搅拌设备在工业生产中应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
《搅拌设备》课件
空载试运行
在无负载情况下进行空载试运 行，检查设备运行是否平稳， 无异常声响和振动。
检查紧固件
对所有紧固件进行检查，确保 无松动现象。
电气系统测试
检查电气系统是否正常，测试 电机和控制系统的功能是否正 常。
负载试运行
在加入负载的情况下进行试运 行，进一步检查设备的性能和 稳定性。
05 搅拌设Leabharlann 的维护与保养节，提高设备的自动化程度和生产效率。
搅拌设备的技术创新与改进
总结词
技术创新与改进是推动搅拌设备发展的关键因素，涉 及多个方面的技术突破和应用。
详细描述
技术创新与改进主要表现在以下几个方面：一是混合技 术的改进，通过优化混合原理和混合工艺，提高混合质 量和效率；二是驱动技术的改进，采用更高效、可靠的 驱动方式，提高设备的稳定性和可靠性；三是密封技术 的改进，通过改进密封结构和材料，提高设备的密封性 能和可靠性；四是智能化技术的引入，通过引入传感器 、控制器和计算机技术等，实现设备的智能化控制和监 测。
《搅拌设备》课件
contents
目录
• 搅拌设备概述 • 搅拌设备的结构与工作原理 • 搅拌设备的选型与设计 • 搅拌设备的安装与调试 • 搅拌设备的维护与保养 • 搅拌设备的发展趋势与展望
01 搅拌设备概述
定义与分类
定义
搅拌设备是一种用于混合、分散 、溶解、悬浮等过程的机械设备 ，广泛应用于化工、制药、食品 、环保等领域。
搅拌设备的发展趋势与展望
总结词
未来搅拌设备的发展将更加注重环保、节能和智能化 ，以满足可持续发展的需求。
详细描述
未来搅拌设备的发展趋势包括以下几个方面：一是更加 注重环保和节能，通过采用新型材料、优化设计和智能 控制等技术手段，降低设备的能耗和排放，提高设备的 环保性能；二是智能化水平的提升，通过引入物联网、 大数据和人工智能等技术，实现设备的远程监控、故障 诊断和预测性维护，提高设备的智能化水平；三是定制 化需求的满足，针对不同行业和不同工艺的需求，开发 定制化的搅拌设备，满足客户的个性化需求。
直流电动机中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文文献：DC Motor CalculationsOverviewNow that we have a good understanding of dc generators, we can begin our study of dc motors. Direct-current motors transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. They drive devices such as hoists, fans, pumps, calendars, punch-presses, and cars. These devices may have a definite torque-speed characteristic (such as a pump or fan) or a highly variable one (such as a hoist or automobile). The torque-speed characteristic of the motor must be adapted to the type of the load it has to drive, and this requirement has given rise to three basic types of motors: 1.Shunt motors 2. Series motors 3. Compound motors Direct-current motors are seldom used in ordinary industrial applications because all electric utility systems furnish alternating current. However, for special applications such as in steel mills, mines, and electric trains, it is sometimes advantageous to transform the alternating current into direct current in order to use dc motors. The reason is that the torque-speed characteristics of dc motors can be varied over a wide range while retaining high efficiency. Today, this general statement can be challenged because the availability of sophisticated electronic drives has made it possible to use alternating current motors for variable speed applications. Nevertheless, there are millions of dc motors still in service and thousands more are being produced every year.Counter-electromotive force (cemf)Direct-current motors are built the same way as generators are; consequently, a dc machine can operate either as a motor or as a generator. To illustrate, consider a dc generator in which the armature, initially at rest, is connected to a dc source E s by means of a switch (Fig. 5.1). The armature has a resistance R, and the magnetic field is created by a set of permanent magnets.As soon as the switch is closed, a large current flows in the armature because its resistance is very low. The individual armature conductors are immediately subjected to a force because they are immersed in the magnetic field created by the permanent magnets. These forces add upto produce a powerful torque, causing the armature to rotate.Figure 5.1 Starting a dc motor across the line.On the other hand, as soon as the armature begins to turn, a second phenomenon takes place: the generator effect. We know that a voltage E o is induced in the armature conductors as soon as they cut a magnetic field (Fig. 5.2). This is always true, no matter what causes the rotation. The value and polarity of the induced voltage are the same as those obtained when the machine operates as a generator. The induced voltage E o is therefore proportional to the speed of rotation n of the motor and to the flux F per pole, as previously given by Eq. 5.1:E o = Zn F/60 (5.1)As in the case of a generator, Z is a constant that depends upon the number of turns on the armature and the type of winding. For lap windings Z is equal to the number of armature conductors.In the case of a motor, the induced voltage E o is called counter-electromotive force (cemf) because its polarity always acts against the source voltage E s. It acts against the voltage in the sense that the net voltage acting in the series circuit of Fig. 5.2 is equal to (E s - Eo) volts and not (E s + E o) volts.Figure 5.2 Counter-electromotive force (cemf) in a dc motor.Acceleration of the motorThe net voltage acting in the armature circuit in Fig. 5.2 is (E s- E o) volts. The resulting armature current /is limited only by the armature resistance R, and soI = (E s- E o)IR (5.2)When the motor is at rest, the induced voltage E o= 0, and so the starting current isI = E s/RThe starting current may be 20 to 30 times greater than the nominal full-load current of the motor. In practice, this would cause the fuses to blow or the circuit-breakers to trip. However, if they are absent, the large forces acting on the armature conductors produce a powerful starting torque and a consequent rapid acceleration of the armature.As the speed increases, the counter-emf E o increases, with the result that the value of (E s—E o)diminishes. It follows from Eq. 5.1 that the armature current / drops progressively as the speed increases.Although the armature current decreases, the motor continues to accelerate until it reaches a definite, maximum speed. At no-load this speed produces a counter-emf E o slightly less than the source voltage E s. In effect, if E o were equal to E s the net voltage (E s—E o) would become zero and so, too, would the current /. The driving forces would cease to act on the armature conductors, and the mechanical drag imposed by the fan and the bearings would immediately cause the motor to slow down. As the speed decreases the net voltage (E s—E o) increases and so does the current /. The speed will cease to fall as soon as the torque developed by the armature current is equal to the load torque. Thus, when a motor runs at no-load, the counter-emf must be slightly less than E s so as to enable a small current to flow, sufficient to produce the required torque.Mechanical power and torqueThe power and torque of a dc motor are two of its most important properties. We now derive two simple equations that enable us to calculate them.1. According to Eq. 5.1 the cemf induced in a lap-wound armature is given byE o = Zn F/60Referring to Fig. 5.2, the electrical power P a supplied to the armature is equal to the supply voltage E s multiplied by the armature current I:P a = E s I (5.3)However, E s is equal to the sum of E o plus the IR drop in the armature:E s = E o + IR (5.4)It follows thatP a= E s I= (E o + IR)I=E o I + I2R (5.5)The I2R term represents heat dissipated in the armature, but the very important term E o I is the electrical power that is converted into mechanical power. The mechanical power of the motor is therefore exactly equal to the product of the cemf multiplied by the armature currentP = E o I (5.6)whereP = mechanical power developed by the motor [W]E o= induced voltage in the armature (cemf) [V]I = total current supplied to the armature [A]2. Turning our attention to torque T, we know that the mechanical power P is given by the expressionP = nT/9.55 (5.7)where n is the speed of rotation.Combining Eqs. 5.7,5.1, and 5.6, we obtainnT/9.55 = E o I= ZnFI/60and soT =Z F I/6.28The torque developed by a lap-wound motor is therefore given by the expressionT =Z F I/6.28 (5.8)whereT = torque [N×m]Z = number of conductors on the armatureF = effective flux per pole [Wb]*/ = armature current [A]6.28 = constant, to take care of units[exact value = 2p]Eq. 5.8shows that we can raise the torque of a motor either by raising the armature current or by raising the flux created by the poles.Speed of rotationWhen a dc motor drives a load between no-load and full-load, the IR drop due to armature resistance is always small compared to the supply voltage E s. This means that the counter-emf E s is very nearly equal to E s.On the other hand, we have already seen that Eo may be expressed by the equationE o = Zn F/60Replacing E o by E s we obtainE s = Zn F/60That is,wheren = speed of rotation [r/min]E s = armature voltage [V]Z = total number of armature conductorsThis important equation shows that the speed of the motor is directly proportional to the armature supply voltage and inversely proportional to the flux per pole. We will now study how this equation is applied.Armature speed controlAccording to Eq. 5.8, if the flux per pole F is kept constant (permanent magnet field or field with fixed excitation), the speed depends only upon the armature voltage E s. By raising or lowering E s the motor speed will rise and fall in proportion.In practice, we can vary E s by connecting the motor armature M to a separately excited variable-voltage dc generator G . The field excitation of the motor is kept constant, but the generator excitation I x can be varied from zero to maximum and even reversed. The generator output voltage E s can therefore be varied from zero to maximum, with either positive or negative polarity. Consequently, the motor speed can be varied from zero to maximum in either direction. Note that the generator is driven by an ac motor connected to a 3-phase line. This method of speed control, known as the Ward-Leonard system, is found in steel mills, high-rise elevators, mines, and paper mills.In modem installations the generator is often replaced by a high-power electronic converter that changes the ac power of the electrical utility to dc, by electronic means.What happens to the dc power received by generator G? When G receives electric power, it operates as a motor, driving its own ac motor as an asynchronous generator!* As a result, ac power is fed back into the line that normally feeds the ac motor. The fact that power can be recovered this way makes the Ward-Leonard system very efficient, and constitutes another of its advantages.Rheostat Speed ControlAnother way to control the speed of a dc motor is to place a rheostat in series with the armature . The current in the rheostat produces a voltage drop which subtracts from the fixed source voltage E s, yielding a smaller supply voltage across the armature. This method enables us to reduce the speed below its nominal speed. It is only recommended for small motors because a lot of power and heat is wasted in the rheostat, and the overall efficiency is low. Furthermore, thespeed regulation is poor, even for a fixed setting of the rheostat. In effect, the IR drop across the rheostat increases as the armature current increases. This produces a substantial drop in speed with increasing mechanical load.中文译文：直流电动机的计算概述现在，我们对直流发电机有一个很好的了解，我们可以开始对直流电动机的研究了。
常用术语中英对译
粗碎磨 冷铸辊 辊齿 输齿螺线 齿距 齿形 钝角 钝面 锋角 锋面 辊齿排列 锋对锋 锋对辊 轧点 轧距 差动装置 饮料团块破碎机 辊筒线速差 辊筒速比 (6)配料与混合设备 自动秤 批次配料系统 称重推车 称斗 重力式喂料器 振动喂料器 容积喂料器 单驱动重力喂料器 自流式喂料器 螺旋喂料器 叶轮喂料器 转盘喂料器 容积式配料器 重量式配料器 秤 台秤 斗槽秤 单杆秤 多杆秤 电子秤 自动秤 悬挂式杠杆秤 杠杆秤
蒸汽发生器 压制室 压制机芯 匀料机构 压辊 压模 平模 环模 环模内径 模孔 模孔有效长度 反向孔 压缩与压模间隙 安全销 切刀 油脂喷涂设备 筒式油脂喷涂机 炼脂器 炼脂槽 集脂器 储脂罐 供脂罐 颗粒冷却器 立式冷却器 卧式冷却器 单层冷却器 旋转式冷却器 叉流式冷却器 逆流式冷却器 双层冷却器 碎粒设备 碎粒机 辊式碎粒机 碎粒辊 颗粒分级筛 油脂喷涂机 压扁机 压片机 压块机 压饼机 膨化机 软颗粒机 烘干机
脂肪包衣，涂脂 冷却 碎粒 碎粒分级 颗 粒质量 耐久性 颗粒耐久性指数 粉化率 硬度 感观 饲料色泽 表观 平均长度 含粉量 适口性 颗 粒粉化率 压出比 挤出物 (颗粒中)细粉 颗 粒断裂 颗粒整粒率 可挤压性 蒸汽温度 蒸汽压力 糊化 颗 粒面能力 颗 粒机产量 能耗 单位蒸汽消耗 饱和蒸汽 压片 压块 压饼 膨化 挤压 (7)其它 预混合 稀释 稀释比 前处理 载体 稀释剂 气味增强
无筛粉碎机 侧筛粉碎机 全筛粉碎机 水滴式全筛粉碎机 进料斗 进料门 导向板 粉碎室 筛板 齿板 锤架板 销轴 锤片 锤片排列 交错排列 对称排列 锤片工作密度 锤片累计工作密度 锤片末端线速度 锤筛间隙 锤片轨迹数 筛片色角 转子工作直径 粉碎室有效工作宽度 预破碎机 喷风式粉碎机 离心冲击式粉碎机 吸风辅助系统 接角点 初始破碎区 锤端全速区 (筛孔)净孔尺寸 筛孔,筛眼 冲孔筛眼 长筛眼 袋孔 金钢砂脱壳机 打板 打板转子 磨盘 石磨 对辊 双对辊
常用研磨机外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录ACommonly used grinding machinePierre H G.Vertical-shaft crusher[J]. 2002.Abstract:As a kind of important ultra-precision processing method，the a dvantage of grinding is high machining accuracy, processing materials ran ge, almost suitable for all kinds of materials processing, grinding can get very high precision and shape accuracy, even can reach the limit, the m achining accuracy of grinding device is simple, does not need a lot of th e complex mechanical and not demanding equipment precision conditions.Keywords：Grind；Machining；Mechanical equipment1.IntroductionAs a super finishing one method, grinding machine is mainly used f or the high precision grinding workpiece plane, the surface of cylindrical workpieces both inside and outside, tapered face inside, sphere, thread face and other type surface. Its main types have dise-type grinding machi ne, shaft type grinding machine, magnetic grinding machine and all kinds of special grinding machine.Dise-type grinding machine points single plate and double-tray two t o double-tray grinding machine used the most common. In double-tray po lishing machine, multiple workpiece and into the mill plate, located on th e cage between inside, maintain frame and workpiece drives by eccentric or planet of plane parallel movement. The mill rotating, the parallel wit h the grinding plate can not turn, or with grinding plate under negative s pin, and can move to pressure workpiece (pressure adjustable). In additio n, with the grinding plate can also turning round pillar rocker to Angle, unloading workpieces. Double-tray grinding machine is mainly used for p rocessing two parallel planes, a plane (two pressure should be increased t o the workpiece accessorie), outside YuanZhuMian and sphere (with belt v-shaped slot grinding plate), etc. YuanZhuMian, because the processing and workpiece to both sliding, shall be reasonable choose to keep rolling type and arrangement plane slots Angle. Only a single plate grinding m achine, used for grinding plate under the grind workpiece under plane, ca n make the different shapes and sizes with plate processing, grinding wor-1-kpiece higher precision. Some grinding machine with the grinding process can be automatic calibration grinding plate institution.2.Whole mechanism researchShaft type grinding machine from positive, negative spin of spindle drive work-piece or inquiry with adjustable grinding ring or abrasive (gre at) rotation, the structure is simple, used for grinding inside and outside cylindrical planes.Magnetic grinding machine is by using magnetic force transmission t o stainless steel mill for high frequency workpiece needle to rotary motio n; But for precision workpiece in the hole and blind Angle, tiny crack ri se obvious good polishing grinding remove burr effect.Special grinding machine by grinding workpiece in accordance with t he different, have central hole grinding machine, steel ball grinding mach ine and gear grinding machine, etc.In addition, still have a kind of adopting similar centerless grinding principle unconditional grinding machine, used for grinding cylindrical wo rkpieces.Grinding is by abrasive abrasive effect on surface of workpiece, to t race processing. Grinding workpiece surface dimension accuracy, form an d position precision, abrasive tools, such as life and milling efficiency de pends largely on whether grinding movement.In order to make the surfac e of workpiece grinding uniform, from the perspectives of kinematics con cludes the following plane grinding best kinematics condition: firstly, wor kpiece with relative research of plane movement, should guarantee by gri nding workpiece surface with different points on relative research are the same or similar grinding track; secondly, grinding motion is provided by the workpiece and the relative movement between developed a realizatio n, different points on the surface of workpiece velocity should as far as possible the grinding the same; thirdly, grinding movement direction shou ld constantly change, grinding grain crisscross changeful, favors the surfa ce roughness of workpiece machining, but should avoid reduced by grind ing workpiece surface with different points on the relative research curvat ure grinding track changes too big, fourthly, grind with or pads working surface shape accuracy will reflect on the surface of workpiece, so the tr ajectories of workpiece with throughout the inquiry should be distributed homogeneously, favors the surface and uniform worn with research; finall y, workpiece with relative research by abrasive removal direction a sports freedom, so that can avoid for grinding machines guidance precision and cause errors.Grinding basic principle is to use embedded in coating or pressure with the abrasive particles on grind workpiece with and, through research in the relative movement under certain pressure for processing surface fi nish machining process.The cylindrical plane grinding process is to use free grits are two pl ane of cylinder scraping and extrusion process of removing materials to r educe cylindrical height, improve planar degree and reduce the surface ro ughness purpose. These remove effects through the cylindrical grinding pl ate with the relative movement in grits role down to perform.Abrasive is the main medium grinding process.The grinding process according to abr asive change can be divided into three stages.The first stage: the broken free abrasive stage. At the beginning of precision lapping ,initial larger grits cutting, then first participate in a bel t of edges and abrasive polyhedron, cutting ability. The role of the press ure, the grits size by crushing make more grits are competing in cutting, then on one hand consumption dimensions and cylinder of processes, thi s phase residual surfaces grinding efficiency is higher, size, cylindrical su rface roughness consumed fast. But this stage time is very short.Second stage: the grits particular and Mosaic stage. Due to the effec ts of stress fluctuation grinding plate and cylinder interaction constantly r olling mill grain, make the coarse grinding grain gradually broken into fi ne grits and size to converge, then the highest grinding efficiency, time a lso the longest. With the continuously detailed, all kinds of abrasive is al so relatively stable stage elements, at this stage of the geometry precision ball improved and basically reaches corresponding requirements, the surf ace quality gradually enhance, roughness decline. This phase is gangqiu s tability processing phases.The third stage: grits passivation and grinds light phase. In this phas e abrasive most refined for o. apms m the following three fine grits, grit s by the shape of the original sharp geometry without sharp edges into t he sleek sphere, grinding speed greatly reduced. Passivation of grits only to micro powder cylindrical plane more trace grinding, polishing quantit y Grinding quantity is about from 0.2 to 0.3 microns per hour .This sta ge cylindrical surface roughness further reduce and eventually reach the s tandard.Generally speaking, there are four main grind track: (1) linear grindi ng trajectory. This method is applicable to the steps of long and narrow plane workpiece grinding can obtain higher geometry precision, but not easily get smaller surface roughness. (2) swing linear grinding trajectory. Can achieve good straightness. (3) spiral grinding trajectory. Mainly used for discs shape or cylindrical workpieces grinding, flat end can gain a h igh flatness and smaller surface roughness. (4) "8" glyph grinding trajecto ry. Suitable for flat class overhauled and small plane workpiece of grinding workpiece, can make mutual grinding plane media contact and has ev en developed evenly wear.In the production practice, grinding is a kind of common finishing c raft, grinding method unceasing progress and renewal, to adapt to the dif ferent processing requirements of various literature material reports, there are many methods of grinding, polishing, abrasive flow injection of ultras onic machining, electrochemical polishing, chemical polishing, magnetic a brasive grinding, liquid abrasive grinding etc exterior smooth the whole p rocessing technology. The most commonly used and application most is a mechanical polishing, its characteristic is can obtain higher dimension pr ecision, shape accuracy and low surface roughness, but requires the opera tor has high level of technology and experience, machining efficiency lo w, labor intensive, processing quality not easy to control, the surface resi dual stress is big, surface residual grits can also affect surface quality.Magnetic abrasive law is through magnetic polarity will magnetic abr asive surface processing, suction pressure in surface processing and betwe en the poles for millimeter clearance, can be in magnetic abrasive machi ning gap arrange them along the field, forming elastic magnetic brush an d pressure on the surface of workpiece attached. Rotating magnetic field or rotating product, make magnetic brush and relative motion processing, thus pure polisher a surface. The characteristics of magnetic grinding is t hat no matter how the surface processing, you should just make poles sh ape and processing surface shape can be generally anastomose,it can accu rate grinding a fine curved surface of workpiece surface, and magnetic a brasive act applies to grind cutting and grinding process is usually to co mpetent complex shape parts surface smooth processing.Grinding machine adopts stepless speed regulation control system, ca n be easily adjusted adheasine grind various parts of grinding speed. Usi ng electricity - gas proportional valve close-loop feedback grinding machi ne pressure control, can independence regulation pressure device. Slow fal ling installed in the up-tray to prevent the crash of brittleness slice. Thro ugh a time relay and a grinding counter, can press processing requiremen ts accurately Settings and control of milling time and grinding lap. Work can be adjusted pressure mode, achieve grinding set time or lap will automatically stop alarm prompt, realize half automation.Grinding machine variable speed control method, grinding has three stages, namely beginning, formal stage and end stage, beginning abrasive acc rotation, the official stage abrasive constant speed rotating, end stag e abrasive slow down, whose character is, rotating grinding beginning ingrinding speed, artificially controlled by slow from zero to acceleration o f fast speed increases, when the abrasive ascended to the formal grinding speed, acceleration the half of the changes occur a inflection point, cont rol the acceleration of grinding speed by slowly by almost to the maxim um speed is reduced, until the grinding tools to formally, the acceleration of speed grinding speed reduced to zero.3.SummaryUse the characteristic of a solid abrasive abrasive, according to the r elative movement between grinding workpiece track density distribution, a reasonable design abrasive abrasive density distribution on, in order to make abrasive that occur in the grinding process does not affect the abra sive wear face type, thereby significantly improve the precision of the su rface type precision.Future as people are becoming more demanding to improve product performance, grinding machining accuracy and processing with its high q uality, which has attracted the attention of people. Therefore, ultra-precisi on will be more conspicuous in the future.附录B常用研磨机Pierre H G. Vertical-shaft crusher[J]. 2002.摘要：研磨是超精密加工中一种重要加工方法，其优点是加工精度高，加工材料范围广，几乎适合于各种材料的加工，研磨加工可以得到很高的尺寸精度和形状精度，甚至可以达到加工精度的极限，研磨装置简单，不需要大量复杂的机械并且不苛求设备的精度条件。
搅拌机毕业设计论文
目录1 概述 (2)2 文献综述 (3)2.1 国外路面铣刨机与发展趋势 (3)2.2国内路面铣刨机与发展趋势 (4)3.课题的研究与意义 (6)4.设计方案的论证 (7)4.1原始条件及数据 (7)4.2设计的技术要求 (7)4.3路面铣刨机的总体设计 (7)4.3.1 路面铣刨机的选型 (7)4.3.2 传动方式的选择 (8)5.进度安排： (10)6.参考文献： (11)1 概述路面铣刨机是在沥青路面养护施工机械的主要机种之一，主要用于公路、城市道路等沥青砼面层清除拥包、油浪、网纹、车辙等。
用路面铣刨机铣削损坏的旧铺层，再铺设新面层是一种最经济的现代化养护方法，由于它工作效率高、施工工艺简单、铣削深度易于控制、操作方便灵活、机动性能好、铣削的旧料能直接回收利用等，因而广泛应用于城镇市政道路和告诉公路养护工程中。
2 文献综述2.1 国外路面铣刨机与发展趋势国外路面铣刨机起源于20 世纪50年代，经过50 年的发展，积累了丰富的研制、应用经验。
随着机、电、液一体化技术的成功应用，其技术参数、整机性能、外观形象等得到突破性进展，形成了以德国维特根（Wirtgen）公司产品为代表的欧洲风格和以美国卡特彼勒公司、RoadTec 公司、CIM 公司产品为代表的北美风格。
作为实现路面铣刨的设备，国外铣刨机经历了由热铣到冷铣，由无集料到有自动集料装置的发展过程。
如50 年代，日本研制了1 号电热式铣刨机，它是在平地机上安装了一个加热装置，后部装备铣刨机，边加热边铣刨，加热宽度为2m，铣深只有20mm，工作速度也只有0-12km/h。
60 年代后，日本又在平地机上改装成了世界上第一台冷式沥青路面铣刨机，铣刨宽度为2m，深度30-50mm。
首台铣刨机出现在1971 年的德国，这是由维特根公司开发的装有红外预加热系统的小型铣刨机，它的出现开创了道路养护施工的新纪元。
到20世纪70 年代中期，全欧洲已有一百多台这样的铣刨机在使用。
农学专业水稻产量和品质中英文对照外文翻译文献
选取一块完整的地块，尺寸为3.2*4.2，根据实际情况进行分离，分成一米见宽的小区，上面要覆盖塑料薄膜，用竹签插入地里50CM左右进行固定。灌溉时，采取干湿交替的灌溉方法和大量高效消毒剂，使其湿润含水量要适中。这样6天后，土壤水势达到25千帕（土壤水分含量0.161千克），土壤水分深度15到20厘米，继续灌溉知道土壤水势达到50千帕（土壤水分含量为0.136千克）。这些工作表明，土壤干燥在水稻对水的利用率下降期间没有严重降低粮食产量，只有在严重干旱时才有所影响。用于灌溉的水，应该通过特殊的塑料管线输送，并且需安装一个避雨的钢架，覆盖上塑料薄膜，以使每个小区都能避免雨淋。
粮食利润的下降时在水稻生育期是受干旱影响，由空子房发育成颖果，从而影响粮食的质量。主要是这个时期的灌溉情况所致，通常在收获前1到2周停止灌溉。我们并不知道，在早期灌溉是否影响水稻产量和品质。
水稻籽粒的干重中，胚乳约占90%。粮食利润的下降实际上是一个过程。普遍认为，有4中酶发挥着至关重要的作用：蔗糖合成酶、腺苷二磷酸舒缩葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶和淀粉分支酶。因此，重要的是知道如何改变这四种酶的活动，进而影响水稻的水分利用。
根参与了养分和水分的运输，合成植物激素和植物酶，并和植物嫩芽之间交流。尽管研究的排水连锁在水稻生长和根活力的季节摄取养分和产量形成。没有系统的根据可改变根系活力对水分利用情况的改变。
本研究的目的是探讨是否干湿交替的灌溉方法，对水分在土壤中含量的影响，以及能否保持较高的粮食产量和粮食品质。这种灌溉制度对着两种高产品种的主要品质：研磨性状，外观，蒸煮食味与淀粉粘糊度，以及关键酶的活动对籽粒中蔗糖和淀粉转化的决定作用。
植物的光和作用产生的能量有60%被用于合成有机物，其余的被存储起来，供应叶鞘和茎秆，以及提供开花所需要的能量。为了实现更好的产量和质量，细胞的代谢活动必须配合能量的最大活动，在水分胁迫期间，籽粒的水利用率下降，也使光合作用下降，缩短了粮食的周期和利润下降的时期，导致许多粮食干重低于国际标准。这将是可能的，但是，轻度土壤干燥过程中谷物利润的下降将无法抑制的现象，它将加强对碳再活化的植物组织对粮食，导致增加收成指数和粮食产量。
热电联产中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文文献:The Optimal Operation Criteria for a Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Abstract: The study demonstrated the optimal operation criteria of a gas turbine cogeneration system based on the analytical solution of a linear programming model. The optimal operation criteria gave the combination of equipment to supply electricity and steam with the minimum energy cost using the energy prices and the performance of equipment. By the comparison with a detailed optimization result of an existing cogeneration plant, it was shown that the optimal operation criteria successfully provided a direction for the system operation under the condition where the electric power output of the gas turbine was less than the capacity.Keywords: Gas turbine; Cogeneration; Optimization; Inlet air cooling.1. IntroductionCogeneration, or combined heat and power production, is suitable for industrial users who require large electricity as well as heat, to reduce energy and environmental impact. To maximize cogeneration, the system has to be operated with consideration electricity and heat demands andthe performance of equipment. The optimal operation of cogeneration systems is intricate in many cases, however, due to the following reasons. Firstly, a cogeneration system is a complex of multiple devices which are connected each other by multiple energy paths such as electricity, steam, hot water and chilled water. Secondly, the performance characteristics of equipment will be changed by external factors such as weather conditions.For example, the output and the efficiency of gas turbines depend on the inlet air temperature. Lastly,the optimal solution of operation of cogeneration systems will vary with the ratio of heat demand to electricity demand and prices of gas, oil and electricity.Because of these complexities of cogeneration systems, a number of researchers have optimal solutions of cogeneration systems using mathematical programming or other optimization techniques. Optimization work focusing on gas turbine cogeneration systems are as follows. Yokoyama et al. [1] presented optimal sizing and operational planning of a gas turbine cogeneration system using a combination of non-linear programming and mixed-integer linear programming methods. They showed the minimum annual total cost based on the optimization strategies. A similar technique was used by Beihong andWeiding [2] for optimizing the size of cogeneration plant. A numerical example of a gas turbine cogeneration system in a hospital was given and the minimization of annual total cost was illustrated. Kong et al. [3] analyzed a combined cooling, heating and power plant that consisted of a gas turbine, an absorption chiller and a heat recovery boiler. The energy cost of the system was minimized by a linear programming model and it was revealed that the optimal operational strategies depended on the load conditions as well as on the cost ratio of electricity to gas. Manolas et al. [4] applied a genetic algorithm (GA) for the optimization of an industrial cogeneration system, and examined the parameter setting of the GA on the optimization results. They concluded that the GA was successful and robust in finding the optimal operation of a cogeneration system.As well as the system optimization, the performance improvement of equipment brings energy cost reduction benefits. It is known that the electric power output and the efficiency of gas turbines decrease at high ambient temperatures. Some technical reports [5, 6] show that the electric power output of a gas turbine linearly decreases with the rise of the ambient temperature, and it varies about 5 % to 10 % with a temperature change of 10 ◦C. Therefore, cooling of the turbine inlet air enhances electric output and efficiency. Some studies have examined theperformance of the gas turbine with inlet air cooling as well as the effect of various cooling methods [7, 8, 9].The cooling can be provided without additional fuel consumption by evaporative coolers or by waste heat driven absorption chillers. The optimal operation of the system will be more complex, however, especially in the case of waste heat driven absorption chillers because the usage of the waste heat from the gas turbine has to be optimized by taking into consideration the performance of not only the gas turbine and the absorption chiller but also steam turbines, boilers and so on. The heat and electricity demands as well as the prices of electricity and fuels also influence the optimal operation.The purpose of our study is to provide criteria for optimal operation of gas turbine cogeneration systems including turbine inlet air cooling. The criteria give the minimum energy cost of the cogeneration system. The method is based on linear programming and theKuhn-Tucker conditions to examine the optimal solution, which can be applied to a wide range of cogeneration systems.2. The Criteria for the Optimal Operation of Gas Turbine Cogeneration SystemsThe criteria for the optimal operation of gas turbine cogeneration systems were examined from the Kuhn-Tucker conditions of a linear programming model [10]. A simplified gas turbine cogeneration system was modeled and the region where the optimal solution existed was illustrated on a plane of the Lagrange multipliers.2.1. The Gas Turbine Cogeneration System ModelThe gas turbine cogeneration system was expressed as a mathematical programming model. The system consisted of a gas turbine including an inlet air cooler and a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), a steam turbine, an absorption chiller, a boiler and the electricity grid. Figure 1 shows the energy flow of the system. Electricity, process steam, and cooling for process or for air-conditioning are typical demands in industry, and they can be provided by multiple suppliers. In the analysis, cooling demands other than for inlet air cooling were not taken into account, and therefore, the absorption chiller would work only to provide inlet air cooling of the gas turbine. The electricity was treated as the electric power in kilowatts, and the steam and the chilled water were treated as the heat flow rates in kilowatts so that the energy balance can be expressed in the same units.Figure 1. The energy flow of the simplified gas turbine cogeneration system with the turbineinlet air cooling.The supplied electric power and heat flow rate of the steam should be greater than or equal to the demands, which can be expressed by Eqs. (1-2).(1)(2)where, xe and xs represent the electric power demand and the heat flow rate of the steam demand. The electric power supply from the grid, the gas turbine and the steam turbine are denoted by xG, xGT and xST, respectively. xB denotes the heat flow rate of steam from the boiler, and xAC denotes the heat flow rate of chilled water from the absorption chiller. The ratio of the heat flow rate of steam from the HRSG to the electric power from the gas turbine is denominated the steam to electricity ratio, and denoted by ρGT. Then, ρGTxGT represents the heat flow rate o f steam from the gas turbine cogeneration. The steam consumption ratios of the steam turbine and the absorption chiller are given as ωST and ωAC, respectively. The former is equivalent to the inverse of the efficiency based on the steam input, and the latter is equivalent to the inverse of the coefficient of performance.The inlet air cooling of the gas turbine enhances the maximum output from the gas turbine. By introducing the capacity of the gas turbine, XGT, the effect of the inlet air cooling was expressed by Eq. (3).(3).It was assumed that the increment of the gas turbine capacity was proportional to the heatflow rate of chilled water supplied to the gas turbine. The proportional constant is denoted byαGT.In addition to the enhancement of the gas turbine capacity, the inlet air cooling improves the electric efficiency of the gas turbine. Provided that the improvement is proportional to the heat flow rate of chilled water to the gas turbine, the fuel consumption of the gas turbine can be expressed as ωGTxGT¡βGTxAC, whereωGT is the fuel consumption ratio without the inlet air cooling and βGT is the improvement factor of the fuel consumption by the inlet air cooling. As the objective of the optimization is the minimization of the energy cost during a certain time period, Δt, the energy cost should be expressed as a function of xG, xGT, xST, xB and xAC. By defining the unit energy prices of the electricity, gas and oil as Pe, Pg and Po, respectively, the energy cost, C, can be given as:(4)where, ωB is the fuel consumpti on ratio of the boiler, which is equivalent to the inverse of the thermal efficiency.All the parameters that represent the characteristics of equipment, such as ωGT, ωST, ωAC, ωB, ρGT, αGT and βGT, were assumed to be constant so that the system could be m odeled by the linear programming. Therefore, the part load characteristics of equipment were linearly approximated.2.2. The Mathematical Formulation and the Optimal Solution From Eqs. (1–4), the optimization problem is formed as follows:(5)(6)(7)(8)where, x = (xG, xGT, xST, xB, xAC). Using the Lagrange multipliers, λ = (λ1, λ2, λ3), theobjectivefunction can be expressed by the Lagrangian, L(x,λ).(9)According to the Kuhn-Tucker conditions, x and λ satisfy the following conditions at the optimal solution.(10)(11)(12)(13)The following inequalities are derived from Eq. (10).(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)Equation (11) means that xi > 0 if the derived expression concerning the supplier i satisfies the equali ty, otherwise, xi = 0. For example, xG has a positive value if λ1 equals PeΔt. If λ1 is less than PeΔt, then xG equals zero.With regard to the constraint g3(x), it is possible to classify the gas turbine operation into two conditions.The first one is the case where the electric power from the gas turbine is less than the capacity,which means xG < XGT + αGTxAC. The second one is the case where the electric power from the gas turbine is at the maximum, which means xGT = XGT + αGTxAC. We denominate the former and the latter conditions the operational conditions I and II, respectively. Due to Eq. (12) of the Kuhn-Tucker condition, λ3 = 0 on the operational condition I, and λ3 > 0 on the operational condition II.2.3. The Optimal Solution where the Electric Power from the Gas Turbine is less than theCapacityOn the operational condition I where xG < XGT + αGTxAC, Eqs. (14–18) can be drawn on the λ1-λ2 plane because λ3 equals zero. The region surrounded by the inequalities gives the feasible solutions, and the output of the supplier i has a positive value, i.e. xi > 0, when the solution exists on the line which represents the supplier i.Figure 2 illustrates eight cases of the feasible solution region appeared on the λ1-λ2 plane. The possible optimal solutions ar e marked as the operation modes “a” to “g”. The mode a appears in the case A, where the grid electricity and the boiler are chosen at the optimal operation. In the mode b,the boiler and the steam turbine satisfy the electric power demand and the heat flow rate of the steam demand. After the case C, the electric power from the gas turbine is positive at the optimal operation.In the case C, the optimal operation is the gas turbine only (mode c), the combination of the gas turbine and the boiler (mode d) or the combination of the gas turbine and the grid electricity (mode e). In this case, the optimal operation will be chosen by the ratio of the heat flow rate of the steam demand to the electric power demand, which will be discussed later. When the line which represents the boiler does not cross the gas turbine line in the first quadrant, which is the case C’, only the modes c and e appear as the possible optimal solutions. The modes f and g appear in the cases D and E, respectively. The suppliersThe cases A through E will occur depending on the performance parameters of the suppliers and the unit energy prices. The conditions of each case can be obtained from the graphical analysis. For example, the case A occurs if λ1 at the intersection of G and B is smaller than that at the intersection of GT and B, and is smaller than that at the intersection of ST and B. In addition, the line B has to be located above the line AC so that the feasible solution region exists. Then, the following conditions can be derived.(19)(20)(21)Equation (19) means that the gas cost to produce a certain quantity of electricity and steam with the gas turbine is higher than the total of the electricity and oil costs to purchase the same quantity of electricity from the grid and to produce the same quantity of steam with the boiler.Equation (20) means that the electricity cost to purchase a certain quantity of electricity is cheaper than the oil cost to produce the same quantity of electricity using the boiler and the steam turbine. Equation (21) indicates that the reduction of the gas cost by a certain quantity of the inlet air cooling should be smaller than the oil cost to provide the same quantity of cooling using the boiler and the absorption chiller. Otherwise, the optimal solution does not exist because the reduction of the gas cost is unlimited by the inlet air cooling using the absorption chiller driven by the boiler.Figure 2. The possible cases of the optimal solution on the operational condition ISimilar ly, the following conditions can be derived for the other cases. The condition given as Eq. (21) has to be applied to all the cases below.Case B:(22)(23)Equation (22) compares the production cost of the electricity and the steam between the gas and the oil. The gas cost to produce a certain quantity of electricity and steam by the gas turbine is higher than the oil cost to produce the same quantity of electricity and steam by thecombination of the boiler and the steam turbine. Equation (23) is the opposite of Eq. (20), which means that the oil cost to produce a certain quantity of electricity by the boiler and the steam turbine is cheaper than the purchase price of electricity.Case C:(24)(25)(26)(27)Equation (24) is the opposite case of Eq. (19). Equation (25) compares the boiler and the gas turbine regarding the steam production, which is related to the mode d. In the case C, the oil cos t for the boiler is cheaper than the gas cost for the gas turbine to produce a certain quantity of steam. If the gas cost is cheaper, mode d is not a candidate for the optimal sol ution, as illustrated in the case C’. Equations (26) and (27) evaluate the effectiveness of the steam turbine and the inlet air cooling by the absorption chiller,resp ectively. The grid electricity is superior to the steam turbine and to the inlet air cooling in this case.Case D:In addition to Eq. (25),(28)(29)(30)Similarly to the case C’, the case D’ occurs if the inequality sign of Eq. (25) is reversed. Equation (28) is the opposite case of Eq. (22), which is the comparison of the electricity production between gas and oil. Equation (29) is the opposite case of Eq. (26), which is the comparison of the steam turbine and grid electricity. The gas cost to produce a certain quantity of electricity by the combination of the gas turbine and the steam turbine is cheaper than the purchase cost of the same quantity of electricity from the grid. Equation (30) gives the condition where the steam turbine is more advantageous than the inlet air cooling by the absorption chiller. The left hand side of Eq. (30) represents an additional steam required for a certain quantity of electricity production by the inlet air cooling. Therefore, Eq. (30) insists that the steam required for a certain quantity of electricity production by the steam turbine is smaller than that requiredfor the same quantity of electricity production by the inlet air cooling in this case, and it is independent of energy prices.Case E:In addition to Eq.(25),(31)(32)The case E’ occurs if Eq. (25) is reversed. Equations (31) and (32) are the opposite cases of Eqs. (27)and (30), which give the conditions where the inlet air cooling is more advantageous compared with the alternative technologies. In this case, Eq. (28) is always satisfied because of Eqs. (21) and (32).The conditions discussed above can be arranged using the relative electricity price, Pe/Pg and the relative oil price, Po/Pg. The optimal cases to be chosen are graphically shown in Figure 3 on the Po/Pg-Pe/Pg plane. When Eq. (30) is valid, Figure 3 (a) should be applied. The inlet air cooling is not an optimal option in any case. When Eq. (32) is valid, the cases E and E’ appear on the plane and the steam turbine is never chosen, as depicted in Figure 3 (b). It is noteworthy that if the inlet air cooling cannot improve the gas turbine efficiency, i.e. βGT = 0, the inlet air cooling is never the optimal solution.As the cases C, D and E include three operation modes, another criterion for the selection of the optimal operation mode is necessary in those cases. The additional criterion is related with the steam to electricity ratio, and can be derived from the consideration below.In the c ases C, D and E, λ1 and λ2 have positive values. Therefore, two of the constraints given as Eqs. (6) and (7) take the equality conditions due to the Kuhn-Tucker condition Eq. (12). Then, the two equations can be solved simultaneously for two variables which have positive values at each mode.For the mode d, the simultaneous equations can be solved under xGT, xB > 0 and xG, xST, xAC = 0.Then, one can obtain xGT = xe and xB = xs ¡ ρGTxe. Because xB has a positive value, the following condition has to be satisfied for the mode d to be selected.(33)At the mode e, one can obtain xG = xe ¡ xs/ρGT and xGT = xs/ρGT, and the following condition can be drawn out of the former expression because xG is greater than zero at this mode.(34)Similar considerations can be applied to the cases D and E. Consequently, Eq. (33) is the condition for the mode d to be selected, while Eq. (34) is the condition for the modes e, f or g to be selected. Furthermore, it is obvious that the mode c has to be chosen if the steam to electricity ratio of the gas turbine is equal to the ratio of the heat flow rate of the steam demand to the electric power demand, i.e. ρGT = xs/xe.Equations (33) and (34) mean that when the steam to electricity ratio of the gas turbine is smaller than the ratio of the heat flow rate of the steam demand to the electric power demand, the gas turbine should be operated to meet the electric power demand. Then, the boiler should balance the heat flow rate of the steam supply with the demand. On the other hand, if the steam to electricity ratio of the gas turbine is larger than the ratio of the heat flow rate of the steam demand to the electric power demand,the gas turbine has to be operated to meet the heat flow rate of the steam demand. Then, the insufficient electric power supply from the gas turbine has to be compensated by either the grid (mode e), the steam turbine (mode f), or the inlet air cooling (mode g). There is no need of any auxiliary equipment to supply additional electric power or steam if the steam to electricity ratio of the gas turbine matches the demands.Figure 3. The optimal operation cases expressed on the relative oil price-relative electricity price plane (the operational condition I).2.4. The Optimal Solution where the Electric Power from the Gas Turbine is at the MaximumIn the operational condition II, the third constraint, Eq. (8), takes the equality condition and λ3 would have a positive value. Then, Eqs. (11) and (18) yields:(35)It is reasonable to assume that ρGT ¡ !AC ®GT > 0 and ωGT ¡ ¯GT ®GT > 0 in the case ofgas turbine cogeneration systems because of relatively low electric efficiency (¼ 25 %) and a high heat to electricity ratio (ρGT > 1.4). Then, the optimal solution cases c an be defined by a similar consideration to the operational condition I, and the newly appeared cases are illustrated in Figure 4. The cases F and G can occur in the operational condition II in addition to the cases A and B of the operational condition I. Similarly to the cases C’ and D’ of the operational condition I, the cases F’ and G’ can be defined where the mode h is excluded from the cases F and G, respectively.Figure 4. The optimal solution cases on the operational condition II.In the operational condition II, the conditions of the cases A and B are slightly different from those in the operational condition I, as given below.Case A:(36)(37)Case B:(38)(39)The conditions for the cases F and G are obtained as follows.Case F:(40)(41)(42)Case G:In addition to Eq. (41),(43)(44)The case s F’ and G’ occur whenthe inequality sign of Eq. (41) is reversed. Equations (36), (38),(40), (41), (42), (43) and (44) correspond to Eqs. (19), (22), (24), (25), (26), (28) and (29), respectively.In these equations, ωGT ¡ ¯GT®GTis substituted for ωGT, an d ρGT ¡ !AC®GTis substituted for ρGT.The optimal cases of the operational condition II are illustrated on the Po/Pg-Pe/Pg plane as shown in Figure 5. Unlike the operational condition I, there is no lower limit of the relative oil price for the optimal solution to exist. The line separating the cases F and G is determined by the multiple parameters.Basically, a larger ρGT or a smaller ωST lowers the line, which causes a higher possibility for the case G to be selected.Figure 5. The optimal operation cases expressed on the relative oil price-relative electricity price plane (the operational condition II).To find the optimal mode out of three operation modes included in the cases F or G, another strategy is necessary. The additional conditions can be found by a similar examination on the variables to that done for the cases C, D and E. In the operational condition II, three variables can be analytically solved by the constraints given as Eqs. (6), (7) and (8) taking equality conditions.In the mode g, only two variables, ωGT andωAC are positive and the other variables are equal to zero.Therefore, the analytical solutions of those in the operational condition II can be obtained from equations derived from Eqs. (6) and (7) as xGT = xe and xAC = (ρGTxe ¡xs)/ωA C. Then the third constraint gives the equality condition concerning xs/xe and XGT/xe as follows:(45)where, XGT/xe represents the ratio of the gas turbine capacity to the electricity demand, and XGT/xe ·1.For mode h, the condition where this mode should be selected is derived from the analytical solution of xB with xB > 0 as follows:(46)For the mode i, xG > 0 and xAC > 0 give the following two conditions.(47)(48)For the mode j, xST > 0 and xAC > 0 give the following conditions.(49)(50)The conditions given as Eqs. (45–50) are graphically shown in Figure 6. In the cases F and G,the operational condition II cannot be applied to the region of xsxe< ρGTXGT xeand xsxe<(ωST+ρGT)XGTxe¡ωST,respectively, because xAC becomes negative in this region. The optimal operation should be found under the operational condition I in this region.3. Comparison of the Optimal Operation Criteria with a Detailed Optimization ResultTo examine the applicability of the method explained in the previous section to a practical cogeneration system, the combination of the suppliers selected by the optimal operation criteria was compared with the results of a detailed optimization of an existing plant.3.1. An Example of an Existing Energy Center of a FactoryAn energy center of an existing factory is depicted in Figure 7. The factory is located in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, and produces car-related parts. The energy center produces electricity by a combined cycle of a gas turbine and a steam turbine. The gas turbine can be fueled with either gas or kerosene, and it is equipped with an inlet air cooler. The electric power distribution system of the factory is also linked to the electricity grid so that the electricity can be purchased in case the electric power supply from the energy center is insufficient.The steam is produced from the gas turbine and boilers. The high, medium or low pressure steam is consumed in the manufacturing process as well as for the driving force of the steam turbine and absorption chillers. The absorption chillers supply chilled water for the process, air conditioning and the inlet air cooling. One of the absorption chiller can utilize hot water recovered from the low temperature waste gas of the gas turbine to enhance the heat recovery efficiency of the system.Figure 6. The selection of the optimal operation mode in the cases of F and G.3.2. The Performance Characteristics of the EquipmentThe part load characteristics of the equipment were linearly approximated so that the system could be modeled by the linear programming. The approximation lines were derived from the characteristics of the existing machines used in the energy center.The electricity and the steam generation characteristics of the gas turbine and the HRSG are shown in Figure 8, for example. The electric capacity of the gas turbine increases with lower inlet air temperatures. The quantity of generated steam is also augmented with lower inlet air temperatures.In practice, it is known that the inlet air cooling is beneficial when the purchase of the grid electricity will exceed the power contract without the augmentation of the gas turbine capacity. Furthermore, the inlet air cooling is effective when the outdoor air temperature is higher than 11 ◦C. A part of the operation of the actual gas turbine system is based on the above judgement of the operator, which is also included in the detailed optimization model.3.3. The Detailed Optimization of the Energy CenterThe optimization of the system shown in Figure 7 was performed by a software tool developed for this system. The optimization method used in the tool is the linear programming method combined with the listed start-stop patterns of equipment and with the judgement whether the inlet air cooling is on oroff. The methodology used in the tool is fully described in the reference [11].Figure 7. An energy center of a factory.Figure 8. The performance characteristics of the gas turbine and the HRSG.The Detailed Optimization MethodThe energy flow in the energy center was modeled by the linear programming. The outputs of equipment were the variables to be optimized, whose values could be varied within the lower and upper limits. To make the optimization model realistic, it is necessary to take the start-stop patterns of the equipment into account. The start-stop patterns were generated according to thepossible operation conditions of the actual energy center, and 20 patterns were chosen for the enumeration. The optimal solution was searched by the combination of the enumeration of the start-stop patterns and the linear programming method. The list of the start-stop patterns of the gas turbine and the steam turbine is given in Figure 9.The demands given in the detailed optimization are shown in Figure 10 as the ratios of the heat flow rate of the steam demand to the electric power demand on a summer day with a large electric power demand and on a winter day with a small steam demand. On the summer day, the ratio of the heat flow rate of the steam demand to the electric power demand is at a low level throughout a day. While, it is high on the winter day, and during the hours 2 to 6, the ratio exceeds 1.4 that is the steam to electricity ratio of the gas turbine.Figure 9. The start-stop patterns of the gas turbine and the steam turbine.The Plant Operation Obtained by the Detailed OptimizationThe accumulated graphs shown in Figures 11 through 14 illustrate the electric power supply and the heat flow rate of the steam supply from equipment on the summer and winter days. On the summer day, the gas turbine and the steam turbine worked at the maximum load and the electric power demand was met by the purchase from the grid for most of the day except the hours 2 to 6, at which the electric power demand was small. The inlet air cooling of the gas turbine was used only at the hours 10 and 14, at which the peak of the electric power demand existed. The steam was mainly supplied by the gas turbine, and the boiler was used only if the total heat flow rate of the steam demands by the process, the steam turbine, and the absorption。
药物制剂常用设备名称中英文
药物制剂常用设备名称中英文粉碎粗粉碎机 Rough pulverizer万能粉碎机 Universal pulverizer高效粉碎机 High-efficient pulverizer微粉碎机 Micro-particle pulverizer超微（气流）粉碎机 Super-micro-particle(air flow)pulverizer 低温粉碎机 Low temperature pulverizer筛分振荡筛 Vibration sifter振荡筛粉机 Vibration powder sifter高效筛粉机 High-efficient power sifter电磁振荡筛 Vibration sifter with Electromagnetism摇摆式多级筛 Swing type of multi-stage sifter混合槽式混合机 Trough type of blender桶式预混合机 Bucket type of pre-blenderV型混合机 V type of blender强制搅拌V型混合机 V type of blender with Compelling stirrerW型混合机 W type of blender转筒混合机 Cylindrical blender多维（三维）混合机 Multi-dimension(three-D)blender料斗式混合机 Hopper type of blender料斗提升式混合机 Blender with hopper lifting方锥型混合机 Square-taper blender无重力混合机 Agravic mixer双螺旋锥型混合机 Conical double-worm mixer混合乳化机 Mixing emulsification machine制粒摇摆式颗粒机 Pendular granulator挤压造粒机 Squeezing granulator湿法（高速）混合制粒机 Wet(high-efficient)mixing granulator 快速（高效）混合制粒机 Fast(high-efficient)mixing granulator 球形造粒机 Spheroid granulator喷雾干燥制粒机 Spraying and dry granulator干式造粒机 Dry granulate machine粉碎整粒机 Grinding and granulate machine球形整粒机 Spheroid granulate machine快速整粒机 Fast granulate machine干燥沸腾制粒干燥机 Fluid bed granulating drier高速混合制粒干燥机 Granulating drier with high-speed mixing流化造粒包衣干燥机 Fluidizing grain coating drier热风循环烘箱 Hot air circulating oven热风循环烘箱 Hot air circulating oven真空干燥机 Vacuum drier双锥回转真空干燥机 Double tapered Vacuum drier沸腾干燥器（流化床） Fluid bed drier高效沸腾干燥机 High-efficient Fluid bed drier高速离心喷雾干燥机 High-speed centrifuging and spraying drier中药浸膏用喷雾干燥机 Spray drier for Chinese traditional medicine extract 压力喷雾干燥机 Pressure spraying drier气流喷雾干燥机 Air-stream spraying drier脉冲气流干燥器 Pulse air-streaming drier振动流化床干燥机 Vibrating fluid-bed drier管束式干燥机 Pipe bundle drier带式干燥机 Belt drier旋转闪蒸干燥机 Rotating and flash streaming drier银杏叶干燥机组 Maidenhair leaf drier滚筒刮板干燥机 Rolling scratch board drier燃煤热风炉 Coal hot air furnace燃油热风炉 Oil hot air furnace压片旋转式压片机 Rotary tablet press全自动100系列压片机 Auto-100series tablet press高速旋转式压片机 High -speed rotary tablet press花兰式压片机 Basket of flower tablet press单冲压片机 Single punch tablet press压片机吸尘器 Vacuum for tablet press药片抛光机 Tablet polisher tablet press片子筛粉器 Tablet powder sifter脉冲步筒滤尘器 Pulsing cloth-screen filter胶囊全自动胶囊填充机 Auto-capsule filling machine半自动胶囊填充机 Semi-capsule filling machine胶囊调头机 Capsule orienting U-turn machine胶囊片剂印字机 Printing machine for capsule and tablet 胶囊片剂抛光机 Polishing machine for capsule and tablet包衣高效包衣机 High -efficent coating machine高效微孔包衣机 High -efficent and Micro-pore coating machine全自动糖衣薄膜包衣机 Automatic sugar-film coating machine糖衣机 Sugar-film coating machine包装自动泡罩包装机 Auto-blister packaging machine自动双铝装包机 Auto double -aluminum packaging machine自动填充包装机 Auto-filling packaging machine自动枕式包装机 Auto-horizontal packaging machine自动装合机 Automatic packaging box machine瓶装双头数片机 Double-head counting tablet machine电子数粒机 Electronic counting grain machine理瓶机 Vial distributing machine塞纸机 Paper inserting machine塞纸旋盖机 Paper inserting and cappingmachine自动旋盖机 Auto-Capping machine电磁铝箔封口机 Sealing machine with electromagnetism aluminum foil 自动上糊贴标机 Auto-pasta labeling machine不干胶贴标机 Non-dry sticker labeling machine试验机多功能制药试验机 Multi-functions pharmaceutical trial machine片剂小型试验机混合机 Mixer颗粒机 Granulator压片机 Tablet press糖衣机 Sugar coating machine• Tablet Press Section压片机• Tablet Filling Section充填机械• Capsule Section胶囊机械• Ointment Section软膏机械• Liquid Section液体机械• Injection Section注射机械• Tube filing软管充填机械• Preparation Machinery 制剂设备• Packing Machinery包装机械• Pulverizer粉碎机• Liquid Filling Machinery液体充填机• Filling and Sealing Machine填充和封口机• Drying Machinery干燥机• Mixer / Calibrator混合机• Coater包衣机• Granulator制粒机• Pharmaceutical Production Line医药生产线• Pharmaceutical Water Supply Equipment医药水处理设备• Syringe Assembling Machine注射机械• Labeling / Cartoning Machine 标签机/纸盒成型机• Laboratory & Quality Control Equipment实验室和质量控制设备• Rapid Mixer Granulator快速混合制粒机• Double Cone Blender / Mechanical Shifter双锥鼓式搅拌机/机械位移（传感）器• Spray Coating Machine喷雾包衣机• Rotary Tablet Press旋转式压片机• Tablet Counting Machine数片机• Tablet Polishing Machine片剂抛光机• Automatic Tablet Printing Machine自动药片印字机• Strip Packing Machine自动包装机 Capsule Section胶囊机械Manual 300 Holes Capsule Filling Machine手动孔胶囊填充机• Automatic Capsule Printing Machine自动胶囊印字机• Automatic 300 Holes Capsule Loading Machine自动300孔胶囊上料机• Capsule Inspection cum Polishing Machine胶囊检查与抛光机• Blister Packaging Machine泡罩包装机• Capsule Counting and Packing Machine胶囊数粒包装机 Ointment / Tube Filling Machine药膏/管充填机(灌装机）• Automatic Cream / Paste / Ointment Manufacturing Plant 自动霜膏、软膏、药膏制造设备• Planetary Mixer行星搅拌机• Manual Tube filling / Manual Tube Crimping Machine手动软管充填机/手动软管翻边机• Tube Filling and Sealing Machine软管充填和封口机• Lami / Plastic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine Lami/塑料管灌封机• High Speed Automatic Double Head / Triple Head Container Filling Machine高速自动双头/三头灌装机• Automatic Bottle / Container Capping Machine自动瓶/容器压盖机 Liquid Section液体机械• Manufacturing Vessels / Homogenizer / Stirrer均化器/搅拌器• High Speed Automatic Bottle Filling & Cap Sealing Machine高速自动装瓶压盖封口机• Twin Head Volumetric Filling Machine双头容积式灌装机• Filter Press / Colloid Mill压滤机/胶体磨• Rotary Bottle Washing Machine旋转式洗瓶机• Automatic Labeling / Gumming / Stikering Machine自动贴标/上胶/贴膜机Laboratory & Quality Control Equipment & Tablet Section实验室和质量控制设备和片剂设备• Leak Test Apparatus泄漏测试仪• Six Stage Dissolution Rate Test Apparatus六步溶出度试验仪• Microprocessor Based Tablet Disintegration Machine 微处理操控的片剂崩解仪• Microprocessor control Programmable counter 微处理控制的可编程计数器• Friabilator磨损度试验器• Tablet Hardness Tester (Automatic)片剂硬度测试仪（自动）Tablet Friability Tester片剂磨损度测试仪• Melting Point Apparatus融点仪• Precision Melting Point cum – Boiling point apparatus精密融点和沸点仪• Automatic Tablet Counting Machine自动数片机• Disintegration Tester崩解测试仪• Tablet Dissolution Tester片剂溶出度测试仪• Room Dehumidifier / Inspection Tables除湿机/检验桌Injectables Section注射设备• Dry heat Sterilizer - GMP干热消毒器• Rubber Bung Washing Machine胶塞清洗机• Membrane Filter system膜过滤系统• Vertical Autoclave立式蒸压釜• Distilled Water Still蒸馏水蒸馏釜• Pressure Vessel压力容器• Filling Vessel灌装容器• Turn Table回转台• Ampoule Labeling Machine安瓿瓶贴标机• Automatic Vial 1/2/4 filling machine 全自动小瓶1/2/4灌装机• Automatic Vial Capping Machine全自动小瓶压盖机• Volumetric Vial Washing Machine 小瓶清洗机Pharmaceutical Filling Machines填充机• Ampoule Filling Machine安瓶填充机• Capsule Filling Machine胶囊充填机• Liquid Filling Machine液体灌装机• Ointment Filling Machine药膏灌装机• Powder Filling Machine粉末充填机• Syringe Filling Machine注射式灌装机• Tube Filling Machine软管充填机• Vial Filling Machine小瓶灌装机• Volumetric Filling Machine容积式灌装机Pharmaceutical Processing Machines医药加工设备• Bottle Capping Machine瓶子封盖机• Capsule Counters胶囊数粒机• Compactors压实机Electronic Counters 电子计数器• Filter Press 压滤机• Fluid Bed Dryer 流化床干燥机• Freeze Drying Machine 冻干机• Isostatic Press 等静压机• Ointment Making Machine 制膏机• Peristaltic Pump·蠕动泵 Ph Meter Ph计• Pharmaceutical Separator 分离器• Rotary Tablet Press 旋转式压片机• Tablet Counters 数片机• Tablet Deduster 药片除尘器• Tablet Dust Extractor 药片除尘器• Tablet Punching Machine 冲片机• Vacuum Pump 真空泵• Vibro Shifter Pharmaceutical Mixer 制药工业用混合器• Colloid Mill 胶体磨• Cone Blender 圆锥型混合机• Drum Mixer 鼓式混合机• Homogenizer 均化器• Magnetic Stirring Vessel 磁力搅拌器• Mass Mixer• Ointment Mixer药膏混合机• Ribbon Blender带式搅拌机Sterilizers消毒器• CIP System CIP系统• SIP System SIP系统• Sterilizing Tunnel灭菌隧道• Sterile Garment Cabinet无菌衣柜• Steam Sterilizer蒸汽消毒器• Dry Heat Sterilizer干热消毒器• ETO SterilizerETO消毒器• Multi Column Distillation Plant多柱式蒸馏装置Pharmaceutical Packaging Machines医药包装机械Blister Packaging Machine泡罩包装机• Bottle Labeling Machine瓶子贴标机• Box Strapping Machine打包机• Capsule Printing Machine胶囊印字机• Carton Sealing Machine封箱机• Cartoners纸板包装机• Conveyor Belt· Hand Pallet Truck输送带手动液压托盘车• L SealerL型封切机• Label Coding Machine、标签编码器• Overwrapping Machine热封机• Paper Folding Machine折纸机• Shrink Wrapping Machine收缩包装机• Vial Labeling Machine小瓶贴标机Pharmaceutical Inspection Machines制药工业用检验设备• Bottle Inspection Machine验瓶机• Capsule Inspection Machine胶囊检验机• Tablet Inspection Machine药片检验机• Vial Inspection Machine小瓶检验机• Ropp Cap Sealing Machine Ropp（卷装式防盗）封口机Pharmaceutical Granulators制药工业用造粒机• Centrifuge离心机• Comminuting Machine粉碎机• Pelletizer制粒机• Rapid Mixer Granulator快速搅拌造粒机• Spheroidizer球化剂Spray Granulator喷雾造粒机• Pharmaceutical Vessels制药工业用容器Pharmaceutical Coating Machines制药工业用包衣机• Polishing Machine抛光机• Coating Pan包衣盘• Spray Coating Machine喷雾包衣机• Sugar Coating Machine糖衣机Pharmaceutical Sealing Machines制药工业用封口机• Ampoule Sealing Machine安瓿封口机• Bottle Sealing Machine封瓶机• Tube Sealing Machine封管机• Vial Cap Sealing Machine小瓶封盖机Water Processing Equipments水处理设备• Cartridge Filters筒式过滤器• Demineralization Plant脱盐设备• ETP plantETP装置• Submersible Pump潜水泵• UF Water Plant超滤装置• Water Softener Plant软化水装置Other Pharma Equipments其它制药设备• Air Curtain空气帘• Dehumidifier抽湿机• HVAC暖通和空调系统• Laminar Airflow System层流气流系统• Nitrogen Plant制氮装置• Boiler锅炉• Cold Storage冷藏库• Liquid Manufacturing Vessel液体制造容器• Liquid Storage Tank储液槽• Pressure Vessel压力容器• Reactors反应器• Storage Vessel存储容器• Sugar Syrup Manufacturing Tank糖浆制造槽（罐）• WFI Vessel注射用水容器Pharmaceutical Washing Machines制药工业用清洗机• Ampoule Washing Machine安瓿清洗机• Bottle Washing Machine洗瓶机• Bung Washing Machine塞子清洗机• Vial Washing Machine小瓶清洗机Pharma Accessories制药工业用附件• Diaphragm Valve隔膜阀• S.S. Clamp/Triclover Clamp System不锈钢管夹/三管夹药物制剂常用设备名称词汇中英文翻译对照沸腾制粒干燥机 Fluid bed granulating drier高速混合制粒干燥机 Granulating drier with high-speed mixing流化造粒包衣干燥机 Fluidizing grain coating drier热风循环烘箱 Hot air circulating oven热风循环烘箱 Hot air circulating oven真空干燥机 Vacuum drier双锥回转真空干燥机 Double tapered Vacuum drier沸腾干燥器（流化床） Fluid bed drier高效沸腾干燥机 High-efficient Fluid bed drier高速离心喷雾干燥机 High-speed centrifuging and spraying drier中药浸膏用喷雾干燥机 Spray drier for Chinese traditional medicine extract 压力喷雾干燥机 Pressure spraying drier气流喷雾干燥机 Air-stream spraying drier脉冲气流干燥器 Pulse air-streaming drier振动流化床干燥机 Vibrating fluid-bed drier管束式干燥机 Pipe bundle drier带式干燥机 Belt drier旋转闪蒸干燥机 Rotating and flash streaming drier银杏叶干燥机组 Maidenhair leaf drier滚筒刮板干燥机 Rolling scratch board drier燃煤热风炉 Coal hot air furnace燃油热风炉 Oil hot air furnace旋转式压片机 Rotary tablet press全自动100系列压片机 Auto-100series tablet press高速旋转式压片机 High -speed rotary tablet press花兰式压片机 Basket of flower tablet press单冲压片机 Single punch tablet press压片机吸尘器 Vacuum for tablet press药片抛光机 Tablet polisher tablet press片子筛粉器 Tablet powder sifter脉冲步筒滤尘器 Pulsing cloth-screen filter全自动胶囊填充机 Auto-capsule filling machine半自动胶囊填充机 Semi-capsule filling machine胶囊调头机 Capsule orienting U-turn machine胶囊片剂印字机 Printing machine for capsule and tablet胶囊片剂抛光机 Polishing machine for capsule and tablet高效包衣机 High -efficent coating machine高效微孔包衣机 High -efficent and Micro-pore coating machine 全自动糖衣薄膜包衣机 Automatic sugar-film coating machine糖衣机 Sugar-film coating machine自动泡罩包装机 Auto-blister packaging machine自动双铝装包机 Auto double -aluminum packaging machine自动填充包装机 Auto-filling packaging machine自动枕式包装机 Auto-horizontal packaging machine自动装合机 Automatic packaging box machine双头数片机 Double-head counting tablet machine电子数粒机 Electronic counting grain machine理瓶机 Vial distributing machine塞纸机 Paper inserting machine塞纸旋盖机 Paper inserting and cappingmachine自动旋盖机 Auto-Capping machine电磁铝箔封口机 Sealing machine with electromagnetism aluminum foil 自动上糊贴标机 Auto-pasta labeling machine不干胶贴标机 Non-dry sticker labeling machine多功能制药试验机 Multi-functions pharmaceutical trial machine片剂小型试验机混合机 Mixer颗粒机 Granulator压片机 Tablet press糖衣机 Sugar coating machine沸腾制粒干燥机 Fluid bed granulating drier高速混合制粒干燥机 Granulating drier with high-speed mixing流化造粒包衣干燥机 Fluidizing grain coating drier热风循环烘箱 Hot air circulating oven热风循环烘箱 Hot air circulating oven真空干燥机 Vacuum drier双锥回转真空干燥机 Double tapered Vacuum drier沸腾干燥器（流化床） Fluid bed drier高效沸腾干燥机 High-efficient Fluid bed drier高速离心喷雾干燥机 High-speed centrifuging and spraying drier中药浸膏用喷雾干燥机 Spray drier for Chinese traditional medicine extract 压力喷雾干燥机 Pressure spraying drier气流喷雾干燥机 Air-stream spraying drier脉冲气流干燥器 Pulse air-streaming drier振动流化床干燥机 Vibrating fluid-bed drier管束式干燥机 Pipe bundle drier带式干燥机 Belt drier旋转闪蒸干燥机 Rotating and flash streaming drier银杏叶干燥机组 Maidenhair leaf drier滚筒刮板干燥机 Rolling scratch board drier燃煤热风炉 Coal hot air furnace燃油热风炉 Oil hot air furnaWelcome To Download !!!欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！Welcome To Download !!!欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。
塑料橡胶机械及设备术语-中英文对照
塑料橡胶机械及设备术语-中英文对照A) Machinery & Equipment for the Plastics & Rubber Industries塑料橡胶机械及设备. Machine & equipment for preprocessing, recycling预加工、回收利用机械及设备1.01 Mixers混炼机1.02 Two roll mills双辊塑炼机1.03 Powder compactors粉料压实机1.04 Size reduction equipment (granulators, crushers, shredders, blade granulators)破碎设备(粉碎机、压碎机、撕碎机、叶片式造粒机)1.05 Pelletizers切粒机1.06 Screen changers / Melt filters换网器/熔体过滤器1.07 Compounding lines配混生产线1.08 Recycling lines回收利用作业线Extruders & extrusion lines挤出机及挤出生产线2.01 Extruders, single screw type单螺杆挤出机2.02 Extruders, twin screw type双螺杆挤出机2.03 Extrusion lines for blown film吹涨薄膜挤出生产线2.04 Extrusion lines for flat film and sheets平挤薄膜及片材挤出生产线2.05 Extrusion lines for strappings橡皮圈挤出生产线2.06 Extrusion lines for mono- and multifilaments单层及多层丝挤出生产线2.07 Extrusion lines for pipes and profiles管道及型材挤出生产线2.08 Extrusion lines for laminating and coating层压及涂层挤出生产线2.09 Extrusion lines for sheathing of pipes and cables管道及电线护套挤出生产线2.10 Extrusion lines for rubber橡胶挤出生产线Injection moulding machines注塑机3.01 Injection moulding machines, general purpose通用注塑机3.02 Injection moulding machines, multi-component多组分注塑机3.03 Injection moulding machines, multi-station多任务位注塑机3.04 Injection moulding machines, for thermosets热固性塑料注塑机3.05 Injection moulding machines, for rubber橡胶注塑机Blow moulding machines吹塑机4.01 Extrusion blow moulding machines挤坯吹塑机4.02 Extrusion stretch blow moulding machines挤拉坯吹塑机4.03 Injection blow moulding machines注坯吹塑机4.04 Injection stretch blow moulding machines注拉坯吹塑机4.05 Stretch blow moulding machines (reheat) (重热)拉坯吹塑机Presses压机5.01 Compression & transfer moulding presses压塑压机及压铸压机5.02 Tabletting presses热固性塑料压锭机5.03 Presses, others其它压机5.04 Preplasticizing equipment for moulding compounds模塑料的预塑化设备Machinery for foam, reactive or reinforced resins泡沫、反应或增强树脂机械6.01 Preexpanders, foaming machinery for parts & blocks (for EPS, EPP, EPE) (EPS,EPP,EPE)制件及块料预发泡机及发泡机6.02 Reaction moulding machinery & plant反应模塑机及设备6.03 Machinery for foam, other发泡机及其它6.04 Filament winding machines长丝缠绕机6.05 Casting machines for open moulds敞模铸塑机6.06 Pultrusion equipment拉挤成型机6.07 Spraying equipment喷涂设备Processing machines, other其它加工机械7.01 Calenders压延机7.02 Rotational moulding machines粉料滚塑机7.03 Sheet casting machines片材铸塑机7.04 Machines for the tyre industry轮胎行业用机械7.05 Rubber processing equipment, other其它橡胶加工设备7.06 Machines & equipment for rapid prototyping快速原型机械及设备Post processing machines后加工机械8.01 Thermoforming machines热成型机8.02 Bending, folding & edgetrimming machines折弯机、折边机及裁边机8.03 Pipe belling & socketing machines管材涨口机及套口机8.04 Cutting machines裁断机8.05 Winding equipment收卷缠绕设备8.06 Slitter rewinders纵切复卷联合机8.07 Splitting machines, peeling machines纵切机、剥皮机8.08 Punching & perforating machines冲切机及打孔机8.09 Milling machines铣床8.10 Deflashing equipment修整飞边机8.11 Bag & sack making equipment制袋设备8.12 Stretching lines for film, filament, etc.薄膜、长丝等的拉伸作业线Machinery & plant for finishing, decorating, printing & marking修饰、装潢、印刷及印标机械及设备9.01 Embossing equipment压花设备9.02 Laminating plant层压设备9.03 Coating plant涂布设备9.04 Flocking plant植绒设备9.05 Metallizing plant (vacuum deposition)金属化设备(真空蒸附) 9.06 Equipment for in-mould decoration模内装璜设备9.07 Printing equipment for plastic & rubber products塑料橡胶制品印设备9.08 Marking equipment印标设备Welding machines焊机10.01 Hot-plate welders热板焊机10.02 Heat impulse welders热脉冲焊机10.03 High-frequency welders高频焊机10.04 Ultrasonic welders超声波焊机10.05 Hot-gas welders热气焊机10.06 Friction welders摩擦焊机10.07 Extrusion welders挤出焊机10.08 Laser beam welders激光焊机Moulds & dies模具11.01 CAD - CAM计算器辅助设计及生产系统11.02 Injection & compression moulds注塑模及压缩模11.03 Blow moulds吹塑模11.04 Extrusion dies挤塑模头11.05 Standard parts for moulds模具标准件11.06 Hotrunner systems热流道系统11.07 Mould clamping systems & energy couplings合模系统和强力联轴节11.08 Mould & die cleaning equipment清模设备11.09 Steel for moulds模具钢11.10 Texturing模具构造Ancillary equipment辅助设备12.01 Surface pretreatment equipment表面预处理设备12.02 Handling equipment for machine loading or unloading上、下料装置12.03 Dosing & metering equipment定量加料装置及计量装置12.04 Silos & silo discharge devices贮仓出料装置12.05 Conveyors & conveying systems (except factory trucks & carts输送器及输送系统(除工厂货车及手推车外)12.06 Driers / dehumidifiers for bulk materials大块物料及散料干燥机/去湿机12.07 Mould changing systems换模系统12.08 Heating & cooling units for moulds & dies模具加热及冷却装置12.09 Static elimination equipment静电消除器12.10 Sprue separating equipment注道分离装置12.11 Metal separators金属分离器12.12 Melt pumps熔体泵12.13 Dust & fume extraction systems粉尘及烟雾抽出系统12.14 Degassing systems脱气系统12.15 Equipment for gas injection注气设备Measuring, control & test equipment测量、控制及试验设备13.01 Measuring & control equipment测量及控制设备13.02 Test equipment试验设备Parts & components零、部件14.01 Screws螺杆14.02 Barrels压辊、机筒、滚桶14.03 Rolls辊14.04 Nozzles注嘴、喷嘴14.05 Heating elements加热组件14.06 Machine blades叶片、刮板B) Raw Materials, Auxiliaries原料、辅料15.01 Thermoplastics热塑性塑料15.02 Thermoplastic elastomers热塑性弹体15.03 Thermoset热固性塑料15.04 Foams & intermediates泡沫塑料及中间体15.05 Rubbers橡胶15.06 Synthetic fibres, bristels, tapes合成纤维、硬毛、带15.07 Coating compounds涂布用配混料15.08 Adhesives & glues粘合剂和胶15.09 Paint resins漆用树脂15.10 Additives添加剂15.11 Fillers填料15.12 Reinforcing fibres / materials增强纤维/材料15.13 Starting materials, intermediate, polymerisation auxiliaries基础材料、中间体、聚合辅料C) Semi-finished Products半制成品D) Trade Association贸易协会E) Publication, Trade or Electronic Media出版、宣传或电子媒体F) Others其它。
刮板输送机外文翻译文献
刮板输送机外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Mine scraper conveyor soft-start modeof selection and applicationHigh yield and high efficiency in the coal mine fully mechanized coal face of the building, to face big-long, large to support the requirements of the power of Shearer and scraper conveyor. Ordinary fully mechanized coal face of the long-general in about 150 m, scraper conveyor transport capacity of500 t / h around high yield and high efficiency and fully mechanized coal face of the long-General to 180 ~ 300 m, scraper conveyor transport capacity of 800 t / h and above, therefore, conveyor power greater growth. Pingdingshan Coal Mining Group Company to as an example, the scraper conveyor of power in most 400 (2 × 200) kW and above, the largest for the 750 (2 × 375) kW. Scraper conveyor to the start-up launched mainly two-speed, limited by a small number of filling hydraulic coupler, which started two kinds of ways, not only operating costs, and it stands high. Therefore, the need to seek new technology and equipment to meet the requirements of high yield and high efficiency.一、current situation and existing problems(一) limit filling hydraulic coupler in the high-power, big load, its size, when it with the motor and reducer connection, the greater the share of space. Limited space in the work of the occasion, too much volume will scraper conveyor layout difficult. Coupled with increased hydraulic transmission distance and high-speed rotating state and easy to have a greater impact on the radial dynamic load, and the slowdown caused by electrical installations damaged. Coupled with the input and output speed than the speed of usually no more than 97 percent, that is impossible to achieve input shaft and output shaft of sync, which must exist greater power loss, reducing the efficiency of the transmission system.(二) two-speed motor drive system is currently in China's mining scraper conveyor in common. Under normal circumstances, the rated speed motor to start the half, corresponding to start motor power is also rated power of the half. To low-speed motor launch, when the completion of the process initiated after the switch to high-speed operation, from start to the normal operation of sub-levels, in part, reduce the impact of the launch. In this way to use the special two-motor winding, two-and two-speed cable root switch. Two-speed motor complex structure, high cost, power supply system equivalent to two Motors, low-speed switching not effectively controlled, the point of failure, equipment cables, at the same time, the fault lines will be doubled the increase.二、soft-start several advanced methods of comparison(一) thyristor surge soft-start mode. Start the process launched at the slope, pulse conflict jump start, speed up the slope, fast slope. Pulse conflict way can jump start the biggest short-term output of over 95 per cent of the rated voltage, to impose a short-time great starting torque (equivalent to 90 per cent of direct starting torque), to overcome the static friction and the inertia of the transmission system. This soft-start approach and broad prospects for application.(二) viscous liquid transmission soft-start mode. Dodge is a typical U.S. company CST (consecutive start transmission) soft-start devices. CSTsoft-start devices currently relies mainly on imports, high prices, the general mine unbearable. CST-mechanical, hydraulic, electronic control, cooling, materials for integrated, manufacturing, high-precision control, supply of spare parts in particular inconvenience. Scraper conveyor is moving equipment, changing work environment, the extremely bad conditions, equipment failure rate correspondingly increased, the greater difficulty of maintaining the higher operating costs and narrow work space constraints of the CST in China mine AFC Machine applications.(三) Frequency soft-start mode. Scraper conveyor used, its performance advantages not play; expensive, the general mine unbearable; components used its power IGBT modules, high-voltage IGBT module of the international embargo on China, so its difficult to voltage levels To 1140 V, to its coal mine conveyor on the application has brought great difficulties.(四) SRM-driven approach. SRM is a new driver, in other sectors (such as the textile industry, machinery manufacturing, washing machines, etc.) have a very wide range of applications. The main feature is activated when the current low torque, speed performance, and easy to use pure electric control to achieve stepless speed regulation, and long run. Motor exclusive use of SRM, but flow, not burning motor, with good prospects for development. Components used for power IGBT module, it is very difficult to achieve voltage 1140 V. The current high-power explosion SRM is still in thedevelopment stage, the bulk smaller, higher cost, not suitable for the undergroun d mine scraper conveyor application.(五) soft-start mode. Taiyuan, the company developed the Whitby soft start-FM-speed technology, speed regulator technology, vacuum technology for magnetic start one, start with the characteristics of analog FM. The surge started with the way the soft start-voltage slope start, current feedback sudden jump start and start compared to the initial start more torque, can achieve the low-speed torque activated to ensure that equipment from the take-up, by Static to dynamic start running, you can solve the problem of overloading difficult start.三、applicationPingdingshan Coal Mining Group after analysis and comparison, in October 2004 quoted a 2-QJT250/1140 (660) soft start, and Zhangjiakou Coal Factory production SGZ-764/400-scraper conveyor support, instead of the original The restrictions start filling hydraulic coupler, in a small mining 6-31080 fully mechanized coal face applications, is now running for six months, and its soft-start control of the scraper conveyor incident does not appear, better-performing.The starter the following key features: ①and hydraulic coupler, compared with two-speed motor, scraper conveyor drive system and power supply system to maximize the simplified, the reliability of the systemsignificantly increased. ②start the process of, 5 s power to block protection.③start the process of automatic measurement load, automatically determine sudden jump start, the commencement of the biggest obstacles, the largest motor torque, the buck started to overcome the shortcomings. ④the starter all-digital control circuit, is set up to facilitate the actual starting current can be accurately controlled in the following 4 Ie, the current small motor launch, reduce the impact of the power grid. ⑤scraper conveyor loaded with empty and a smooth start to maximize the Elimination of Transmission of the fixed-load, effectively preventing the Duanlian, breakpoints, roller key transmission components, such as damage to the accident. ⑥VVVF soft start with a fuzzy control technology, based on load automatically determine the size of start-up time. Load large, extended start-up time, reduce the equipment dynamic impact load hours, because of the dynamic impact of the equipment smaller, the system automatically reduce the start-up time, can reduce the impact of the motor life.Mine transportation equipment, long working hours (16 ~ 18 h / d), a large number complex system, supporting equipment, supporting links, delivery of materials by block, the impact of waste, launched frequent launch accidents.Fully-face failure in the electrical and mechanical equipment, scraper conveyor failures accounted for about 40 percent. In light of the above reasons, and because of soft-start the development of fully mechanized coalface scraper conveyor launch control for technical improvements is not only necessary but also feasible. SCR Mine scraper conveyor soft-start is the high yield and high efficiency fully mechanized coal face of the important technology and equipment, with great application value. The project's successful application to reduce the fully mechanized coal face mechanical and electrical accidents, improve yield and reduce consumption is of great significance.翻译:矿用刮板输送机软启动方式的选择与应用在煤矿高产高效综采工作面的建设中,以工作面大采长、大走向的要求配套了大功率的采煤机和刮板输送机。
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附录1搅拌设备在工业生产中应用范围很广，尤其是化学工业中，很多的生产都或多或少地应用着搅拌操作。
化学工艺过程的种种化学变化，是以参加反应物质的充分混合为前提的。
对于加热、冷却和液体萃取以气体吸收等物理变化过程，也往往要采用搅拌操作才能得到很好的效果。
搅拌设备在许多场合是作为反应器来应用的。
例如在三大合成材料的生产中，搅拌设备作为反应器约占反应器总数的90%。
其他如染料、医药、农药、油漆等行业，搅拌设备的使用亦很广泛。
有色冶金部门对全国有色冶金行业中的搅拌设备做了调查及功率测定，结果是许多湿法车间的动力消耗50%以上是用在搅拌作业上。
搅拌设备的应用范围之所以这样广泛，还因搅拌设备操作条件（如温度、浓度、停留时间等）的可控范围较广。
能适应多样化的生产。
搅拌设备的作用如下：1）使物料混合均匀；2）使气体在液相中很好地分散；3）使固体粒子（如催化剂）在液相中均匀地悬浮；4）使不相溶的另一液相均匀悬浮后充分乳化；5）强化相同的传质（如吸收等）；6）强化传热。
对于均相反应，主要是1）、6）两点。
混合的快慢、均匀程度和传热情况好坏，都会影响反应结果。
至于非均相系统，则还影响到相界面的大小和相间的传质速度，情况就更复杂。
所以搅拌情况的改变，常常很敏感地影响到产品的质量和产量，生产中的这种例子非常普遍。
在溶液聚合和本体聚合的液相反应装置中，搅拌的主要作用是：促进釜内物料流动。
使反应器内物料均匀分布，增大传质和传热系数。
在聚合反应过程中，往往随着转化率的增加，聚合液的黏度也增加。
如果搅拌情况不好，就会造成传热系数下降或局部过热，物料和催化剂分散不均匀，影响聚合产品的质量，也容易导致聚合物粘壁，使聚合反应操作不能很好地进行下去。
在互不相溶的液体之间或液体与固体之间相互作用时，搅拌在加速反应的进行方面起着非常重要的作用。
因为增加一物相混入另一物相的速度，接触面就会增大，物质就以较大速度相互作用。
在某些情况下，搅拌是在反应过程中创造良好条件的一个重要因素。
例如，使传热作用加强，减少局部过热，以及加热过程中物质焦化等。
如高压聚乙烯生产中，由于搅拌的作用，使物质在反应器内有一定的停留时间，更重要的是使催化剂- 1 -在器内分布均匀，以防止局部猛烈的聚合作用而造成爆炸。
因此搅拌设备在工业生产中起着非常重要的作用。
搅拌设备在石油化工生产中被用于物料混合、溶解、传热、制备悬浮物、聚合反应、制备催化剂等。
例如石油工业中，异种原油的混合调整和精制，汽油中添加四乙基铅添加物而进行混合使原料液或产品均匀化。
化工生产中，制造苯乙烯，苯胺染料和油漆颜料等工艺过程，都装备着各种型式的搅拌设备。
在石油工业中因为大量应用催化剂、添加剂，所以对搅拌设备的需要量很大。
由于物料操作条件的复杂性、多样性，对搅拌设备的要求也复杂化了。
如化工行业用到的硅铝反应器、打浆罐、钡化反应器、硫磷反应釜、烃化反应釜、白泥搅拌槽等都是装有各种不同型式搅拌器的搅拌设备。
在造纸行业中，搅拌设备应用及其广泛，在制浆，碱回收等工艺过程都用到搅拌设备。
搅拌设备使用历史悠久，应用广泛但对搅拌操作的科学研究却很不够。
搅拌操作看来似乎简单，但实际上，他所涉及的因素却极为复杂。
对于搅拌器型式的选择。
从工艺的观点以及力学观点来说，迄今都研究得不够。
随着社会的进步，科学技术的发展，对于搅拌设备的改进和新型的设计会有很大的提高。
在近几年来设备有大型化的发展趋势，也要求搅拌设备大型化。
如国外聚合釜的容积已由最初的8~40m³扩大到60~100m³,最大的已达到200m³。
采用大型聚合釜可大大减少操作和检修人员，有利于自动化，减少投资，提高生产率，稳定产品质量。
随着容积的大型化，釜型逐渐由细长型向矮胖型发展，而且采用底部搅拌的方式越来越多。
多用三叶后掠式搅拌器，三叶后掠式搅拌器是目前大型聚合釜采用的一种较好搅拌器。
因排出量大，釜内液相循环充分，每分钟可达5~10次，能促釜内反应均匀一致。
另外，经实践证明此桨叶必须配合挡板使用，以提高剪切力功能，才能更好地发挥作用。
搅拌也可以在管路中进行，采用在管路中安装装置的办法对气—液系和液—液系进行混合。
例如采用喷射泵对水及醋酸丁酯进行混合。
在石油精制中，也采用使液体设置在管路中的锐孔板或挡板，以便使两种液体进行接触。
还有在管路中放入搅拌器的，即所谓管道搅拌。
管道搅拌设备能连续输送一切流体，也能输送含有固体的流动化的半流体。
此种搅拌型式，相当于搅拌设备的筒体部分，容积较小，液体在此停留时间极短的情况比较多。
在其内部为了充分进行混合分散或传热等需- 2 -要极强的搅拌，由于管道搅拌设备空间很小，装置小，可使搅拌力均匀作用，可减少过剩的搅拌，所以对整个液体减少了功率消耗。
对于连续化、自动化。
特别是对成本有严格要求的，要求特别小的形状和高性能时，使用管道搅拌设备是很有效的。
正因为管道搅拌设备有这些优点，所以在石油精制、石油化工，化学纤维、食品等工业和水处理技术中广泛被用于液—液混合、浓度调整、液—液萃取、油脂乳化、液—液稀释溶解、固—液溶解、液—液和气—液反应等场合。
- 3 -附录2Mixing equipment in the industrial production of a wide range of applications, especially in the chemical industry, many production are more or less application of mixing operation. A variety of chemical changes in chemical process, is fully mixed in the reaction material premise. For the heating, cooling and liquid extraction with gas absorption physical process,also often used for mixing operation in order to get good results. Mixing equipment is used as reactor application on many occasions. For example,in the three major synthetic materials production, mixing equipment as the reactor accounted for about 90% of the total number of reactor. Other such as dyestuff, medicine, pesticide, paint and other industries, the use of mixing equipment is also very widely. Nonferrous Metallurgy Department of mixing equipment nationwide in non-ferrous metal metallurgy industry to do an investigation and determination of the power, is the result of power consumption of many wet workshop more than 50% is used in mixing operation. The scope of application of mixing equipment is so widely, but also because of the operating conditions (such as temperature,concentration of mixing equipment, the residence time of the controllablerange). To adapt to the diversification of production.The following mixing equipment: 1) the raw materials are mixed evenly;2)to make the gas well dispersed in the liquid phase; 3) the solid particles(such as catalyst) evenly suspended in liquid phase; 4) the other liquidimmiscible phase homogeneous suspension after fully emulsified; 5)strengthen the same mass transfer (such as absorption); 6) heat transfer enhancement. For the homogeneous reaction, mainly 1, 6) 2). Mixingspeed, uniformity and heat transfer is good or bad, will affect the reaction results. As for the heterogeneous system, it also affects the mass transfer velocity of phase interface and the size of the phase, the situation is more complex. So the mixing conditions change, often very sensitive to affect the product quality and yield, production is very common in this example. Insolution polymerization and bulk polymerization of liquid phase reactiondevice, the main role is: to promote the stirring reactor- 4 -material flow. The material is uniformly distributed in the reactor, increasing the mass and heat transfer coefficient. In the polymerization process, often with increasing the conversion rate, polymerization liquid viscosity also increased. If the mixing situation is not good, it will cause the drop of the heat transfer coefficient or local overheating, materials and catalysts is unevenly distributed, quality effect of polymerization product, also easily lead to polymer sticking to the wall, so that the polymerization reactionoperation cannot go down well.The interaction between immiscible liquid or liquid and solid, mixing plays a very important role in accelerating reaction. Because the increase of onephase into another phase velocity, the contact surface will be increased,the material with wide speed interaction. In some cases, the mixing is an important factor to create good conditions in the reaction process. For example, the heat transfer effect is strengthening, reduce local overheating, the material and the heating process of coking. Such as high pressure polyethylene production, because the stirring effect, so that thematerial has a certain residence time in the reactor, it is more important that the catalyst are evenly distributed in the reactor, to prevent localviolent polymerization caused by explosion. Therefore, mixing equipmentplays a very important role in industrial production.The stirring device is used in the petrochemical industry production material mixing, dissolution, heat transfer, preparation of suspensionpolym erization, catalyst preparation, etc.. For example, in the oil industry,crude oil and refined xenogeneic mixed adjustment, adding tetraethyl leadin ga soline by mixing additives and raw material or producthomogenization. P roduction of styrene in chemical production,, aniline dyeand paint process, are equipped with various types of mixing equipment.In the oil industry because of the large number of application of catalyst,additive, so the demand for mixing equipment greatly. Because of the complexity of operating conditions, material diversity, the mixing equipment requirements are complex. Such as chemical industry used siliconaluminum reactor, beating tank reactor, barium, phosphorus reactor,alkylation reaction kettle, white mud stirred tanks are equipped withvarious types of mixing equipment. In the paper industry, and its wideapplication in mixing equipment, pulp, alkali recovery process are used inmixing equipment.- 5 -Mixing equipment has a long history, wide application but for scientific research of mixing operation is not enough. Mixing operation appears to besimple, but in fact, he involved are extremely complex. The stirrer typeselection. From the point of view of process views and mechanics, so farinsufficient study. Along with the progress of the society, the development of science and technology, to improve the mixing equipment and newdesign will be greatly improved. The trend in recent years has a large scale equipment, also requires mixing equipment. As the volume of polymerization kettle abroad has expanded from the initial 8~40m to 60~100m ³ ³ ³, maximum has reached 200m. The large polymerization kettle can greatly reduce the operating and maintenance personnel, isbeneficial to automation, reduce investment, increase productivity, stable product quality. With a large volume, kettle type gradually developed from elongated to squat type, and the bottom stirring way more and more use. Multipurpose trefoil sweepback agitator, trefoil sweepback agitator is a good mixer current large-scale polymerizer used. Because the discharge amount is large, circular phase reactor liquid full, up to 5~10 per minute, can promote the reaction kettle uniform. In addition, the practice has proved that this blade must be with the baffle plate, in order to improve the shear stress function, can play a better role.Mixing can also be in the pipeline, the device in the pipeline of gas liquidand liquid - liquid system.- 6 -。