中,第3条、第64条中有这样的例子。

1. Any Member availing itself of the possibilities provided in Article 6 of the Berne Convention (1971) or paragraph 1 (b) of Article 16 ofthe Rome Convention shall make a notification as foreseen in those provisions to the Council for TRIPS.任何利用《伯尔尼公约》第6条或《罗马公约》第16条第1款(b)项规定的可能性的成员,均应按这些条款中所预想的那样,向TRIPS理事会做出通知。

2. Subparagraph 1 (b) and 1 (c) of Article XXIII of GATT 1994 shall not apply to the settlement of disputes under this Agreement for a period of five years from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.自《WTO协定》生效之日起5年内,GATT 1994第23条第1款(b)项和(c)项不得适用于本协定项下的争端解决。

(4)其他词的翻译。

"Item"一词译做"目"非常合适。

因为"Item"常常是subparagraph (项)下的一个部分。

让我们来参考Black’s Law Dictionary (Garner 1999:837)中对此的解释,Item: In drafting, a subpart of a text that is next smaller than a subparagraph. In federal drafting, for example,"(4)"is the item in following citation: Rule 19 (a)(1)(B)(4)。

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