测控专业英语翻译

测控专业英语翻译

Unit 1 Measurement, Control and Instrumentation

Instrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control. Instrumentation engineers are responsible for controlling a whole system like a power plant.

译为：仪器可定义为测量和控制的艺术和科学。仪器工程师负责控制整个系统，比如一个电厂。

An instrument is a device that measures and/or regulates process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances that can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers.

译为：仪器是一种用来测量和/或调节过程变量（如流量、温度、液位或压力）的装置。仪器包括许多不同的设备，可以像阀和变送器那样简单，也可以像分析仪那样复杂。Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes such as refineries, factories, and vehicles. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices that measure some desired variable. Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in the household as well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in most western homes.

译为：仪器通常由如精炼厂、工厂和车辆这些不同流程的控制系统组成。过程控制是实用仪器的主要分支之一。仪器也可以是测量某个所需变量的手持设备。多样化的手持式仪器常见于实验室，在日常生活中也可以发现。例如：烟雾探测器是西方家庭中的一种常见仪器。Output instrumentation includes devices such as solenoids, valves, regulators, circuit breakers, and relays. These devices control a desired output variable, and provide either remote or automated control capabilities. These are often referred to as final control elements when controlled remotely or by a control system.

句中desired output variable意为“期望输出变量”，are referred to as意为“被称为”。

全句译为：输出仪器包括线圈、阀、调节器、断路器和继电器等元件。这些元件控制期望输出变量，使之实现远程或自动控制功能。在远程控制或自动控制系统中，称这些元件为终端控制元件。

Transmitters are devices that produce an output signal, often in the form of a 4～20mA electrical current signal, although many other options using voltage, frequency, pressure, or ethernet are possible. This signal can be used for informational purposes, or it can be sent to a PLC, DCS, SCADA system, LabView or other type of computerized controller, where it can be interpreted into readable values and used to control other devices and processes in the system.

译为：变送器是产生某种输出信号的装置，通常是4—20mA的电流信号，当然也可以是电压、频率、压力或以太网。这个信号可作参考之用，还可以发送到PLC、DCS、SCADA 系统、LabView或其它类型的计算机控制器，这个信号被转换成可读值，用于控制系统中的其它设备和过程。

Control Instrumentation plays a significant role in both gathering information from the field and changing the field parameters, and as such are a key part of control loops.

句中field意为“现场”，control loops意为“控制回路”。

全句译为：控制仪器在现场信息采集和现场参数转换中都起到了重要作用。这本身是控制回路的一个关键部分。

History

In the early years of process control, process indicators and control elements such as valves were monitored by an operator that walked around the unit adjusting the valves to obtain the desired temperatures, pressures, and flows. As technology evolved pneumatic controllers(气压式调节器) were invented and mounted（安装，配有）in the field that monitored the process and controlled the valves.

译为：在早年的过程控制中，过程指标和控制元件，如阀，是由操作员在装置周围走动通过调节阀门来监测，以获得所需的温度、压力和流量。随着技术的发展，气压式调节器发明了，并安装于监测过程和控制阀的现场。

This reduced the amount of time process operators were needed to monitor the process. Later years the actual controllers were moved to a central room and signals were sent into the control room to monitor the process and outputs signals were sent to the final control element such as a valve to adjust the process as needed.

译为：这样就减少了过程操作员监测过程所需的时间。近几年，实际控制转移到中央控制室，信号被发送到控制室来监测过程，并且输出信号被送到终端控制元件，如阀门，根据需要调节过程。

These controllers and indicators were mounted on a wall called a control board.

译为：这些控制器和指示器安装称为控制面板的壁面上。

The operators stood in front of this board walking back and forth monitoring the process indicators. This again reduced the number and amount of time process operators were needed to walk around the units. The basic air signal used during these years was 3～15 psig(磅/平方英寸). 译为：操作员在面板前面来回走动以监测过程指示器。这就再次减少了过程操作员在装置周围来回走动所需的时间。这几年使用的基本气压信号是3-15磅/平方英寸。

In the 1970s electronic instrumentation began to be manufactured by the instrument companies. Each instrument company came out with their own standard signal for their instrumentation, 10～50mA, 0.25～1.25V, 0～10V, 1～5V, and 4～20mA, causing only confusion until the 4～20mA was universally used as a standard electronic instrument signal for transmitters and valves.

译为：20世纪70年代仪器公司开始生产电子仪器。每个仪器公司为他们的仪器装置推出了自己的标准信号：如10~50mA, 0.25～1.25V, 0～10V, 1～5V, 和4～20mA，这只会引起混乱，直到4～20mA被普遍作为变送器和阀的标准电子仪器信号。

The transformation of instrumentation from mechanical pneumatic transmitters, controllers, and valves to electronic instruments reduced maintenance costs as electronic instruments were more dependable than mechanical instruments. This also increased efficiency and production due to their increase in accuracy.

句中reduced为transformation的谓语，as引导原因状语从句。

全句译为：从机械气动变送器、控制器和阀的控制方式向电子仪器控制方式的转变，降低了维修成本，因为电子仪器比机械仪器更可靠。同时由于精度的提高，从而提高了工作效率和产量。

The next evolution of instrumentation came with the production of Distributed Control Systems

(DCS). The pneumatic and electronic control rooms allowed control from a centralized room, DCS systems allowed control from more than one room or control stations. These stations could be next to each other or miles away. Now a process operator could sit in front of a screen and monitor thousands of points throughout a large unit or complex.译为：伴随着分散式控制系统（DCS）的产生，仪器有了进一步的发展。气动控制和电气控制室允许来自一个集中室的控制，DCS系统允许来自多个控制台的控制。这些控制台可以是相邻的，也可以相隔千里。现在过程操作员可以坐在屏幕前监控整个装置和设备的成千上万的点。

Measurement

Instrumentation is usually used for measurement. Measurement is the process or the result of determining the magnitudes of many parameters (physical values). These parameters include: （1）Chemical composition；化学成分

（2）Chemical properties；化学性质

（3）Properties of light；光的特性

（4）Vibration；振动

（5）Weight；重量

（6）V oltage；电压

（7）Inductance；电感

译为：仪器通常用于测量。测量是确定一些参数（物理值）的大小的过程或结果。

（8）Capacitance；电容

（9）Resistivity；电阻

（10）Viscosity；粘度

（11）Other mechanical properties of materials；材料的其它机械性能

（12）Properties of ionising radiation；电力辐射的性质

（13）Frequency；频率

（14）Current；电流

（15）Pressure, either differential or static；压力（差压或静压）

（16）Flow；流量

（17）Temperature；温度

（18）Levels of liquids；液位等

（19）Density. 密度

With the exception of a few seemingly fundamental quantum constants, units of measurement are essentially arbitrary; in other words, people make them up and then agree to use them.

句中With the exception of意为“除……以外”，quantum constants意为“量子常数”。

全句译为：除了少数看上去代表基本法则的量子常数以外，测量的单位实质上是很主观的，换句话说，人们编制并愿意使用它就可以了。

Nothing inherent in nature dictates that an inch has to be a certain length, or that a mile is a better measure of distance than a kilometre. Over the course of human history, however, first for convenience and then for necessity, standards of measurement evolved so that communities would have certain common benchmarks（基准）. Laws regulating measurement were originally developed to prevent fraud （欺诈，欺骗行为；骗子）in commerce.

译为：本质上没有任何内在的事物决定：一英寸必须是某一特定的长度，或者一英里较一公里是一个较好的距离度量。然而，在人类历史的过程中，首先是为了方便起见，然后因为必要，测量标准逐渐形成了以便使社会有特定的共同基准。最初制定法律规范尺度就是为

了防止商业欺诈。

Measurement methods are often scrutinized（仔细检查，详审）for their validity, applicability, and accuracy. It is very important that the scope of the measurement method be clearly defined, and any aspect included in the scope is shown to be accurate and repeatable through validation.

译为：通常要审核测量方法的有效性、适用性和准确性。明确界定测量方法的使用范围是非常重要的，并且这个范围里的任何方面通过验证被证明是正确的和可复验的。

Measurement method validations often encompass（围绕；包围）the following considerations: 译为：测量方法的验证通常包括以下注意事项：

（1）Accuracy and precision: Demonstration of accuracy may require the creation of a reference value if none is yet available. 准确度和精确度。如果目前没有任何有效值，准确度的验证可能需要规定一个参考值。

（2）Repeatability and Reproducibility, sometimes in the form of a Gauge R&R. 重复性和再现性，有时是以量规“R&R”的形式表示。

（3）Range, or a continuum scale over which the measurement method would be considered accurate. Example: 10N to 100N force test. 在量程或连续的范围内，测量方法被视为是准确的。例如：10N到100N的力测试。

（4）Measurement resolution, be it spatial, temporal, or otherwise. 测量分辨率是空间的、时间的，或其它形式。

（5）Curve fitting, typically for linearity, which justifies interpolation between calibrated reference points. 曲线拟合,通常为直线拟合，这证明标准参考点之间的插值法是正确的。

（6）Robustness, or the insensitivity to potentially subtle variables in the test environment or setup which may be difficult to control. 鲁棒性，或是对测试环境中潜在的细微变量或难以控制的装置的不敏感度。

（7）Usefulness to predict end-use characteristics and performance. 实用性，用来预测最终用途的特点和性能。

（8）Measurement uncertainty. 测量不确定度。

（9）Interlaboratory or round robin tests. 多个实验室进行的或循环的测试。

（10）other types of measurement systems analysis.测量系统分析的其它类型。

Control

In addition to measuring field parameters, instrumentation is also responsible for providing the ability to modify some field parameters.

Modern day control engineering (also called control systems engineering) is a relatively new field of study that gained a significant attention during 20th century with the advancement in technology.

译为：除了测量现场参数，仪器还负责提供修改某些现场参数的能力。

现代控制工程（也叫控制系统工程）是一个比较新的研究领域，随着科技的进步，在20世纪这个领域得到了显著的关注。

It can be broadly defined as practical application of control theory. Control engineering has an essential role in a wide range of control systems, from simple household washing machines to high-performance F-16 fighter aircraft.

译为：它大致可以被定义为控制理论的实际应用。在广泛的控制系统中，如从简单的家用洗衣机到高性能的F-16战斗机，控制工程起着很重要的作用。

It seeks to understand physical systems, using mathematical modeling, in terms of inputs, outputs and various components with different behaviors; use control systems design tools to develop

controllers for those systems; and implement controllers in physical systems employing available technology.

主语it代指“control engineering”，句子中的3个并列成分understand，use和implement 为seeks to的宾语。

全句译为：控制工程根据输入、输出和不同性质的各种元件，建立数学模型，分析物理系统。使用控制系统设计工具来为这些系统开发控制器。在物理系统中运用有效的技术来执行这些控制器。

A system can be mechanical, electrical, fluid, chemical, financial and even biological, and the mathematical modeling, analysis and controller design uses control theory in one or many of the time, frequency and complex-s domains, depending on the nature of the design problem.

译为：系统可以是机械、电气、流体、化工、金融，甚至是生物，数学建模、分析和控制器的设计采用控制理论的时间、频率和复数（s）域中的一个或多个，的取决于设计问题的性质。

1．Control theory

There are two major divisions in control theory, namely, classical and modern, which have direct implications over the control engineering applications. The scope of classical control theory is limited to single-input and single-output (SISO) system design.

译为：控制理论中有两个重要的部分，即经典控制理论和现代控制理论，它们对控制工程应用有着直接的影响。经典控制理论的应用范围局限于单输入和单输出（SISO）系统设计。

The system analysis is carried out in time domain using differential equations, in complex-s domain with Laplace transform or in frequency domain by transforming from the complex-s domain. All systems are assumed to be second order and single variable, and higher-order system responses and multivariable effects are ignored.

译为：系统用微分方程实现时域分析，用拉氏变换实现复数（s）域分析，或将复数域转换到频域分析。所有系统都被假定为二阶和单变量系统，高阶系统响应和多变量影响被忽略。

A controller designed using classical theory usually requires on-site tuning due to design approximations. Yet, due to easier physical implementation of classical controller designs as compared to systems designed using modern control theory, these controllers are preferred in most industrial applications. The most common controllers designed using classical control theory are PID controllers.

译为：由于设计的近似性，使用经典控制理论设计的控制器通常需要现场调整。然而，由于和使用现代控制理论设计的系统相比，经典控制器的设计具有较简单的物理实现性，所以这些控制器是大多数工业应用中的首选。使用经典控制理论设计的最常见的控制器是PID 控制器。

In contrast, modern control theory is carried out in the state space, and can deal with multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) systems. This overcomes the limitations of classical control theory in more sophisticated（精密的，尖端的）design problems, such as fighter aircraft control. In modern design, a system is represented as a set of first order differential equations defined using state variables.

译为：相比之下，现代控制理论是建立在状态空间基础上的，并且可以处理多输入多输出（MIMO）系统。这就克服了经典控制理论在更复杂的设计问题（如战斗机控制）中的局限性。在现代设计中，系统表示为一组使用状态变量描述的一阶差分方程。

Nonlinear, multivariable, adaptive and robust（鲁棒，健壮的）control theories come under this division. Being fairly new, modern control theory has many areas yet to be explored. Scholars like Rudolf E. Kalman and Aleksandr Lyapunov are well-known among the people who have shaped modern control theory.

译为：非线性、多变量、自适应和鲁棒控制理论归入这一部分（现代控制理论）。现代控制理论作为相当新的理论，仍有许多领域有待探索。在发展现代控制理论的人当中，像鲁道夫E·，卡尔曼和亚历山大·李亚普诺夫这样的学者是众所周知的。

2．Control systems

Control engineering is the engineering discipline that focuses on the modeling of a diverse range of dynamic systems (e.g. mechanical systems) and the design of controllers that will cause these systems to behave in the desired manner. Although such controllers need not be electrical many are. And hence control engineering is often viewed as a subfield of electrical engineering.

译为：控制工程是工程学科，其重点在于不同范围动态系统（如机械系统）的建模和导致这些系统以所期望的方式工作的控制器设计。尽管那些控制器并一定是电气的，但大多数控制器是电气的。因此控制工程常被认为是电气工程的子领域。

However, the falling price of microprocessors is making the actual implementation of a control system essentially trivial. As a result, focus is shifting back to the mechanical engineering discipline, as intimate knowledge of the physical system being controlled is often desired.

译为：然而，微处理器价格的下降使得控制系统的实际执行实质上是微不足道的。因此，重点移回机械工程学科，它作为受控制的物理系统联系紧密的知识，通常是可以期望获得的。Electrical circuits, digital signal processors and microcontrollers can all be used to implement control systems. Control engineering has a wide range of applications from the flight and propulsion（推进）systems of commercial airliners to the cruise（巡航）control present in many modern automobiles.

译为：电路，数字信号处理器和微控制器都可以用来实现控制系统。控制工程有着广泛的应用范围：从商用客机的飞行和推进系统到在许多现代车辆中存在的巡航控制。

In most of the cases, control engineers utilize feedback when designing control systems. This is often accomplished using a PID controller system. For example, in an automobile with cruise control the vehicle’s speed is continuously monitored and fed back to the system, which adjusts the motor’s torque(扭转力，转（力）矩）accordingly.

译为：在大多数情况下，控制工程师在设计控制系统时利用了反馈。这通常使用PID 控制器系统完成。例如：在有巡航控制的汽车上，车辆的速度不断被监测并反馈给相应调节电机扭矩的系统。

Where there is regular feedback, control theory can be used to determine how the system responds to such feedback. In practically all such systems stability is important and control theory can help ensure stability to be achieved.

译为：哪里有定期反馈，控制理论就能被用于确定系统如何响应这样的反馈。实际中，所有这类系统的稳定性是很重要的，并且控制理论有助于确保稳定性的实现。

Although feedback is an important aspect of control engineering, control engineers may also work on the control of systems without feedback. This is known as open loop control. A classic example of open loop control is a washing machine that runs through a predetermined cycle without the use of sensors.

译为：虽然反馈是控制工程的一个重要方面，但是控制工程师也可能从事于无反馈系统的控制。这就是开环控制。开环控制的一个典型例子是：一台洗衣机没有使用传感器，而是

通过预先设定的周期工作。

3．Recent advancement

Originally, control engineering was all about continuous systems. Development of computer control tools posed a requirement of discrete control system engineering because the communications between the computer-based digital controller and the physical system are governed by a computer clock. The equivalent to Laplace transform in the discrete domain is the z-transform. Today many of the control systems are computer controlled and they consist of both digital and analog components.

译为：本来，控制工程是所有关于连续系统的。计算机控制工具的发展提出了离散控制系统工程的要求，因为基于计算机的数字控制器和物理系统之间的通信是由计算机时钟控制的。在离散域中相当于拉普拉斯变换的是z变换。现今许多控制系统是由计算机控制的，并且它们是由数字和模拟元件组成的。

Therefore, at the design stage either digital components are mapped into the continuous domain and the design is carried out in the continuous domain, or analog components are mapped in to discrete domain and design is carried out there. The first of these two methods is more commonly encountered in practice because many industrial systems have many continuous systems components, including mechanical, fluid, biological and analog electrical components, with a few digital controllers.

译为：因此，在设计阶段，或是数字元件被映射到连续域，并且在连续域中进行，或是模拟元件映射到离散域并在离散域进行设计。这两种方法首先是在实践中较常遇到的，因为很多工业系统有许多带有连续系统元件，包括：机械、流体、生物和模拟电气元件，而有很少的数字控制器。

Similarly, the design technique has progressed from paper-and-ruler based manual design to computer-aided design, and now to computer-automated design (CAutoD), which has been made possible by evolutionary computation.

译为：同样的，设计技术已经从基于纸张和直尺的手工设计发展到计算机辅助设计，如今向计算机自动设计（CAutoD ）发展。

CAutoD can be applied not just to tuning a predefined control scheme, but also to controller structure optimisation, system identification and invention of novel control systems, based purely upon a performance requirement, independent of any specific control scheme.

句中not just to…but also to…意为“不仅……而且……”，novel control systems意为“新型系统”。

全句译为：计算机自动设计（CAutoD）不仅能用于预定义控制模式的调整，而且可以用于控制器结构优化、系统辨识和新型系统的开发。这一切都仅仅基于设计的性能要求，而不依赖于任何具体的控制模式。

Instrumentation engineering

Instrumentation engineering is the engineering specialization focused on the principle and operation of measuring instruments that are used in design and configuration of automated systems in electrical, pneumatic domains etc.

译为：仪器工程是专业化的工程领域，其重点是测量仪器的原理和操作，他们应用于电气、气动等领域的自动化系统的设计和配置。

They typically work for industries with automated processes, such as chemical or manufacturing plants, with the goal of improving system productivity, reliability, safety, optimization, and stability. To control the parameters in a process or in a particular system, devices such as

microprocessors, microcontrollers or PLCs are used, but their ultimate aim is to control the parameters of a system.

译为：为了提高系统的生产率、可靠性、安全性、最优化和稳定性，仪器工程很典型地运用于有自动化流程的工业，如化工厂或制造厂。为了控制某一个流程或特定系统中的参数，要使用微处理器、微控制器或PLC这样的设备，其最终目的是控制系统的参数。Instrumentation technologists

Instrumentation technologists, technicians and mechanics specialize in troubleshooting(发现并修理故障，解决纷争)and repairing and maintenance of instruments and instrumentation systems. This trade is so intertwined(缠结在一起)with electricians, pipefitters, power engineers, and engineering companies, that one can find him/herself in extremely diverse working situations.

译为：仪器专家、技术员和机械师专门从事仪器和仪器系统的故障排除、修理和维护工作。这个行业将电工、管道装配工、电力工程师和工程公司如此紧密地联系在一起，让每一个人都能在极其多样的工作状况下实现自己的价值。

Unit 2 Data Acquisition

Analog I/O functionality 模拟I/O功能

Today, digital computers and other microprocessor-based devices have replaced analog recording and display technologies in all but the simplest data acquisition applications. And while computers have had an undeniably positive impact on the practice of data acquisition, they speak only a binary language of ones and zeroes.

句中but表示否定，意为“了……”，

译为：现在，数字计算机和其他基于微处理器的设备代替了所有模拟记录和显示器，唯独不能代替最简单的数据采集功能。尽管计算机技术对于数据获取工作确实有积极地影响，但它们只能显示1，0二进制代码。

Manufacturing processes and natural phenomena, however, are still by their very nature analog. That is, natural processes tend to vary smoothly over time, not discontinuously changing states from black to white, from on to off. To be meaningfully recorded or manipulated by a computer then, analog measurements such as pressure, temperature, flow rate, and position must be translated into digital representations.

译为：然而，制造过程和自然现象仍然是一种自然模拟过程。那就是说，自然过程是随着时间的推移逐渐变化的，而不是直接从白到黑，从开到关的间断变化。要使用计算机对模拟量，例如压力、温度、流速、和位置，进行有意义的记录或是控制，必须先将它们转换为相应的数字量。

Inherently digital events, too, such as the tripping（平稳地进行）of a motor or a pulse generated by a positive displacement flow meter（流量计）, must be made interpretable as a transistor-to-transistor logic (TTL) level changes in voltage（TTL电平变化”）.Hence, the origination and ongoing development of input/output (I/O) systems for converting analog and digital information about real-world is shown in Figure 2.1.

译为：一些数字事件，例如使用容积式流量计测定电机或脉冲的流畅性，也必须转化为

TTL电平电压才能实现。因此，对模拟和数字信息进行转换的输入/输出(I/O) 系统的起源和持续发展过程如图2.1所示。

Figure 2.1 Functional diagram for data acquisition & control

图2.1 数据采集和控制的功能流程图

Digital I/O functionality 数字I/O功能

In contrast to analog transducers（传感器，变频器；变换器）that sense continuous variables such as pressure and temperature, many transducers provide an output that is one of two states: high or low, open or closed. A pressure might be too high or a temperature too low, triggering closure of a switch. Outputs, too, are not strictly analog-solenoid. Valves typically are opened or closed.

译为：与检测连续变量（如压力和温度）的模拟传感器相比，许多传感器只有一路输出，即高或低，开或关。压力太高或温度太低都可能会触发开关关闭。传感器输出也没有严格的电磁模拟。阀门通常是打开的或关闭的。

Many pumps and heaters are simply turned on or off. Pulse signals are another form of digital I/O, with one rotation of a turbine（涡轮机）flow meter or tachometer（转速计，流速计）corresponding to a single, countable event. Digital I/O also can be used for parallel communications among plug-in expansion cards, and to generate clock and other timing signals.

译为：许多水泵和加热器被简单的开启或关闭。脉冲信号是数字I/O的另一种形式，比如涡轮流量计旋转一周或与计算单一、可数事件的转速表。数字I/O也可用于嵌入式扩展卡的并行通信，产生时钟和其他计时信号。

Already in the binary language of computers, these types of digital, or discrete, inputs and outputs (I/O) are much easier for microprocessor-based data acquisition systems to deal with than analog signals.、

译为：早在计算机二进制语言中，对基于微处理器的数据采集系统来说处理这种数字式或分立式的输入输出比处理模拟信号容易。

Similar to analog-to-digital converters used for analog I/O, digital I/O is designed to deal directly with transistor（晶体管）-to-transistor logic (TTL) level voltage changes. TTL typically sets the low voltage level(低电平)between 0 and 0.8V and the high voltage level (高电平) between 2.0 and 5.0V. V oltage levels between 0.8 and 2.0V are not allowed.

译为：与用于模拟输入输出的模拟-数字转换器相类似，数字输入输出用于直接处理TTL 电平的变化。通常，TTL电平的低电压为0～0.8V，高电平为2.0～5.0V。0.8～2.0V为无效电压。

A voltage change, then, from the high range to the low range (or vice versa) represents a digital change of state from high to low, on to off, etc. And because acquiring an analog signal is more complex than acquiring a digital one, analog I/O channels also are more expensive. Hence, if digital I/O is adequate, do not bother with analog.

译为：而且，电压从高电平变为低电平代表从高到低或从开到关的信号变化。而且，由于采集模拟信号比采集数字信号复杂，所以模拟输入输出通道也比数字的较为昂贵。而且，如果数字输入输出通道足够，则无需再考虑模拟输入输出通道。

Analog signal transmission 模拟信号传输

Although the microprocessor and digital network technologies have fundamentally reinvented（重复设置，（在不知他人以发明的情况下）重复发明，彻底改造，重新使用）the ways in which today’s data acquisition systems handle data, much laboratory and manufacturing

information is still communicated the ―old‖ way, via analog electrical signals.

译为：尽管微处理器和数字网络技术已经彻底改变了如今数据采集系统处理数据的方法，但是，许多实验室和制造业任然沿用以前的方法，通过模拟电信号传递信息。

To understand the ways in which an analog signal is transmitted over a circuit, it is first important to understand the relationships that make analog signal transmission possible.

译为：为了理解模拟型号在电路中传输的方式，首要需要了解使模拟信号传输成为可能的一些关系。

It is the fundamental relationship between voltage, current, and electrical resistance that allow either a continuously varying current or voltage to represent a continuous process variable. 此句为强调句型。

译为：是电压、电流和电阻之间的基本原理使得可以用连续变化的电流或电压来表示连续过程变量。

While charge flow is electric current, voltage is the work done in moving a unit of charge (1 coulomb) from one point to another. The unit of voltage is often called the potential difference, or the volt (V). The International System of Units (SI) unit for electrical flow is the ampere (A), defined as one coulomb per second (c/s).

译为：虽然电流是电荷的定向移动形成的，电压是单位电荷从一点移动到另一点所做的功。但是电压的单位通常称为电位差，或者是伏特。国际单位制中规定电流的单位为安培（A），定义为1库伦/秒（C/S）。

A signal source of voltage, V, will cause a current, I, to flow through a resistor of resistance, R. Ohm’s law, which was formulated by the German physicist Geor g Simon Ohm (1787—1854).

译为：德国物理学家乔治.西蒙.欧姆（1787-1854）提出的欧姆定律指出：信号源的电压会在电阻中产生电流。

While most single-channel analog signal transmissions use direct current (DC) variations in current or voltage to represent a data value, frequency variations of an alternating current (AC) also can be used to communicate information.

句中direct current意为“直流”，alternating current意为“交流”。

译为：虽然大多单通道模拟信号变送器使用电压电流信号中直流信号的变化来表示数据值，但交流信号频率的变化也能用于信息传递。

In the early 19th century, Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, a French mathematician and physicist, discovered that AC signals could be defined in terms of sine waves. A sine wave is described by three quantities: amplitude, period, and frequency. The amplitude is the peak value of the wave in either the positive or negative direction, the period is the time it takes to complete one cycle of the wave, and the frequency is the number of complete cycle of the wave per unit of time the reciprocal of the period).

译为：19世纪初，法国数学家和物理学家琼.巴蒂斯特.约瑟夫.傅立叶发现交流信号可以用正弦波来定义。正弦波通过三个量定义：振幅、周期和频率。振幅是正弦波最高点或最低点的峰值，周期是波形完成一次循环所用的时间，频率是波形在单位时间内循环出现的次数。Digital signal transmission 数字信号传输

Industrial networks that transmit data using digital signals often are an integral part of a data acquisition or process control solution. A basic understanding of the network technologies that are available for various applications is required to make the best implementation decisions that can have a profound effect on the ability to adapt to ever-changing technologies.

译为：利用数字信号传输数据的工业网络是数据采集或过程控制处理的主要部分。为了

做出最好的决策，对网络技术在各种应用程序中的有效性的基本了解是必要的，因为它对适应不断变化的技术的能力有着深远的影响。

For example, the type of network(s) or network products selected for a data acquisition application can greatly affect cost/benefit evaluations for future projects. Until recently, fiber optics was an expensive option that seemed like overkill for most applications. But with the information load now likely to flow between nodes on an enterprise network, fiber looks attractive.

译为：例如，为数据采集应用程序选择的网络或网络产品可能会严重影响未来项目的成本/效益评估。直到最近，光纤对于大多数应用程序还是一个昂贵的选项，而且看起来像是大材小用。但现在企业网络上的节点之间的信息可能会溢出，光纤显得很有吸引力。

Network technologies come in a bewildering array of options, and certain segments of this technology are changing at an incredible rate. The average user might spend weeks researching the various ways to build or improve a network, just to find that once a decision is made and products are purchased, the next wave of bigger, better, faster technology is now available.

译为：令人眼花缭乱的网络技术还有许多未知的部分，这项技术中确定的部分正在改变以令人难以置信的速度进行更新。普通用户可能会花费数周时间研究各种方法来建立或改进一个网络，才发现一旦作出决定，并购买产品,下一波更大、更好、更快的技术又出现了。

A well-designed, integrated solution to data transmission will yield a competitive advantage to any industrial enterprise. Users in all aspects of a business should be able to obtain plant and business data from any physical node, local or remote.

译为：一个精心设计的集成的数据传输解决方案，将使任何工业公司都能够提升竞争优势。在企业的各个方面的用户应该能够从本地或远程的任何物理节点获得业务数据。

―Gluing‖ pieces of new and/or existing networks together is becoming more feasible with the use of bridging, routing, and media conversion technologies that link local area, wide area, and industrial networks together. And with Internet and wireless technologies, data transmission over large geographic areas is increasingly feasible.

译为：使用桥接、路由和媒体转换技术将新网络和（或）现有网络拼接在一起变得更加可行。这些技术将局域网、广域网和工业网络连接在一起。伴随着互联网和无线技术的发展，跨区域的数据传输越来越可行。

Data acquisition hardware 数据采集硬件

Having acquainted with the technology of how input/output (I/O) signals are generated, conditioned, linearized, and transmitted to a host computer or controlling system, now we will look at the different kinds of data acquisition hardware that are available to help you perform all of these functions.

译为：熟悉了I/O信号如何产生，调制，线性化以及如何传送到主机或是控制系统的技术之后，现在我们将看看不同种类的数据采集硬件，它们可帮助你执行所有这些功能。

Before starting, a brief good news/bad news observation: The good news is that modern microcomputer technology has made it relatively simple to install, configure, and start up a high-performance data acquisition system.

译为：在开始之前，先了解一个简短的好/坏新闻观察：好消息是现代微机技术已经使高性能数据采集系统的安装、配置和启动相对简单。

Experienced users will be happy to know that many of the problems encountered a few years ago are gone. New users will never realize how difficult it once was to bring up a data acquisition

system.

译为：有经验的用户会很高兴知道几年前遇到的问题不复存在了。但新用户将从来不意识到一度配置一个数据采集系统是多么的困难。

The bad news is that these same technology advances have made it even more difficult than ever to select among the many options. The hardware decisions facing a user today require a great deal of study, analysis, and consideration. Every system will work, but some are better than others for each particular application. Some things to consider:

译为：坏消息是这些相同技术的进步使得现在选择采用哪种硬件系统比以往要更难。用户选择硬件时需要做大量的研究、分析和思考。尽管每个系统都能正常工作，但对每个特定的应用来说，一些系统比其他更好。以下是需要考虑的一些事项：

1．Connect to the Internet or an intranet?

连接到Internet 还是intranet？

Today, users can obtain real-time data over the Internet or an in-house intranet, using a standard browser, an Ethernet（以太网）connection or modem, and a PC or network computer (NC ).

译为：如今，用户可以使用一个标准的浏览器、一个以太网连接或调制解调器，和PC 或网络计算机(NC)，通过Internet 或内部intranet获取实时数据。

A network computer has no moving disk to store programs. Instead, it downloads various software packages in the form of ―applets‖ to the NC when needed. This means that your real-time data can be viewed by anyone in the world (if they have the proper access). The argument for using NCs is powerful. It could affect your choice of hardware.

句中applets是一种小应用程序，采用Java创建的基于HTML的程序，通过浏览器运行。译为：网络计算机没有移动磁盘来存储程序。相反，它在需要的时候，以applets程序形式将各种软件包下载到NC上。这意味着世界上任何人都可以通过网路查看您的实时数据（如果它们具有适当的访问权限）。针对网络计算机的争论是非常激烈的。它可能会影响您对硬件的选择。

2．What PC interface? 使用什么样的电脑接口？

Virtually all objections to using PCs on the plant floor have been answered, and PCs are now performing everything from real-time control to high-speed data acquisition. One major issue to be considered is the various bus architectures available for PCs.

译为：实际上，所有反对在工厂底层使用PC机的声音都已经得到了答案，现在PC机能够执行从实时控制到高速数据采集的一切工作。一个需要考虑主要的问题是可用于PC机的各种总线体系结构。

While we will discuss the various computer buses below, you may want to explore this topic in more detail to determine the effect it may have in your application, now and in the future.

译为：尽管下面我们将讨论各种计算机总线，但你可能要探讨这一主题的更多细节，以确定它可能对您现在和未来所应用的影响。

3．Is there software support? 有软件支持吗？

Most data acquisition hardware is compatible (兼容的)with most popular industrial software, or it comes with a software package of its own. Free or not, it is a good idea to investigate the software and hardware’s capabilities.

译为：大多数数据采集硬件与大多数最受欢迎的工业软件兼容，或者它配备有自己的软件包。不管免费与否，详细调查软件和硬件的性能都是一个不错的想法。

Presentation & analysis 演示和分析

After acquiring data from various sources and translating this data into bits and bytes, then we should focus on tools available to translate data into worthwhile information. These tools are primarily programming languages and off-the-shelf software packages running under Microsoft Windows and Macintosh operating systems on personal computers.

译为：采集来自各种数据源的数据，并将此数据转换成比特和字节之后，我们关注可行的工具以便将已转化的数据转化为有价值的信息。这些工具主要是，在个人计算机上的Microsoft Windows 和Macintosh 操作系统之下运行的编程语言和现成的软件包。

The steps required to select a data acquisition software program are:

（1）Determine the features and performance necessary to accomplish the task at hand;

（2）Determine the available resources of time, money and expertise;

（3）Select the tools to perform the task.

选择一个数据采集软件程序所需的步骤如下：

（1）确定要完成的任务所必须的功能和性能；

（2）确定可用的时间、金钱和专门知识；

（3）选择执行的任务所需的工具。

Selection of tools requires investigation of available software programs and languages, and of operating systems under which these programs and languages will run.

译为：工具的选择需要调查可用的软件程序和语言，以及将运行这些程序和语言的操作系统。Various versions of Microsoft Windows have come to dominate the operating system market for PC-based data acquisition systems. Many data acquisition software packages are designed to run on more than one operating system, but the Windows operating system is almost always one of the available choices.

译为：各种版本的Microsoft Windows主宰基于PC 的数据采集系统的操作系统市场。许多数据采集软件包都被设计成可在多个操作系统上运行，但Windows 操作系统几乎总是可用的选项之一。

Once the operating system is selected, the next decision to be made is whether to write custom software or to buy an off-the-shelf package, and then to determine what data needs to be collected and what type of analysis and presentation is required for the data. Options range from simple plotting of an analog variable versus time to extremely sophisticated mathematical analysis of multiple analog and discrete values.

译为：一旦操作系统选定之后，下一步需要决定是编写自定义软件，还是买现成的软件包，然后确定需要收集哪些数据以及数据分析与演示文稿的类型。可选择的范围从随时间变化的模拟的变量的简单绘图到极其复杂的多个模拟和离散值的数学分析。

Data analysis techniques can be divided into three main areas: Process monitoring, Mathematical manipulation, and Statistical analysis.

译为：数据分析技术可以分为三个主要方面：过程监控、数学处理和统计分析。Process monitoring （过程监控）Analog and discrete data are collected and displayed in a graphical format. Data is usually displayed on a graph versus time, or another variable.

译为：过程监控即收集模拟和离散数据并以图形的形式显示出来。数据通常显示在以时间或另一个变量为横轴的坐标图上。

Mathematical manipulation （数学变换）Data is analyzed using various high-level mathematical techniques such as fast Fourier transform (FFT)（傅里叶变换），curve fitting, filtering, etc.

数学处理即使用各种高级数学技术如快速分析数据傅里叶变换(FFT) 曲线拟合、过滤等进行数据分析。

Statistical analysis Data is analyzed using various statistical techniques including X-bar and R-bar charts, frequency histograms, Chi-square analysis, etc.

译为：数据分析用到的各种统计方法包括：X直方图，R直方图，频率柱状图，卡方检验等。

Recording, printing & storage（记录、印刷、存储）

Once data has been acquired, there is often a need to store it for current and future reference. Today, alternative methods of data storage embrace both digital computer memory and that old traditional standby（备用的人或物）-paper.

译为：一旦采集到数据后，往往需要将它存储起来，以备当前和未来参考。今天，数据存储的替代方法包括数字计算机内存存储和传统备用手段—纸。

Covering in any detail the scores of instruments on the market today for recording, logging （把……载入正式记录，记录，把……记入航海日志）, printing, and storage of data is far beyond the scope of this section. The aim here is to identify and define major categories and offer the prospective user some practical guidelines to a selection best suited for the application.

译为：对今天市场上各种仪器的评分包括日志记录、打印、数据存储方面所有的细节，已经远超出本节的范围。在这里，目的是确定和定义主要的类别，并向潜在的用户提供一些实际的指引，以便其选择最适合的应用程序。

Broadly speaking, there are two principal areas where recorders or data loggers（记录器，登录器）are used:

(1)Process measurements for such variables as temperature, pressure, flow, pH, humidity; and,

(2)Scientific and engineering applications such as high-speed testing (e.g., stress/strain), statistical analyses, and other laboratory or off-line uses where a graphic or digital record of selected variables is desired.

译为：大致来说，记录机或数据记录器用于如下两个主要领域使用

（1）对一些变量如温度、压力、流量、PH值、湿度等的过程测量

(2)科学和工程应用，如高速测试（例如应力/张力），统计分析，及其他实验室或其他需要的图形或选定变量的数字记录的离线的用途。

Although there remains a continuing role for conventional standalone recorders that still use paper and pen or printer, new technology has also made paperless, or video-graphic, recorders export data to a PC or distributed control system (DCS) workstation, in real-time or periodically for later analysis.

译为：虽然使用纸和笔或打印机的传统的独立记录方法仍然发挥着一定的作用，但新技术占有着主导的地位，包括无纸化、视频-图形、录音机实时或定期导出数据到PC或分布式的控制系统(DCS) 工作站供以后分析。

Unit3 Smart Sensors

Introduction

Just about everything today in the technology area is a candidate（申请求职者，候选人；报

考者）for having the prefix （前缀）smart added to it. The term smart sensor was coined in the mid-1980s, and since then several devices have been called smart sensors.

译为：在今天几乎一切的技术领域都将智能一词作为其前缀的候选。智能传感器这一术语是在20世纪80年代中期出现的，从那以后，一些设备已被称之为智能传感器。

The intelligence required by such devices is available from microcontroller unit (MCU), digital signal processor (DSP), and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technologies developed by several semiconductor manufacturers.

句中microcontroller unit(MCU)意为“微控制器单元”，digital signal processor (DSP)意为“数字信号处理器”，application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)意为“特殊应用集成电路”。全句译为：这些设备所具有的智能源于半导体生产厂家开发的微控制器（MCU）、数字信号处理器（DSP）和特殊应用集成电路（ASIC）技术。

Some of those same semiconductor manufacturers are actively working on smarter silicon devices for the input and output sides of the control system as well. The term microelectromechanical system (MEMS)（微机电系统）is used to describe a structure created with semiconductor manufacturing processes for sensors and actuators.

译为：一些半导体制造商正在积极的进行控制系统的输入和输出两个方面的智能装置的研究。微机电系统（MEMS）这个术语用来描述对传感器和加载器用半导体制造工艺建立的结构。

Before the availability of microelectronics, the sensors or transducers used to measure physical quantities, such as temperature, pressure, and flow, usually were coupled（连接，联结，联系）directly to a readout device, typically a meter that was read by an observer.

译为：应用微电子技术之前，传感器或用于测量物理量，如温度，压力，流量，通常直接与读数装置相连，通常一个仪表有一个观察员读数。

The transducer converted the physical quantity being measured to a displacement. The observer initiated system corrections to change the reading closer to a desired value. The typical blocks of a measurement system are shown in Figure 3.1.

译为：该转换器将测量的物理量进行转换。观察员对系统进行修正以使结果接近理想值。典型的测量系统的组成框图如图3.1所示。

Figure 3.1 General sensing system

Many home thermostats（恒温（调节）器）, tire pressure gauges（轮胎气压表）, and factory flow meters still operate in the same manner.

译为：许多家用自动调温器，轮胎压力表和工厂流量计也以同样的方式运作。

However, the advent of microprocessor technology initiated the requirement for sensors to have an electrical output that could be more readily interfaced to provide unattended measurement and control.

句中，that 从句作output的定语从句。

全句译为：然而，微处理器技术的出现使得传感器必须要有电信号输出，这样便于接口以实现无人测控。

That also required the analog signal level to be amplified and converted to digital format prior to （在……之前）being supplied to the process controller. Today’s MCUs and analog-to-digital (A/D) converters typically have a 5V power supply, which has dictated the supply voltage for many amplified and signal conditioned sensors.

译为：在将数据传输给处理控制器之前，还需要将模拟信号放大并转换成数字信号。今天的微控制器（MCU）和模/数（A/D）转换器通常需要有一个5V的电源供应，以为放大器

和信号调理传感器提供电源电压。

However, the reduction in the supply voltage from 5V to 3.3V and even lower voltages and the presence of more than one voltage in a system pose challenges not typically associated with even the smartest sensors.

主语为the reduction和the presence，谓语为pose，宾语challenges。

全句译为：然而，供应电压从5V衰减到3.3V甚至更低，以及系统中多种电压形式的出现，并不只是对最智能的传感器提出的考验。

Separate integrated circuits (ICs) are available to handle the variety of voltages and resolve the problem, but they add to system and sensor complexity.

译为：单独的集成电路（ICs）可用来处理各种不同的电压并解决问题，但它们增加了系统和传感器的复杂性。

Commonly used definitions for the terms sensor and transducer must be the first in the list of many terms that will be defined. A transducer is a device that converts energy from one domain into another, calibrated（校准）to minimize the errors in the conversion process. A sensor is a device that provides a useful output to a specified measurand.

译为：传感器和换能器中常用的定义，必须首先对一些术语进行定义。换能器是这样一种装置，它将能源从一个能量转换到另一个能量，并进行校准以减少在转换过程中的误差。而传感器是给特定的被测设备提供了一个有用的输出。

The sensor is a basic element of a transducer, but it also may refer to a detection of voltage or current in the electrical regime（物理条件，环境，组织方法；管理体制，政体）that does not require conversion. Sometimes, the terms are used synonymously（同义地）, because energy conversion is part of every device that is discussed.

译为：传感器是转换器的基本元素之一，但是在不需要进行转换的电气方面，传感器可能会用于电压或电流的检测。有时候，传感器和换能器会被等价的应用，因为能量转换是每个被讨论的设备的一部分。

The definition of smart sensor (intelligent transducer) has not been as widely accepted and is subject to misuse. However, an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (电气和电子工程师协会)committee has been actively consolidating terminology（专门用语，术语，术语学，术语的正确使用，术语用法）that applies to microelectronic sensors.

译为：智能传感器（智能转换器）的定义并没有被广泛接受，并且遭受了滥用。然而，电气电子工程师协会（IEEE）委员会已经积极地加强推广此术语应用于微电子传感器。

The recently approved IEEE 1451.2 specification defines a smart sensor as a sensor that provides functions beyond those necessary for generating a correct representation of a sensed or controlled quantity. This function typically simplifies the integration of the transducer into applications in a networked environment.

译为：最近通过的IEEE 1451.2标准将智能传感器定义为：智能传感器是一种除了具有产生正确的感知量和被控量表达形式等这些必需的功能外，还能提供更多特殊的功能简化传感器与网络环境的整合应用的传感器。

Nature of sensors 传感器的性质

In a simple control system, the sensor is only one of three items required to implement a control strategy. The sensor provides an input to a controller with the desired strategy in its memory, and the controller drives an output stage to modify or maintain the status of a load, such as a light, a motor, a solenoid, or a display.

译为：在一个简单的控制系统中，传感器是执行一个控制策略必需的三个环节之一。传

感器给控制器提供存储所要求的输入，而控制器提供一个输出平台以修改或保持负载的状态，例如一盏灯，一台电机，电磁阀，或显示器。

As shown in Figure 3.2, a signal conditioning interface typically exists between the sensor(s) and the controller and between the controller and the output device. Smart sensing includes a portion of the controller’s functions in the sensor portion of the system.

译为：传感器给控制器提供存储所要求的输入，而控制器提供一个输出平台以修改或保持负载的状态，例如一盏灯，一台电机，电磁阀，或显示器。如图3.2所示，信号调理接口通常存在于传感器（S）和控制器之间以及控制器和输出设备之间。

Smart sensing includes a por tion of the controller’s functions in the sensor portion of the system. That means software will play an increasingly important role in smart sensors. The power supply requirements for the electronics and the sensor represent an additional consideration that is becoming more important as MCU voltages are decreased and more sensors are used in battery power or portable applications.

译为：在系统的传感器部分，智能传感器是控制系统功能的一部分，这意味着在智能传感器中软件将发挥越来越重要的作用。电子器件和传感器的电源需要提供给电力，这表明一个额外的考虑会变得越来越重要，就是当MCU的电压下降时，更多的传感器会在电池供电或便携式应用中使用。

Figure 3.2 Generic control system

The number of supplies in Figure 3.2 may not be required for a particular application, but they serve as a reminder for considering the available voltage for the sensor and the interface versus the rest of the system.图3.2中传感器的数量对于特定的应用可能是不需要的，但是与系统的其余部分相比，它们可用于考虑了传感器和接口可利用的电压中。

The smart sensor models developed by several sources have as many as six distinct elements for analog sensors. As shown in Figure 3.3, in addition to the sensing element and its associated amplification and signal conditioning, an A/D converter, memory of some type, and logic (control) capability are included in the smart sensor. Once the signal is in digital format, it can be communicated by several communication protocols（通信协议）.

译为：由几个来源开发的智能传感器模型，有多达6个不同元素的模拟传感器。除了传感元件和相应的信号放大器、信号处理器而外，智能传感器也包括A/D 转换器、各种类型存储器和逻辑控制功能。

Figure 3.3 Smart sensor model

Once the signal is in digital format, it can be communicated by several communication protocols. The regulated power supply also required for the system and its effect on system accuracy must be taken into account. That is becoming more of an issue as power management issues are addressed in system design and different supply voltages proliferate.

译为：当信号是数字形式时，它可以被几种通讯协议传输。而保证系统精度所需的稳压电源也必须予以考虑。在系统设计和不同的供应电压激增方面解决电源管理问题时，这将逐渐成为一个问题。

Reducing the number of discrete elements in a smart sensor (or any system) is desirable to reduce the number of components, form factor, interconnections, assembly cost, and frequently component cost as well. The choices for how that integration occurs are often a function of the original expertise of the integrator.

译为：减少智能传感（或任何系统）中不相关的元件数量，以期望能够减少组件的数量、

外形、连接方式、装配成本以及使用频率高的元件的成本等。这种如何集成的选择往往是综合了最初的各种专业知识。

Integration of micromachining and microelectronics

微机械和微电子的集成

Increasing the performance and reliability and reducing the cost of electronic circuits through increased integration are standard expectations for semiconductor technology. In the area of semiconductor sensors, however, that integration has been limited to Hall-effect and optoelectronic devices.

译为：提高性能和可靠性，并通过提高集成度降低电子电路的成本，是标准半导体技术的最终期望。在半导体传感器领域中，这种集成仅限于霍尔传感器和光电子设备中。

The recent combination of micromechanical structures, sensing elements, and signal conditioning is the beginning of a new chapter in sensor technology. The combination of microelectronics with micromechanical structures promises to change future control systems and enable entirely new applications that previously were too costly for commercial purposes.

译为：最近微机械结构，传感元件和信号调理的组合，打开了传感器技术的新篇章。微电子与微机械结构的结合，有望改变未来的控制系统，并能完全实现新的应用，而以前用于商业目的过于昂贵。

The term microelectromechanical systems, or sometimes simply microsystems, is used to describe the structures and functions provided by micromachining and the addition of microelectronics to those structures.

译为：微机电系统或简称微系统，通常描述微机械和与之结合的微电子技术所构成的结构和功能。

A sensor with its own dedicated interface circuitry has several advantages. The sensor designer can trade off unnecessary performance characteristics for those that will provide desirable performance advantages to the sensor-interface combination. Normally, interface ICs are designed for a broad range of applications and such trade offs are not possible. The combination allows the sensor user to treat the sensor as a black box and easily design a complex control system.

译为：自带专用接口电路的传感器有几个优点。传感器的设计者可以权衡取舍那些提供了理想性能，而有利于传感器接口组合却不必要的性能特性。通常情况下，对于广泛的应用而言，且权衡取舍又不可能时，就会对接口电路进行设计。这样的组合允许传感器用户将传感器看做一个黑盒子，进而可以轻松地设计一个复杂的控制系统。

The integrated sensor takes advantage of integrated temperature sensing to more closely track the temperature of the sensing element and compensates for the effects of temperature over the temperature range. By reducing the number of internal connections, the reliability of integrated sensors is inherently better than a separate sensor and control circuit.

译为：集成传感器充分利用了集成温度传感能更加紧密地跟踪敏感元件的温度，并且可以在整个温度范围以内补偿温度的影响的这种优势。通过减少内部连接，集成传感器的可靠性在本质上会优于一个单独的传感器和控制电路。

Sensing and integrated sensing (sensing plus signal conditioning) are somewhat analogous（相似的，可比拟的）to other mixed-signal processes that exist in semiconductors, especially in power and smart-power technology, that is, the output side of the control system.

译为：传感器和集成传感器（传感器加上信号调理器）有点类似于在半导体中存在的其他混合信号过程，特别是在电力和智能功率技术方面，即控制系统的输出端。

Today’s smart-power technologies integrate bipolar and CMOS circuitry with multiple power

metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) output devices.

句中smart-power technologies意为“智能功率技术”，CMOS意为“互补金属氧化物半导体”，metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)意为“金属氧化物半导体场效应管”或简称“MOS场效应管”。

全句译为：当今的智能功率技术将双极CMOS电路整合到多重功率MOS场效应管输出设备中。

The process is more complex than a discrete power MOSFET, but the performance achieved by the combination of technologies provides a specific function, component reduction for increased reliability, and space reduction for lower cost assemblies and more than justifies the higher processing cost. After a number of years of process and design improvements, smart-power devices have established broad market acceptance, especially for custom designs.

译为：这个过程比离散功率MOSFET更复杂，但这种相结合的技术提供了一种特定的功能，就是为提高可靠性而减少了部件，低成本的组装减少了空间的占用，并且证明了以上较高的处理成本。经过多年对工艺过程和设计的改进，智能传感器已经有了广阔的市场，特别是普遍性设计。

Similarly, smarter sensors that have their own signal conditioning circuitry onboard are in the early phases of market acceptance and are approximately at the same stage of development as smart power was five to seven years ago. However, smart sensors may not have to be custom devices to satisfy a large number of applications.

译为：同样地，具有信号调理电路板的智能传感器还处于被市场接受的早期阶段，并且类似于在5至7年以前的智能电源的发展阶段。但是，智能传感器可能不会成为一个普通的装置而满足大量的应用。

New packages must be developed for smart sensors to accommodate the additional connections for power, ground, output, diagnostics, and other features that the combination of technologies can provide. Sensors have few, if any, commonly accepted packages. Instead, each supplier provides a unique pinout and form factor. The problem is exacerbated by the addition of more features to sensors, either through integration or by the addition of circuitry.

译为：必须为智能传感器开发新组件，以适应对电源、接地、输出、诊断工具的连接，以及技术组合可提供的其他性能的连接。传感器已很少，而如果有的话，普遍会接受软件包。相反，每个供应商提供了一个独特的引脚和外形。通过给传感器增加更多的特性，不论是通过整合还是增加电路，这种问题会更加恶化。

Prior to the era of sensor integration, products that combine technology at the package level, rather than at the silicon level, have been the industry norm. A hybrid（混合，合成，杂交，杂种）or module solution has the advantage of using proven available technology to achieve a more sophisticated product solution. That may be in a printed circuit board(印刷电路板)or ceramic substrate(陶瓷衬底，陶瓷基片）form. Figure 3.4 shows the steps that can be taken toward a higher level of monolithic（整体式，单片，整体的，庞大的）integration.

译为：在集成传感器时代之前，在包装级而不是在芯片级将技术进行组合的产品，已经有了行业规范。混合或模块的解决方案具有使用已证实的可用技术以实现更复杂的产品解决方案的优势。这可能处于一个印刷电路板或陶瓷基片的形式。图3.4显示了走向更高层次的单片集成的步骤。

Figure 3.4 Steps of development toward increased integration

Unit4 Error Principle

Errors in measurement systems can be divided into those that arise during the measurement process and those that arise due to later corruption of the measurement signal by induced noise during transfer of the signal from the point of measurement to some other point.

句中that从句是those的后置定语从句，两个those是并列的宾语成分。

全句译为：测量系统的误差分为两种情况。一类是测量过程引起的，一类是在之后的信号由一个测量点传递到另一点的过程中，感应噪声引起测量信号的畸变。

It is extremely important in any measurement system to reduce errors to the minimum possible level and then to quantify the maximum remaining error that may exist in any instrument output reading. However, in many cases, there is a further complication that the final output from a measurement system is calculated by combining together two or more measurements of separate physical variables.

译为：在任何测量系统中，将误差减少到尽可能低的程度，然后量化可能存在于任何仪器输出读数中的最大误差，这是极其重要的。然而，在许多情况下，情况有点复杂，就是测量系统的最终输出是结合了两个或多个独立的测量物理变量而计算得到的。

In this case, special consideration must also be given to determining how the calculated error levels in each separate measurement should be combined together to give the best estimate of the most likely error magnitude in the calculated output quantity.

译为：在这种情况下，对于在每个单独的测量中，如何确定计算的误差等级，以及在计算输出量中给与尽可能最佳的误差幅度估计，还必须给予特殊的考虑。

The starting point in the quest(探求，寻找)to reduce the incidence of errors arising during the measurement process is to carry out a detailed analysis of all error sources in the system. Each of these error sources can then be considered in turn, looking for ways of eliminating or at least reducing the magnitude（量，量值，数量，尺度,大小，长度，重大，大量）of errors. Errors arising during the measurement process can be divided into two groups, known as systematic errors（系统误差）and random errors （随机误差）.

译为：寻求减少在测量过程中所产生的误差率的出发点是，在测量过程中对系统中的所有误差源进行详细分析。反过来考虑这些误差源中的每一个误差，就是寻找如何消除或至少减少误差的幅值。在测量过程中所产生的误差分为两组：系统误差和随机误差。1．systematic errors 系统误差

Systematic errors describe errors in the output readings of a measurement system that are consistently on one side of the correct reading, i.e. either all the errors are positive or they are all negative. Two major sources of systematic errors are system disturbance during measurement and the effect of environmental changes (modifying inputs).

句中positive和negative分别指值的“正”、“负”。

全句译为：系统误差描述了测量系统中输出读数始终在正确读数一边的误差，即所有误差均为正或均为负。系统误差的两个主要来源是测量过程中的系统干扰和环境变化的影响（改变