水文测验术语和符号(中英文2003)

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2术语和符号

2术语2.0.1桥下净空安全值 safety value of headroom under the bridge superstructure设计水位加各种可能发生的水位增高值后，或最高流冰水位以上，预留的安全值。

2.0.2 水文断面 computing section for hydrology为进行水文观测和水文分析计算而选定的河流横断面。

2.0.3 基本河槽宽度 basic width of river channel多年洪水过程作用下形成的河槽平均宽度，由河相关系确定。

2.0.4 允许（不冲刷）流速 the permit velocity for no scour桥涵和排水计算时，保证不出现冲刷所采用的允许流速。

2.0.5 起动流速 threshold velocity河床床面泥沙随流速和床面切应力增大，从静止开始运动的临界流速。

2.0.6起冲流速 the approach velocity during initial scour of pier桥墩迎水面两侧的泥沙，在绕流切应力作用下开始移动时，所对应的墩前行近流速。

2.0.7中泓线 midstream of channel河流各横断面表面最大流速点的连线。

2.0.8 深泓线 thalweg河流各横断面最大水深点的连线。

2.0.9 波浪高度 wave height水面风浪的波谷到波峰的高度。

2.0.10 波浪爬高 wave run-up波浪沿坡面向上的爬高，以静水面算起的竖直高度。

2.0.11 波浪壅高 wave set-up波浪遇桥墩后发生变形，在墩柱迎水面产生的水面壅高。

2.0.12水拱 the rising of local water surface in spate洪水涨水时，横断面上主流水面的局部壅高。

2.0.13涉河工程 structures in river affecting the bridge engineering河流上对工程有影响的所有构造物。

水文统计名词

水文统计名词水文学（hydrology）研究存在于大气层中、地球表面和地壳内部各种形态水在水量和水质上的运动、变化、分布以及与环境及人类活动之间相互联系和作用的学科。

是地球物理学和自然地理学的一个分支。

按研究范围分，有水文气象学、陆地水文学、海洋水文学、地下水文学等。

他与水利水电工程及其他与水有关的建设事业有密切联系，直接为综合利用水资源和环境保护服务工程水文学（engineering hydrology）亦称“应用水文学”。

水文学的一个分支。

应用水文学的基础理论和方法，研究水域水的控制和利用分析水文要素的变化和水量分布的规律，为工程规划、设计、施工和管理提供水文计算和预报的依据。

主要内容有：水文测验、水文计算、水文预报和水源保护等。

水文手册（hydrologic manual）根据区域水文资料及综合分析成果而汇编的工具书。

主要包括各种水文特征值的等值线图、分区成果表、关系曲线、计算公式及简要的计算方法等。

可供水利工程技术人员、农业科技人员在水文计算方面的参考，为小型水利工程的设计和农田水利规划等提供参考的水文数据。

有的水文手册还附有水文特征值的历年统计成果表。

历史洪水（historical flood）历史上曾发生过的大洪水或特大洪水。

在中国一般指水文站有系统观测资料以前发生的。

调查历史洪水的痕迹、涨落过程、发生的年份和量测历史洪水痕迹的高程、过水断面面积，借以推算历史洪水的洪峰流量，估算其洪水总量及发生的重现期，供洪水频率计算使用或直接作为工程设计的依据。

对于提高洪水频率计算成果的精度有重要作用。

洪水总量（flood volume）简称“洪量”。

洪水在一定历时内从流域出口断面流出的总水量。

一般以计。

在降雨径流预报中常计算一次降雨所形成的一次洪水总量，可由本次洪水过程线的流量起涨时刻至退水段上终止时刻之间的面积来求得。

在水文计算中有时需要统计某一时段的最大洪水总量（如一天最大、三天最大洪水总量等），通过频率计算，求得各种事端最大的设计洪水总量，据此推求设计洪水过程线，作为水库调洪算的依据。

水利工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

水利工程专业英语词汇(整理版) 1. 工程与建筑（Engineering and Construction）- 水利工程：Water conservancy engineering- 水资源：Water resources- 水文学：Hydrology- 水文数据：Hydrological data- 水资源管理：Water resources management- 水库：Reservoir- 水库调度：Reservoir operation- 水坝：Dam- 防洪工程：Flood control engineering- 排水系统：Drainage system- 供水系统：Water supply system- 灌溉系统：Irrigation system- 泥沙运移：Sediment transport- 土壤侵蚀：Soil erosion2. 水文测量（Hydrometry）- 流量：Discharge- 水位：Water level- 降雨量：Rainfall- 蒸发量：Evaporation- 蓄水量：Storage capacity- 波浪：Wave- 水流速度：Water flow velocity- 水质监测：Water quality monitoring- 数据采集：Data collection- 自动化监测：Automated monitoring- 水文站：Hydrological station- 抽水站：Pumping station- 测站布点：Site selection for monitoring stations 3. 水利设施（Hydraulic Structures）- 输水渠道：Conduit- 闸门：Sluice gate- 溢流堰：Overflow weir- 涵洞：Culvert- 泵站：Pumping station- 水闸：Watergate- 脉动：Pulsation- 型流：Uniform flow- 示宽曲线：Rating curve- 水头：Water head- 消能：Energy dissipation- 喷泉：Fountain4. 水资源可持续利用（Sustainable Water Resource Utilization）- 水资源保护：Water resource conservation- 水资源评估：Water resource assessment- 水资源规划：Water resource planning- 水资源经济学：Water resource economics- 水资源法律法规：Water resource laws and regulations- 水资源政策：Water resource policies- 水资源分配：Water resource allocation- 水资源效率：Water resource efficiency- 水价：Water price- 水治理：Water governance- 水污染防治：Water pollution prevention and control以上列举了一些常见的水利工程专业英语词汇，希望对您有所帮助。

水文地质与工程地质常见的专业英语词汇

水文地质与工程地质常见的专业英语词汇水文地质与工程地质常见的专业英语词汇（勘察报告类）水文地质类孔隙水：pore water裂隙水：crevice-water；fracture water抽水试验：pumping test压水试验：water pressure testHydraulic pressure test注水试验：water injection test渗透系数：coefficient of permeability包气带：zone of aeration上层滞水：perched water潜水：phreatic water承压水：confined water含水层：aquifer地下水侵蚀性：groundwater erosion降排水工程：dewatering and drainage engineering 多孔介质：porous medium水质标准：water quality standard地下水水质：quality of the groundwater流域：valley, basin地下水 groundwater地下水流域 groundwater catchment地下水条件；地下水情况 groundwater condition地下水连通实验groundwater connectivity test地下水量枯竭 groundwater depletion地下水流量；地下水溢流 groundwater discharge地下水分水岭 groundwater divide地下水排水工程 groundwater drainage works地下水流向 groundwater flow direction地下水位 groundwater level地下水监测 groundwater monitoring地下水污染 groundwater pollution地下水水压测试groundwater pressure measurement 地下水体系 groundwater regime地下水位 groundwater table地下水位变动groundwater table fluctuation工程地质类原位测试：in-situ tests岩土工程勘察报告：geotechnical investigation report 不良地质作用：adverse geologic action 岩土参数标准值：standard value ofgeotechnical parameter土工试验：soil engineering tests现场检验：in-situ inspection现场监测：in-situ monitoring工程地质测绘：engineering geological mapping地基土：foundation soil岩土层：layer，stratum (复strata)地基承载力特征值：characteristic value ofsubgrade bearing地基变形允许值：allowable subsoil deformation地基处理：ground treatment复合地基：composite foundation承载力：bearing capacity持力层：bearing stratum桩：pile承台：pilecap钻孔灌注桩：drilled concreting piles人工挖孔桩：hand-excavated hole piles(artificial hole piles)沉管灌注桩：driven cast-in-place pile深层搅拌桩: deep mixing method预制桩：pretesting piles静压桩：static-driving pile (Jack Up Pile)高压旋喷灌注：high-pressure rotary grouting桩基础：pile foundation桩—土—承台：pile-soil-pilecap动力触探：dynamic sounding标准贯入试验：SPT (standard penetration technique) 土钉：soil Nailing地质灾害：geological hazards地裂缝：ground fissure管涌：piping泥石流：mud-rock flow滑坡：landslide指标：index (复indexes或indices)地震烈度：seismic intensity; earthquake intensity地震基本烈度：basic seismic intensity场地卓越周期：site predominant period建筑场地类型：site classification for construction 剪切波速：equivalent velocity of shear wave 静力触探：static cone penetration test 剪切波速测试：measurement of sheer-wave velocity 液化：liquefaction 地震影响：earthquake effects 地下水对混凝土无侵蚀性：the groundwater has little erosion to reinforced concrete 边坡：slope 锚固：anchoring 阶地：terrace 岩溶区：karst area 淤泥：sludge (muck) 风化：weather 冲积：alluvial (.adj.) 残积土：residual soil 填土：fill 人工杂填土：artificialmixed fills 粉土：silt. 粉砂：silty sand 细砂：fine sand 粗砂：coarse sand 砾石：gravel 卵石：cobble 漂石：block 海相粘土：marine clay 颗粒级配：grain size distribution 湿度：soil moisture 塑限：plastic limit 粘聚力：cohesion 塑性指数：plasticity index 物理力学指标：physical and mechanical indices 抗剪强度：shear strength 岩石抗压强度：comprehensive strength of rock 地基加固：ground stabilization 土壤加固：soil stabilization 挡土墙：retaining wall 胀－缩：swell-shrink 敏感性：susceptibility 膨胀灵敏度：swell sensitivity 超固结土：overconsolidated clay 翻译常用英语单词阐述：is presented; statement; be discussed 阐明：expound 涉及：deal with揭示：discover; show; exhibit 得出结论：draw a conclusion from; （或）：come to a conclusion 认为：firmly believe 建议：suggest 值：value 性质：properties, characteristics 厚度：thickness 在论文最后：at the end of the thesis 断定：conclude that--- 数量：quantity 确定：determine 拟建：a structure planning to build 证实：confirm 住宅楼：dwelling 综合办公楼：composite office building 小区：district 达到标准：come up to the standards 选择为：be chosen for 核实：make sure 统计：statistics (n) 统计数字：statistical figure 防治对策：prevention strategic measure 水量丰富：rich in water resources 组分：constituent 结果：as a consequence 引起：give rise to 地质类词汇岩浆岩：igneous rock 变质岩：metamorphic rock 沉积岩：sedimentary 白云岩：dolomite 白云质灰岩：dolomitic limestone 凝灰岩：tuff 安山岩：andesite 花岗岩：granite 玄武岩：basalt 泥岩：mudstone 硅质页岩：siliceous shale板岩：slate（岩层）走向：strike（岩层）倾角：dip angle（岩层）产状：strike-dip（区域）地质构造：tectogenesis tectonic movement 构造活动性：tectonic activity张节理：tension joint活断层：active fault地裂缝：ground fissure粘土矿物：clay mineral 路桥基勘察：墩：pier桥墩：reinforced concrete bridge piers高速公路：express highway，expressway 国道：national way 路基：roadbed路线：route路段：a section of a highway中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T 14157—93水文地质术语 Hydrogeologic terminology水文地质学 hydrogeology水文地质学原理(普通水文地质学)principles of hydrogeology(general hydrogeology) 地下水动力学 groundwater dynamics水文地球化学 hydrogeochemistry专门水文地质学applied hydrogeology供水水文地质学water supply hydrogeology矿床水文地质学 mine hydrogeology土壤改良水文地质学 reclamation hydrogeology环境水文地质学 environmental hydrogeology同位素水文地质学 isotopic hydrogeology区域水文地质学 regional hydrogeology古水文地质学 pa1eohydrogeology水循环 water cycle水圈 hydrosphere岩石圈 lithosphere包气带 aeration zone毛细带 capillary zone饱水带 saturated zone地下水动力垂直分带dynamical vertical zoning of groundwater 大气降水 atmospheric precipitation地表水 surface water土壤水 soil water空隙 void。

英语专业名词(水利方面)

英语专业名词(水利方面)hydrosphere水体water body水科学water science水文学hydrology陆地水文学land hydrology应用水文学applied hydrology工程水文学engineering hydrology地表水surface water地下水groundwater水汽water vapour水文要素hydrologic elements降水precipitation雨季rainy season雪snow积雪snow cover初雪first snow终雪latest snow融雪snowmelt冰雹hail截留interception填洼depression detention地面滞留surface detention陆面蒸发evaporation of land水面蒸发evaporation of water surface 土壤蒸发evaporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾）transpiration蒸发能力evaporation capability下渗（入渗）infiltration稳渗steady infiltration下渗能力infiltration capability河川径流river runoff降雨径流rainfall runoff暴雨径流storm runoff融雪径流snowmelt runoff枯季径流dry season runoff基流base flow洪水flood阴塞高压blocking high低空急流low－level jet低涡vortex反气旋（高压）anticyclone气旋（低压）cyclone热带气旋tropic cyclone热带低压tropic depression热带风暴tropic storm强热带风暴severe tropic storm 台风typhoon气团air mass锋（锋面）front天气weather气象meteorology气候climate气候区划climatic regionalization 气候带climatic zone气候变化climatic change小气候microclimate热带tropic zone副热带（亚热带）subtropic zone 比湿specific humidity风wind风向wind direction风速wind speed蒲福风级Beaufort wind scale露dew露点dew point雾fog霜frost霜点frost point初霜first frost终霜latest frost霜冻frostbite无霜期frost－free period流域watershed (basin)流域面积（集水面积）drainage area闭合流域enclosed basin不闭合流域non－enclosed basin闭流区（内流区）bling drainage area分水线（分水岭）divide流域特征basin characteristics流域几何特征basin geometric characteristics 河道复流（河道再生）resurgence常年河perennial stream间歇河intermittent stream悬河（地上河）elevated stream夺流河（断头河）captured river盈水河gaining stream亏水河losing stream暴洪河流flashy stream地下暗河（地下河）underground river 界河boundary river国际河流international river废河道（古河道）dead river岸bank左岸left bank右岸right bank凹岸concave bank凸岸convex bank岸壁land wall水边线（岸线）water line堤防levee河长river length河弯river bend弯曲率tortuosity航道navigable channel河段reach上游upstream潜洲submerged bar深潭deep pool水利学hydraulics明渠水力学open channel hydraulics水静力学hydrostatics水动力学hydrodynamics明渠水流open channel flow恒定流steady flow非恒定流unsteady flow均匀流（等速流）uniform flow非均匀流（变速流）non－uniform flow 急流supercritical flow缓流subcritical flow异重流density current临界流critical flow临界水深critical depth临界流速critical velocity临界流量critical discharge水头head位置水头（位能）elevation head 低强水头（压能）pressure head 流速水头（动能）velocity head 雷诺数Reymold number韦伯数Weber number水力因素hydraulic factor湿周wetted perimeter水力半径hydraulic radius宽深比width－depth ratio中泓线midstream of channel深泓线Thatweg落差fall瀑布waterfall波浪wave驻波standing wave移动波translation wave河流动力学river dynamics河流泥沙river sediment泥沙特征property of sediment土壤侵蚀soil erosion水力侵蚀water erosion山洪侵蚀torrential erosion流域侵蚀basin erosion流域产沙量watershed sediment yield 溶解性总固体total dissolved solids 离子含量ion concentration离子总量total ion concentration离子流量ion discharge矿化度mineral content盐度salinityPH值ph value碱度alkalinity酸度acidity酸雨acid rain电导率electric conductivity混浊度（浊度）turbidity总需氧量total oxygen demand溶解氧dissolved oxygen需氧量oxygen demand生化需氧量biochemical oxygen demand滑雪需氧量chemical oxygen demand硬度hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度）non－carbonate hardness 硬水hard water浮冰floating ice锚冰anchor ice封冻期freeze－up period封冻（封河）freeze－up平封flat freeze－up立封upright freeze－up冰盖ice cover连底冻grounded ice cover冰丘ice mound封冻冰缘ice edge of freeze－up清沟lead初生清沟primary lead再生清沟secondary lead冰花路毡sludge road felt冰上覆雪snow cover over ice冰脊ice ridge冰缝crack悬冰suspended ice cover冰堆ice pack冰塞ice jam冰上结冰aufeis解冻期break－up period冰变色color change of ice cover冰上有水accumulation of melt water 月中天lunar transit引潮力tidal generation force天文潮astronomic tide气象潮metorologic tide潮汐周期tidal cycle半日潮semidiurnal tide全日潮diurnal tide混合潮mixed tide大潮spring tide小潮neap tide中潮moderate tide太阴月lunar day潮期duration of tide涨潮历时duration of tidal rise落潮历时duration of tidal fall潮流tidal current涨潮流flood tidal current落潮流ebb tidal current憩流slack tide潮流速tidal velocity往复流reversing current旋转流rotary current潮流期duration of tidal current涨潮流历时duration of flood current地下水径流groundwater runoff地下水流速velocity of groundwater flow地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度）hydraulic gradient of groundwater地下水等水位线图water－table contour map 含水层aquifer含水岩系water－content rock series含水岩组water－content rock formation含水岩性water－content rock property含水介质water－hearing medium均匀介质homogeneous medium非均匀介质inhomogeneous medium含水层边界aquifer boundary透水边界permeable boundary隔水边界confining boundary弱透水边界acquitted boundary透水层permeable bed隔水层confining bed弱透水层acquitter水文地质参数hydrogeological parameters渗透系数permeability coefficient导水系数(释水系数）coefficient of transmissivity贮水系数storativity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）coefficient of water table conductivity压力传导系数coefficient of pressure conductivity持水度water－holding capacity土壤水分常数soil moisture constants土壤吸湿系数absorption coefficient of soil moisture凋萎系数wilting coefficient田间持水量field capacity毛管断裂含水量moisture content at capillary rupture最大水分吸水量maximum molecular moisture content零通量面法zero flux plane method潜水phreatic water降水入渗补给precipitation recharge降水入渗补给系数coefficient of precipitation recharge地表水补给surface water recharge凝结水补给condensation recharge侧向补给lateral recharge越流补给leakage recharge灌溉补给系数irrigation recharge coefficient of groundwater潜水蒸发phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度critical depth of phreatic water evaporation潜水溢出量phreatic water overflow to surface潜水位phreatic water level潜水埋深buried depth of phreatic water level潜水含水层厚度thickness of phreatic water aquifer内流湖endorheic lake淡水湖fresh lake咸水湖salt lake盐湖saline lake季节性湖泊seasonal lake富营养湖泊eutrophic lake贫营养湖泊poornutrient lake湖流lake current梯度流gradient current漂流current of friction湖浪lake wave湖泊波漾（假湖）lake seiche湖泊增减水lake wind denivellation湖泊资源lake resources湖泊率lake ratio湖泊补给系数recharge coefficient of lake 湖泊换水周期lake residence period湖盆lake basin湖面高程elevation of water level in lake 岛屿率insulosity湖泊分层lake layering正温层direct thermal stratification逆温层inverse thermal stratification湖泊形态参数morphometric parameter of lake 高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽）main level mire中位沼泽（中营养沼泽）medium level mire 沼泽水文mire hydrology沼泽水量平衡water balanceof mire沼泽水mire water沼泽蒸发mire evaporation沼泽径流mire runoff沼泽表面流surface flow of mire沼泽表层流surface layer flow of mire沼泽含水性moistureproperty of mire沼泽持水性water retention of mire沼泽透水性perviousness of mire沼泽率mire ratio冰川glacier山地冰川（山岳冰川）mountain glacier谷冰川valley glacier宽尾冰川broad－tail glacier冰斗冰川cirque glacier悬冰川hanging glacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川）penetrating glacier冰原ice field冰川平衡线equilibrium line of glacier委托观测entrust gauging水文仪器hydrologic instrument直读仪器direct－reading instrument自记仪器automatic－recording instrument遥测仪器remote telemetry unit传感器sensor固态存贮器solid storage计数器counter记录器recorder显示器display unit平均无故障工作时间mean time between failures 相应水位equivalent stage水文测站hydrometric station基本站basic station辅助站auxiliary station专用站special station水文试验站hydraulic experimental station基准水文站bench mark hydrologic station水文气象站hydrometeorology station巡测站tour gauging station水文站gauging station雨量站网rain gauging network水面蒸发站网water surface evaporation network水位站网stage gauging network泥沙站网sediment gauging network水质站网water quality network地下水观测井网groundwater voservation well network 站网规划hydrologic network planning水文分区hydrologic regionalization站网布设network layout站网分析network analysis站网检验network examination站网优化network optimization站网调整network adjustment站网密度network density现实密度real density可用密度usable density容许最稀站网minimum network设站年限station required age水文信息hydrologic information水文效益hydrologic benefit基面datum临时水准点temporary benchmark测验断面measuring cross－section基本水尺断面basic gauge cross－section流速仪测流断面current－meter measuring cross－section 浮标测流断面float measuring cross－section比降水尺断面slope measuring cross－section辅助水尺断面secondary gauging cross－section临时测流断面temporary measuring cross－section水文缆道hydrometric cableway悬索缆道suspended cableway悬杆缆道suspended rod cableway机动缆道motorized cableway手动缆道hand－operating cableway主索main cable循环索loop cable起重索suspension cable水文缆车hydrometric cable car吊船过河索cableway for anchoring boat缆道测验仪cableway measuring device水文测船hydrometric boat水文测桥hydrometric bridge桥测车gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车tour gauging vehicle for hygrometry 雨量器raingauge承水器raingauge receiver量杯measuring glass渠积雨量器accumulative raingauge雨量计rainfall recorder虹吸式雨量计siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping－bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计long－term rainfall recorder遥测雨量计telemetering rainfall recorder测雨雷达precipitation－monitoring radar雪量线snow gauge雨雪量计rain and snow recorder蒸发量evaporation蒸发量观测evaporation observation蒸发量折算系数reduction coefficient of evaporation 遮挡率screen ratio蒸发器evaporation pan小型蒸发器（蒸发皿）small evaporation panE－601型蒸发器evaporation pan of type E－601漂浮蒸发器floating evaporation pan蒸发计evaporimeter遇测蒸发计telemetering evaporimeter钩形水尺hook gauge最高水位水尺crest stage gauge校核水尺check gauge基本水尺断面basic gauge辅助水尺断面auxiliary gauge比降水尺断面slope gauge临时水尺temporary gauge水位计stage gauge自记水位计stage recorder浮子式水位计float－type stage recorder压力式水位计pressure－type stage recorder超声波水位计ultrasonic stage recorder遥测水位计telemetering stage recorder接触试水位计contact－type stage recorder远传水位计telecontrol stage recorder自记水位计台stage recorder installation静水井stilling well水深depth测得水深measured depth有效水深effective depth相对水深relative depth断面平均水深mean depth at a cross－section干绳改正air line correction湿绳改正wet line correction测点流速velocity measurement测速垂线surface velocity水面流速velocity at a point测点流速maximum point velocity最大测点流速velocity－measuring vertical垂线平均流速mean velocity at a vertical部分平均流速mean velocity at a segment断面平均流速cross－section velocity distribution浮标流速point velocity coefficient中泓流速surface velocity coefficient流速分布velocity distribution流速梯度velocity gradient垂线流速分布vertical velocity distribution断面流速分布cross－section velocity distribution 水面流速分布surface velocity coefficient顺流downstream flow逆流upstream flow流速脉动velocity pulsation中泓流速midstream流向测量flow－direction measurement体积法cubature流速仪current－meter转子式流速仪rotating－element current－meter旋杯式流速仪cup－type current－meter旋桨式流速仪propeller－type current－meter电波流速仪electric wave current－meter超声波剖面流速仪ultrasonic profile current－meter 多普勒流速仪Doppler current－meter参证流速仪reference current－meter流量计flow meter文杜里水流计Venturi flow meter毕托管Pitot tube流速仪检定current－meter calibration检定槽calibration tank检定车calibration carriage浮标float水面浮标surface float小浮标small float双浮标double float浮杆float－rod堰顶高程elevation of weir crest堰顶水头weir head水工建筑物测流flow measurement by hydraulic structure 闸门开启高度gate opening行近河槽approach channel行近流速approach velocity堰流weir flow流态flow regime自由流free flow淹没流submerged flow半淹没流half－submerged flow孔流sluice flow射流jet flow淹没比submergence ratio淹没系数submergence coefficient流速系数velocity coefficient流量系数discharge coefficient稀释法测流dilution method for discharge measurement 示踪剂tracer标准溶液standard solution背景浓度background concentration solution稀释比dilution ratio推移质输沙率测验bed load discharge measurement器策法sampling method坑测法pit method沙波法dune tracking method床沙测验bed material measurement照相法photographic method打印法stamp pad method床沙采样器bed material sampler悬移质采样器suspended sediment sampler瞬时式采样器instantaneous sampler积时式采样器time－integrating sampler瓶式采样器bottled sampler皮囊式采样器collapsible sample泵式采样器pumping sampler调压式采样器pressure adjustable sampler同位素测沙仪radioisotope sediment concentration meter 光电测沙仪photoelectric sediment concentration meter 振动式测沙仪vibrational sediment concentration meter 推移质采样器bed load sampler网式采样器basket－type sampler吸管pipet光电颗分仪photoelectric particle size meter比重计（密度计）hydrometer泥沙沉降sediment settling沉降速度settling velocity平均沉速mean settling velocity絮凝flocculation反凝剂defloeculant粒径particle diameter中数粒径median particle diameter平均粒径mean particle diameter等容粒径nominal diameter投影粒径projected diameter三轴平均粒径triaxial mean particle diameter几何平均粒径geometric mean particle diameter筛析粒径sieve diameter沉降粒径settling diameter粒径组fraction of particle size颗粒级配grain－size distribution颗粒级配曲线grain－size distribution curve单样颗粒级配index sample grain－size distribution垂线平均颗粒级配mean grain－size distribution in a vertical对照断面check cross－section控制断面control cross－section消减断面attenuation cross－section水样保存water－sample preservation检出率detected ratio超标率over－limit ratio痕迹量trace未检出nonreadout回收率recovery ratio溶解气体采样器dissolved gases sampler冰情观测ice－regime observation固定点冰厚测址fixed－point ice thickness measurement 冰情目测visual observation of ice regime冰情符号ice code冰情图ice－regime charta初冰日期first－ice date封冰日期freeze－up date解冻日期break－up date终冰日期end ice date封冻历时freeze－up duration水浸冰厚thickness of immersed ice敲露水面宽open－water width冰流量ice discharge等深点流速改正法revised isobath－velocity method流速过程线改正法revised velocity－hydrograph method有效潮差significant tidal range负波高negative wave height水库水文测验hygrometry of reservoir入库水量reservoir inflow出库水量reservoir outflow水库供水reservoir water supply水库弃水surplus water released frome reservoir水库蓄水量reservoir storage水库蓄水变量variation of reservoir storage水库蓄水变率rate of reservoir storage change坝上水位stage behind dam库区水位stage in reservoir region水库淤积测量reservoir sedimentation survey水库淤积量reservoir sedimentation volume地形法method of topographic survey断面法method of cross－section survey淤积形态morphology of reservoir deposition淤积三角洲sedimentation delta淤积物密度dry density of reservoir deposition岩溶地区水文调查hydrologic investigation in karst areas 实际地表集水面积actual surface colleting area交换水量exchange water沙量调查silt－quantity investigation水质调查water quality investigation调查区investigation zone水文实验研究experimental research in hydrology 代表流域representative basin实验流域experimental basin相似流域similar basin径流实验研究experimental research in runoff径流场runoff plot人工降雨装置artificial rainfall device蒸发实验研究experimental research in evaporation 蒸发池evaporation tank土壤蒸发器soil evaporator蒸散器evapotranspirometer农田蒸发器evaporator for agricultural land蒸渗仪lysimeter地下水均衡场groundwater balance plot合理性检查rational examination电算整编processing by computer水文年鉴water year－book测站考证station examination站年station year平均值mean value极值extreme value加权平均法weighted mean method断流水位stage of zero flow河干river of zero flow水文过程线hydrograph水文综合过程线synthetic hydrograph等值线isopleth分布曲线distribution curve水文特征值hydrologic characteristic value 径流总量total runoff径流模数runoff modulus径流系数runoff coefficient洪峰flood peak洪水流量peak discharge洪水总量flood volume输沙量sediment runoff输沙模数modulus of sediment runoff水位流量关系stage－discharge relation连时序法chronological method绳套曲线loop curve流量过程线法discharge hydrograph method潮汐要素法tidal factor relation method定潮汐要素法constant tidal factor relation method合轴相关法coaxial correlation method一潮推流法method of discharge computation for a single tide水位流量关系single－valuedprocessing of stage－discharge relation关系曲线延长extension of relation curve流率表rating table单断沙关系index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation单断沙关系曲线法index and cross－section aerage sediment concentration relation curve method水位单断沙比关系曲线法stage versus ratio of index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation curve method单断沙比过程线法hydrograph method of index and cross－section average sediment concentration ratio单样过程线法hydrograph method of index sediment concentration自由度degree of freedom真值true value测量值（实测值）measured value最或然值most probable value误差error绝对误差absolute error相对误差relative error插机误差（偶然误差）random error系统误差systematic error允许误差permissible error平均误差mean error最大误差（极限误差）maximum error伪误差（粗差）spurious方差variance标准差standard deviation相对标准差relative standard deviation离差（偏差）deviation闭合差closure error平差adjustment精确度（总精度）accuracy精密度precision准确度correctness垂线抽样误差（M型误差）measuring vertical sampling error 数据库data base分布式数据库distributed type data base集中式数据库concentrated type data base网络式数据库network type data base层次数据库laminarization data base关系数据库relation data base数据模型data model关系数据模型relation data model层次数据模型laminarization data model网状数据模型network data model数据量data bulk结点node数据处理data processing数据存贮data storage数据检索data retrieval数据输入data input数据输出data output数据库文件data base file水文数据库hydrologic data base水文基本数据库hydrologic basic data base湖泊水文预报hydrologic firecasting of lake施工水文预报hydrologic forecasting for construction period潮汐预报tidal prediction泥沙预报sediment forecasting旱情预报soil moisture forecasting地下水动态预报groundwater regime forecasting预见期forecast lead time短期水文预报short－term hydrologic forecasting中长期水文预报medium and long－term hydrologic forecasting超长期水文预报extended long－term hydrologic forecasting预报误差forecast error作业预报operational forecasting预报方案forecast scheme评定标准accuracy standard方案合格率qualified ratio of scheme确定性系数deterministic coefficient汛seasonal flood春汛spring flood伏汛summer flood秋汛autumn flood汛期flood season防汛flood defence报汛站flood－reporting station报汛站网flook－reporting network常年水情站perennial hydrologic reporting station 汛期水情站hydrologic reporting station inflood season辅助水清站网auxiliary hydrologic reporting network 洪水警报flood warning点雨量point rainfall面雨量areal rainfall泰森多边形Thiessen polygon等雨量线法isohyetal method产流runoff yield蓄满产流runoff yield at natural storage超渗产流runoff yield in excess of infiltration产流面积area of runoff yield地表径流（直接径流）direct runoff地面流（坡面流）surface flow of mire壤中流prompt subsurface flow前期影响雨量antecedent rainfall土壤缺水量soil moisture deficit下渗能力曲线（下渗曲线）infiltration capability curve 初损initial losses后损（后渗）continuing losses坡面汇流overland flow concentration河网汇流（河槽汇流）river network flow concentration 地下汇流groundwater flow concentration汇流曲线flow concentration curve流域汇流曲线basin flow concentration curve坡面汇流曲线overland flow concentration curve河网汇流曲线river network flow concentration curve地下汇流曲线groundwater flow concentration curve流域汇流时间basin flow concentration time洪峰滞时peak time lag流域滞时basin time lag等流滞时isochrone单位线unit hydrograph经验单位线empiricat unit hydrograph综合单位线synthetic unit hydrograph瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph地貌瞬时单位线geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph坡地单位线slope unit hydrograph河网单位线river network unit hydrographS－曲线S－curve无因次单位线dimensionless unit hydrograph退水曲线recession curve水文模型hydrologic model水文物理模型（水文实体模型）hydrophysical model比尺模型scale model比拟模型analogue model水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model水文概念模型physically－based hydrologic mathematic model水文数学物理模型deterministic hydrologic model确定性水文模型stochastic hydrologic model分散式模型distributed model集总式模型lumped model线性水温模型linear hydrologic model非线性水文模型nonlinear hydrologic model时不变水文模型time－invariant hydrologic model时变水文模型time－variant hydrologic model流域水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model of watershed模型结构model structure模型参数model parameter模型误差model error模型率定model calibration模型检验model verification水文模拟hydrologic simulation遥测终端机telemetry terminal meter中继机relay meter前置通信控制机preset communication controller自报式系统self－reporting system查询－应答式系统polling－answerback system混合式系统mix system时分制遥测系统time－division telemetry system频分制遥测系统frequency－division telemetry system误码率probability of word error接受率receiving probability数据收集平台data collection platform水文计算（水文分析计算）hydrologic computation设计站design station设计流域design watershed代表站representative station参证站bench－mark station典型年（代表年）typicyear水文系列hydrologic series同步系列synchronous series系列代表性series representativeness柱状图histogram诺谟图monogram输沙量计算（固体径流计算）computation of sediment runoff水库回水计算computation of reservoir backwater水库淤积计算computation of reservoir sedimentation水库下游河道冲刷计算computation of degradation belowreservoir溃坝洪水计算evaluation of dam break flood感潮河段水力计算hydraulic calculation for tidal reach水文统计hydrologic statistics总体population样本sample样本容量sample size随机变量random variable随机系列random series累计频率（频率）cumulative frequency经验频率empirical frequency水文频率分布曲线（水文频率曲线）hydrologic frequency distribution curve皮尔逊分布Pearson distribution对数正态分布log normal distribution频率分析frequency analysis随机模拟stochastic simulation时间序列time series随机水文分析hydrologic stochastic analysis趋势项trend term周期项cycle term随机项stochastic term调和分析（谐波分析）harmonic analysis潜分析spectrum analysis噪声noise回归分析（相关分析）regression analysis相关系数correlation coefficient自回归分析autoregression analysis逐步回归分析stepwise regression analysis设计供水design flood溢洪道设计洪水spillway design flood分期设计洪水stage design flood施工设计洪水design flood for construction period 校核洪水check flood实测洪水observed flood调查洪水investigated flood古洪水paleoflood坝址洪水dam－site flood入库洪水reservoir inflow flood分项调查法item－by－item investigation method 降雨径流模型法rainfall－runoff model method蒸发差值法evaporation difference method径流年内分配annual distribution of runoff径流多年变化multiyear variation of runoff丰水期high－water period平水期normal－water period枯水期（枯季）low－flow period丰水年wet year平水年（中水年）normal year枯水年dry year特枯水年extraordinary dry year连续丰水年continuous wet years连续枯水年continuous dry years水文年鉴water year设计暴雨design storm设计雨型design storm pattern暴雨路径storm track暴雨时程分配time distribution of storm暴雨地区分布special distribution of storm暴雨参数等值线storm parametric isoline map 点面换算系数point－area conversion coefficient 点面关系point－area relationship定点定面关系fixedpoint－fixed area relationship可能最大露点probable maximum dew point暴雨移置改正storm transposition correction流域形状改正watershed shape correction水汽改正moisture correction入流障碍改正inflow obstacle correction综合改正synthetic correction暴雨幅合分量convergence component of storm地形增强因子topographic increasing factor等百分数法isopercental method可能最大洪水probable maximum flood涝surface water logging渍subsurface waterlogging排涝surface waterlogging control排渍subsurface waterlogging control排涝规划waterlogging control planning排涝标准standard for waterlogging control排涝计算computation of waterlogging control设计排涝流量design discharge for surface drainage设计排渍流量design drainage discharge of subsurfacewaterlogging control设计排涝水位design water level for surface drainage水资源危机water resources crisis水荒water famine水能资源（水力资源）waterpower resources河流水能资源waterpower resources of river潮汐水能资源tidal power resources可开发的水能资源developable waterpower resources 水资源评价water resources assessment水资源基础评价water resources basic assessment水量评价water quantity assessment水质评价water quality assessment地表水资源评价surface water resources assessment地下水资源评价groundwater resources assessment水资源评价指标indexes of water resources assessment 水资源总量total amount of water resources地表水资源量surface water resources amount地下水资源量groundwater resources amount可利用量utilizable water地下水可开采量groundwater available yield可供水量available water supply径流调节runoff regulation综合利用水库调节（多目标水库调节）reservoir regulation for comprehensive utilization水库调洪reservoir flood routing水库供水调节reservoir regulation for water supply水电站径流调节runoff regulation of hydropower regulation水库反调节reregulating reservoir水库群调节multi－reservoir regulation径流调节计算computation of runoff regulation时历法（长系列操作法）chronological series method概率法（数理统计法）probability method随机模拟法stochastic simulation method调节周期regulating period目标函数objective function约束方程constraint equation状态变量state variable决策变量decision variable数学规划mathematic programming线性规划linear programming非线性规划nonlinear programming水库防洪调度flood control scheduling of reservoir水库实时调度real－time reservoir scheduling水库群调度multi－reservoir scheduling水库预报调度reservoir scheduling based on forecast抽水蓄能pumped storage水沙调度scheduling of water and sediment水环境water environment水环境要素（水环境基质）water environment elements水环境背景值（水环境本底值）water environmental background value水生态系统aquatic ecosystem化学径流chemical runoff环境用水environmental water环境水文学environmental hydrology环境水力学environmental hydraulics环境水化学environmental hydrochemistry地下水超量开采groundwater overdraft人工补给（人工回灌）artificial recharge地下水降落漏斗groundwater depression cone化学水污染chemical water pollution无机物水污染water pollution by inorganic substances有机物水污染water pollution by organic substances有毒物质水污染water pollution by toxic substances放射性水污染radioactive water pollution热污染thermal pollution生物水污染water pollution by organism富营养化eutrophication赤潮red tide次生水污染secondary water pollution地下水污染groundwater pollution水污染常规分析指标index of routine analysis for water pollution水污染遥感监测remote－sensing monitoring of water pollution污染物pollutant污染物迁移transport of pollutant机械迁移physical transport物理－化学迁移physicochemical transport人为污染源artificial pollution source天然污染源natural pollution source污染源调查investigation of pollution sources污染源控制pollution source control水质参数water quality parameters水质模型water quality model水温模型water temperature model水质生物评价biologic assessment of water quality水环境效益water environmental effect水污染环境效应environmental effect of water pollution水环境影响评价water environmental impact assessment水环境保护water environmental protection水质规划water quality planning河流水质规划river water quality planning水库水质规划reservoir water quality planning水污染综合防治规划planning of comprehensive water pollution control水源保护区protection zone of water source水质管理water quality management水污染源管理water pollution source management蒸发evaporation径流runoff水位stage流速velocity流量discharge含沙量sediment concentration输沙率sediment discharge水温模型water temperature冰凌ice run水质water quality下垫面underlying surface水文情势hydrologic regime水文效应hydrologic effect水文循环（水循环）hydrologic cycle水量平衡water balance热量平衡heat balance盐量平衡salt balance大气水汽含量atmospheric water vapour content 大气水汽输送atmospheric water vapour transport 水汽输送通量atmospheric water vapour flux雨rain降雨面积rainfall area降雨分布rainfall distribution暴雨洪水storm flood冰凌洪水（凌讯）ice flood冰雪洪水ice－snow melt flood雨雪混合洪水rain and snowmelt flood山洪flash flood溃坝洪水dam－break flood大气环流atmospheric circulation天气形势（环流形势）weather situation天气过程weather process天气系统weather system行星尺度天气系统planetary scale weather system 天气尺度天气系统synoptic scale weather system 中小尺度天气系统meso and micro－scale weather 风暴潮storm surge风暴中心storm center西风槽westerly trough东风波easterly wave低压槽trough高压脊ridge副热带高压subtropic high温带extratropic zone寒带frigid zone。

水文学的一般概念与水文测验

第2章水文学一般概念与水文测验•内容：✓2.1 河流和流域✓2.2 河川径流及其表示方法✓2.3 河川径流形成过程及影响径流的因素✓2.4 流域水量平衡✓2.5 水文资料的观测方法与收集✓2.6 水位与流量关系曲线•重点：✓河川径流的形成过程、影响因素、表示方法；✓平原河流的特征；✓水位与流量关系曲线绘制及延长—断面特性法。

•难点：✓径流模数和径流深度的概念和计算；✓断面特性法延长水位与流量关系曲线2.1 河流和流域2.1.1 干流及支流(1)干流( Mainstream )在水系中汇集全流域径流的河流，例如：黄河、长江。

(2)支流( Tributary )流入一较大河流或湖泊的河流。

支流是分级的：一级支流(注入干流的支流)；二级支流(注入一级支流的支流)；三级支流(注入一级支流的支流)；四级支流(注入一级支流的支流)(3) 河网( Hydrographic Net )由河流的干流和各级支流，流域内湖泊、沼泽或地下暗河构成脉络相通一个系统，称为河系或水系。

2.1.2 河长及弯曲系数(1) 河长( River Length )1)定义：河流源头至河口或测站断面沿河槽中泓线或轴线量取的距离。

中泓线?深泓线?中泓线：河道中各横断面表面最大流速点的连线。

深泓线(溪线)：河道中各横断面最大水深点的连线。

2) 作用：河流特性的基本参数，可确定落差、比降和能量。

(2)弯曲系数( Tortuosity )1) 定义：沿河流中泓线两点间的实际长度与其直线距离的比值。

2) 特性：任何河段都有它的弯曲系数；它可反映河流流经地的地质地貌特征。

L1L22.1.3 河槽基本特征(1) 河流的平面形态1) 平原河流①特点：在环流、泥沙的冲刷和淤积作用下，蜿蜒曲折形态，即深槽、浅槽沿水流方向交替出现，呈规律性。

②专业术语：凹岸、凸岸、左岸、右岸、深槽、浅槽2) 山区河流大多为岩石河床，异常复杂，无规律可循。

(2) 河流的纵断面1) 定义：河流从上游至下游沿深泓线所切取的河床和自由水面的剖面。

水文基本术语和符号标准[GB T50095-98]条文说明

中华人民共和国国家标准水文基本术语和符号标准条文说明目次总则陆地水文水文情报预报水文分析计算水资源水环境符号总则国家标准年颁布并自年月几年来执号文要求修订该国家标准并定属工程建设类年编单位为水利部南京水文水资源研究所参加单位有水利部原水文制定本标准的目的在于合理地统一我国水文科学技术领域的本标准除符号外术基本概念性术语水文资料整编及误差方面术自动测报系统方面术语水文分析计算章列入有关水文统计及随在国际标准中有明渠水流测量词汇和符号水质技术规定第国家标陆地水文本章共分术语系统流量它不但有量它是一种种单纯的们广泛接受的新的术语名称之前流量冰凌结冰只是水在大气环流中小尺度天气系统千米至锋气温高度处的湿球温度蒲福风级为自共分年后又修改增加到从共流域用流域平均高程式中流域平均坡度为流域不对称系数中右岸支流的流域面水面比条目英语对应词采用全沙水内冰封冻期连底冻层冰层水冰滑动图全沙定义框图月中天采用潮期用本标准改为河口透水层和隔水层习惯用语本标准采用了和水文测验本章共分测验基本设施术语按测验项目分有降水量及蒸发量波浪水深及断面水质水面术语相应水位水文站采用即流量测验本标准改为大河控制站区域代表站小河站控制面积为大河控制干旱区在以下湿润区在以下的小河流上设立的流量站称为小河站其余在天然河水库站湖泊站有的地区在进口处和库区或湖区设有观测项水文分区改为桥测车承水器并不影响测量降水量但遮挡率蒸发场四周障碍物对蒸发量影响甚大因此规定遮挡率应小于先求某一障碍物遮挡率某一障碍物的遮挡率为为障碍物高度为折实型蒸发器积为内径为圆柱体高锥体高处的器壁上设置带调平装置的测针座尖距离器口为蒸发器埋入地口缘高出地面蒸发桶四周装四个宽水深为并配有一个桶口面积为在冰期测得水深由于水面宽即顶部宽的意本标准改为过水断面和水道断面过水断面是流速仪标准中所列各条目为现在如转子式流速仪照相法大于泥沙颗粒分析粒径范围及沙重要求是不同如尺量法适用于粒径大于适用于粒径沙重需范围在沙重需当管内径管长粒径范围在沙重需分析粒径范围时分析粒径范围仍为消光法适用于粒径离心沉降法适用于粒径大于泥沙沉降沉降速度和平均沉速三条目英语对应词均采用沉降一词反凝剂流冰疏密度范和一些著作中均习惯采用这一术语这里不作更改仍采用此术异重流测验差异而产生的分层相对运动在水库静水下面主要是由于入库泥沙水文资料整编它符合排印要求的刊印校正因数法条目在推算流量其计算式为为受洪水涨落影响的流量为与其中为洪水波传播速度落差法其计算式为为流量为同水位下受不同变动回水影为为对应的落定落差法为正常落差法条目在推算流量时中落差指数法为水文情报预报本章共分水文情报预报术语尚无同类的国际标准可借区域水文预报枯季径流预报冰情预报水库水文预报对于中小型水库一般只预报一次洪水的最高库水湖泊水文预报预见期为中期水文预以上至以上为超长期水文预对于径流预报对于超长期水文预报通常防洪标准通常以某一重防洪非工程措施防凌和分把开河前上游冰期壅水量部分地贮存和分走本标准重新命名为水文统计预报法水文分析计算本章共分般术语水文分析计算术语尚无同类的国际标准可借鉴本标准系在总结国内外在水文分析计随机水文暴雨洪水查算图表专用英语对应词本标准推荐英语对应词为随机水文分析设计洪水分期设计洪水施工设计洪水设计暴雨可能最大洪水大洪水另一类是数理统计法即在实测洪水资料卡和有调查洪水排涝排渍在我国习惯用意向性词本标准统一取用技术性术语排涝排渍排涝排涝标准流作为排涝工程的设计标准另一种以历史上发生涝灾比较严重的水资源本章共分鉴于水资源在水利淡水定义为含盐量小于水资源规划及其定义来自和合编的水资源评价手水资源总量对于山丘区对于平原区式中地下水可开采量还包括在一定开由于地下水位下降而新增的一部分补给量耗损性用水非耗损性用水水利计算水资源调度中不够确切本标准推荐使用水沙调度一种蓄清排浑方的水库适用于河床比水环境本章共分环境保护等方面的基本术语水环境是当代水文学科发展中的一个分支尚有待继续发展和完善本标准编列了与水文学科有关的常符号符号的表达方式共分五种本标准尚未规定的符号在使用时需符合国家现行的有关标准。

水文学原理词汇

水文学原理词汇Absolute uncertainty 168－169绝对不确定性Absorption 294 吸收（作用）Acceptance testing 27，30－32接受域检验Acid rain 163 酸雨Actual evapotranspiration 311－322 实际蒸散发Adiabatic cooling/warming 94，绝热冷却、绝热增温Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) 139 高级微波探测器Air-advected energy 275 空气平流输送能量Air-entry tension 230 空气入口张力Analog models 25-26 模拟模型Anticyclones 95反气旋Aquicludes 327 含水土层Aquifer response rate 333 含水层反应速率Aquifer response time 333 含水层反应时间Aquifers 327 含水层，蓄水层confined 327-330 承压含水层unconfined 327，329 无压含水层Areal estimation 118-140 区域估计adjustment of point estimation to157-160 点估计的调整direct weighted averages 119-121 直接加权平均值surface-fitting methods 121-127 曲面拟合方法Areal reduction factor 157 区域简缩因子Atmometers 311 蒸发表，蒸发器Atmosphere conductance 296 空气电导系数Atmospheric resistance 296 大气阻力Atmospheric water balance 320-321 大气水平衡Autocorrelation coefficients 23 自相关系数Available water content 236 有效含水量Average time of occurrence 143 平均发生时间Average transit time 24-25 平均通过时间Backcasts 26后溯估测Baguios 96 碧瑶风（菲律宾的强烈热带气旋）Bank storage 347 河岸调蓄Bare-soil evaporation 291-294 裸土蒸发Base flow 342,394,436 基流Base-flow analysis 373-374 基流分析Base-flow component 344 基流构成Boundary condition 335 边界条件Bowen ratio 274 鲍恩比in estimating evapotranspiraion 321鲍恩比率估计总蒸发in estimating free-water/lake evaporation 275-276鲍恩比率自由水面/湖面蒸发Bypass flow 423 迂回水流Canopy 301 冠，盖，棚幕Canopy conductance 298-299 林冠导率Capillary fringe 239,544 毛管边缘Capillary rise 220,354,376-377 毛管上升高度Catchment, See Watershed 集水区Center of mass 399 质量中心Centroid 399 质心Centroid lag 401,402 质心滞后，输出过程的质心对应的时刻与输入过程的质心对应的时刻之差Centroid lag-to-peak 401,404-405 输出过程的峰值时刻与输入过程的质心对应的时刻之差Channel interception 407 河道降水，河槽降水Channel precipitation 407河道降水，河槽降水Chemical tracers 369 化学示踪剂Circular statistics 143 圆统计Cloud formation 95 云的形成Cloud seeding 161 云的催化Coastal aquifers, fresh-salt ground-water interface in 353 滨海含水层,咸淡地下水分界线Coefficient of variation 20 变差系数Cold fronts 95 冷锋Completely wetted profiles 266,267Concentration 65 浓缩,聚集time of 401,406 汇流时间,集流时间Confines aquifers 327-330 承压含水层Confining layers 327 不透水层,隔水层Conservation equations 8-10 守恒方程Conservation of mass 8 质量守恒Conservative quantities 7-8Contributing area 392 产流面积Control volume 8 控制流量Convection, uplift due to 98 对流抬升,Conventional hypsometric method 126-127 传统的测高法Convergence 95-98 收敛,辐合cyclonic 95 气旋extra-tropical cyclonic 95-96 热带外气旋frontal 95-96 锋面气旋at the ITCZ 96 热带收缩区nonfrontal 95,96-98 非锋面气旋Cyclogenesis 气旋生成Cyclones气旋Cyclonic convergence 收敛（集中）气旋Dalton’s Law 277,587 道尔顿定律Darcian flow 419-422 达西流Darcy’s Law 227-228,229-230,231,234,365-368,419,546,548 达西定律Deep seepage 377-379 深层渗漏Degree-day factor 210 度－日因子（冰雪融化度量）Depletion function 385 退水方程Depth-duration-frequency (DDF) analysis 151-160 雨深-历时-频率分析Depth of ponding 243,247 蓄水深Design floods 440-441 设计洪水Design storm 26 设计暴雨Detention storage 252 （1）拦洪库容（2）土壤滞留蓄水量Deterministic methods 122 确定性方法Digital elevation models (DEMs) 10-11 数字高程Dimensionless quantities 7 无维量，无因次量Direct flow 342 流向浮标Direct weighted averages 119-120 直接加权平均值arithmetic average 119-121 算术平均值Thiessen polygons 121 泰森多边形two-axis method 121 两轴法Discharge 19 排出，泄放，放水，流量Discharge area 337 过水断面，过水面积Dissolved-solids concentrations 322 溶解质浓度Distribution of pressure and temperature 41-44 压力和温度分布Double-mass curve 117 双累积曲线Double-ring infiltrometer 244 双环渗透针Drainage basin, See Watershed 流域盆地，见分水岭Dupuit Equations 357 杜毕方程Duration curves 20 历时曲线Eddy-correlation approach 280-281,321-322,599-600 涡度相关法Effective water input 396 有效水注入Effluent stream342 地下水补给河Electrical resistance blocks 225 电阻块Eluviation 238 淋溶作用Energy balance (budget) 190-204,274,281-285 能量平衡for evapotranspiring body 274 蒸发体Energy-balance equations 9 能量平衡方程Energy-balance model 能量平衡模型Environmental lapse rate 98 环境温度垂直梯度Ephemeral streams 344 季节性河流Equilibrium potential evapotranspiration 310潜在蒸发平衡Equilibrium runoff 401 径流平衡Equilibrium, time to 401 平衡时间Equipotential lines 335 等位线Evaporation 蒸发作用bare-soil 291-294 裸土defined 273 定义free-water 275-276 自由水，重力水lake 275-276 湖physics of 273-275,587-589 …的性质wetland 275-276 湿地Evaporative fraction 274 蒸发比值，潜热交换率与总的紊动传输热（潜热与显热之和）交换率的比Evapotranspiration 272-324 土壤水分蒸发损失总量,蒸腾actual 311-322 实际的classification processes 275 分类方法classification of types of 276 按所属类型分类potential (PET) 308-311 潜在土壤水分蒸发损失Event flow 342,394,436 事件流from sloping slab 414,417,418 在倾斜混凝土路面spatial variability 396 空间可变性subsurface 412-423 地下的temporal variability 396 暂时变量volume 396 容量Event-response mechanisms 424 事件响应装置Exceedence probability (exceedence frequency) 20-21,151,473,560-561 超量概率（超量频率）Excess rainfall 396 超渗雨Exfiltration 220,291 反渗Extra-tropical cyclones 95-96 温带气旋，热带外气旋“Eyeball”isohyetal method 125 “眼球”等雨量线方法Fick’s First Law of Diffusion 8 菲克扩散第一定律Field capacity 235 田间持水量Flood wave 391 洪水波Flow-duration curves (FDCs) 20,473-476,477-479 流量历时曲线Flow net 335 流网Flow-through lakes 349 接受地下水补给，又同时补给地下水的湖泊Flow-through streams 344接受地下水补给，又同时补给地下水的河流Flowlines 335 流线，流纹Fog drip 113-114 树上雾滴Forecasts 26 预报Formulation 339 用公式描述Fragipan 242 脆磐土Free convection 279 自然对流Free-water evaporation 275-276 自由水蒸发Front 95 锋面Frontal convergence 95-96 收敛锋面Frost 247 霜冻Gage catch 108 截雨（雪）量Gage pressure 327 表记压力Gaining streams 342-344 盈水河，地下水补给河Gamma-ray scanners, and water content measurement 225 伽马射线探测仪，水量度量General circulation 41-42 大气循环Ghyben-herzberg principle 353,386 吉本-赫茨伯格定理Gleying 241-242 潜育作用Global hydrologic cycle 1,3,48-83 全球水循环Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) 139 全球降雨气候学工程Gravitational head 326-327 重力水头Green-and-Ampt Model 251-261 Green-and-Ampt模型explicit forms of 256-258 显式Ground water 325-388 地下水development, impacts on basin hydrology 379-387 地下水开发对基础水文的影响and lakes/wetlands 347-350 地下水和湖泊/湿地and the ocean 350-354 海洋porous media, storage properties of 328-331 多孔介质,储存性质in the regional water balance 354-358 在区域水平衡temperature measurements 371 温度测定Ground-water—surface-water relations 342-354 地表水地下水的关系base flow 342 基流event flow 342 可能流hyporheic flow and bank storage 344-347 河水与河床和河岸水流交换区stream types 342-343 河流类型Ground-water-balance components 地下水平衡构成Darcy’s Law, direct application of 365-368 直接运用达西定理evaluation of 358-379地下水平衡构成的评价ground-water flow equation, inverse application of 368 地下水流体运动方程的反运用impulse-response analysis 368-369 特征曲线分析recharge from surface water 370-371 地表水的补给soil-water-balance method 362 土壤水平衡方法water-quality-based methods 369-370 基于水质方法well hydrograph analysis 362-365 井水位分析Ground-water development 地下水开发extraction, effects of 385-387 提取，影响hydraulics of 379-382 水力学impacts on basin hydrology 379-387 对水文学的影响Ground-water flows 13 地下水径流basic principles of 326-335 基本原则classification of 327-328 分类general equation 333-335 常规方程regional 335-342 区域性的Ground-water residence time 354-356 地下水滞留时间Ground-water zone 239 地下水区域Guard cells 294 保卫细胞Hardpan 242 粘土层Heterogeneous medium 332 异质Hindcasts 26 后报，追算Hinge line 337 枢纽线Homogeneous medium 332 均匀介质Hook gage 288 钩型测针Hortonian overland flow 408-409,410 霍顿坡面漫流Hurricanes 96-98 飓风Hydrat symbol 325 水化标记Hydraulic conductivity 231,247,255 导水性,渗透系数Hydraulic conductivity—water-content relations 231-232Hydraulic diffusivity 234-235 水力扩散率（力）Hydrograph, basic shape of 402 水位曲线（水文过程线）的基本画法Hydrograph recession 362,390 退水过程线Hydrograph rise 390 回水过程线Hydrologic cycle 水文循环ground water in 325-388 地下水水循环Hydrologic horizons 239-241 水文水平线relationship between pedologic horizons and 241-242 土壤地平线与水文水平线的关系Hydrologic modeling 25-34 水文模型analog model 25-26 模拟模型forecasts 26 预测mathematical models 26 数学模型modeling process 27-32 建模过程modeling terms, definitions of 29 模型的定义和条件modelsdefined 25-27 定义parameters 26 参数physical modes 25 物理模式predictions 26 预报simulation models 25 仿真模型Hydrologic systems 7-8 水文系统Hydrology 水文学basic concepts of 7-35 基本概念defined 1 定义development of 2-5 发展physical quantities and laws 7 物理量和定理regional water balance 11-17 区域水平衡residence time 24-25 持续时间scope of 1 范围spatial variability 17-18 空间可变性storage 22-23 储藏量storage effects 23 储能效应temporal variability 18-22 时间可变性watershed 10-11 流域,分水岭Hydrometeors 135-136 水汽凝结体Hydrophilic soils 248 亲水土壤Hydrostatic pressure 静水压力Hyetographs 390,396 雨量过程线,雨量图,雨量计Hygroscopic water 236 吸着水Hyporheic zone 344-347河水与河床水流交换区Hypsometric curve 126 高程面积分布曲线Hypsometric method 126-127 测高法Hysteresis 230 滞后现象Illuviation 238 沉淀作用Infiltration 220 渗透,下渗basic characteristics of process 245-246 渗透过程的基本特性capacity 243 下渗容量,下渗能力measurement 243-245 测渗quantitative modeling of 248-265 下渗数学模型from rain and snow melt 261 降水和融雪的下渗ring infiltrometer 243-245 套环式测渗仪soil-water changes, observation of 245 土壤水转换的观测into soils with depth-varying water content 261 含水量随着土壤径深变化的水下渗spatial and temporal variability of 261-263 空间和时间的变化sprinkler-plot studies 245 人工降雨试验小区的研究water-content profiles 245-246 含水量纵剖面图in watershed models 263-265 流域模型Infiltration rate 243 下渗率change with time during an event 245 在一次事件中下渗率随时间变化factors affecting 246-248 影响因子factors affecting accuracy of measurement 246-248 影响下渗率测量精确度的因子water-input rate/depth of ponding 247 储水注入水深Influent stream 344 入渗河流Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) analysis 151 强度-历时-频率分析Interception 301-308 拦截conceptual models 303-306 概念模型definitions 302 定义modeling 303-306 建模regression analysis 303 衰退分析Interception loss 301 拦截损失hydrologic importance of 306-308拦截损失的水文重要性measurement 302测量Interflow 220,419 壤中流Interim reference precipitation gage (IRPG) 108 中间关联雨量站Intermediate flow systems 338 中间流系统Intermediate zone 239 中间带,过渡带Intermittent streams 344 间歇水流Interpolation methods 121-122 插值法Interquartile range 20 四分位数间距Interval scales 7 区间尺度Intrinsic permeability 331 内渗透性，内渗透率Inverse-distance weighting 115-116 反距离加权Isobars 95 等压线Isotopic composition 322 同位数组成Isotropic medium 332 均匀介质Kriging 125-126 克立格Lag-to-peak 398,404-405 滞后峰值Lakes, evaporation 275-276 湖面蒸发Land-area water balance 318 陆地水平衡LaPlace Equation 334-335 拉普拉斯方程Lapse rate 94 气温直减率Lateral inflows 391 支流Latitudinal energy transfer 39-41 纬度分布能量转移Leaf-area index 298 叶面指数，植被率Leaf conductance 296-298 叶面电导率Leaky aquitards 328 渗透（量、电阻）Linear reservoir 23,429 线性水库Linear watershed model 402-407 线性流域模型Lithology 338-339 岩石学,岩性Local flow systems 338 当地河流系统Long-term average precipitation rates 140 长期平均降雨率Longwave radiation 38 长波辐射estimation of 197,282 估计,评价Losing stream 344 亏水河Macropore flow 423 大孔隙流Macropores 419 大孔隙Mass transfer 277-280,587-589 质量转移Mathematical models 26数学模型Matric potential 228 基质势Matric suction 228 基质吸力Matrix flow 419-422 基质流Measurement error 13-17 测量误差Median 20 中值,中间Melt coefficient 210 融化系数Melt factor 210 融化因子Microwave remote sensing, and water content measurement225-226 微波遥感和含水量的测量Missing data, estimating 115-117 估计缺少的资料Model error 13 模型误差Modelsanalog models 25-26 模拟模型defined 25 定义mathematical models 26 数学模型physical models 25 物理模型simulation models 25 仿真模型Moisture-characteristic curve 230-231 水汽特征曲线NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) 139 地球观测系统National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) 131 国家气候资料中心National Weather Service surface-monitoring network 130-131 国家气象观测组织表面污染监测网Net recharge 354 净补给Neutron moisture meters, and water content measurement 225 中子土壤水分探测仪,含水量的测量Newton’s laws of motion 8 牛顿运动定律Nonfrontal convergence 95,96-98 非锋面收敛Normal distribution 15,567-570 正态分布Normal-ratio method 115-116 正常值比率法Nuclear magnetic resonance, and water content measurement 225 核磁共振,含水量的测量Occluded front 95 锢囚锋Occult precipitation 112-114 被遮蔽的降雨Reynolds number 327 雷诺数Optical precipitation gage 107 光学雨量站Organic surface layer 247 有机表面层Orographic effects 99-100 地形影响Orography, uplift due to 98-103 地形学，地形抬升Outflow face 350 出流地形Overland flow 220,248,252,408 地面漫流Overseeding 161 过渡催化Pan coefficient 289 蒸发器折算系数Pan-evaporation approach 288-291 蒸发器蒸发法Parameters 26 参数Partial-area concept 409 部分面积概念Partially wetted profiles 268-269 部分多雨剖面Particle density, soil 222 土壤粒子密度Peak discharge 390,406 洪峰流量Pedologic horizons 238-239 土壤地平线relationship between hydrologic horizons and 241-242 与水文水平线的关系Penman equation 286彭曼方程Penman-Monteith approach 321 彭曼-蒂斯方法Penman-Monteith Equation 299-301 彭曼-蒂斯方程Penman-Monteith model 321 彭曼-蒂斯模型Penman or combination approach 285-288 彭曼联合方法Perched water table 242 上层滞水面Percolation 220 过滤,浸透and water-output production 204-207 出流量的产生Perennial streams 344 常流河Permanent wilting point 236 永久调痿点Permeameters 331 磁导计Persistence 23,576-580 持续Philip Equation 261 菲利普方程least-squares estimates of parameter of 262 最小二乘估计参数Phreatic zone 井区Phreatophytes 354 地下水湿生植物Physical models 25 物理模型Physical quantities and laws 7 物理量和定律Piezometer 327 压力计Point measurements, checking consistency of 117-118 检验点测量法的一致性Pore-disconnectedness index 233 孔隙分离指标Pore-size distribution index 233 孔径分布指标Porosity 207,255,328,330 孔隙度（率）soil 222-224 土壤孔隙度（率）Porous media 多孔介质response characteristics of 332-333 响应特征（曲线）storage properties of 328-331 耐储存性transmission properties of 331-332 传输特性Potential evapotranspiration(PET),311-318 n.可能蒸散发量,蒸散发能力combination methods,311 n.复合方法comparison of estimation methods,311 n.估计方法的比较operational definitions,310-311 n. 业务定义pan-based methods,311 蒸发器测量法radiation-based methods of,310-311 辐射测量法temperature-based methods,310 温度法Potentiometric surface,328 静水压面，测压管液面Precipitation,94-165,168 降水，降水量areal estimation,118-140 面估计depth-duration-frequency(DDF)analysis,151-160 雨深－历时－频率分析extreme rainfall amounts,146-160 极限降雨量long-term average precipitation,140 多年（年）平均降雨量measurement of precipitation 105-108 降水量测量meteorology of precipitation,94-105 降雨气象学moisture sources,104-105 水汽源地、水分来源、湿源probable maximum precipitation,146-148-150 可能最大降水量precipitation quality,162-164 降雨特性radar observation,135-136 雷达观测precipitation and rainfall climatology,140-162 降水、降雨气候学seasonal variability of precipitation,140-145 降水季节变化性storm climatology,145-146 暴雨气候学30-year normal precipitation l,140 30年的多年平均降水量uplift due to convergence,95-98 收缩上升Precipitation Augmentation as a Water-Resource Management Tool,161-162以降水增量作为水资源管理工具Anthropogenic Effects on Precipitation Climatology,160-162人为因素对降雨气候学的影响，Precipitation-gage networks,130-135 降雨观测网Precipitation gages,105-108,169-173 雨量站distance to obstructions,112 到阻碍物的距离errors due to differences in observation time,113 不同观测时间引起的误差errors due to low-intensity precipitation,113-114 低雨强引起的误差errors due to occult precipitation,113 由于降雨被遮蔽引起的误差errors due to evaporation,112-113 蒸散发引起的误差factors affecting measurement accuracy,108 影响测量精度的因素gage catch,108 截雨（雪）量、截获量、承雨（雪）量、（雨量器）instrument errors,113 仪器误差missing data estimation,115-117 缺测资料估计observer errors,113-114 观测误差optical precipitation gage,107 光学量雨器orifice height,109-111 孔口高度orifice orientation,109 孔口宽度orifice size,108-109 孔口尺寸errors due to splashing,112-113 由于溅洒引起的误差storage gages,105 累积雨（雪）量器tipping-bucket gage,105 倾斗式雨量计weighing-recording gage,105 称重式自计雨量器、衡重式自计雨量器wetting losses,112-113 浸润损失Precipitation recycling,104-105 重复利用降水Predictions,26 预报、预言Pressure head,228,327 压力水头、压位差、压力感受器Pressure-water-content relations,230-231 压强－水位－容量关系Primary porosity,328 原生孔隙PRISM Model,127,129-130 棱柱（棱镜）模型Probable maximum flood(PMF),148-150 可能最大洪水Probable maximum precipitation,146,148-150 可能最大降雨Probable maximum storm,149 可能最大暴雨Profile-controlled infiltration,243 控制剖面下渗Psychrometric constant,274 湿度计算常数Quick flow,342,436 快速（地面）径流Radioactive isotopes,369 放射性同位素Rain compaction,247 降雨密度Rain gage,see Precipitation gage雨量器、雨量筒(见Precipitation gage) Rain shadow,99 雨影（区）critical temperature for Rain-snow transition ,103 雨雪转换的临界温度record rainfalls,146-148 记录特大暴雨（量）、历史最大暴雨（量）time distribution of rainfall,160 降雨时间分布Recession/recession analysis,373-374 退水分析Recharge,220,325 补给、补充、回灌Recharge area,337 补给区（地下水）Recycling ratio,104 重复利用率Redistribution,220 再分配、重分配、再分布Reference crop,275 参考农作物Reference curves,265 参考曲线Regional evapotranspiration,13-17 区域土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量Regional flow systems,338 区域水流系统Regional ground-water flows,335-342 区域地下水径流、枯季径流、基流general features,337 一般特征effects of geology,338-342 地质的影响effects of topography,337-338 地形的影响Regional water balance,11-17 区域水量平衡Regression,117 回归、复归Relative uncertainty,15 相对不确定性Relative variability,23 相对可变性Representative elemental volume,227 典型（代表）元素总量Residence time,24-25 滞留时间Response lag,398,403 反应滞后Quantitative description of Response hydrographs,396-407 自计水位记灵敏度定量描述Response time,402 响应时间Return flow,409,464 回归水（流）、回流、逆流Return period,151 重现期Reynolds number,327,546 雷诺数Richards Equation,230,249-251,265 Richards公式Rime,113-114 雾淞、树挂、不透明冰、毛冰Ring infiltrometer,243-245 套环式测渗仪、同心环测渗仪River basin,see Watershed 河流流域（见Watershed）Root zone,239-240 根区Roughness height,273,594 粗糙高度“Safe yield”,387,465-488 安全产水量、保证产水量、可靠产水量、常年产水量（地下水）Saltwater intrusion,386-387 咸水入侵、盐水入侵、海水入侵Satellite observation,136-140 人造卫星观测Satellite observation of precipitation,136-140 人造卫星观测降水Satellite observation of soil moisture,225-226 人造卫星观测土壤湿度Saturated hydraulic conductivity,326 饱和水力传导率Saturation overland flow,408,409-412 饱和坡面漫流Seasonal variability of precipitation,140-145 降水季节变化性Seasonality index,143 季节性指标Secondary porosity,328 次生孔隙率Seepage face,344 渗流面Shelter factor,298 遮蔽因子Shortwave radiation,36,281-282 短波辐射Simulation models,25 模拟模型Sloping slab,414,417,418 坡面Smoothing methods,121-122 滤波法Soil,220-271 土，土壤bulk density,222 （1）容重，单位体重（2）毛体积密度，松密度，堆密度completely wetted profiles,266-267 完全浸润面estimation of effective soil-hydraulic properties,255-256 有效土壤水力特征值的估计material properties of soil,221 土壤的物质特性partially wetted profiles,268-269 部分浸润面particle density,222 粒子密度distribution of pore and particle sizes,221 气孔和粒子大小的分布porosity,222-224 多孔性、有孔性soil profiles,238-242 土壤剖面redistribution,265-269 重分布、再分配、再分布soil-water status,235-242 土壤水状况texture,221 （1）组织，质地（2）构造，结构（3）纹理（4）织物Soil-controlled stage,291 受土壤控制的水位bare-soil evaporation,291 裸露土壤蒸发（作用）Soil-moisture balance,319-320 土壤水量平衡Soil-moisture zone,239-240 土壤水带Soil physics,220 土壤物理学Soil profiles,238-242 土壤剖面computation of typical soil-water profiles240-241 典型土壤水剖面计算hydrologic horizons,239-242 水文学范畴pedologic horizons,238-239 土壤学范畴chemical characteristics of the soil surface,248 土壤表面的化学特性human modification of the soil surface,247 土表的人为改变inwashing of fine sediment,247 冲泻质（泥沙）巨原冲积层water content of surface pores,247 表孔含水量observation of soil-water changes,245 土壤水变化的观测soil-water flow,227-235 壤中流soil-water pressure,228-230 土壤水压力soil-water storage,224-227 土壤蓄水量degree of saturation,226-227 饱和度total soil-water storage,227 土壤蓄水总量volumetric water content,224-226 容积法（体积法）测含水量Solum,239 风化层Sorptivity,235 吸附力，吸着力Spatial correlation,128 空间相关Spatial variability,17-18,396 空间变化Specific discharge,326 比流量，单位（面积）流量，流量模数Specific retention,329,330 比持水量，单位持水量（持水量对含水层总容积之比）Specific storage,328 单位储水量（地下水）Specific yield,329-330 （1）单位产水量，单位出水量，产水率，出水率（＝effective porosity）(2)单产量Sprinkler-plot studies,245 人工降雨试验小区研究Stable isotopes,369 稳定同位素Standard deviation,15,20,557,571,574 标准差、均方差Stationary front,95 静止锋、滞留锋Statistical methods,122 统计法Stilling well,288,618 静水井，消波井，自记水位测井Stochastic methods,122 随机方法Stomata,294 （stoma or stomate的复数形式）气孔Stomatal cavities,294 气孔、气腔Storage,22-23 （1）贮藏，蓄积，存储（2）贮藏库，仓库（3）蓄水，蓄能，蓄电（4）储量，库容，蓄水量Storage coefficient,328 （1）库容系数（2）容水系数，给水度，地下水储量系数（一定厚度含水层的蓄水量＝厚度×单位储量）Storage effects,23 储能效应Storage gages,105 累积雨（雪）量器change in stored energy,282-283 储能变化Storm climatology,145-146 暴雨气候学Storm duration,398 暴雨历时Storm flow,342 暴雨径流，暴雨流量Stratigraphy,339 地层学，地层中的岩石组成Stream depletion,385 河流损耗Stream-gaging station,19流量站，测流站，水文站Stream response,389-457 河流响应Stream types,342-343 河流类型Streamflow hydrography,390 （河川）流量过程线Streamlines,335 （1）流线（2）流线型（的）Streamtube,335 流管，流束Structure,339 （1）结构，构造，组织（2）结构物，建筑物Subsystems,8 （1）子系统，辅助系统，分系统（2）部件Suction,228 （1）吸，吸入，吸取（2）吸力，负压Surface-fitting methods,121-127 曲面拟合法Surface runoff,252 地面径流，地表径流Swelling-drying,247 泡胀－烘干Illustration of system,9 体系图Temporal variability,18-22 时程变化Tensiometers,228 （1）拉力计，张力计（2）应变仪Tension,228 （1）张力，拉力（2）电压（3）拉紧，紧张Tension head,228 （表面）张力水头Tension-saturated zone,239,543-544 饱和张力区Thermal convection,98 热对流Thermocouple psychrometer,228-229 温差电偶、热电偶干湿计laws of thermodynamics,8 热力学规律Thiessen polygons,121 泰森多边形Thornthwaite water-balance model,312,315-316 桑斯威特水平衡模型Throughflow,419 （＝interflow,subsurface flow）（次）表层流，壤中流Thunderstorms,145 雷暴，雷雨Time base,399 (=base time)（1）时基（扫描）（2）时间底长（3）时标，时轴recession,405-406 （1）后退，退却（2）衰退（3）凹处（4）退水，消退（＝depletion）(5)（冰川）退缩，后退（6）海退Time lag,206 时滞，时间滞后Snowmelt,206 （1）融雪（2）融雪水，融水Time of concentration,401,406 （＝concentration time）(1)汇流时间，集流时间（2）集中时间（3）浓缩时间（4）富集时间Time of ponding,253 蓄水时间Time of rise,398,404 （1）起涨时刻，涨洪时刻（2）增长时间，建立时间Time series,18-19 时间系列（序列）Time to equilibrium,401 到达平衡时间Time to peak,398 到峰时间，峰现时间，涨洪时间Tipping-bucketgage,105 倾斗式（雨量计）Topographic index,414 地形指数Total hydraulic head,326 总的（压力）水头Chemical tracers,369 化学指示（剂），化学示踪物Traces,114 （1）痕迹，踪迹（2）痕量（3）轨线，迹线（4）交点，交线（5）描绘（6）跟踪，示踪（7）雨迹，微雨量Translocation,294 （1）转移（作用），位移（2）运输（作用）（3）易位Transmissivity,332 （1）透射率（2）导水率，输水率Transpiration,272,294-301 散发，叶面散发，蒸腾Atmosphere conductance,296 大气传导Canopy conductance,298-299 冠层传导Leaf conductance,296-298 树叶传导Modeling,295-296 建模，造型Penman-Monteith Equation,299-301 彭曼－孟提斯公式Transpiration stream,294 散发流，蒸腾流Tropical cyclones hurricanes,96-98 热带气旋飓风Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM),139-140 热带降雨测量Tropical storms,145-146 热带风暴Turbulent energy exchange,273-275 湍流能量交换Turbulent-transfer/energy-balance methods,321-322,593-600 湍流－输送/能量－平衡法Turn-over time,24 周转时间，翻转时间（湖、海水）Typhoons,96 台风Unconfined aquifers,327,329,356-358,366-367 非承压含水层，自由含水层，无压含水层Obtaining U.S. Geological Survey streamflow data in spreadsheet format,22获得美国地质勘测电子数据表版式的流速及流水量资料Vadose zone,239 （＝aeration zone,zone of aeration,unsaturated zone）渗流层，通气层，包气带，非饱和层Vapor-pressure relations,273-274 蒸汽－压力关系Variable sources-area concept,411-412 变动水源观念，动态流域观念Warm front,95 暖锋Physical and chemical properties of water,248 水的化学物理性质Water-advected energy,275,282 平流水流能Water-balance approach,276,318 水（量）平衡法Water-balance equations,9,12-13 （＝water-budget equation,equation of water balance,equati on ofwater budget）水量平衡方程（式），水分平衡方程，水平衡方程Water-balance relations,354 水量平衡关系Water-content profiles,245-246 （土壤）含水量纵剖面图Water-input rate,243,247,251-255,260-261 输水率Water-quality analysis methods,322 水质分析法water table,228,325 地下水面，地下水位，潜水面，潜水位perched water table,242 栖留地下水面（位），栖留潜水面watershed,10-11,460 （1）分水界，分水线，分水岭（2）流域，集水区delineation,10-11 （1）圈定，划界（2）勾划（3）轮廓，概图definition ,10 （1）定义（2）确定，限定（3）清晰度，分辨率（4）反差（5）圈定，定界evaluation of changes in watershed storage,14 流域储水量变化的评价weather modification,160-162 人工影响天气，天气控制weighing-recording gage,105 称重式自记雨量器，衡重式自记雨量器well hydrograph analysis,362-365 井孔出流量过程线分析area of influence,381 影响区域，势力范围cone of depression,381 （1）沉降锥（2）下降漏斗，浸润漏斗（＝cone of influence,cone of drawdown）contributing areas,382 产流面积，产流区域drawdown,381 （1）降落（水位）（2）人工降低地下水位（3）泄降（水库）（4）地下水位下降（5）抽水降深drawdown curve,381 （1）地下水泄降曲线（2）浸润曲线（3）抽水降深曲线radial flow to a well,379-381 辐向流入井、径向流入井well function,381 井函数wetland evaporation,275-276 湿地蒸发（作用）wetness,226-227 湿润度，湿度wetting-front suction.256 湿润界面吸力，湿锋吸力wind shear,95 风切变wind shield,108,109-111 （1）挡风屏，挡风玻璃（2）防风罩，挡风板（雨量器的）zero-plane displacement,273,594 零平面位移。

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水文测验术语（GB/T50095-98）一、一般术语1.水文测验hydrometry2.水文勘测hydrologic reconnaissance3.水文遥感技术remote-sensing technology in hydrology4.水文空间技术space technology in hydrology5.水文核技术nuclear technology in hydrology6.全球定位系统global positioning system7.遥测telemetry8.驻测stationary gauging9.巡测tour gauging 10.间测intermittent gauging 11.检测test gauging12.校测corrective gauging 13.委托观测entrust gauging 14.水文仪器hydrologic instrument 15.直读仪器direct-reading instrument 16.自记仪器automatic-recording instrument17.遥测装置remote telemetry unit 18.传感器sensor 19.固态存贮器solid storage20.计数器counter 21.记录器recorder 22.显示器display unit23.平均无故障工作时间mean time between failures 24.相应水位equivalent stage二、水文站网术语1.水文测站hydrometric station2.基本站basic station3.辅助站auxiliary station4.专用站special station5.水文实验站hydrologic experimental station6.基准水文站bench mark hydrologic station7.水文气象站hydrometeorologic station8.巡测站tour gauging station 9.水文站gauging station 10.大河控制站main-stream control station 11.区域代表站regional representative station 12.小河站small-stream station13.河道站river station 14.水库站reservoir station 15.渠道站canal station16.湖泊站lake station 17.堰闸站weir and sluice station 18.水位站stage gauging station19.潮水位站（验潮站）tidal level station 20.水库水位站reservoir stage gauging station21.湖泊水位站lake stage gauging station 22.配套雨量站complete set rain gauging station23.雨量站（降水量站）rain gauging station (precipitation station) 24.雨量观测场rain observation yard25.水面蒸发站water surface evaporation station26.陆上水面蒸发场water surface evaporation yard on land27.漂浮水面蒸发场floating water surface evaporation yard28.水质站（水质监测站）water quality (monitoring) station 29.泥沙站sediment station30.地下水观测井observation well of groundwater 31.水文站网hydrologic network32.基本站网basic hydrologic network 33.流量站网streamflow gauging network34.雨量站网rain gauging network 35.水面蒸发站网water surface evaporation network36.水位站网stage gauging network 37.泥沙站网sediment gauging network38.水质站网water quality network 39.地下水观测井网groundwater observation well network 40.站网规划hydrologic network planning 41.水文分区hydrologic regionalization42.站网布设network layout 43.站网分析network analysis 44.站网检验network examination 45.站网优化network optimization 46.站网调整network adjustment 47.站网密度network density 48.现实密度real density 49.可用密度usable density 50.容许最稀站网minimum network51.设站年限station required age 52.水文信息hydrologic information53.水文效益hydrologic benefit三、测验基本设施及测量术语1.基面datum2.绝对基面（标准基面）absolute datum3.假定基面arbitrary datum4.测站基面station datum5.冻结基面stationary datum6.测站控制station control7.河槽控制channel control 8.断面控制section control 9.人工控制artificial control10.河底控制river bottom control 11.槛式控制sill control 12.测验河段measuring reach13.水流平面图flow plane map 14.水道地形图channel topographic map15.断面标志cross-section sign 16.断面桩cross-section stake 17.标志杆sign rod18.辐射杆radiation rod 19.基线base line 20.基线桩base line stake 21.水准点benchmark 22.基本水准点basic benchmark 23.校核水准点check benchmark24.临时水准点temporary benchmark 25.测验断面measuring cross-section26.基本水尺断面basic gauge cross-section 27.流速仪测流断面current-meter measuring cross-section 28.浮标测流断面float measuring cross-section 29.比降水尺断面slope measuring cross-section 30.辅助水尺断面secondary gauging cross-section 31.水文缆道hydrometric cableway32.临时测流断面temporary measuring cross-section 33.悬索缆道suspended cableway34.悬杆缆道suspended rod cableway 35.机动缆道motorized cableway36.手动缆道hand-operating cableway 37.主索main cable 38.循环索loop cable39.起重索suspension cable 40.水文缆车hydrometric cable car 41.水文测船hydrometric boat 42.吊船过河索cableway for anchoring boat 43.缆道测验仪cableway measuring device44.水文测桥hydrometric bridge 45.桥测车gauging vehicle on bridge46.水文巡测车tour gauging vehicle for hydrometry 47.水准测量leveling48.跨河水准测量river-crossing leveling 49.水尺零点测量survey of gauge zero50.控制测量control survey 51.高程控制测量vertical control survey52.平面控制测量horizontal control survey 53.导线测量traverse survey 54.三角测量triangulation 55.距离测量distance survey 56.河道观测river survey 57.地形测量topographic survey58.碎部测量detail survey 59.水下地形测量underwater topographic survey四、降水量、蒸发量观测及仪器设备术语1.降水量precipitation2.雨量rainfall3.积雪深度snow depth4.积雪密度snow density5.雪水当量water equivalent of snow6.降水历时precipitation duration7.降雨强度rainfall intensity 8.降水日数number of precipitation days 9.承水器raingauge receiver 10.降水量观测precipitation observation 11.雨量器raingauge 12.量杯measuring glass13.累积雨量器accumulative raingauge 14.雨量计rainfall recorder 15.雪量器snow gauge16.虹吸式雨量计siphon rainfall recorder 17.翻斗式雨量计tipping-bucket rainfall recorder18.长期雨量计long-term rainfall recorder 19.遥测雨量计telemetering rainfall recorder20.测雨雷达precipitation-monitoring radar 21.雨雪量计rain and snow recorder22.蒸发量evaporation 23.蒸发量观测evaporation observation 24.遮挡率screen ratio25.蒸发量折算系数reduction coefficient of evaporation 26.蒸发器evaporation pan27.小型蒸发器（蒸发皿）small evaporation pan 28.E-601型蒸发器evaporation pan of type E-601 29.漂浮蒸发器floating evaporation pan 30.蒸发计evaporimeter31.遥测蒸发计telemetering evaporimeter 32.散发量（蒸腾量）transpiration33.蒸散量evapotranspiration 34.蒸发能力evaporative capacity (potential evaporation)五、水位、水温、波浪观测及仪器设备术语1.水位观测stage observation2.水尺零点gauge zero3.最高水位maximum stage4.最低水位minimum stage5.平均水位mean stage6.水位变幅fluctuation range of stage7.比降观测slope observation 8.涨落率rate of rise and fall9.水面起伏度undulating range of surface 10.水温观测water temperature observation11.水温表water thermometer 12.波浪观测wave observation 13.波高wave height14.波长wave length 15.波峰wave crest 16.波谷wave trough 17.波陡wave steep18.测波仪wave meter 19.水尺gauge 20.直立水尺vertical gauge 21.倾斜水尺inclined gauge 22.悬锤水尺wire weight gauge 23.矮桩水尺stake gauge 24.测针水尺point gauge25.钩形水尺hook gauge 26.最高水位水尺crest stage gauge 27.校核水尺check gauge28.基本水尺basic gauge 29.辅助水尺auxiliary gauge 30.比降水尺slope gauge31.临时水尺temporary gauge 32.水尺零点高度elevation of gauge zero33.水尺读数gauge reading 34.水位计stage gauge 35.自记水位计stage recorder36.浮子式水位计float-type stage recorder 37.压力式水位计pressure-type stage recorder38.超声波水位计ultrasonic stage recorder 39.遥测水位计telemetering stage recorder40.接触式水位计contact-type stage recorder 41.远传水位计telecontrol stage recorder42.自记水位计台stage recorder installation 43.静水井stilling well六、水深、断面测量及仪器设备术语1.水深depth2.测得水深measured depth3.有效水深effective depth4.相对水深relative depth5.断面平均水深mean depth at across-section6.测深sounding7.测深垂线sounding vertical 8.测深杆sounding rod 9.测深锤sounding weight10.超声波测深仪（回声测深仪）ultrasonic sounder (echo sounder) 11.断面索tag line12.压力测深仪pressure sounder 13.铅鱼elliptic-type weight 14水面宽water surface width 15.起点距distance from initial point 16.河底高程river bed elevation 17.横断面cross-section 18.大断面possible maximum cross-section 19.过水断面wetted cross-section20.水道断面channel cross-section 21.断面面积cross-section area 22.部分面积segment area 23.纵断面longitudinal profile 24.深泓纵断面thalweg profile 25.拉偏索pull slanting cable26平均河底高程纵剖面mean channel bed elevation profile 27.干绳改正air line correction28.悬索偏角改正sounding line correction 29.湿绳改正wet line correction七、流速测验及仪器设备术语1.流速测量velocity measurement2.水面流速surface velocity3.测点流速velocity at a point4.最大测点流速maximum point velocity5.测速垂线velocity-measuring vertical6.垂线平均流速mean velocity at a vertical7.部分平均流速mean velocity at a segment8.断面平均流速mean velocity at a cross-section 9.浮标流速float velocity10.中泓流速midstream velocity 11.流速分布velocity distribution12.流速梯度velocity gradient 13.垂线流速分布vertical velocity distribution14.断面流速分布cross-section velocity distribution 15.测点流速系数point velocity coefficient 16.水面流速系数surface velocity coefficient 17.顺流downstream flow 18.逆流upstream flow 19.流速脉动velocity pulsation 20.中泓midstream 21.流向测量flow-direction measurement 22.断面平均流向mean flow direction at across-section 23.流向偏角oblique angle of flow direction 24.流向改正correction for flow direction 25.流向仪flow-direction meter26.流量测量discharge measurement 27.流量discharge 28.平均流量mean discharge29.精测法intensive method 30.常测法conventional method 31.简测法simplified method32.流速面积法velocity area method 33.流速仪法current-meter method34.积宽法width-integrating method 35.积深法depth-integrating method36.选点法point-integrating method 37.动船法moving boat method 38.单宽流量unit discharge 39.部分流量segment discharge 40.比降面积法slope area method 41.浮标法float method42.浮标系数float coefficient 43.水面浮标系数surface float coefficient 44.流速仪current-meter 45.中泓浮标系数midstream float coefficient 46.虚流量virtual discharge 47.体积法cubature 48.超声波测流法ultrasonic gauging method 49.电磁测流法electromagnetic gauging method50.转子式流速仪rotating-element current-meter 51.旋杯式流速仪cup-type current-meter52.旋桨式流速仪propeller-type current-meter 53.电磁流速仪electromagnetic current-meter54.电波流速仪electric wave current-meter 55.超声波剖面流速仪ultrasonic profile current-meter 56.多普勒流速仪Doppler current-meter 57.参证流速仪reference current-meter58.流量计flow meter 59.文杜里水流计Venturi flow meter 60.毕托管Pitot tube61.流速仪检定current-meter calibration 62.检定槽calibration tank 63.水面浮标surface float 64.检定车calibration carriage 65.浮标float 66.小浮标small float 67.双浮标double float 68.浮杆float-rod 69.中泓浮标midstream float 70.测杆wading rod 71.浮标投放器float thrower 72.涉水测流wading stream gauging 73.水面比降water surface slope 74.湿周wetted perimeter 75.最大（最小）流量maximum(minimum) discharge 76.水力半径hydraulic radius77.糙率roughness 78.流速测点velocity measuring point 79.相应水位equivalent stage80.流速历时velocity measuring duration 81.垂线流速系数vertical velocity coefficient八、建筑物测流及稀释法测流术语1.建筑物测流structure stream-gauging2.测流堰（量水堰）weir3.薄壁堰thin-plate weir4.三角形堰triangular notch weir5.矩形堰rectangular notch weir6.梯形堰trapezoidal notch weir7.实用堰short-crested weir8.宽顶堰broad-crested weir9.三角形剖面堰triangular-profile weir 10.平坦V形堰flat-V weir 11.复合堰compound weir 12.全宽堰full-width weir13.收缩堰contracted weir 14.测流槽（量水槽）flume 15.文杜里水槽V enturi flume16.临界水深水槽critical-depth flume 17.巴歇尔槽Parshall flume 18.堰体weir body19.堰高height of weir 20.堰顶高程elevation of weir crest 21.堰顶水头weir head22.水工建筑物测流flow measurement by hydraulic structure 23.闸门开启高度gate opening24.行进河槽approach channel 25.行进流速approach velocity 26.堰流weir flow27.流态flow regime 28.自由流free flow 29.淹没流submerged flow 30.临界流critical flow 31.半淹没流half-submerged flow 32.孔流sluice flow 33.淹没比submergence ratio34.淹没系数submergence coefficient 35.流速系数velocity coefficient 36.临界水深critical depth 37.流量系数discharge coefficient 38.收缩断面水深depth of vena contraction 39.水头head 40.垂线收缩系数coefficient of vertical contraction 41.水舌nappe 42.喉道throat43.稀释法测流dilution method for discharge measurement 44.示踪剂tracer 45.稀释比dilution ratio 46.标准溶液standard solution 47.背景浓度background concentration 48.混匀长度mixing length 49.等速注入法constant-rate injection method 50.取样断面sampling cross-section51.一次注入法（积分法）gulp injection method (integrating method)52.多点注入法multiple injection method 53.注入断面injection cross-section九、泥沙测验、泥沙颗粒分析及仪器设备术语1.泥沙测验sediment measurement2.断面平均含沙量mean sediment concentration at a cross-section3.测点含沙量sediment concentration at a point4.单样含沙量index sediment concentration5.垂线平均含沙量mean sediment concentration at a vertical6.推移质bed load7.相应单样含沙量equivalent index sediment concentration 8.悬移质suspended load9.悬移质输沙率suspended sediment discharge 10.全沙total load 11.河床质bed material12.悬移质输沙率测验suspended sediment discharge measurement 13.单样index sample14.推移质输沙率bed load discharge 15.单宽推移质输沙率bed load discharge per unit width 16.单样推移质输沙率index bed load discharge 17.含沙量sediment concentration18.推移质输沙率测验bed load discharge measurement 19.积深法depth-integrated method20.单断沙关系index-sectional sediment concentration relation 21.器测法sampling method22.全断面混合法cross-section mixing method 23.定比混合法fixed proportional mixing method 24.坑测法pit method 25.沙波法dune tracking method 26.床沙测验bed tracking measurement 27.照相法photographic method 28.打印法stamp pad method 29.推移质带动bed load moving strip 30.床沙采样器bed material sampler 31.悬移质采样器suspended sediment sampler32.瞬时式采样器instantaneous sampler 33.积时式采样器time-integrating sampler34.瓶式采样器bottled sampler 35.皮囊式采样器collapsible sampler36.泵式采样器pumping sampler 37.调压式采样器pressure adjustable sampler38.推移质采样器bed load sampler 39.河床质采样器bed material sampler40.网式采样器basket-type sampler 41.压差式采样器pressure-difference sampler42.进口流速系数intake velocity coefficient 43.泥沙颗粒分析particle size analysis44.同位素测沙仪radioisotope sediment concentration meter 45.采样效率sampling efficiency 46.光电测沙仪photoelectric sediment concentration meter 47.过滤法filtration method48.振动式测沙仪vibrational sediment concentration meter 49.水样处理sample processing50.烘干法oven-dry method 51.置换法displacement method 51.泥沙密度density of sediment 53.尺量法direct measurement method 54.称重法gravimetric method 55.筛分析法sieve analysis 56.粒径计法settling tube method 57.吸管法pipet method 58.消光法photosedimentation method 59.比重计法（密度计法）hydrometer method 60.离心沉降法centrifugal settling method61.水分析法analysis in still water 62.颗分仪器grain-size analysis meter 63.分析筛sieve64.沉降管sedimentation tube 65.粒径计settling tube meter 66.吸管pipet67.光电颗分仪photoelectric particle size meter 68.比重计（密度计）hydrometer69.泥沙沉降sediment settling 70.沉降速度fall velocity 71.平均沉速mean fall velocity72.絮凝flocculation 73.反凝剂deflocculation agent 74.粒径particle diameter（grain size）75.中数粒径median particle diameter 76.平均粒径mean particle diameter77.粒径组fraction of particle size 78.颗粒级配grain-size distribution79.颗粒级配曲线grain size distribution curve 80.单样颗粒级配index sample grain-size distribution81.垂线平均颗粒级配mean grain-size distribution in avertical82.断面平均颗粒级配mean grain-size distribution in across-section83.累积沙重百分数accumulated sediment weight percent 84.分沙器silt divider十、地下水观测及仪器设备术语1.地下水groundwater(subsurface water, subterranean water)2.隔水层impermeable strata3.地下水动态观测groundwater regime observation4.地下水位计groundwater stage gauge5.地下水动态要素elements of groundwater regime6.地下水天然动态natural groundwater regime7.地下水开采动态groundwater regime under exploitation8.透水层permeable strata9.地下水动态曲线hydrograph of groundwater element 10.地下水位water table (groundwater level) 11.地下水位下降速率decline rate of groundwater level 12.潜水埋深depth of phreatic water13.观测井（孔）固定点reference mark on observation well 14. 承压水confined water15.含水层aquifer 16.观测井（孔）observation well of groundwater 17.潜水phreatic water level 18.潜水位phreatic water level 19.承压水顶板埋深depth of confined water20.承压水头height of confined water 21.抽水试验pumping test 22.单井开采量individual well yield 23.地下水开采量groundwater yield 24.地下水均衡场balance plot of groundwater十一、水质监测及采样仪器设备术语1.水质water quality2.水质监测water quality monitoring3.流动监测movable monitoring4.自动监测automatic monitoring5.生物监测biological monitoring6.混合样mixed sample7.污染源调查pollution source survey 8.采样断面sampling cross-section 9.底质substratum 10.对照断面check cross-section 11.控制断面control cross-section 12.离子含量ion concentration 13.削减断面attenuation cross-section 14.水质本底water quality background 15痕迹量minor value 16.离子总量total ion concentration 17.离子流量ion discharge 18.检出率detection rate19.超标率over-limit rate 20.未检出nonreadout 21.水质标准water quality standard22.水质评价water quality evaluation 23.分析质量控制analysis quality control 24.回收率recovery 25.便携式水质监测仪portable water quality monitor 26.水样保存water-sample preservation27.水质自动检测系统automatic water quality analyzing system28.卫星水质遥测系统remote-measuring system of water quality by satellite29.溶解气体采样器dissolved gases sampler十二、冰情观测及仪器设备术语1.冰凇rime ice2.微冰slight ice3.岸冰border ice(shore ice)4.冰花尺frazil slush ruler5.冰花frazil slush (slush ice; sludge)6.冰花密度density of frazil slush7.流冰花slush ice run8.冰花折算系数adjustment facter of frazil slush9.流冰ice run 10.水内冰submerged ice11.冰流量ice discharge 12.流冰疏密度ice run concentration 13.敞露水面宽open-water width 14.冰盖ice cover 15.封冻freeze-up 16.封冻日期freeze-up date 17.水侵冰厚depth of immersed ice 18.量冰尺ice ruler 19.冰上雪深depth of snow on ice 20.层冰层水ice-water alternating layers 21.锚冰anchor ice 22.青沟lead 23.连底冻freezing through 24.冰塞ice jam 25.冰坝ice dam 26.岸边融冰ice melting by shore 27.冰滑动ice creep 28.冰情观测ice-regime observation 29.固定点冰厚测量fixed-pointice thickness measurement 30.初冰日期first-ice date31.冰情目测visual observation of ice regime 32.冰情符号ice code 33.解冻ice break-up34.解冻日期break-up date 35.残冰堆积ice ledge 36.冰期ice period 37.终冰日期end ice date 38.封冰期freezing period (duration of ice cover) 39.封冻历时freeze-up duration40.冰花厚thickness of frazil slush 41.冰网ice basket 42.冰花采样器sampler of frazil slush 43.冰钻ice drill 44.冰厚仪ice thickness meter十三、潮汐河观测术语1.潮汐tide2.潮流tidal current3.月中天transit4.潮汐日tidal day5.潮汐周期tidal cycle6.潮汐河流（潮水河）tidal river7.潮流界tidal current limit8.潮区界tidal limit9.大潮spring tide 10期interval from low (high) water 11涨（落）潮flood (ebb) tide 12小潮neap tide13（低）潮位high (low) water level 14高（低）潮间隙high(low) water lunitidal interval15.涨（落）潮历时duration of rise (fall)16.涨（落）潮潮差flood (ebb) tide range17.涨（落）潮流flood (ebb) current 18.憩流slack tide 19.潮流期interval of tidal current20.潮流量tidal discharge 21.涨（落）潮流历时duration of flood (ebb) current 22.潮汐曲线marigram 23.涨（落）潮量flood (ebb) tide volume 24.潮流总量sum of tidal volume 25.潮汐表tidal table 26.潮水位观测（验潮）tidal level observation 27.验潮仪tidal gauge 28.代表潮representative tide 29.潮水河测验hydrologic observation of tidal river 30.潮流量tidal discharge31.全潮流量测验discharge measurement of tidal day 32.潮流曲线tidal current curve33.潮流表tidal current table 34.等深点流速改正法revisedisobath-velocity method35.负波高negative wave height36.流速过程线改正法revised velocity- hydrograph method37有效潮差significant tidal range十四、水库水文测验术语1.水库水文测验hydrometry for reservoir2.坝上水位stage at dam front3.库区水位stage in reservoir region4.水位淤积量reservoir sedimentation survey5.水位淤积测量reservoir sedimentation survey6.淤积物密度density of sedimentation7.异重流density current 8.水库渗漏量reservoir leakage 9.水库蓄水量reservoir storage10.水库蓄水变量variation of reservoir storage 11.蓄水量变率rate of storage change12.库容曲线stage-capacity curve 13.入库水量reservoir inflow 14.出库水量reservoir outflow15.水库供水reservoir water supply 16.水库弃水surplus water released from reservoir17.水库蓄水变率rate of reservoir storage change 18.地形法method of topographic survey19断面法method of cross-section survey 20.淤积形态morphology of reservoir deposition21.淤积三角洲sedimentation delta 22.异重流测验density-current measurement23.塌岸观测bank caving observation十五、水文调查术语1.水文调查hydrological investigation2.流域调查basin investigation3.水系调查hydrographic net investigation4.水工程调查water-project investigation5.水环境调查water environmental investigation6.水量调查water-quantity investigation7.测站常规调查normal investingation of hydrometric station 8.暴雨调查storm investigation9.洪水调查flood investigation 10.洪痕flood marks 11.枯水调查low water investigation12.水面曲线法water surface profile method 13.历史洪水调查historical flood investigation14.溃坝洪水调查dam=break flood investigation 15.积雪调查snow-cover investigation16.固定点洪水调查fixed point flood investigation 17.枯水调查low-flow investigation18.泉水调查spring investigation 19.岩溶地区水文调查hydrologic investigation in karst areas 20.实际地表集水面积actual surface collecting area 21.交换水量exchange water22.沙量调整silt-quantity investigation 23.水质调查water quality investigation24.调查区investigation zone 25.洪峰流量peak discharge 26.洪水总量flood volume十六、水文实验研究术语1.代表流域representative basin 2实验流域experimental basin 3.径流场runoff plot4.蒸发池evaporation tank5.土壤蒸发器soil evaporimeter6.蒸散器evapotranspirometer7.蒸渗仪lysimeter 8.土壤水soil water 9.土壤含水量soil moisture content10.土壤含水率percentage of soil moisture content 11.中子测水仪neutron moisture gauge12.水文实验研究experimental research in hydrology 13.地下水均衡场groundwater balance plot 14农田蒸发器evaporator for agricultural land 15.抽水试验pumping test16.注水试验injection test 17.入渗试验infiltration test 18.土壤水观测soil-water observation 19.潜水蒸发试验phreatic water evaporation test 20.土壤水分测定仪soil-moisture content analyzer 21.土壤张力计soil tensiometer 22.微波土壤湿度计microwave soil hygrometer23.土壤温度计soil temperature meter 24.河床演变观测fluvial processes observation十七、水文资料整编及检验术语1.水文资料hydrological data2.原始资料raw data3.实测资料observed data4.调查资料investigation data5.测站沿革hydrometric station evolution6.站年station year7.测站特性station properties 8.测站分布图station distribution map 9.平均值mean value10.水文资料整编hydrological data processing 11.水位流量关系stage-discharge relation12.定线determination of the relation curve 13.水文资料插补hydrologic data interpolation14.水文资料改正hydrologic data correction 15.电算整编processing by computer16.测站考证station examination 17.极值extreme value 18.加权平均法weighted mean method 19.河干river of zero flow 20流（流量推算）estimation of discharge 21过程线hydrograph 22.水文过程线hydrograph 23.水文综合过程线synthetic hydrograph 24.等值线isopleth25.分布曲线distribution curve 26.水文特征值hydrologic characteristic value 27.径流量runoff 28.水文资料插补hydrological data Interpolation 29.关系曲线延长extension of the relation curve 30.径流总量total runoff 31.径流深度runoff depth 32.径流模数runoff modulus33.径流系数runoff coefficient 34.洪峰flood peak 35.洪峰流量peak discharge36.洪水总量flood volume 37.水位流量关系stage-discharge relation 38.落差法fall method 39.稳定水位流量关系stable stage-discharge erelation 40.单一曲线法single-curve method41.不稳定水位流量关系unstable stage-discharge erelation 42.临时曲线法temporary-curve method 43.过渡曲线法transition curve 44.校正因数法adjusting factor method 45.绳套曲线loop curve 46.等落差法equal fall method 47 .涨落比例法fluctuating rate method 48.流率表rating table 49.正常落差法normal fall method 50.特征河长法characteristic river length method51.定落差法constant fall method 52.落差指数法fall exponent method53.改正水位法correcting stage method 54.改正系数法correcting coefficient method55.冰底高程流量关系法elevation of ice bottom and discharge relation method56.连时序法chronological method 57.流量过程线法discharge hydrograph method58.潮汐要素法tidal factor relation method 59.定潮汐要素法constant tidal factor relation method 60.合轴相关法coaxial correlation method 61.关系曲线延长extension of relation curve62.一潮推流法method of discharge computation for asingle tide 63.抽样检验sampling inspection 64.水位流量关系单值化处理single-valued processing of stage-discharge relation 65.误差error 66.单断沙关系index and cross-section average sediment concentration relation 67.方差variance68.单断沙关系曲线法index and cross-section average sediment concentration relation curve method69.水位单断沙比关系曲线法stage versus ratio of index and cross-section average sediment concentration relation curve method 70.洪水水文要素摘录selected elements of flood data71.单断沙比过程线法hydrograph method of index and cross-section average sediment concentration ratio 72.单样过程线法hydrograph method of index sediment concentration 73.精密度precision74.流量输沙率关系曲线法discharge and sediment discharge relation curve method75.单断推关系曲线法index and cross-sectoin average bed load diacharge relation curve method76.水力因素关系曲线法bed load discharge and hydraulic factors relation curve method77.单断颗关系index and cross-section average sediment grading relation 78.输沙量sediment runoff 79.断流水位stage of zero flow 80.年（月）平均输沙量yearly (monthly) mean sediment discharge 81.年（月）平均含沙量yearly (monthly) mean sediment concentration 82.系统误差systematic error 83.输沙模数sediment runoff modulus 84.离子径流量ion runoff 85.标准差standard deviation 86.合理性检查rational examination of data 87.表面统一检查general consistency check88.随机误差（偶然误差）random error 89.准确度accuracy 90.不确定度uncertainty91.随机不确定度（偶然不确定度）random uncertainty 92.系统不确定度systematic uncertainty 93.统计检验statistical test 94.统计量statistic 95.原假设（零假设）null hypothesis96.备择假设（对立假设）alternative hypothesis 97.拒绝域critical region 98.符号检验mark test 99.可接受域acceptable region 100.适线检验curve fitting test 101.偏离数值检验deviation-data test 102.学生氏检验（t检验）student’s test 103.自由度degree of freedom 104.置信水平confidence level 105.显著性水平significance level 106.水文资料库（水文数据库）hydrological data bank107.随机变量的概率分布probability distribution of a random variable108.水文年鉴water year-book 109.电算整编processing by computer十八、水文测验误差术语1.真值true value2.测量值（实测值）measured value3.最或然值most probable value4.误差error5.绝对误差absolute error 9.相对误差relative error 10.系统误差systematic error11.随机误差（偶然误差）random error 12.允许误差permissible error 13.平均误差mean error 14.最大误差（极限误差）maximum error 15.伪误差（粗差）spurious 16.方差variance17.标准差standard deviation 18.相对标准差relative standard deviation 19.平差adjustment 20.离差（偏差）deviation 21.闭合差closure error 22.精确度（总精度）accuracy 23.精密度precision 24.准确度correctness 25.不确定度uncertainty 26.随机不确定度random uncertainty27.系统不确定度systematic uncertainty 28.总不确定度synthetic uncertainty29.显著性水平significance level 30.置信水平（置信概率）confidence level31.误差分布error distribution 32.随机误差概率分布probability distribution33.正态分布（高斯分布）normal distribution 34.学生氏分布（t分布）student’s distributiong 35.误差传播error propagation 36.误差综合error synthesis 37.误差估算error estimate38.方和根法square root of the sum of aquare method 39.误差控制（质量控制）error control 40.仪器设备误差instrument and equipment error 41.环境误差environmental error42.人为误差human error 43.方法误差methodological error 44.计算误差calculating error45.流速脉动误差（I型误差）velocity pulsation error46.测点抽样误差（II型误差）measuring point sampling error47.垂线抽样误差（III型误差）measuring vertical sampling error十九、水文数据库1.数据库data base2.分布式数据库distributed type data base2.集中式数据库concentrated type data base 4.网络式数据库network type data base5.层次数据库laminarization data base6.关系数据库relation data base7.数据模型data modal 8.关系数据模型relation data model9.层次数据模型laminarization data model 10.网状数据模型network data model11.数据量data bulk 12.结点node 13.数据处理data processing 14.数据存贮data storage 15.数据检索data retrieval 16.数据输入data input 17.数据输出data output18.数据库文件data base file 19.水文数据库hydrologic data base20.水文基本数据库hydrologic basic data base 21.水文专用数据库special data base in hydrology 22.测站代码hydrometric station code 23.地理信息系统geographic information system上述英文术语摘录自下列文献：中华人民共和国国家标准水文基本术语和符号标准（GB/T50095-98）主编单位：中华人民共和国水利部批准部门：中华人民共和国建设部施行日期：1999年5月1日。