河海大学研究生英语第五版教师教案考试重点Unit 11 The Iks
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示)unit8isaraceofrobotspossib
A good many technical people become irate when you call a computer a giant brain.They insist t hat a computer does only what thinking humans have planned to have it do.假如你把计算机称为巨人脑，许多技术人员会感到气愤。
他们坚持认为，计算机只不过是做有思维的人类安排它做的事情罢了Yet one authority states categorically,"A machine can handle information;it can calculate,conclu de,and choose;it can perform reasonable operations with information.A machine,therefore,ca n think.Famed mathematician Norbert Wiener,of MIT,envisions a machine that can learn and wi ll"in no way be obliged to make such decisions as we should have made,or will be acceptable to us."Evidently,he thinks machines can think.不过，一位权威人士明确地说：“机器能处理信息，能进行计算、做出决定和选择，能利用信息从事各种合理的工作，因此，机器能够思维。
”麻省理工学院著名的数学家诺伯特·威纳做出展望认为，机器能学习，它“决不会被迫做出我们必须作的决定，或是迎合我们。
”显然，他认为机器能够思维There is a popular anecdote about a computer programmer who,just for a lark,spent days settin g up the machine to destroy itself,then watched delightedly as the computer dutifully proceeded to commit suicide.If that machine could have thought,would it not have circumvented him?一个有关一位计算机程序设计员的轶事广为流传。
河海大学博士研究生入学考试大纲(英语)答案
河海大学博士研究生入学考试大纲（英语）答案样题：21-30 BDBCA DABBB 31-40 DCCAB DAACA41-50 BDACA CDBAC 51-60 ABCDA ABADC（一）21-30 babca caabc 31-40 caadd cdcab 41-50 ccaab aaadb 51-60 aabac abccb 61.C that I made 62.C not63.D wide 64.D with details to be worked out 65.B kept to66-70 DABCB 71-75 CBADB76-80 AADCC 81-85 BDBAB86-90 ABDAB 91-95 CABBA（二）21-30 ababb babba 31-40 acdba cdccd 41-50 baadd bbbdc 51-60 dccca dacbb 61.C has an interesting 62.C having caused63.D are 64.C recognized 65.B but 66-70 CBADA 71-75 DCABC 76-80 DCCBC 81-85 AABCB 86-90 CBDCA 91-95 BBCDA（三）21-30 cbbaa acdcb 31-40 abddd cdbbc 41-50 caabd dcbad 51-60 cdacd bdbac 61. B that 62.D that63.C to have never 64.B of which65.D no66-70 ABABD 71-75 BDABA76-80 ACDCD 81-85 ACDCC86-90 CABBC 91-95 ABDBC（四）21-30 addac bdabd 31-40 bbcca acbda 41-50 bcccd bcbca 51-60 bbcbd abcdb 61. C to be passed over 62.A so many63.C we 64.B to attain65.B are66-70 CABCD 71-75 CCADD76-80 ADCAC 81-85 BBDDA86-90 BDACD 91-95 BCACA（五）21-30 dbabc dcaca 31-40 acbcb acbba 41-50 accda bbcab 51-60 abcda bcdba 61. D did n’t fasten 62.C depend on63. A Ulike 64.D think it is65.B quite some time66-70 ABCAD 71-75 DCBDA76-80 CBDCD 81-85 AACDD86-90 CDABB 91-95 AADBC（六）21-30 cacba abcbd 31-40 bbdcb dcbbb 41-50 cbadd bacdd 51-60 bacab bcdcb61.C no such a thing like 62.C described as63. A when去掉64.D have65.C those of the nature ones66-70 DCBBB 71-75 AACDD76-80 DCBDA 81-85 ACBBD86-90 DCCBC 91-95 CDCAA（七）21-30 babab acaaa 31-40 abbdd dcbcd 41-50 ddcbd abaac 51-60 aadcc bcaca 61.B (should) be 62.B choose63. C looked like 64.C at greatly reduced65.C them66-70 BABBC 71-75 CDAAB76-80 BDDCD 81-85 CDABC86-90 DAABB 91-95 ACBAB（八）21-30 bccdb dbadc 31-40 aacbb dadcd 41-50 dabbc bdadb 51-60 acbad cbcdd 61.A As they are saddened by 62.D it was63. B should we 64.B using65.A while66-70 ACBCB 71-75 DCADB76-80 BAADA 81-85 CBBBA86-90 CDADC 91-95 BCAAB。
高考英语 Unit 11 Scientific achievements复习教案 新人教版 教案
importance
& difficulty
1.Talk about greatscientificachievements.
2.How to makestudents interestbout their intentions and wishes.
Language points:
1.Which one do you think is the most important?
Do you think是主句 which one is the most important 是think的宾语。
能够这样用的动词还有believe, imagine,guess, suppose等，都表示“认为”
T: That’strue. My dearstudents. As weknow, thousandsof years ago our ancestors made 4 great inventions that changed the world. We are proud of them. Butnowadaysalmost noachievementswere achieved by us Chinese .So I hope you study hard and make great scientific achievements.
注意：I think, I imagine, I suppose, I guess, I know等可用作插入语，置于句中或句末，通常用逗号隔开。如：
It was fortunate, he thought, that the rain had stopped.
=It was fortunate that the rain had stopped, he thought.
英语考研 胡壮麟版 语言学教程英语考研 Chapter 11
Although certain language learners (e.g., advanced learners and students majoring a foreign language) certainly benefit from a knowledge of linguistics, it is not sensible to recommend the majority of language learners to study linguistics while they are still struggling with the task of learning the language itself.
5
1. Linguistics and language learning
Many language learning theories are proposed based on certain linguistic theories.
In fact, knowledge in linguistics lies at the root of understanding what language learners can learn, how they actually learn and what they learn ultimately.
12
The role of instruction
Child: I taked a cookie. Mother: oh, you took a cookie. Child: yes, I taked it by myself.
A great number of adults learn a second language through formal instruction. Studies have produced mixed results.
高等学校研究生英语综合教程下 课件及课后题答案第五单元
Starting out—Task 1
The Tell-tale Heart
The unnamed narrator of the story is a ¡ ° readfully nervous¡ ± d character who disputes the allegation that he might be crazy. He contends that his disposition arises from a heightening of the senses: ¡ ° Abov e a wa t hes en e o hea ng acu e y ¡± T h nr rato ll s s f ri t l . e a r provides care to a wealthy elderly man. For some inexplicable reason, the narrator becomes obsessed with the diseased eye of the old man. The narrator likens it to a vulture¡¯s ey e and beco m s e so haunted by the ¡ ° Ev Ey e¡± t ht h de ds to m dr t h old il a e ci e ur e e man. He meticulously plans the murder. After one week of preparation, the narrator charges into the old man¡¯s bed oo m r after midnight and kills him using the heavy bed the victim had been sleeping in, crushing and suffocating him. Even after the murder, the victim¡¯s hea con nue bea ngf o m rt ti s ti r any mnu e i t s. The narrator carefully dismembers the body in a tub. He conceals all the pieces under the floor boards. At four o¡¯ c ocki nt he l
河海研一英语期末复习笔记(研究生英语视听说)分析解析
河海大学2015年1月份研究生英语一试卷结构一、听力20分（10+3+3+4）10条短对话+3篇小短文；听力用书原文，答案选项会乱序，有篇小短文的选项内容可能会变动，就比如这次的一篇关于熊猫的就变了，本来“吃得又慢又多”改成“吃得又快又多”，但仔细分析下选项还是可以判断出正确选项的。
二、词汇10分（5+5）10题填空+10题划线同义词；课后练习原题。
三、完型15分15个填空；这次是来自Unit 6 How to Read Body Language段落节选句子拼在一起；还有部分也出现在词汇练习里面。
四、阅读20分（5×4）2篇课后阅读原文原题（P27 passage2，P58 passage 1）+2篇课外阅读五、翻译20分（10+10）第一道英译汉：来自Unit 5 Take a Lesson from the Economists 段落节选句子拼成一段Economics is the dismal science: so say the large number of people who heap scorn on the intellectural merits of the discipline.（第一段）Due to the general measurement difficulties, as well as unforeseen events such as wars or natural disasters, economic forecasts are almost always wrong, sometimes by wide margins. （第三段）But the economists have been able to use the vagueness with which their subject is afflicted to their advantage. （第五段）（此处由机器翻译，你们自己尝试翻译下）经济学是沉闷的科学:所以说,大量的人嗤之以鼻的方式的优点的纪律。
货代英语 Unit 11.
• 1-6 课文：A contract of marine insurance is a contract based upon the utmost good faith, and, if the utmost good faith be not observed by either party, the contract may be avoided by the other party. • 注释：based upon: = based on 根据，以...为基础 • observe:遵守，奉行 • party: 条约的当事人，一方 • avoid: 避免，撤销，使无效 • 翻译：海上保险合同是建立在最大诚信基础之上 的合同，如果合同任何一方不遵守最大诚信，另 一方可以使合同无效。
•
• 2-2 课文：The general guiding rate of the insurance premium is 1% of the amount insured. • 注释：general: 普通的，通常的 • guiding: 导向，指导 • rate: 比率 • rate of the insurance premium: 保险费率 • amount insured: 保险金额(= sum insured ) • 翻译：保险费通常的指导费率是保险金额的1%。( 比如说，保险金额是100元，那么就收取1元的保险 费)
• 1-3 课文：Cargo Insurance is a contract of indemnity, that is, to compensate for the loss of damage in terms of the value（价值） of the insured goods. • 注释：that is：即，就是，换句话说 • compensate: 赔偿，补偿 • in terms of : 按照，根据，在...方面 翻译：货物保险是一种补偿合同，即按照被 保险货物的价值对它的损失进行赔偿。
大学思辨英语教程 精读3教师用书unit11
Unit 11 Urbanization and the EnvironmentUnit OverviewUrbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban "the gradual increase in the population of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas. It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized. Notably, the United Nations has also recently projected that nearly all global population growth from 2017 to 2030 will be absorbed by cities, about 1.1 billion new urbanites over the next 13 years. Today, in Asia the urban agglomerations of Osaka, Karachi, Jakarta, Mumbai, Shanghai, Manila, Seoul and Beijing are each already home to over 20 million people, while Delhi and Tokyo are forecast to approach or exceed 40 million people each within the coming decade. Outside Asia, Mexico City, São Paulo, London, New York City, Istanbul, Lagos and Cairo are, or soon will be, home to over 10 million people each.Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of human social roots on a global scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is being rapidly replaced by predominantly urban culture. Urbanization creates enormous social, economic and environmental changes, which provide an opportunity for sustainability with the “potential to use resources more efficiently, to create more sustainable land use and to protect the biodiversity of natural ecosystems.” Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including urban planning, geography, sociology, economics, and public health. Thus, it has not only brought benefits to the urbanites but also caused various problems such as traffic congestion, pollution, poverty and crimes that need to be addressed.Text AIn “Alternatives to Sprawl: Shaping Tomorrow’s Cities”, Marcia D. Lowe analyzes the causes of urban problems troubling the developed as well as the developing countries around the world, and provides alternative ways to urban development that would make cities more humane for future generations.Text BIn “ ‘Let Them Eat Pollution’ – Capitalism and the World Environment”, John Bellamy Foster argues that while developed countries have become richer, cleaner and safer, developing countries has become poorer, dirtier, and more dangerous, because of the Western transfer of its low-value-added pollution industries to the latter (even taking the developing countries as their rubbish dumping ground).Teaching objectivesThis unit is designed to help students develop their reading skills, communicative competence, critical thinking, intercultural reflection and abilities in autonomous learning in the following aspects.Reading skills:Distinguish between general and specific statementsCheck and monitor your comprehensionScan for required informationCommunicative competence:Illustrate your points in a logical, structural mannerAdopt and argue for a perspective in a pro-con debateDevelop a coherent and cohesive oral/written discourseCritical thinking:Evaluate the logical strengths of the author’s evidence and argumentsNote and reflect on the differences in urban designs across cultureUse different examples to support different aspects of an ideaIntercultural competence:Explore and interpret the differences between city designs across culturesAnalyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Chinese idea and practice of feng shui in comparison with modern scienceUnderstand the different perspectives between developed countries and developing countries concerning environmental pollution and its remedyTeaching strategiesText A discusses the trend of urbanization in the world and the problems rapid urbanization has caused. The author particularly focuses on the problems and remedies of city planning and urban design citing specific examples. The teacher can start with some questions concerning the problems of living in cities. Then he/she can ask the students to offer their ways of solving these problems. The teacher can also enhance the students’ cross-cultural perspective in comparing the issues analyzed in the text with the cases in China.Text B, as an additional reading, offers a critique on some Western economist’s view (from the World Bank) on the environmental issue against the background of globalization. Obviously the Western World has taken the advantage of the developing countries to get rich, and they also regard the developing countries as dumping ground for their industrial waste and pollutants. The teacher can encourage students to read it and reflect on the relationship between the developed countries and the developing countries in the process of globalization.Further reading:Paddison, Ronan (2001). Handbook of Urban Studies. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE PublicationsLarice, Michael, and MacDonald, Elizabeth (20017), editors, The Urban Design Reader, Routledge, New York LondonLow, Nicholas. (2002). Global Ethics and Environment. Routledge ScienceText APreparatory Work(1)Shanty-town: A shanty town or squatter area is a settlement of improvised housing, called shanties or shacks, made of plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of plastic, and cardboard boxes. Such settlements are usually found on the periphery of cities, in public parks, or near railroad tracks, rivers, lagoons or city trash dump sites. Sometimes called a squatter, informal or spontaneous settlement, a typical shanty town often lacks proper sanitation, safe water supply, electricity, hygienic streets, or other basic human necessities.Metropolitan area: A metropolitan area, sometimes referred to as a metro area or just metro, is a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing. Metropolitan areas include one or more urban areas, as well as satellite cities, towns and intervening rural areas that are socio-economically tied to the urban core, typically measured by commuting patterns.Smog: Smog is a type of air pollutant. The word "smog" was coined in the early 20th century as a portmanteau of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog. Man-made smog is derived from coal emissions, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, forest and agricultural fires and photochemical reactions of these emissions.Infrastructure: Infrastructure refers to structures, systems, and facilities serving a country, city, or area, including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function. It typically characterizes technical structures such as roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, telecommunications, and so forth, and can be defined as "the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions."Commuting: Commuting is periodically recurring travel between one's place of residence and place of work, or study, and in doing so exceed the boundary of their residential community. It sometimes refers to any regular or often repeated traveling between locations, even when not work-related.Downtown: Downtown is a term primarily used in North America by English speakers to refer to a city's core (or center) or central business district (CBD), often in a geographical, commercial, or communal sense. The term is not generally used in British English, whose speakers instead use the term city center. The term is thought to have been coined in New York City, where it was in use by the 1830s to refer to the original town at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan. During the late 19th century, the term was gradually adopted by cities across the United States and Canada to refer to the historical core of the city (which was most often the same as the commercial heart of the city).Greenway: A greenway is "a strip of undeveloped land near an urban area, set aside for recreational use or environmental protection". However, the term can in fact include "a scenic road" and though many are in urban areas. A greenway is a trail (and sometimes a wildlife corridor), found in both urban and rural settings, that is frequently created, out of a disused railway, canal towpath, utility, or similar right ofway, or derelict industrial land.Urban sprawl: Urban sprawl or suburban sprawl describes the expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, monofunctional and usually car-dependent communities, in a process called suburbanization. In addition to describing a particular form of urbanization, the term also relates to the social and environmental consequences associated with this development. The term urban sprawl is highly politicized, and almost always has negative connotations. It is criticized for causing environmental degradation, and intensifying segregation and undermining the vitality of existing urban areas and attacked on aesthetic grounds. Traffic congestion: Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing. The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. (2)Town: A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size definition for what constitutes a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world.City: A city is a large and permanent human settlement.] Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town in general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation.Metropolis: A metropolis is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications. The term is Greek and means the "mother city" of a colony (in the ancient sense). A big city belonging to a larger urban agglomeration, but which is not the core of that agglomeration, is not generally considered a metropolis but a part of it. Megacity: A megacity is usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people. A megacity can be a single metropolitan area or two or more metropolitan areas that converge. As of 2015, there are 35 megacities in existence. The largest of these are the metropolitan areas of Tokyo and Shanghai, each of these having a population of over 30 million inhabitants, with 38.8 million and 35.5 million respectively. Tokyo is the world's largest metropolitan area, while Shanghai has the world's largest city proper population.Global city: A global city, also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center, is a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system. The use of "global city", as opposed to "megacity", was popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo; although the term "world city", which refers to cities that control a disproportionate amount of global business, dates to at least the May 1886 description of Liverpool, by The Illustrated London News. More recently, the term has been described as beingsynonymous with a city's influence and 'financial capital', with other factors becoming less relevant. (3)City Location (continent/country)Population ImportanceSao Paulo Brazil, South America 11,244,369 the most populous city inBrazil, the Americas, and theSouthern HemisphereMexico City Mexico, North America 8.84 million Capital of Mexico, one of the most important financialcenters in the Americas.Seattle The United States, North America 684,451 Largest city in both the stateof Washington and thePacific Northwest region ofNorth America.New York United States, North America 8,550,405 The most populous city inthe United States, the centerof the New Yorkmetropolitan area, one of themost populous urbanagglomerations in the world,a global financial center.Shanghai China, Asia 24 million The most populous city inboth China and Asia as wellas the most populous cityproper in the world, a globalfinancial center, and atransport hub with theworld's busiest containerport.Bombay (Mumbai) India, Asia 18.4 million The most populous city in India and the ninth mostpopulous agglomeration inthe world, the wealthiest cityin IndiaParis France, Europe 10,550,350 The capital and mostpopulous city of France,known for its fashion andmuseums, the home of themost visited art museum inthe world, the LouvreLondon The United Kingdom, Europe 8,673,713 The capital and mostpopulous city of England,Great Britain, and the UnitedKingdom, a leading globalcity, one of the world’sleading financial centers.Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text 1.Part Paras.Main idea I. Background of urbanization in theworld1-3Urbanization and urban planning has profound impacts on human and environmental well-being II. Urban planning around the globe4-9Some cities are well planned (Paris and some English cities), some cities didn’t have a good plan (North America & Australia), andthe worst city planning is in the developingcountries.III. City planning as transportation planning 10-15 A city’s transport system functions better ifthings are closer to home. Antiquated zoninglaws need updating.IV. Increasing density and diversity 16-21 Integrate homes not only with workplacesbut with other amenities; allow homeownersto rent out small apartments within theirhouses; the example of Portland, OhioV. Room enough for all 22-24 Municipalities should enhance the supply ofaffordable housing by adopting controls thatpromote a mixture of housing types.(Portland)VI. Humane cities 25-30 Making urban areas more humane includesplanning the use of street space, holding thetraffic in check, creating and increasing“greenways”, and involving the public in theurban-planning process.VII. A groundwork for urban land-use policy31-37 Land-use should confine the developmentwithin existing boundaries so that cities canprotect both their own future and that of ruralareas. National funding support is needed forbetter urban planning in both developedworld and the developing world. 2.(1) City-planning has profound impacts on human and environmental well-being. Uncontrolled urban growth can destroy the natural resources and create social disparity. Thus the world needs an urban-planning ethic that is sensitive to these environmental and human dimensions.(2)Congestion and pollution from motor vehicles, a lack of affordable housing, andthe cancerous growth of blighted districts.(3)Western Europe has a long tradition of actively controlling land use so that thesmall amount of available space serves the public’s interest more than that of private developers. North America and Australia have the weakest planning traditions. Governments on these continents have done relatively little to guide development beyond separating industrial areas from those zoned for commerce and housing. Developing countries have the loosest controls over how cities develop. The enormous rapidly growing cites there are racked with pollution and rimmed by shanty-towns.(4)Compartmentalizing and zoning laws, which separate work place from livingquarters, have caused both waste of land in the environment and waste of time for the commuters. To solve these problems, city planning should focus on transportation planning, and a city’s transport system functions better if things are closer to home.(5)In well-established cities, dispersed areas can be made more compact by filling inunderused space to improve their land-use patterns.(6)These cities can also allow homeowners to rent out small apartments within theirhouses to increase housing density.(7)Portland is a rapidly growing city of roughly 500,000 people. Stead of giving in toever growing automobile dependence and sprawl, Portland has encircled itself with an Urban Growth Boundary beyond which new development is not allowed.Reinforced by zoning reforms, the Urban Growth Boundary allows Portland to grow quickly but compactly. The city has increased its housing density by encouraging a blend of mulit- and single-family homes in pleasant, compact pattern. Its vibrant downtown boasts green spaces. City officials welcome new office construction but restrict the amount of accompanying parking. As a result, in two decades, the volume of cars entering Portland’s downtown has remained the same even though the number of jobs there has increased by 50%.(8)Nearly every urban area has two faces—one well-housed and connected to avariety of services and amenities, and the other, ill-housed and excluded from many such opportunities. Governments can enhance the supply of affordable housing and promote a mixture of housing types to resolve the problem.(9)Many large cities are finding that the most transport-efficient land-use patterncombines a dense, well-mixed downtown with several, outlying, compact centers of activity—all linked by an extensive public transport system, for example Toronto and Vancouver in Canada. (para. 19) Instead of giving in to eve greater automobile dependence and sprawl, Portland, Ohio, USA has encircled itself with an Urban Growth Boundary beyond which new development is not allowed.(para.20) The city has increased its housing density by encouraging a blend of multi- and single-family homes in pleasant, compact pattern. It also welcomes new office construction but restrict the amount of accompanying parking. (para.21)(10)First, the general public and decision makers need better access to informationabout the characteristics of a community’s population and the possible consequences of various planning decisions. Second, cities and surrounding areas need a greater degree of regional cooperation to prevent land use in on jurisdiction from producing problems in others. Third, urban areas in virtually all countries need stronger support from their national governments, giving them budgetary power to plan their own long-term development strategies.II. Evaluation and exploration(1) Tentative answer: I basically agree with the author about this phenomenon based on two reasons – one is that many examples in developing countries (Mexico, Brazil, India, South Arica, Egypt) support this statement; the other is the root cause that the third world countries have experienced fast economic growth and urbanization (the big cities such as Mexico City and Bombay) but have not yet found time to address the unbalance of the polarization between the haves and have-nots. One of the few exceptions is China which has done relatively better job in this regard (large numbers of big cities emerging and absorbing labors from the rural areas and relatively balanced and equal development in housing and transport provision for all citizens) (2)Advantages: it’s more efficient and easier to organize and build working areas and resident areas separately (residents can be protected from possible risks and dangers from traffic and factories).Disadvantages: since resident areas are separated from the work place or factories, it takes a lot of time for the workers to commute between the two areas, and also it inevitably causes traffic congestion.(3)Summary: (1) Instead of giving in to ever greater automobile dependence and sprawl, Portland has encircled itself with an Urban Growth Boundary, an invisible line similar to England’s green belts, beyond which new development is not allowed.(2) The city has increased its housing density by encouraging a blend of multi- and single-family homes in pleasant, compact pattern, and therefore successfully controlled housing prices. (3) The city has also built or expanded green spaces in the downtown(city center).Chinese cities can definitely learn from these experiences and realize balanced development, however, each city has its own features (land forms, population size, industries, climate etc.) and it should not simply copy the Portland model but follow its principle of balanced and sustainable development.(4)“Making urban areas more humane includes planning the use of street space. In cities all over the world, automobile traffic needs to be held in check. Many European cities have redesigned roads in order to ‘calm’ traffic. Typically this entails reduced speed limits and strategically placed trees, bushes, flowerbeds, or play areas along or in the roadway—gentle inducements that make drivers proceed slowly and yield the right-of-way to pedestrians, cyclists, and children at play.” (para. 26)Yes, definitely, humane cities need to put the well-being of the pedestrians (who should equally follow the traffic rules) ahead of the drivers, and China’s bit cities need to improve in this respect (although the great number of people on the street makes it more difficult to realize). China’s big cities also have its own advantages inthe provision of public transport (buses, subways, and city-link trains) and workers should be encouraged to use it instead of driving cars to work.(5)Tentative answer: Singapore is a well-planned city with mature and developed business areas, clean and beautiful resident areas, advanced public transport system, reserved green land, and controlled private cars (As Singapore is a small island with a high population density, the number of private cars on the road is restricted so as to curb pollution and congestion. Car buyers must pay for duties one-and-a-half times the vehicle's market value, and bid for a Singaporean Certificate of Entitlement (COE), which allows the car to run on the road for a decade).These provide good principles and insights for China’s cities to learn from. You can compare these aspects with your own home city to find room for improvement.(6)Food for thoughts: Big cities can absorb and transform large number of the surplus labor in the rural areas, provide a lot of job opportunity, have high-quality resources in culture, education, health care, and recreational activities, but the drawbacks are higher cost of living (including house price), serious traffic congestion, a lot of noise and air pollution. Small and medium-sized cities are basically opposite to the big ones in the above mentioned respects.Tentative solution: small, medium and big cities are all needed in China because of their different functions, but they should be balanced in development –the number of mega cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Chongqing should be limited due to the huge pressure on environment (but they serve as political, business, or transport centers of the country or regions); medium cities should be encouraged for its ideal balance of population size and the environment; but small cities should not be neglected (they are the basis for the other two types).(7)Tentative answer: Major causes of traffic congestion and air pollution: too many private cars (causing both traffic congestion and air pollution), inadequate public transport capacity, manufacturing factories, traditional fuel burning for central heating in the winter, dust caused by construction sites.Solutions: control the number and use of private cars (through various means), develop public transport system, esp. subway, close down polluting factories, replace coal burning with natural gas in the central heating season, and reduce dust of construction sites.(8)Food for thought: you can discuss the problems from logical organization of the functional areas (such as teaching/learning area vs resident area vs dining area), clean environment and adequate infrastructure (green land, pond, sports center etc.), degree of convenience (distance between different areas), and then propose for improvement if there’re flaws.(9)Food for thought: with the rapid development such as online shopping and the service industry (some of its business such as translation, editing and designing) make it possible for the employees to work from home), where the employee live will be irrelevant to where the company he/she works for is located. This will give much more freedom for the employee to decide where he/she should live, and people will not crowd into big cities and suffer bad environment. Perhaps, small and medium cities as well as suburban areas of big cities with good environment will flourish.(10)This question is open. The reader can use what they have learned from this unit (general principles of balanced and sustainable development as well as specific measures to realize it) to evaluate the government’s plan.Language EnhancementI Words and phrases1.(1) C&E(2) B&C(3) D&F(4) D&F(5) C&E(6) B&E(7) B&C(8) C&F(9) A&D(10) A&D2.(1) through (2) at (3) by (4) for (5) to (6) on(7) with(8) on(9) by(10) in(11) until(12) to3.(1) yields to(2) range from(3) veered from(4) shuts out(5) excluded from(6) connect… to(7) rented out(8) react to(9) turn…into(10) draws on4.(1) met(2) controlling(3) separate…from(4)convert(5) addresses(6) strive for(7) confined(8) devote …to(9) fend off(10) facilitateII Sentences and discourse1.(1)Estimates from the UN show that the populations of Third World cities are nowdoubling every 10 to 15 years, and this is posing a serious challenge to governments’ efforts to provide clean water, sewerage, adequate transport, and other basic services.(2)Many of England’s urban areas are still circled by green belts intended to protectfarmland and prevent city sprawl; the tradition has been carried out according toa farsighted decree by Queen Elizabeth I in 1580.(3)Zoning codes restrict residential density by requiring each house to occupy itsown large lot, and this has forced development to use even greater tracts of open space.(4)These giant cities are racked with pollution and rimmed by shanty-towns. Theyhave become increasingly features of the developing countries.(5)However, it is impossible to stop further development because prohibitinggrowth in their own jurisdictions and communities simply shifts it to neighboring areas. In these areas, controls may be looser and policies may be more encouraging to further expansion.(6)Many neighborhoods serve merely as pathways for car drivers to pass through toother places.2.(1)The policies of reform and opening up initiated by Mr. Deng Xiaoping haveenriched millions of people in China.(2)The trend of global warming will endanger flora/plants and fauna/animals in boththe Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle.(3)The strategy of developing satellite towns is to prevent Beijing’s urbanconstruction from further sprawl.(4)In any urban area, high-end living quarters with low housing density always takeup more urban space or farmland.(5)Any urban planning has to reconcile the contradiction between communitydevelopment and traffic pressure.(6)You have no right to dictate me in this affair.(7)A person’s attitude determines his/her future.(8)No government can afford to ignore the existence of urban poverty.(9)Encouraging and promoting the development of economically affordable housingis one of the major measures adopted by governments of all levels to resolve the housing problem of low-income families.(10)The successive rise in real estate prices over the years has undermined thefoundation for sustainable development of the economy as a whole.3.一个城市对土地的利用方式比任何交通专家或工程师的计划和决策更能决定其交通系统的特点。
(完整word版)年河海大学研究生英语一Unit1GhostsforTea(精)
Unit 1 Ghosts for T ea' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope.'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935.'“十便士看海湾风光。
”那个带着望远镜的老头说道。
“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年大海难的遗迹吧!”Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent.十便士是纯粹的抢劫,可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。
Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unr olling on to the beach, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and do dging gracefully on the sea . Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one ano ther as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse sto od on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the light house, the man beside me tapped my wrist.峭壁伸展向远处,海风激起的波浪闪耀着铺展在沙滩上,海面上几艘游艇伴着乳白色风帆优雅地弯成弧形避开。
2015年 河海大学研究生英语一 Unit 12 Thanksgiving
Unit 12 ThanksgivingSoon they will be together again, all the people who travel between their own lives and each other’s. The package tour of the season will lure them this week to the family table.很快，所有在人生路途中漂泊的人们将相聚一堂。
本周，回家是他们唯一能做的事，吸引着他们聚在家庭餐桌前。
By Thursday, feast day, family day, Thanksgiving day, Americans who value individualism like no other people will collect around a million tables in a ritual of belonging.在周四，宴会日，家庭日，感恩节这天，最崇尚个人主义的美国人将以一种归属的仪式，聚集在百万张餐桌前。
They will assemble their families the way they assemble dinner: each one bearing a personality as different as cranberry sauce and pumpkin pie. For one dinner they will cook for each other, fuss for each other, feed each other and argue with each other.家人聚在一起，就像他们张罗的晚餐一样：每个人有着不同的个性，就像蔓越橘沙拉不同于南瓜饼一样。
晚餐中，他们煮给彼此吃，相互抱怨，相互喂食，相互争论。
They will nod at their common heritage, the craziness and caring of other generations. They will measure their common legacy… the children.对于共同传统和对其他几代人的狂热和关爱，他们都很认同。
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Unit 11 The Iks *Questions 1. What do you know about the small tribe of Iks? 2. Who wrote the book about the Iks? What kind of attitude did he have? What's the theme of the book? 3. What's the author's attitude toward the book? 4. What's the gist of the article?
*Structure *Language points 1.dishearten --- v. cause sb to lose hope or confidence Don't let this set-back dishearten you.
2.at large --- generally; as a whole; as a unit The young generation, at large, is a bright group. The junior class at large was not interested in a senior year book.
3.in response to --- as a verbal answer, or physical /emotional reaction to sth. The lectures have been published in book form in response to numerous requests. Mr. John's letter is in response to a recent speech by Mr. Smith.
4.rest on/upon---(1) cause to be based on sth. It's not enough to rest your argument on unsupported facts. His argument rests on a broad basis of facts. (2) depend on , be decided or fixed by sth. The committee's decision rests on the chairman's vote. All their hopes rested upon this venture. You may rest upon his promise.
5.in advance of ---before a future period or occasion We discussed her proposal in advance of her arrival. The iron mine fulfilled the state production plan one month in advance.
6.a bad lot / egg --- person considered to be dishonest and unreliable
7.forage --- search or hunt for sth.esp. food and supplies One group left the camp to forage for firewood. She foraged about in her handbag, but couldn't find her keys. 8.desert ---cf.leave, abandon, desert, forsake She left home when she was eighteen to become a nurse. He left music to study law. The scientist abandoned his research for lack of funds. The man shamelessly abandoned his wife and child for another woman. They deserted the farm for the city. to desert a friend in trouble The soldier abandoned his post and deserted. She pleaded with her husband not to forsake her. His wife persuaded him to forsake his old drinking habits.
9.snatch ---cf. grasp, seize, grab, grip, snatch, clutch The drowning man grasped the tree branch firmly. The policeman caught up with the thief and seized him by the collar. He grabbed the beggar's arm and pulled him out of the path of the car. He gripped my hand so tightly that it hurt. The puppy snatched the candy from the girl's hand. The thief snatched her purse and ran away. The mother clutched her small daughter's hand when they were crossing the street. The little girl clutched her doll tenaciously in case it might be seized away.
10.fall into place --- become clear; (begin to) form an orderly & intelligible pattern The whole mystery falls into place when you remember who was in power at the time. Now that you tell me about the man's relationship with his family, the whole picture falls into place.
11. shout --- cf.cry, yell, shout, bellow, roar, scream, shriek We heard his cries for help above the sound of the storm. It sounded like the cry of a woman in pain. The child lost in the woods gave a yell for help. The crowd gave a yell of "Go, team, go!" There were shouts of surprise when the winner was announced. He had a loud bellow and attacked his opponent. The lion's roar could be heard throughout the jungle. He set the room in a roar. He screams filled the air as she turned and fled. the agonizing shrieks of the wounded the shriek of the fire siren
12. lag behind --- fail to keep level with In steel production, we lag behind the rest of Europe. Our figure lags behind the national average.
13. no / little / small wonder(that …)--- it is not /hardly surprising No wonder you were late! Small wonder that he was so tired! No wonder you couldn't find the book ---it had fallen behind the chair. It is no wonder that the children love to visit the farm. The Browns didn't go to the Fair.