2020届高三精准培优专练十九 分析碳循环 生物 教师版
2020届高三地理精准培优专练17：影响类问题的突破(附解析)
2020届高三地理精准培优专练17：影响类问题的突破（附解析）一、常考“影响”归纳（一）影响类设问影响类设问常以区域图为信息载体，结合重大工程建设、产业活动、人口迁移、城市化等，就区域内典型地理现象或地理事物进行命题，常见设问形式有“带来的影响有哪些”“产生什么影响”“试分析××对××的影响”“分析说明××对××的有利影响或不利影响”等。
影响类设问一般要从多角度分析，如有利影响和不利影响，对本地区（事物）的影响和对其他地区（事物）的影响，现在的影响和将来的可能影响，对社会、经济和生态的影响等。
注意如果设问给出限定条件，只能从所要求的方面进行分析。
如“分析说明××对××的有利影响或不利影响”，对于这类设问，要注意审题，抓住限定词，知道从哪个方面进行分析。
（二）分析评价类设问分析评价类设问往往结合社会热点，以人口、资源、环境问题或区域可持续发展、大型工程建设（如水库建设、跨流域调水、能源跨区域调配等）为切入点，要求分析或评价某区域经济发展条件的优劣，工农业生产、城市形成与发展、交通运输建设的区位条件，资源开发利用中存在的不合理现象，大型工程建设对社会、经济与生态环境的影响等。
常见的设问形式有“分析某地发展××工（农）业的区位条件（优势）”“从××角度评价××区位条件”“结合××因素评价××的发展条件”“简要评价××对××的影响”“与××相比，评价其优势或者不足”或“从××方面进行分析”等。
在解答该类试题时，要注意审题，抓住限定词，明确是评价利还是评价弊，是对比分析还是没有限定，该从哪方面进行分析、评价等。
2020届高三精准培优专练十 阅读理解-----推理判断题(学生版)
2020届高三名师教育精准培优专练培优点十阅读理解----推理判断一、真题在线Passage 1（2019·浙江卷，A）Zachariah Fike has an unusual hobby. He finds old military(军队的) medals for sale in antique stores and on the Internet. But unlike most collectors, Zac tracks down the medals’ rightful owners, and returns them.His effort to reunite families with lost medals began with a Christmas gift from his mother, a Purple Heart with the name Corrado A. G. Piccoli, found in an antique shop. Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Heart — he earned one himself in a war as a soldier. So when his mother gave him the medal, he knew right away what he had to do.Through the Internet, Zac tracked down Corrado’s sister Adeline Rockko. But when he finally reached her, the woman flooded him with questions: “Who are you? What antique shop?” However, when she hung up, she regretted the way she had handled the call. So she called Zac back and apologized. Soon she drove to meet Zac in Watertown, N.Y. “At that point, I knew she meant business,” Zac says. “To drive eight hours to come to see me.”The Piccolis grew up the children of Italian immigrants in Watertown. Corrado, a translator for the Army during WWII, was killed in action in Europe.Before hearing from Zac, Adeline hadn’t realized the medal was missing. Like many military medals, the one Zac’s mother had found was a family treasure. “This medal was very precious to my parents. Only on special occasions(场合) would they take it out and let us hold it in our hands,” Adeline says.As a child, Adeline couldn’t understand why the medal was so significant. “But as I grew older,” Adeline says, “and missed my brother more and more, I realized that was the only thing we had left.” Corrado Piccoli’s Purple Heart medal now hangs at the Italian American Civic Association in Watertown.Zac recently returned another lost medal to a family in Alabama. Since he first reunited Corrado’s medal, Zac says his record is now 5 for 5.21. Where did Zac get a Purple Heart medal for himself？A. In the army.B. In an antique shop.C. From his mother.D. From Adeline Rockko.22. What did Zac realize when Adeline drove to meet him?A. She was very impolite.B. She was serious about the medal.C. She suspected his honesty.D. She came from a wealthy family.23. What made Adeline treasure the Purple Heart?A. Her parents’ advice.B. Her knowledge of antiques.C. Her childhood dream.D. Her memory of her brother.Passage 2（2019·上海卷，C）Everything about nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and decommissioning — and the fears of something going badly wrong.The future, however may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk.These small-scale plants will on average generate between 50MW and 300MW of power compared with the 1,000MW-plus from a conventional reactor. They will draw on modular manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has plagued larger-scale projects. Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors (AMRs) — most of which will not be commercial until the 2030s — are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind.“The physics hasn’t changed. It’s about much cleverer design that offers much-needed flexibility in terms of operation,” said Tim Stone, long-term industry adviser and chairman of Nuclear risk Insurers, which insures nuclear sites in the UK.Since the Fukushima meltdown in Japan in 2011, safety fears have threatened nuclear power. But the biggest obstacle today is economic. In western Europe, just three plants are under construction: in the UK at Hinkley point C in Somerset; at Flamanville in France; and at Olkiluoto in Finland. All involve the European Pressurized Reactortechnology of EDF that will be used at Hinkley Point. All are running years late and over budget. In the US, the first two nuclear projects under way for the past 30 years are also blowing through cost estimates.The UK, which opened the world’s first commercial nuclear reactor in 1956, is one of the few western nations committed to renewing its ageing fleet to ensure energy security and meet tough carbon reduction targets. It is seen as a proving ground, by many in the industry, of nuclear power’s ability to restore confidence.However, the country’s agreement with EDF to build two units at Hinkley Point — which together will generate 3.2GW of electricity — has come under severe criticism over its cost. The government is looking at different funding models but said it still sees nuclear power as vital to the country’s future energy mix. Small reactors, it believes, have the potential to generate much-needed power from the 2030s.A nuclear sector deal, unveiled last month, promised up to ￡56m in funding for research and development into AMRs and attracted interest of start-ups from around the world. The government hopes the funding will give the UK a lead in the global race to develop these technologies, helping to provide energy security while also creating a multibillion-dollar export market for British engineering companies.63. Which of the following is true about the advanced modular reactors (AMRs)?A. AMRs produce more power than traditional reactors.B. Small in scale, AMRs rose more safety risks.C. So far, most AMRs have not been put into use yet.D. Governments prefer energy of solar and wind to that of AMRs.64. In paragraph 5, the author mentions the plants in Western Europe and the US to ________.A. prove that nuclear power has been threatened by safety concernB. show that the construction of nuclear power plants cost more than the budget availableC. indicate the construction of nuclear plants are slow in speedD. point out that most power plants have adopted the latest nuclear technology65. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Some people have lost confidence in the development of nuclear plants.B. The UK government seeks to reduce the negative impact of nuclear power on its economy.C. The plan to build two power plants in Hinkley Point has been deserted.D. a kind costs for small modular reactors would be higher relative to large nuclear reactors.66. Which of the following can serve as the best title of this passage?A. Britain counts on nuclear energy to keep lights onB. Traditional nuclear plants boom with mini reactorsC. Nuclear’s share of power generation remain steadD. Nuclear power looks to shrink its way to successPassage 3（2019·北京卷，C）The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don’t know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解决方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it’s not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you’re hearing is actually real.That’s because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation(处理) and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use. At this year’s I/O Conference, a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human-sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches(数据侵入) of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother’s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they’re able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller’s, tricking you into “confirming” your address, mother’s name, and card number. Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. V oice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually.We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by, or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications — using apps like FaceTime or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out.38. How does the author feel about the solutions to problem of robocalls?A. Panicked.B. Confused.C. Embarrassed.D. Disappointed.39. Taking advantage of the new technologies, scammer can ________.A. aim at victims preciselyB. damage databases easilyC. start campaigns rapidlyD. spread information widely40. What does the passage imply?A. Honesty is the best policy.B. Technologies can be double-edged.C. There are more solutions than problems.D. Credibility holds the key to development.41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is RootedB. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of RobocallsC. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More DangerousD. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of TechnologyPassage 4（2018·全国新课标II，C）Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children’s lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion(比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 2-8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainlydue to concerns about increased screen time.The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.28. What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?A. Children’s reading habits.B. Quality of children’s books.C. Children’s after-class activities.D. Parent-child relationships.29. Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for fun”?A. In paragraph 2.B. In paragraph 3.C. In paragraph 4.D. In paragraph 5.30. Why do many parents limit electronic reading?A. E-books are of poor quality.B. It could be a waste of time.C. It may harm children’s health.D. E-readers are expensive.31. How should parents encourage their children to read more?A. Act as role models for them.B. Ask them to write book reports.C. Set up reading groups for them.D. Talk with their reading class teachers.二、对点专练Passage 1Please take a few seconds and think of your personal biggest goal. Imagine telling someone you meet today what you’re going to do. Imagine their congratulations and their high image of you. Doesn’t it feel good to say it out loud? Don’t you feel one step closer already? Well, bad news: you should have kept your mouth shut, because that good feeling will make you less likely to do it.Any time you have a goal, there is some work that needs to be done to achieve it. Ideally, you would not be satisfied until you’d actually done the work. But when you tell someone your goal and he acknowledges(认可) it, psychologists have found it’s called a “social reality”. The mind is kind of tricked into feeling that it’s already done. And then, because you’ve felt that satisfaction, you’re less motivated to do the actual hard work necessary. This goes against the traditional wisdom that we should tell our friends our goals, right?In 1982, Peter Gollwitzer, a Professor of Psychology, wrote a whole book about this. And in 2009, he did some new tests that were published. It goes like this: 163 people across four separate tests — everyone wrote down their personal goal. Then half of them announced their commitment(许诺) to this goal to the room, and half didn’t. Then everyone was given 45 minutes of work that would directly lead them towards their goal, but they were told that they could stop at any time. Now those who kept their mouths shut worked the entire 45 minutes on average, and when asked afterwards, said they felt they had a long way to go to achieve their goal. But those who had announced it quit after only 33 minutes on average, and when asked afterwards, said that they felt much closer to achieving their goal.1. What do the words “social reality” in Paragraph 2 mean?A. Completion of the goal.B. Necessary hard work.C. People’s acknowledgement.D.A sense of satisfaction.2. What does Peter Gollwitzer try to tell us?A. Writing down the goal is very helpful.B. Achieving personal goal needs more time.C. Keeping the goal secret makes people work harder.D. Making the goal public makes people less satisfied.3. How did Peter Gollwitzer prove his idea about people’s goal?A. By giving figures.B. By giving examples.C. By making a survey.D. By making comparison tests.4. What will probably happen if you tell your friends your goal?A. You will be more confident.B. You will not gain satisfaction.C. You are less likely to realize it.D. You’ll be much more motivated.Passage 2Increasing numbers of airports, especially in Europe, are promoting a “silent airport” idea. It is to reduce noise pollution, such as airport-wide announcements, without sacrificing timely and helpful updates of information.International airports were once characterized by their high voices, competing gate announcements and so on. This is all changing. Angela Gittens, director general of Airports Council International (ACI), says there is a growing desire among airports and airlines they serve to create a calm, relaxed atmosphere without being disturbed by announcements. “Passengers can relax while they wait for their flight to board in the common airside lounges(休闲区), and food and drink areas,” she says.In June, Helsinki Airport in Finland — a country where the tourism slogan(口号) is “silence, please” — became the most recent airport to adopt the silent concept. As part of its commitment to quieting things down, announcements for flights are made only in boarding gate areas.Lost track of time in the shops?Too bad.Nobody’s going to call you to your flight, as announcements in all terminals will be made only in exceptional(尤其) emergency circumstances.Heikki Koski, vice president of Helsinki Airport, says that improved flight information display system and interactive kiosks(交互式自助服务机), together with advances in mobile technology, are changing the way airports communicate with passengers. At Munich airport, InfoGate kiosks allow for video-based face-to-face conversation with a live customer service representative in the traveler’s language of choice. Interactive signs, on the other hand, give directions at the touch of finger. Passengers can tap a “you are here” display to get directions and approximate walking time to their destinations.Of course, an airport will never be as silent as a temple. There will continue to be a need for airport-wide emergency announcements along with boarding calls. But at silent airports, the latter can be restricted to specific gates, as has adopted in Helsinki.5. What is Angela Gittens’ opinion on the silent airport concept?A. It makes airport noise-free.B. It is intended for passengers’ benefit.C. It has changed international airports’ reputation.D. It has encouraged the catering industry in airports.6. What should passengers pay close attention to at Helsinki Airport?A. Their boarding time.B. Finland’s tourism slogan.C. The shop’s opening hours.D. The “you are here” display.7. Why is Munich Airport mentioned in the text?A. To show its popularity.B. To introduce Infogate kiosks.C. To prove Heikki Koski’s words.D. To be compared with Helsinki Airport.8. What is the best title for the text?A. Silence, please. This is an airport.B. Can airports be as quiet as temples?C. Silent airports all around the world.D. Technology helps airports become interactive.Passage 3September 8, 2017, was an exciting date for Katey Walter Anthony. On this cool, windless evening she first visited Alaska’s Lake Esieh. Few people visit this remote area of wilderness, covered by frozen ground with spruce trees. Thousands of lakes dot the region. But Walter Anthony quickly realized that this lake was strange. As her boat moved across it, she came to a place where the water seemed to be boiling.The water wasn’t warm. Bubbles of all sizes streamed up, popping at the surface. One bubble, as large as a softball, gave off a loud sound as it burst. The bubbles, which rose with such force that they slowly pushed her boat to the side, covered a part of the lake larger than a football field.Walter Anthony leaned over the edge of the boat and collected some bubbles in a bottle. Then she struck a match and opened the bottle to release the gas she had just collected. The gas caught fire!The fire dancing over the bottle confirmed her belief. It showed that the lake was flowing out a gas called methane(甲烷). Each molecule(CH4) contains one atom of carbon bonded to four atoms of hydrogen. As a strong greenhouse gas, it can absorb radiation from the sun, warming the atmosphere. Methane, along with carbon dioxide, is a major source of global warming.Scientists believe that the Arctic could release large amounts of methane over the next 100 years. Some of them worry that this methane will cause the world to warm more quickly than they had predicted.Walter Anthony has spent nearly 20 years trying to understand this threat. She is trying to measure how much methane is coming out of warming Arctic lakes. And to her, Lake Esieh could be a warning. If other lakes respond the same way, the Arctic could be poised to flow out far more methane than anyone had expected. “We don’t even know how much gas is down there,” she says. “It’s a wild card.”9. Why is Lake Esieh considered strange?A. The water there is boiling.B. It is located in a remote area.C. Bubbles there give off a loud sound.D. It is flowing out a gas that can catch fire.10. What effect does the gas from the lake have on the environment?A. It warms the water of the Arctic lakes.B. It pollutes the fresh air in the Arctic.C. It takes in the sunlight and holds the Arctic ice.D. It absorbs carbon dioxide and gives off oxygen.11. How does Walter Anthony feel about the gas methane?A. It is amusing.B. It is beneficial.C. It is a blessing.D. It is a threat.12. Where might this text come from?A. A science fiction.B. A tourist brochure.C. A science report.D. A geography textbook.Passage 4When men and women take personality tests, some of the old Mars-Venus stereotypes(定式) keep reappearing. On average, women are more cooperative, kind, cautious and emotionally enthusiastic. Men tend to be more competitive, confident, rude and emotionally flat. Clear differences appear in early childhood and never disappear.What’s not clear is the origin of these differences. Evolutionary psychologists think that these are natural features from ancient hunters and gatherers. Another school of psychologists argues that both sexes’ personalities have been shaped by traditional social roles, and that personality differences will shrink as women spend less time taking care of children and more time in jobs outside the home.To test these hypotheses(假设), a series of research teams have repeatedly analyzed personality tests taken by men and women in more than 60 countries around the world. For evolutionary psychologists, the bad news is that thesize of the gender gap in personality varies among cultures. For social-role psychologists, the bad news is that the change is going in the wrong direction. It looks as if personality differences between men and women are smaller in traditional cultures like India’s or Zimbabwe’s than in the Netherlands or the United States. A husband and a stay-at-home wife in a patriarchal(男权的) Botswanan clan(部族) seem to be more alike than a working couple in Denmark or France. The more Venus and Mars have equal rights and similar jobs, the more their personalities seem to separate.These findings are so unbelievable that some researchers have argued they must be due to cross-cultural problems with the personality tests. But according to new data from 40.000 men and women on six continents, David P. Schmitt and his colleagues conclude that the trends are real. Dr. Schmitt, a psychologist at Bradley University in Illinois and the director of the International Sexuality Description Project, suggests that as wealthy modern societies level(使平等) the barriers between women and men, some ancient internal differences are being developed.The biggest changes recorded by the researchers involve the personalities of men, not women.Men in traditional agricultural societies and poorer countries seem more cautious and anxious, less confident and less competitive than men in the most progressive and rich countries of Europe and North America.To explain these differences, Dr. Schmitt and his partners from Austria and Estonia point to the hardships of life in poorer countries. They note that in some other species, environmental stress tends to extremely affect the larger sex. And, they say, there are examples of stress decreasing biological sex differences in humans.13. According to personality tests, the differences between men and women begin to exist________.A. occasionally and temporarilyB. randomly and foreverC. regularly and constantlyD. early and permanently14. What is stated in Paragraph 2 is to indicate________.A. psychologists have no way to know the origin of the differencesB. experts fight against one anotherC. the explanation for the differences is open to testsD. women will solve the problem of the personality differences15. Now researchers tend to believe that the differences between men and women________.A. originate from ancient hunters and gatherersB. are shaped by traditional social roles they playC. are affected by traditional culturesD. vary from one culture to another16. What can be inferred about Dr. Schmitt?A. He doesn’t recognize the findings above.B. He thinks social environment contributes to some internal differences.C. He believes wealthy women and men are equal.D. He has no examples to explain the differences at all.培优点十阅读理解----推理判断一、真题在线Passage 1（2019·浙江卷，A）【答案】21-23 ABD【解析】这是一篇记叙文。
2020年石家庄第十九中学高三生物模拟试卷及参考答案
2020年石家庄第十九中学高三生物模拟试卷及参考答案一、选择题：本题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分。
每小题只有一个选项符合题目要求。
1. 基因分离规律的实质是（）A. 子二代出现性状分离比为3∶1B. 测交后代性状分离比为1∶1C. 等位基因随同源染色体的分开而分离D. 产生配子时，控制不同性状的基因彼此分离2. 1958年，科学家设计了DNA复制的同位素示踪实验，实验的培养条件与方法是：（1）在含18N的培养基中培养若干代，使DNA均被15N标记，离心结果如下图的甲；（2）转至14N的培养基培养，每20分钟繁殖一代；（3）取出每代大肠杆菌的DNA样本，离心。
下图的乙、丙、丁是某学生画的结果示意图。
下列有关推论，正确的是（）A.出现丁的结果需要60分钟B.乙是转入14N培养基中繁殖一代的结果C.转入培养基中繁殖三代后含有14N的DNA占3/4D.丙图的结果出现后，将此时的DNA热变性后离心分析可得出半保留复制的结论3. 英国科学家Chambers等人研究和鉴定一些动物谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的作用时，发现了人体第21种氨基酸——硒代半胱氨酸，是蛋白质中硒的主要存在位置，人体内硒含量很少，合成硒代半胱氨酸的原料需要不断从食物中获取。
下列有关叙述中，错误的是（）A. 硒的元素属于微量元素B. 硒位于硒代半胱氨酸的R基中C. 硒的代半胱氨酸是非必需氨基酸D. 人体的蛋白质均含有硒4. 如图是某种核酸的部分结构示意图，下列叙述错误的是（）A. 图中含两种核苷酸B. 该核酸通常为双链C. 该图表示RNA的部分结构D. 图中含有脱氧核糖5. 某岛屿由海底火山喷发形成，现已成为旅游胜地，岛上植被茂盛，风景优美。
下列叙述不正确的是A.该岛屿不同地段物种组成上的差异是群落水平结构的体现B.该岛屿形成后最初进行的群落演替属于次生演替C.旅游可能使岛上的群落演替按照不同于自然演替的速度进行D.该岛屿一定发生过漫长的群落演替过程6. 哺乳动物的生殖活动与光照周期有着密切联系。
2019-2020年高三生物一轮复习 专题培优课 解答蛋白质计算题的三把“金钥匙” 新人教版
与蛋白质相关的计算题，题型较多，难度较大。
但总体上可分为三种类型，且每类题型都有相应解题策略。
如下表：一、多肽中各原子数的计算氨基酸的结构通式是解答此类题目的突破口。
在一个氨基酸中，若不考虑R 基，至少含有2个碳原子、2个氧原子、4个氢原子和1个氮原子。
在脱水缩合形成多肽时，要失去部分H 、O 原子，但是碳原子、氮原子的数目不会减少。
其相关数量关系如下：(1)碳原子数＝氨基酸的分子数×2＋R 基上的碳原子数。
(2)氢原子数＝各氨基酸中氢原子的总数－脱去的水分子数×2。
(3)氧原子数＝各氨基酸中氧原子的总数－脱去的水分子数。
(4)氮原子数＝肽链数＋肽键数＋R 基上的氮原子数＝各氨基酸中氮原子的总数。
(5)由于R 基上的碳原子数不好确定，且氢原子数较多，因此以氮原子数或氧原子数的计算为突破口，计算氨基酸的分子式或氨基酸个数最为简便。
(6)含2个氨基的氨基酸数＝N 原子数－肽键数－1。
(7)含2个羧基的氨基酸数为：O 原子数－肽键数－22。
[例1] 某多肽链为199肽，其分子式为C x H y N a O b S 2(a ＞199、b ＞200)，并且由下列5种氨基酸组成。
那么该多肽彻底水解后将会分别得到赖氨酸、天冬氨酸的个数为( )A．a－199、(b－200)/2 B．a－200、b－200C．a－199、(b－199)/2 D．a－200、(b－200)/2[解析] 从题意知该多肽为199肽，则它是由199个氨基酸组成的；又知该多肽分子式为C x H y N a O b S2，其中N有a个，则可知组成该多肽的199个氨基酸共有a个氨基；又知组成该多肽的5种氨基酸中只有赖氨酸含有2个氨基，所以赖氨酸个数为a－199。
由于组成该多肽的5种氨基酸中只有天冬氨酸含有2个羧基，设该多肽共含有天冬氨酸为d个，反应前199个氨基酸中氧原子共有4d＋(199－d)×2，形成199肽时脱去198个水分子，每个水分子含一个氧原子，所以该多肽分子中尚存在氧原子数为b＝4d＋(199－d)×2－198＝2d＋200，d＝(b－200)/2。
2020版高考人教版生物总复习训练：第19讲 基因的表达 含答案解析
第19讲基因的表达测控导航表一、选择题1.(2018·福建福州期末)下列关于真核细胞中转录和翻译的叙述,错误的是( C )A.tRNA、rRNA和mRNA都从DNA转录而来B.同一个mRNA可相继与多个核糖体结合C.起始密码位于基因的前端,启动转录过程D.tRNA分子中部分区域碱基互补配对形成氢键解析:tRNA、rRNA和mRNA都从DNA转录而来;同一个mRNA可相继与多个核糖体结合,同时进行多条肽链的合成;起始密码位于mRNA上,位于基因的前端启动转录过程的是启动子;tRNA分子中部分区域碱基互补配对形成氢键。
2.(2017·浙江卷)下列关于生物体内遗传信息的传递与表达的叙述,正确的是( C )A.每种氨基酸至少有两个以上的遗传密码B.遗传密码由DNA传递到RNA,再由RNA决定蛋白质C.一个DNA分子通过转录可形成许多个不同的RNA分子D.RNA聚合酶与DNA分子结合只能使一个基因的DNA片段的双螺旋解开解析:有些氨基酸由一种遗传密码决定,如甲硫氨酸;遗传密码在mRNA上,DNA中无遗传密码;一个DNA分子上有很多个基因,所以可通过转录形成许多个不同的RNA分子;RNA聚合酶与DNA分子结合可使一个或几个基因的DNA片段双螺旋解开。
3.(2018·山东、湖北联考)下图是起始甲硫氨酸和相邻氨基酸形成肽键的示意图,下列叙述正确的是( C )A.图中只含有tRNA和mRNAB.甲硫氨酸处于图中a的位置C.tRNA含有氢键D.该过程需要RNA聚合酶解析:图中含有rRNA、tRNA和mRNA三种;核糖体移动方向为从左向右,因此左侧的b 为tRNA携带的甲硫氨酸;tRNA的局部也会碱基互补配对形成氢键;RNA聚合酶为催化转录的一种酶,该过程为翻译,不需要RNA聚合酶。
4.(2018·福建龙岩期末)如图为某生物细胞内蛋白质合成示意图,下列有关的分析正确的是( A )A.在某些时期①上还可结合DNA聚合酶B.为图中过程提供能量的结构主要是线粒体C.图中利用的原料是核糖核苷酸D.图中核糖体的移动方向是由上向下解析:据图分析,①是DNA的一条链,可以结合RNA聚合酶催化转录过程,也可以结合DNA聚合酶催化DNA复制过程;图示表明转录和翻译过程是同时进行的,说明该生物是原核生物,而原核生物是没有线粒体的;图示转录过程的原料是核糖核苷酸,翻译过程的原料是氨基酸;图中核糖体的移动方向是由下向上。
2020届高三生物冲刺诊断考试试题(含解析)(新版)新人教版
2019高三冲刺诊断考试试题理科综合生物一、选择题1. 下列与细胞有关的叙述，正确的是A. 不同生物膜功能的差异主要取决于蛋白质种类与数量的差异B. 酶的作用具有专一性，胰蛋白酶只能水解一种蛋白质C. 需氧型生物细胞产生ATP的场所为细胞质基质与线粒体D. 肌肉组织吸收的O2与放出的CO2量相等时只进行有氧呼吸【答案】A【解析】蛋白质是生命活动的主要承担者，生物膜的主要组成成分是蛋白质和脂质，功能越复杂的生物膜，蛋白质的种类和数量越多，故不同生物膜功能的差异主要取决于蛋白质种类与数量的差异，A项正确；酶催化的专一性是指能催化一种或一类物质的化学反应。
蛋白酶对所作用的反应底物有严格的选择性，一种蛋白酶仅能作用于蛋白质分子中一定的肽键，如胰蛋白酶催化水解碱性氨基酸所形成的肽键，故B项错误；需氧型真核生物细胞产生ATP的场所一般为细胞质基质与线粒体，需氧型的原核细胞内没有线粒体，这些细胞产生ATP的场所是细胞质基质，C项错误；肌肉细胞进行无氧呼吸的产物是乳酸，不产生CO2，所以肌肉组织进行有氧呼吸或同时进行有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸时，吸收的02与放出的C02量都相等，D项错误。
【点睛】本题综合考查细胞的结构和代谢的相关知识。
解题的关键是对所学知识进行归纳总结，形成知识网络，并能灵活运用。
2. 下列不一定发生在人体内环境中的过程有A. 正常机体内抗体和抗原的结合B. 某种激素与激素受体的结合C. 肝脏细胞代谢产生的尿素运输到肾小球D. 各种神经递质从突触前膜到达突触后膜【答案】B【解析】抗原与抗体的结合发生在血浆中，属于发生在内环境中的反应，A错误；有些激素与在靶细胞膜上的受体结合发生在内环境，但有些激素如性激素的受体在细胞内，故激素与激素受体的结合不一定在内环境中，B正确；肝脏细胞代谢产生的尿素需要通过细胞外液来运输，发生在内环境中，C错误；神经递质从突触前膜到达突触后膜，需要经过组织液，发生在内环境中，D错误。
2020届高三精准培优专练03 判断离子方程式的正误的几个方面 化学 教师版
培优点三判断离子方程式的正误的几个方面一．离子方程式的正误判断的几个方面1．看是否符合可观事实典例1．下列离子方程式正确的是（）A．钠投入硫酸铜溶液中：2Na+Cu2+==Cu+2Na+B．苏打中滴加少量盐酸混合：CO2－3+2H+==CO2↑+H2OC．稀盐酸中加入铁粉：2Fe+6H+==2Fe3++3H2↑D．CuSO4溶液与Ba(OH)2溶液混合：Cu2++SO2－4+2OH－+Ba2+===BaSO4↓+Cu(OH)2↓【答案】D【解析】A项不符合事实，Na要先与水反应，生成的NaOH再与CuSO4反应，无Cu 析出同，A项错；CO2－3与少量H+反应生成HCO－3而不是CO2，B项错；铁和稀盐酸的反应产物为Fe2+，应写为Fe+2H+==Fe2++H2↑，C项错；D项，生成两种沉淀，正确。
2．化学式拆写是否正确典例2．能正确表示下列反应的离子方程式是（）A．碳酸钡和稀硝酸反应：CO2－3+2H+＝CO2↑+H2OB．澄清石灰水中加盐酸：2H++Ca(OH)2==Ca2++2H2OC．金属钠和水反应：2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH﹣+H2↑D．硅酸钠溶液与醋酸溶液混合：SiO2－3+2H+==H2SiO3↓【答案】C【解析】离子方程式书写的正误判断至少应注意以下三个方面：（1）反应本身是否符合反应实际；（2）反应是否遵循质量守恒、元素守恒和电荷守恒；（3）离子或分子的符号是否遵循书写规律。
A．碳酸钡是沉淀不拆，故A错；B.澄清石灰水中Ca(OH)2应写成离子形式，正确的写法为H++OH−=H2O；D．醋酸是弱电解质，不能拆写。
故选C。
3．是否遵循守恒定律典例3．下列离子方程式正确的是（）A．向Fe2(SO4)3溶液中加入过量铁粉：Fe3++Fe==2Fe2+B．氯气和FeCl2溶液反应：Fe2++Cl2==Fe3++2Cl－C．0.01mol·L−1NH4Al(SO4)2溶液与0.02mol·L−1Ba(OH)2溶液等体积混合：NH+4 +Al3++2SO2－4+2Ba2++4OH－==2BaSO4↓+Al(OH)3↓+NH3·H2OD．用重铬酸钾溶液滴定草酸：Cr2O2−7+14H++3C2O2－4=2Cr3++6CO2↑+7H2O【答案】C【解析】A中离子方程式电荷不守恒，正确的离子方程式是2Fe3++Fe===3Fe2+，是错误的；B.电荷不守恒，2Fe2++Cl2==2Fe3++2Cl－D中加入的是过量铁粉，产物应是Fe2+，是错误的；C中反应物的物质的量之比为1∶2，将所有的离子按量写出来：NH+4+Al3++2SO2－4 +2Ba2++4OH－，分析量的关系发现它们恰好完全反应，生成2BaSO4↓+Al(OH)3↓+NH3·H2O，故C正确；D.用重铬酸钾溶液滴定草酸，离子方程式：Cr2O2−7+8H++3H2C2O4=2Cr3++6CO2↑+7H2O，故D错误。
2019届全国高三精品培优卷(十九)理综生物试卷
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一、选择题1. 下列关于细胞的结构和功能的叙述，正确的是A. 位于细胞膜外侧的糖类分子只可与细胞膜上的蛋白质分子结合B. 改变细胞膜上某种蛋白质的结构可能会影响细胞间的信息传递C. 将从活细胞中分离出来的线粒体放在清水中，不久后，线粒体内膜会先于外膜破裂D. 在叶绿体内仅进行光合作用，不进行其他的生理过程【答案】B【解析】位于细胞膜外侧的糖类分子可以与蛋白质分子形成糖蛋白，也可以与磷脂形成糖脂，A错误；细胞膜外侧的糖蛋白与细胞间的信息交流有关，因此改变细胞膜上某种蛋白质的结构可能会影响细胞间的信息传递，B正确；线粒体的内膜向内折叠，因此在清水中外膜先破裂，C错误；在叶绿体可以进行光合作用，也可以进行其他的生理过程，如DNA的复制、转录等，D错误。
2. 下面甲图为研究光合作用的实验装置。
2020届高三化学精准培优专练：十五 等效平衡的三种情况 Word版含答案
培优点十五等效平衡的三种情况一．等效平衡的三种情况1．恒温恒容—(△n(g)≠0) 投料换算成相同物质表示时量相同典例1．在恒温恒容的密闭容器，发生反应：3A(g)＋B(g)x C(g)。
Ⅰ.将3mol A和2 mol B在一定条件下反应，达平衡时C的体积分数为a；Ⅱ.若起始时A、B、C投入的物质的量分别为n(A)、n(B)、n(C)，平衡时C的体积分数也为a。
下列说法正确的是（）A．若Ⅰ达平衡时，A、B、C各增加1mol，则B的转化率将一定增大B．若向Ⅰ平衡体系中再加入3mol A和2mol B，C的体积分数若大于a，可断定x>4 C．若x＝2，则Ⅱ体系起始物质的量应满足3n(B)>n(A)＋3D．若Ⅱ体系起始物质的量满足3n(C)＋8n(A)＝12n(B)，则可判断x＝42．恒温恒容— (△n(g)=0)投料换算成相同物质表示时等比例典例2．某温度时，发生反应2HI(g)H2(g)＋I2(g)，向三个体积相等的恒容密闭容器A、B、C中，分别加入①2mol HI；②3mol HI；③1mol H2与1mol I2，分别达到平衡时，以下关系正确的是（）A．平衡时，各容器的压强：②＝①＝③B．平衡时，I2的浓度：②＞①＞③C．平衡时，I2的体积分数：②＝①＝③D．从反应开始到达平衡的时间：①＞②＝③3．恒温恒压—投料换算成相同物质表示时等比例典例3．已知：T℃时，2H(g)＋Y(g)2I(g)ΔH＝－196.6 kJ·mol－1。
T℃时，在一压强恒定的密闭容器中，加入4mol H和2mol Y，反应达到平衡后，放出354 kJ的热量。
若在上面的平衡体系中，再加入1mol I气体，T℃时达到新的平衡，此时气体H的物质的量为()A．0.8mol B．0.6mol C．0.5mol D．0.2mol二．对点增分集训1．在恒温恒压的密闭容器中投入2mol SO2和1mol O2，发生反应：2SO2(g)＋O2(g)2SO 3(g)。
2020届高三生物精准培优专练16：动物激素功能的实验探究(附解析)
2020届高三生物精准培优专练16：动物激素功能的实验探究（附解析）一、常见探究动物激素功能的实验方法应用1：切除法典例1. 为研究甲状腺和甲状腺激素的生理作用，对成年小鼠的分组及处理见下表：在适宜的实验条件下，正常饲养相同时间，每隔一定时间测定耗氧量（单位时间内单位体重的氧消耗量），记录数据。
下列说法合理的是（）A．甲组小鼠垂体分泌的促甲状腺激素减少B．丙组小鼠下丘脑的相关分泌活动加强C．X是指注射等量不含甲状腺激素的A液D．推测乙、丙两组小鼠的耗氧量大致相当应用2：饲喂法典例2. 取正常小鼠，每天饲喂一定量的甲状腺激素，3周后，该小鼠（）A．新陈代谢增强，促甲状腺激素含量增加B．新陈代谢增强，促甲状腺激素含量减少C．新陈代谢减弱，促甲状腺激素含量增加D．新陈代谢减弱，促甲状腺激素含量减少应用3：注射法典例3. 某探究实验小组将一定量的家兔的提取液（甲）注射到实验小鼠体内，注射后若干天，未见小鼠出现明显的异常表现。
将小鼠分成两组，一组注射少量的甲，小鼠很快发生了呼吸困难等症状；另一组注射生理盐水，未见小鼠有异常表现。
对实验小鼠在第二次注射甲后的表现，下列解释合理的是（）二、对点增分集训1．人工催化鲤鱼产卵采用的方法是注射垂体提取物，而不是直接注射雌性激素。
下列有关说法不正确的是（）A．给鲤鱼注射垂体提取物促使鲤鱼产卵属于体液调节B．雌性激素的的化学本质是固醇，可口服也可注射C．垂体提取物中含有促性腺激素释放激素，能促使性腺发育和生殖细胞形成D．注射垂体提取物可防止过多的性激素会抑制鲤鱼下丘脑和垂体的相关功能，最终使性腺退化2．科学家选择了一批各项生理指标都相同的健康大鼠开展了三组实验：甲组大鼠饲喂普通饲料；乙组大鼠饲喂等量高糖高脂饲料，丙组大鼠饲喂等量高糖高脂饲料并加强运动。
实验持续6周后，测得下表数据（瘦素是一种激素，可促进脂肪的分解），下列分析错误的是（）B．运动能增强细胞对胰岛素的敏感性，加快葡萄糖的利用，降低血糖浓度C．乙组大鼠的瘦素水平髙于甲组，但体重没有降低的原因与瘦素受体蛋白数量有关D．据实验结果推测糖尿病患者可通过减少糖类等物质的摄入量，加强运动进行日常保健3．选取同种、年龄与生长状况相同的健康大鼠若干只，实施切除手术，一段时间后随机等分成四组，分别注射激素及生理盐水30天，结果如下图所示：下列叙述错误．．的是（）A．该实验为对照实验B．该实验需要切除大鼠的胰腺和下丘脑以排除内源性激素的干扰C．实验结果表明胰岛素和生长激素均能促进大鼠的生长D．实验结果表明胰岛素与生长激素共同作用的效应大于它们单独作用之和4. 尿量生成受机体调节的影响，请回答下列有关尿量生成的问题：（1）某实验小组以家兔为实验材料，分别设置注射适量生理盐水的对照组和注射等量乙醇溶液的实验组，结果发现实验组家兔的尿量明显增多，其主要原因可能是乙醇能__________(填“促进”或“抑制”）抗利尿激素的分泌。
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1 精准培优专练 应用1：一位消费者模式图 典例1. 如图为生态系统碳循环的示意图，甲、乙、丙、丁代表生态系统的四种成分，①～⑦表示碳元素的流动过程，下列说法错误的是（ ）
A．甲是生态系统的基石 B．由图可知碳元素在生态系统中是循环往复的 C．其中主要以CO2形式流动的是①②⑤⑥ D．图中碳元素的流动过程也可以表示能量流动的过程 【答案】D 【解析】据图分析，甲是生产者，是生态系统的基石，A正确；图中碳元素可以从大气进入生物群落，也可以从生物群落返回大气，是循环往复的，B正确；碳元素在生物群落与无机环境之间是以二氧化碳的形成流动的，即图中的①②⑤⑥过程，C正确；图中碳元素是循环利用的，而能量流动是单向传递的，不能循环利用，D错误。 应用2：二位消费者模式图 典例2. 下图是某生态系统碳循环示意图，其中A、B、C、D是生态系统内各生物成分，1、2、3、4、5表示有关的生理过程。下列有关分析不正确的是（ ）
A．在该生态系统中，B为食物链的第四营养级 B．过程1可代表光合作用，2、3、4、5过程是呼吸作用
一、分析常见的碳循环模式图 培优点十九 分析碳循环 比 2 精准培优专练
C．若C产生60mol氧气，则流入D的能量一般不超过相当于2mol葡萄糖的能量 D．如果A发生瘟疫，D发生的变化过程是先增加，后减少，最后趋于稳定 【答案】A 【解析】图中B属于分解者，A项不正确；过程1可代表光合作用，2、3、4、5过程是呼吸作用，B项正确；若C产生60mol氧气，则根据光合作用反应式可以计算出C合成了10mol葡萄糖，根据能量传递效率（10%～20%）可知，C流入D的能量一般不超过相当于2mol葡萄糖的能量，C项正确；图中A捕食D，如果A发生瘟疫，D发生的变化过程是先增加，后减少，最后趋于稳定，D项正确。 应用3：多位消费者模式图 典例3. 下图为某生态系统的碳循环示意图，其中甲、乙、丙、丁为生态系统的组成成分，A、B、C、D是丙中关系密切的四种生物。下列有关分析错误的是（ ）
A．该生态系统中，乙为生产者，丁为分解者 B．丙中A为初级消费者，处于第二营养级 C．②过程中碳的传递形式是有机物，③代表的生理作用为分解作用 D．若生产者固定了2000kJ的能量，则图中D理论上最多可获得的能量为160kJ 【答案】D 【解析】图中的能量传递效率最高（20%）、D所处的营养级最低（第三营养级）时，理论上D可获得的能量最多，该能量值为2000kJ×20%×20%=80kJ，D项错误。
1．下图是某同学构建的生态系统中碳循环的部分过程图，图中①②表示有关生理过程。下列有关叙述正确的是( )
二、对点增分集训 3
精准培优专练 A．参与①过程的只有消费者和分解者 B．绿色植物只参与②过程不参与①过程 C．“退耕还林、还草”有助于增强②过程 D．减少①③过程是缓解温室效应的重要措施 【答案】C 【解析】①过程表示生产者、消费者、分解者的呼吸作用；②过程可表示光合作用或化能合成作用，绿色植物既参与光合作用，又参与呼吸作用；“退耕还林、还草”可促进②过程而减少大气中CO2的含量；温室效应主要是因为大气中CO2含量过多造成的，而大气中CO2
浓度升高的主要因素是化石燃料的燃烧，所以应减少③过程。
2．下图为部分碳循环示意图，下列叙述正确的是( )
A．图中由生产者、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ构成的食物链中，能量流动是单向的、逐级递减的 B．生产者为第一营养级，若①②⑥⑧表示能量，则其之和为生产者固定的总能量 C．①⑦⑧过程以CO2的形式进行，②③④⑤⑥过程以有机物的形式进行 D．根瘤菌与豆科植物互利共生时，前者生命活动所需的有机碳来自⑥过程 【答案】C 【解析】图中Ⅰ是大气中的CO2库，Ⅱ、Ⅲ是消费者，Ⅳ是分解者，其中分解者不参与食物链的组成，A错误；生产者为第一营养级，①为生产者固定的总能量，B错误；碳在生物群落和无机环境之间(即图中①⑦⑧)以CO2的形式进行循环，在生物群落内部(即图中②③④⑤⑥)以有机物的形式进行流动，C正确；根瘤菌是消费者，因此它与豆科植物互利共生时，其生命活动所需的有机碳应该来自②，而不是⑥，D错误。 3．如图表示生态系统中碳循环的部分过程，其中甲、乙、丙组成生物群落。下列分析错误的是( ) A．①②过程中，碳元素是以有机物的形式存在的 B．③增多是温室效应产生的主要原因 4
精准培优专练 C．乙的存在能加快生态系统的碳循环
D．碳循环是指碳元素在生物群落和无机环境之间循环 【答案】B 【解析】①②过程中，碳元素是以有机物的形式在生物群落内部流动的；温室效应产生的主要原因是化石燃料的燃烧导致大气中CO2浓度增加；乙是消费者，能加快生态系统的碳循环；碳循环是指碳元素在生物群落和无机环境之间循环。 4．土壤中的微生物、作物根系和土壤动物的呼吸都会释放出大量的二氧化碳，统称为土壤呼吸，土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要环节。下图是某林下的苔藓和凋落物覆盖条件下土壤呼吸的日变化动态。下列分析错误的是( )
(注：“Rs裸”为裸土土壤呼吸速率；“Rs苔”为苔藓覆盖土壤呼吸速率；“Rs凋”为凋落物覆盖土壤呼吸速率) A．该生态系统中对碳循环起关键作用的环节是生产者和分解者 B．凋落物中的能量可供给分解者和其他各营养级生物利用 C．土壤表层的凋落物覆盖会影响土壤中有机物的分解速率 D．土壤表层的覆盖物提高土壤呼吸速率的原因可能与提高温度有关 【答案】B 【解析】在生态系统中，对碳循环起决定作用的关键环节是绿色植物的光合作用和微生物的分解作用；分解者分解凋落物释放的能量，大部分以热能形式散失，少量转移到ATP中供分解者自身生命活动所需，不能被其他营养级生物利用；据坐标图中曲线数据变化分析，Rs-凋>Rs-苔>Rs-裸，说明土壤表层的凋落物覆盖可提高土壤中有机物的分解速率；温度影响细胞呼吸中酶的活性，推测土壤表层的覆盖物提高土壤呼吸速率的原因可能与提高温度有关。 5．如图表示某森林生态系统一年内CO2消耗量与释放量的情况，其中甲表示该生态系统消费者呼吸作用CO2释放量，乙表示分解者呼吸作用CO2释放量，丙表示生产者呼吸作 5
精准培优专练 用CO2释放量，丁表示生产者光合作用及化能合成作用CO2消耗量。下列叙述错误的是( )
A．碳循环在甲、乙、丙生物群落内部以含碳有机物的形式双向传递 B．流经该生态系统的总能量可用丁来表示 C．人工生态系统中CO2的消耗量与释放量关系往往不符合上图 D．根据图示关系可推测该森林生态系统的自我调节能力正在上升 【答案】A 【解析】碳循环在甲、乙、丙构成的生物群落内部是以含碳有机物的形式单向传递；流经该生态系统的总能量是生产者固定的总能量；人工生态系统由于人工调节，物质和能量更多地流向对人类有益部分；流经该生态系统的总能量大于各种生物的呼吸消耗量，有机物可积累，故适宜物种生存，物种丰富度增加，自我调节能力增强。 6．图甲为部分碳循环示意图，图乙为我国北方某地20年间CO2浓度变化的示意图。下列相关说法错误的是( )
A．图甲中成分a在碳循环中的主要作用是吸收大气中的CO2 B．图甲中缺少a→CO2的过程，图甲中d为分解者 C．每年的冬季CO2浓度变化，从碳循环角度分析主要原因是图甲中①过程大大减少，并且⑥过程增加 D．每年夏季CO2浓度与前一年冬季相比下降，而每年的CO2浓度的平均值却逐年增加，原因是每年CO2的排放量都大于CO2的吸收量 【答案】B 【解析】图甲中a为生产者，d为初级消费者，c为次级消费者，b为分解者，a在碳循环中主要作用是吸收大气中的CO2；生产者也能通过自身的呼吸作用释放CO2；冬季由于植 6
精准培优专练 物光合作用减弱，植物吸收CO2的能力降低，且煤、石油的燃烧量增加，导致冬季CO2浓度升高；每年夏季CO2浓度与前一年冬季相比略有下降，而每年的CO2浓度的平均值却逐
年增加，原因是每年CO2的排放量都大于CO2的吸收量。 7．近期，我国多地出现雾霾天气，其中一个重要原因是化石燃料的不良排放。下图为
生态系统碳循环示意图。请回答下列问题：
（1）图中的A→B1→B2→B3构成了__________，该生态系统的______________是沿着这种渠道进行的。 （2）碳元素通过①________________途径进入生物群落。为防止雾霾天气，人们应采取的措施是___________________（至少两条）。 （3）图中B1、B2、B3的数量会在一定范围内波动，说明生态系统具有____________能力，这种能力主要通过_____________调节机制来实现。 （4）图中捕食者能依据被捕食者的气味捕猎，被捕食者也可以根据捕食者气味或行为特征躲避捕猎，说明信息传递在生态系统中的作用是______________________________。 【答案】（1）食物链 物质循环和能量流动 （2）光合作用和化能合成作用 大量植树造林、减少化石燃料的燃烧、改善化石燃料的品质 （3）自我调节 （负）反馈 （4）调节生物的种间关系，维持生态系统的稳定 8．植物篱是无间断式或接近连续的狭窄带状植物群，由木本植物或一些茎干坚挺、直
立的草本植物组成。科研人员研究了植物篱对小麦蚜虫及其天敌种群的影响。