15Testing Continuous-Time Models of the Spot Interest Rate
病毒学术语中英文对照
A single- generation study 单项包括两代(生殖毒性)的研究 Acentric fragment 无着丝点片段Acridine orange 吖啶橙 Active metabolite 活性代谢产物 Additional test 附加试验 Adduct 加合物 ADME 吸引、分布、代谢、排泄 Administration period 给药期 Advers effect 不良反应 Against humanized proteins serum antibodies 抗人源蛋白血清抗体 Aginal smear 阴道涂片 Air righting reflex 空中翻正反射 Alkylating electrophilic cernter 浣化亲电子中心Allele 基因突变产生的遗传因子 Allergic reactions 过敏性反应(变应性反应) Altenative validated test 有效替代试验 Altered growth 生长改变 Ammoniun sulphide staining of the uterus 子宫硫化胺染色 Analogue 类似物(同系物) Analogue series of substance 同系物Analytical method 分析方法 Anaphase 分裂后期 Aneuploidy 非整倍体 Aneuploidy inducer 非整倍体诱导剂 Antigenic specificity 抗原特异性Art and ethical standards 技术和伦理标准Assessment of genotoxicity 遗传毒性评价 AUC 曲线下面积Auditory startle reflex 惊愕反射(听觉惊跳反射) Autoimmune 自身免疫 Autoradiographic assessment 放射自显影评价Autoradiography 放射自显影 Bacterial mutagenicity test 细菌致突变试验 Bacterial reverse mutation test 细菌回复突变试验 Bacterial strains 菌株 Bacterial test organisms 微生物试验菌 Base pairs 碱基对Base set of strains 基本菌株 Base substitution 碱基置换 Bioanalytical method 生物学分析方法 Bioavailability 生物利用度 Biological method 生物学意义Biotechnological products 生物技术产品 Biotechnoloty-derived pharmaceuticals 生物技术药物 Body burden 机体负担 Bone marrow cell 骨髓细胞 Bouin's fixation 包氏液固定Breakage of chromatid 染色单体断裂 Brealage of chromosome 染色体断裂 Bridging character 桥梁作用 C(time) 一定剂量、某一时间的浓度 Carcinogen 致癌物质Carcinogenesis 致癌性 Carcinogenic hazard 致癌性危害 Carcinogenicity bioassay 致癌性生物检测 Carcinogenicity potential of chemical 化合物的潜在致癌性 Carcinoginicity (oncogenicity) 致癌(致瘤) Cardiovascular 心血管 Case-by-case 个例 Cell proliferation 细胞增殖 Cell cultures 细胞培养 Cell line 细胞系 Cell membrane lipid 细胞膜脂质层 Cell replication system 细胞复制系统 Cell suspension 细胞悬液 Cell-mediated immunity 细胞介导的免疫 Cellular therapy 细胞治疗 Central nervous systems 中枢神经系统 Cerebral spinal fluid 脑脊液 Chemical nature 化学性质 Chinese hamster V79 cell 中国仓鼠V79细胞Chromatide 染色单体 Chromosomal aberration 染色体畸变 Chromosomal damage 染色体损伤 Chromosomal integrity 染色体完整性 Chronic toxicity testing 慢性毒性试验 Classfical biotransformation studies 经典的生物转化试验 Clastogen 染色体断裂剂 Clastogenic 致染色体断裂的 Clinical indication 临床适应证 Cloning efficiency 克隆形成率Closure of the hard palate 硬腭闭合 Cmax 峰浓度 Colony sizing 集落大小 Comparative trial 对比试验Complement binding 补体结合 Completely novel compound 全新化合物 Compound bearing structural alerts 结构可疑化合物 Concentration threshold 阈浓度 Concomitant toxicokinetics 相伴毒代动力学 Continuous treatment 连续接触 Corpora lutea 黄体 Corpora lutea count 黄体数 Cross-linking agent 交联剂 Culture condition 培养条件 Culture confluency 培养克隆率 Culture confluenty 培养融合 Culture medium 培养基 Cytogenetic change 细胞遗传学改变 Cytogenetic evaluation 细胞遗传学评价 Cytokines 细胞因子 Cytotoxicity 细胞毒Degradation 降解 Deletion 缺失 Descriptive statistics 描述性统计 Detection of bacterial mutagen 细菌诱变剂检测 Detection of clastogen 染色体断裂剂检测 Determination of metabolites 测定代谢产物 Developmental toxicity 发育毒性Direct genetic damage 直接遗传损伤 Distribution 分布DNA adduct DNA加合物DNA damage DNA损伤DNA repair DNA 修复DNA strand breaks DNA链断裂 Dose escalation 剂量递增 Dose dependence 剂量依赖关系 Dose level 剂量水平 Dose-limiting toxicity 剂量限制性毒性 Dose-raging studies 剂量范围研究 Dose-relatived mutagenicity 剂量相关性诱变性 Dose-related 剂量相关Dose-relatived cytotoxicity 剂量相关性细胞毒性 Dose-relatived genotoxic activity 剂量相关性遗传毒性 Dose-response curve 剂量-反应曲线 Dosing route 给药途径Embryo-fetal toxicity 胚胎-胎仔毒性 Endogenous components 内源性物质 Endogenous gene 内源性基因Endonuclease 核酸内切酶 Emdpmiclease release from lysosomes 溶酶体释放核酸内切酶End-point 终点 Epitope 抗原决定部位 Error prone repair 易错性修复 Escalation 递增Escherichia coli strain 大肠杆菌菌株 Escherichia coli 大肠杆菌Evaluation of test result 试验结果评价 Exaggerated pharmacological response 超常增强的药理作用 Exposure assessment 接触剂量评价 Exposure period 接解期 External metabolizing system 体外代谢系统F1-animals 子一代动物 False positive result 假阳性结果 Fecundity 多产 Fertility studies 生育力研究 Fetal abnormalities 胎仔异常 Fetal and neonatal parameters 胎仔和仔鼠的生长发育参数 Fetal development and growth 肿仔发育和生长 Fetal period 胎仔期 Fetotoxicity 胎仔毒性First pass testing 一期试验Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) 原位荧光分子杂交 Foetuses 胎仔 Formulation 制剂 Frameshift mutation 移码突变 Frameshite point mutation 移码点突变 Free-standing 独立Fresh dissection technique 新鲜切片技术 Funtional deficits 切能缺陷 Functional test 功能试验 Functional indices 功能性指标 Fusion proteins融合蛋白 Gametes 配子 Gender of animals 动物性别 Gender-specific drug 性别专一性药物Gene knockout 基因剔除 Gene therapy 基因治疗 Gene mutation 基因突变 Genetic 遗传Genetic change 遗传学改变 Genetic damage 遗传学损伤 Genetic endpoint 遗传终点Genetic toxicity 遗传毒性 Genotoxic activity 遗传毒性作用 Genotoxic carcinogen 遗传毒性致癌剂 Genotoxic effect 遗传毒性效应 Genotoxic hazard 遗传毒性危害 Genotoxic potential 潜在遗传毒性 Genotoxic rodent carcinogen 啮齿类动物遗传毒性致癌剂 Genotoxicity 遗传毒性 Genotoxicity test 遗传毒性试验 Genotoxicity test battery 毒性试验组合 Genotoxycity evaluation 遗传毒性评价 Germ cell mutagen 生殖细胞诱变剂 Germ line mutation 生殖系统突变 GLP 临床前研究质量管理规范 Gross chromosomal damage 染色体大损伤 Gross evaluation of placenta 胎盘的大体评价 Growth factors 生长因子 Haemotoxylin staining 苏木素染色 Half-life 半衰期 Hematopoietic cells 造血细胞 Heptachlor 七氯化合物 Heritable 遗传 Heritable defect 遗传缺陷 Heritable disease 遗传性疾病 Heritable effect 遗传效应High concentration 高浓度Histologic appearance of reproductive organ 生殖器官的组织学表现 Histopathological chang 组织病理学改变 Homologous proteins 同系蛋白 Homologous series 同系 Host cell 宿主细胞 Human subjects 人体 Human carcinogen 人类致癌剂Human lymphoblastoid TH6cell 人成淋巴TK6细胞 Human mutagen 人类致突变剂 Humoral immunity 体液免疫 Immature erythrocyte 未成熟红细胞Immediate and latent effect 速发和迟发效应 Immunogenicity 免疫原性 Immunopathological effects 免疫病理反应immunotoxicity 免疫毒性 Implantation 着床 Implantation sites 着床部位 In vitro 体外 In vitro test 体外试验 In vivo 体内 In vivo test 体风试验Incidence of polyploidy cell 多倍体细胞发生率 Incisor eruption 门齿萌发 Independent test 独立试验 Individual fetal body weight 单个胎仔体重 Induced and spontaneous models of disease 诱发或自发的疾病模型Inducer of micronuclei 微核诱导剂 Inhalation 吸入 Inhibitor of DNA metabolism DNA代谢抑制剂 Intact animals 完整动物(整体动物) Internal control 内对照 Interphase nuclei 分裂间期细胞核 Intra-and inter-individual 个体与个体间 Isolated organs 离休器官Juvenile animal studies 未成年动物研究 Kinetic profile 动力学特点 Kinetics 动力学 Lactation 授乳、哺乳Large deletion event 大缺失事件 Late embryo loss 后期胚胎丢失 Level of safety 安全水平Libido 性欲 Life threatering 危及生命 Lipophilic compound 亲脂性化合物 Litter size 每窝胎仔数目 Live and deal conceptuese 活胎和死胎 Live offspring at birth 出生时存活的子代Local tolerance studies 局部耐受性研究 Local toxicity 局部毒性 Locu 位点 Long-termcarcinogenicity study 长期致癌性研究Loss of the tk gene tk基因缺失Major organ formation 主要器官形成 Male fertility 雄性生育力 Male fertility assessment 雄性生育力评价Mammalian sells 哺乳动物细胞 Mammalian species 哺乳类动物 Mammalian sell mutation test 哺乳动物细胞致突变试验 Marketing approval 上市许可 Maternal animal 亲代动物Mating behavior 交配行为 Mating period 交配期 Mating ratio 交配比例 Matrices 基质Maximum tolerated dose(MTD) 最大耐受剂量 Mechanism of genotoxicity 遗传毒性机制Mechanistic investigation 机制研究 Metabolic activation 代谢活化 Metabolic activation pathway 代谢活化途径 Metabolic activation system 代谢活化系统 Metabolism 代谢Metabolites profile 代谢物的概况 Metaphase 中期 Metaphase analysis 分裂中期相分析Metaphase cell 分裂中期相细胞 Micronucleus 微核 Micronucleus formation 微核形成Microtitre 微滴定 Mictotitre method 微滴定法 mimicking 模拟 Mitotic index 有丝分裂指数Molecular characterization 分子特性 Molecular technique 分子技术 Monitor 监测Monoclonal antibodies 单克隆抗体 Non-toxic compound 无毒化合物 Mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell 小鼠淋巴瘤L5178Y细胞 Mouse lymphoma tk assay 小鼠淋巴溜tk检测Mutagen 诱变原 Mutagenic carcinogen 诱变性致癌剂 Mutagenic potential of chemical 化合物的潜在致突变性 Mutant colony 突变体集落 Mutation 突变 Mutation induction in transgenes 转基因诱导突变Necropsy(macroscopic examination) 解剖(大体检查) Negative control 阴性对照 Negative result 阴性结果 Newcleated 有核 Non rodent 非啮齿类Non-clinical 非临床 Non-genotoxic carcinogen 非遗传毒性致癌剂 Non-genotoxic mechanism 非遗传毒性机制 Non-human primate 非人灵长类 Non-linear 非线性 No-toxic-effect dose level 无毒性反应剂量水平 Nucleated bone marrow cell 有核骨髓细胞 Nucleoside analogue 核苷酸同系物 Number of live and dead implantation 宫内活胎和死胎数 Numerical chromosomal aberration 染色体数目畸变 Numerical chromosome changes 染色体数目改变Oligonucleotide grugs 寡核苷酸药物 One ,twe,three generation studies 一、二、三子代研究Paraffine embedding 石蜡包埋 Parameter 参数 Parent compound 母体化合物 Parenteral 非肠道 Particulate material 颗粒物 Peripheral blood erythrocyte 外周血红细胞Pharmacodynamic effects 药效作用 Pharmacodynamics 药效学(药效动力学) Pharmacokinetic 药代动力学 Phenylene diamine 苯二胺 Physical development 身体发育 Physiological stress 生理应激 Pilot studies 前期研究 Pinna unfolding 耳廓张开 Plasmid 质粒 Plasminogen activators 纤维蛋白溶解酶原激活因子 Ploidy 整倍体 Point mutation 点突变 Polychromaticerythrocyte 嗜多染色红细胞 Polycyclic hydrocarbon 多环芳烃 Polymer 聚合物 Polyploidy cell 多倍体细胞 Polyploidy 多倍体 Polyploidy induction 多倍体诱导 Poorly soluble compound 难溶化合物 Positive control 阳性对照 Positive result 阳性结果 Post meiotic stages 减数分裂后期 Post-approval 批准后 Postcoital time frame 交配后日期Postimplantation deaths 着床后死亡 Postnatal deaths 出生后死亡 Postweaning development and growth 断奶后发育和生长 Potential 潜在性 Potential immunogenecity 潜在免疫原性Potential target organs for toxicity 潜在毒性靶器官Pre-and post-natal development study 围产期的发育研究 Pre-and postweaning survival and growth 断奶前后的存少和生长 Precipitate 沉淀期 Precision 精密度 Preclinical safety evaluation 临床前安全性评价 Predetermined criteria 预定标准 Prediction of carcinogenicity 致癌性预测Pregnant and lactation animals 怀孕与哺乳期动物 Preimplantation stages of the embryo 胚胎着床前期 Preliminary studies 预试验 Pre-screening 预筛选 Prevalence of abnormalities 异常情况的普遍程度 Primary active entity 主要活性实体 Priority selection 优先选择 Pro-drug 前体药物 Protocol modification 试验方案修改 Quantification of mutant 突变体定量 Racemate 消旋体 Radiolabeled proteins 放射性同位素标记蛋白 Radiolabelled compounds 放性性同位素标记化合物 Range-finding test 范围确定试验 Rate of preimplantation deaths 着床关死亡率 Rational study design 合理的试验设计 Receptor properties 受体性质 Recombinant DNA proteins DNA重组蛋白Recombinant DNA technology DNA重组技术 Recombination 重组 Recombinant plasma factors 重组血浆因子 Reduction in the number of revertants 回复突变数的减少 Relative plating efficiency 相对接种效率 Relative suspension growth 相对悬浮生长率 Relative total growth 相对总生长率 Relevant animal species 相关动物种属 Relevant dose 相关剂量Relevant factor 相关因素 Repeated-dose toxicity studies 重复剂量毒性研究 Reproductive toxicity 生殖毒性 Reproductive/developmental toxicity 生殖/发育毒性 Reverse mutation 回复突变 Reversibility 可恢复性(可逆性) Risk assessment 危险度评价 Rodent hematopoietic cell 啮齿类动物造血细胞 Route of administration 给药途径 Routine testing 常规试验S9-mix constituent S9混合液成分 Safeguards 安全监测 Safety pharmacology 安全药理学Safety margin 安全范围 Salmonella typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门菌 Sampling time 采样时间Satellite groups 卫星组 Saturation of absorption 吸收饱和 Sensory functions and reflexes 感觉功能和反射Short term toxicity 短期毒性Short or medium-term carcinogenicity study 短或中期致癌性研究 Short treatment 短期处理 Sighting studies 预试验 Singledose(acute)toxicity 单剂量(急性)毒性 Single study design 单一研究设计 Site-specific targeted delivery 定位靶向释放 Small colony 小集落 Small colony mutant 小集落突变体Soft agar method 软琼脂法 Soluble genotoxic impurity 可溶性遗传毒性杂质 Solvent control 溶剂对照 Somatic cell 体细胞 Somatic cell test 体细胞试验 Species 种属 Specificity 特异性 Species specificity 种属特异性 Spindle apparatus 纺缍体 Stages of reproduction 生殖阶段Standard battery of test 标准试验组合Standard 3-test battery 标准三项试验组合 Standard battery 标准组合 Standard battery system 标准组合系统 Standard procedure 标准规程Standard protocol 标准试验方案Standard set of strains 标准菌株组Standard set of tests 标准试验组 Standard test battery 标准试验组合 Statistical evaluation 统计学评价 Steady-state levels 稳态浓度 Step-by-step 逐步 Stepwise process 阶梯式程序 Strain 品系 Structural changes 结构改变 Structural chromosomal aberration 染色体结构畸变 Subgroups 亚组Supravital staining 体外活动染色 Surface righting reflex 平面翻正反射 Survival 存活率suspension 悬浮物 Systemic exposure 全面接触 Target organs 靶器官 Target cell 靶细胞Target histidine genes 组氨酸目的基因 Target tissue 靶组织Target tissue exposure 靶组织接触 Teratogenic response 致畸胎反应 Terminal sacrifice 终末期处死 Test of carcinogenicity 致癌试验 Test approach 试验方法Test battery approach 试验组合方法 Test compound 受试物 Test model 试验模型 Test strategy 试验策略 Test systems 试验系统 Tester strain 试验菌株 Therapeutic 治疗 Therapeutic confirmatory 疗效确定 Therapeutic exploratory 疗效探索Therapeutic indication 治疗适应证 Time course 时程 Timing conventions 分段计时方法Tissue cross-reactivity 组织交叉反应 Tissue distribution 组织分布 Tissue exposure 组织接触Tissue uptake 组织吸收 Tk locus tk位点 Top concentration 最高浓度 Topical 局部的Topoisomerase inhibitor 拓朴异构酶抑制剂 Total erythrocyte 总红细胞Total litter loss 整窝丢失 Toxicity to reproduction 生殖毒性 Toxicokinetics 毒代动力学(毒物代谢动力学) Transgene 转基因 Transgenic animals 转基因动物 Transgenic plants 转基因植物Translocation 移位 Treatment regimen 实施方案 Tubal transport 输卵管运输 Tumor induction 肿瘤诱导 Tumor response 肿瘤反应 Tumor-related gene 肿瘤相关基因 Two or three phase approach 分段(二段或三段)研究 Two study design 分段(两段)研究设计Ovulation rate 排卵率 Unbound concentration 未结合浓度 Unexpected finding 非预期结果Unscheduled DNA synthesis(UDS) 程序外DNA合成 Unstable epoxide 不稳定过氧代物Whole blood 全血。
unit 15 assessment in language teaching_
Unit 15 Assessment in Language Teaching4.Criteria for assessment1.Understanding assessment2.Assessment purposes3.Methods for assessmentContents5.Assessment principles6.Test in assessmentsPART-1Understanding assessmenttesting , assessment , evaluation1. testing Testing often takes the“pencil and paper”form and it is usually done at the end of alearning period,for example,half a term’s learning.The result is often expressed by a mark,agrade or a ratio.Students’test scores are compared with each other and sometimes ranked forselection purposes.2. assessment It involves the collecting of information or evidence of a learner’s learning progress andachievement over a period of time for the purposes of improving teaching and learning.It is notbased on one test or one task,nor is it expressed by a mark or grade,but rather in a report formwith scales or levels as well as description and comment from the teacher.3. evaluation Evaluation can be concerned with a whole range of issues in and beyond languageeducation:lessons,courses,programs,and skills can all be evaluated.It involves making anoverall judgement about one’s work or a whole school’s work.It produces a global view ofachievement usually based on many different types of information.PART-2Assessment purposesTesting Assessment Evaluationpurposes To know exactlywhere each student standsamong all the studentstested and how well theydo in such tests.To not only how well they havedone but also where they have donewell and where they need moreefforts.Making an overalljudgement about one’s work or awhole school’s work.Sources exams Student’s work,the student’sself-assessment,teacher’sobservation notes on the achievementof the linguistic ability,attitude,participation,cooperation,andgeneral cognitive development.Observation of lessons, student’s test scores,teachers’assessment reports,course documents,or interviews with students and teachers.ReportformsScore,grade,ratio Assessment report A variety of formFor whom School or parents Teachers and students Schools,teachers,learners.Reasons of conducting assessmentAssessment in ELT means to discover what the learners know and can do at certain stage of the learning process.A close study on the assessment purposes will make it clear that all the people involved in education have some reasons to consider assessment necessary.They are adminstrators,teachers,parents and students.Adminstrators Administrators provide money and personnel for education.They need to know whether the programs they have planned are working well.The only way to do this is discover how well thestudents are doing with their courses.Teachers Teachers put the administrators’plans into practice.If the program is well planned,it pretty much depends on the teacher’s performance whether the program eventually leads to success.Parents Parents are eager to know what their children are doing in school and they cherish the feedback about their children’s performance from the teachers and the school.Students Students need to know what they’ve accomplished,be aware of what they need to work on next,and build up confidence and satisfaction from what they have achieved.PART-3Methods for assessmentFormative assessment Summative assessment assessmentDefinition :It is mainly based on testing.It is done mostly at theend of a learning period or the end of a school year.We often usetexts to text students’knowledge and skills that they learned from thetextbook.The results of such tests are reported to the students,to theparents and to the school authorities.Definition :It is based on information collected in the classroomduring the teaching process for the purposes of improving teaching andlearning.It is sometimes termed as classroom assessment as well.Ways to gather information⚫Teacher’s observations The teacher observes the overall performance or grades of the students.Thisobservation needs to be accurate and fair.⚫Continuous assessment The final grade given to the student is some kind of combination of the gradesthe student has received for various assignments during the course and thestudent‘ performance or participation.It can also be a written report rather thanjust a grade.⚫Self-assessment and peer assessmentStudents can make a more accurate evaluation of their own performance. Students can evaluate each other during peer evaluation.⚫Project work It requires students to complete a set of tasks designed to explore a certainidea or concept.⚫Portfolios A portfolio is a purposeful collection of materials assembled over a period oftime by a learner to provide evidence of skills,abilities and attitudes related to theirstudy.①Oral performance records based on story-telling , interviewing , dialogueperformance , etc;②Collection of pictures and art works reflecting the student’s learning;③Drawings, pictures story , diagram description by the student;④Performance records;⑤Collection of the student’s writings;⑥Multimedia project work and displays done by the student or a group of students;PART-4Criteria for assessmentdefinition advantages disadvantages⚫Criterion-referencedIt is based on a fixed standard or aset of criterion.The national or localeducational authority may develop such astandard or criterion.And the standard isusually the ultimate goal which thestudents are expected to achieve at theend of the course.Objective standard ofability level.Difficult to design especially forclassroom teachers.⚫Norm-referencedIt is designed to measure how theperformance of a particular student orgroup of students compares with theperformance of another student or groupof students whose scores are given as thenorm.Maximize the distinctionamong individual in a givengroup.Difficult to decide the“norms”⚫Individual-referencedIt is based on how well the learneris performing relative to his or her ownprevious performance,or relative to anestimate of his or her individual ability.Make student aware oftheir progress,encouragestudentsLack of comparison amongstudents.①Inclusion of all the required entries;②Quality of final products;③Seriousness of revisions;④Depth of reflections;⑤Layout and design;⑥Keeping to the time schedule;PART-5Assessment principlesSome vital principles have to be stuck to if effective assessment is to be made.Generally speaking,assessment should:1.Assess authentic use of language in reading,writing,speaking and listening.2.Assess literacy and language in a variety of contexts.3.Assess the environment,the instruction,and the students.4.Assess processes as well as products.5.Analyze patterns of errors in language and literacy.6.Base assessment on normal developmental patterns and behavior in language and literacy acquisition.7.Clarify and use standards when assessing reading,writing,and content knowledge.8.Involve students and parents,as well as other personnel such as the ESL or mainstream teacher,in the assessmentprocess.9.Make assessment an ongoing part of every day.PART-6Tests in assessmentTesting is at least now the most widely used method t o collect information for the purpose of assessment.Drawbacks of testing:①A test is often one-off event which may not necessarily give a fair sample of the learner’s overall proficiency;②They are not always valid or reliable;③They are seen as the sole basis for crucial evaluation in the learner’s career,they can be extremely stressful;④Tests tend to fragment skills.Most tests only involve lower-order thinking skills.⑤Many tests cannot show whether the student knows the material or not.⑥Tests could not tell where exactly the students has failed.Common test formats①Questions and answers②T or F③Multiple-choice④Gap-filling or completion⑤Matching⑥Dictation⑦Transformation⑧Translation⑨Essay writing⑩Interview。
TestingReactionTime：测试反应时间
Testing Reaction TimeInvestigate factors that affect an individual’s reaction timeKit contents: rulerKey concepts: the body has different systems with different roles, how body systems interactScience Standards: The student knows that an experiment must be repeated many times and yield consistent results before the results are accepted. (SC.H.1.2.4.5.2)The student selects appropriate graphical representations (for example, graphs, charts, diagrams) to collect, record, and report data. (SC.H.3.2.2.5.1)The student understands how body systems interact (for example, how bones and muscles work together for movement). (SC.F.1.2.1.5.1)Key KnowledgeVocabularycirculatory system--made up of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood; transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste through the bodyrespiratory system--group of organs and tissues that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between your body and the environmentskeletal system--gives the body form and protects organs; mainly composed of bonesmuscular system--muscles and tendons that move bonesnervous system--enables sensing of the environment and reacting to it; directs other systems' activities; connects all tissues and organs to the brainexcretory system--removes waste ammonia waste as ureaAdditional Vocabularyarteries--vessels by which blood leaves the heartcapillaries--small blood vessels fed by the arteries; blood cells move through in single fileveins--return blood to heart; fed by capillariestrachea--windpipe, path for air to flow to bronchibronchi--two large tubes that lead to one lung each; branch into smaller and smaller tubes in lungs alveoli--tiny air sacs at the ends of bronchicartilage--spongy connective tissue that cushions the ends of many bonesligaments--bands of connective tissue that holds bones togetherskeletal muscles--muscles that support and move bodysmooth muscle--walls of body organs, including blood vessels and digestive organscardiac muscle--walls of the heartinvoluntary muscles--smooth and cardiac muscles; movement is not consciously controlledcentral nervous system--brain and spinal cordperipheral nervous system--sensory organs and nerves in skinsynapse--gap between nerve cells across which chemical signal pass, sending information to, through, and from brainsensory receptors--nerves in sensory organs which detect environmentreflex--automatic response to certain stimulikidneys--main organs of excretory systemScript IdeaWhat we will learn about today--reaction time and the nervous system!!Now pay attentionSay you'll give a dollar to whomever can catch it. Choose one volunteer. Have them put their arm on the desk with their hand extended, ready to grab. Fold the dollar in half lengthwise. Hold it at one end with the other end just above the student's hand. Continue talking to the student or the class and drop the dollar suddenlyWhat is reaction time? When is reaction time important? Kids might hit on things like playing sports, driving a car. Might even include things like taking a test or listening to a teacher.Do different people in this class have different reaction times? Are some better than others at sports? (Try tossing a ball to a few kids without warning.) Can there be things that improve your reaction time? (Say a kid's name or look specifically at them and toss the ball.)What does it mean to react? What body processes are happening? Kids should get close to the eye seeing movement, the signal travelling to the brain, the brain figuring out what to do, brain sending a signal to the correct muscles, muscles contracting to move the skeleton.Let's measure individual's reaction time, see if any could catch a dollar, how close they might come. What should they use? They might say a dollar, but remind them that they will want to know how much longer after the dollar they would catch, so they will need to use something longer. What ideas do the students have for measuring time? Obvious answer is a stopwatch. Explain that a stopwatch is also affected by reaction time. Eventually lead them to the idea, back from the gravity experiments, that the distance something falls straight down is a function of time. Hence the use of the ruler.What sort of hypotheses might the students test? Perhaps gender, left hand vs right, play ball sports or not.Hand out rulers to groups. Let them figure out how they will do the activity. One thing to watch out for is where they start the ruler. If multiple groups hold the ruler at varying heights, ask the class generally what sorts of things do they need to hold constant in this activity.Regain students' attention. Have them report in the reaction times they get. Now, what can we do to improve reaction time? Ideas could include practice, releaser saying "go", catcher saying "go", counting down. Have each group test one of the options.Regain students' attention. Record new times. Now how could we decrease their reaction time? Ideas could include being stubborn (though let's make it that they really have to be trying), reciting nursery rhymes or singing a song, having a friend recite a rhyme, listening to someone tell them something which will be on a test tomorrow, multiplying numbers, having someone jump and dance behind the releaser, having someone poke them. Perhaps also include lack of sleep, taking medication, but can't test during the class. Have each group choose one variable to test.Slam a book on the table to regain students' attention. Were they paying attention to you while they did their trials? How come they all looked up? Record new times. Discuss how you might graph the data. One way might be to just graph no treatment, accelerant, and distractor for each kid. Could also try comparing different distractors but would have to find the percent change to make it meaningful. Could average boys vs. girls, sports vs. no sports, music lessons vs none....What does the data tell us about the nervous system? Does it always work the same when doing the same task? Can we increase the attention we pay to something? Can we decrease our attention? What happens to our performance at a task when we try to do two tasks at once? How might they apply what they've learned to some real world settings like studying or playing sports? Some communities have considered banning cell phone use by drivers--what do the kids think, having done this activity?If I have ever made any valuable discoveries, it has been owing more to patient attention, than to any other talent. - Isaac Newton Any man who can drive safely while kissing a pretty girl is simply not giving the kiss the attention it deserves. - Albert EinsteinRelated InformationA decent overview of the current knowledge of the psychology of attention is available on wikipedia. This includes a brief review of the neural correlates of attention.Reaction time chartIn the textbook where this activity is written up, there is a reaction time chart which converts distance on the ruler to seconds. It assumes that the catcher's hand is at the very end of the ruler, unlike the kids in the picture in their book. For a derivation of the chart, see How Fast Are You at/chudler/chreflex.html.MovementWhen the brain signals the body to act, the body uses a set of actions known as motion primitives. Consider that you want to reach a spot to your front right. The body does not first move the shoulder, then the elbow, then the hand, but rather moves in a continuous motion. These motion primitives provide the smooth look to most people's movements. Robots can appear unnatural because they don't use similar motion primitives to humans or other animals.Parkinson's disease is a defect in the brain's planning system resulting in jerky movements. However, if a fire alarm goes off, a Parkinson's patient can walk smoothly out of the building. A patient will struggle to get to the stairs but walks up the stairs without any trouble. Stripes painted on the floor can also improve the gait of a patient.IHMC ResearchA few different efforts are underway at IHMC relating to attention. One is an improved display for airplane and helicopter cockpits and UAV displays, sometimes known as OZ. This system incorporates knowledge of the workings of the visual system to improve the ability of pilots to process complex information in a glance. In standard cockpits, pilots must focus their attention on many different things, while with this sytem they can process some information without focusing their attention on it. It also could be used in other settings, such as anesthesia in the OR, to improve performance.Another IHMC research area is augmented cognition or multi-sensory prostheses. This project explores how to provide information through multiple senses in order to improve a user's reaction time. A current thrust is the use of a tongue display to provide information such as infrared or sonar. An additional thrust is detecting whether the user's cognitive load and having the computer system reduce the burden as necessary.Other IdeasFalse Memory TestThe false memory test follows the idea that the mind is not a "perfect" machine.Florida LawIn the 2008 legislature they are considering banning cell phone use by teens when driving. This could be a good touch-point for connecting the activty to the real world. Start with a discussion of the bill (SB504), then see if the kids can come up with an experiment to test it. Information on the bill is available on the state website.Other biologySince this chapter is about the human body, the students could also graph other biometrics--heart rate (resting and with exercise), height vs. another dimension (wing span, thigh bone), bicep circumference. Might need to bring some measuring tools.Another demo related to the chapter would be a smell test. Some might be familiar with a test where you hold your nose and eat an apple or an onion. Other variations are holding your nose and tasting cinnamon (which just seems like sand) or comparing chocolate chips with mint chocolate chips.There are a few interesting write-ups on experiments you could add:WingspanModel lungLung capacityAlternate Processing ExperimentFalse Memories TestTell the students you are going to test their memory. After you read some words, you are going to askthem to recall words that you have said. Read the following lists to the students slowly.The Listscandy thread bedsour pin rest sugar eye awake bitter sewing tired good sharp dream taste point wake tooth prick snoozeblanket nice thimbledoze honey haystacksoda thorn slumber chocolate hurt snorenap heart injectionpeace cake syringeeat cloth yawndrowsy pie knittingAfter you are done reading, ask if they remember hearing the following words:tastebookneedlegreenblanketsweethousesleephurtThe idea here is that the different lists lead many people to believe firmly that they heard sweet, needle,and sleep. A good discussion is found at /onair/nbc/nightlynews/memory/expl.asp.Reaction Time Conversion TableDistance Dropped (inches) Reaction Time (seconds)1 0.0502 0.1003 0.1204 0.1405 0.1606 0.1807 0.1908 0.2009 0.21510 0.23011 0.24012 0.250 Reaction Time Conversion TableDistance Dropped (inches) Reaction Time (seconds)1 0.0502 0.1003 0.1204 0.1405 0.1606 0.1807 0.1908 0.2009 0.21510 0.23011 0.24012 0.250 Reaction Time Conversion Table DistanceDropped(inches)ReactionTime(seconds)1 0.0502 0.1003 0.1204 0.1405 0.1606 0.1807 0.1908 0.2009 0.21510 0.23011 0.24012 0.250Reaction Time Conversion TableDistanceDropped(inches)ReactionTime(seconds)1 0.0502 0.1003 0.1204 0.1405 0.1606 0.1807 0.1908 0.2009 0.21510 0.23011 0.24012 0.250。
机器人顶刊论文
机器人顶刊论文机器人领域内除开science robotics以外，TRO和IJRR是机器人领域的两大顶刊，最近师弟在选择研究方向，因此对两大顶刊的论文做了整理。
TRO的全称IEEE Transactions on Robotics，是IEEE旗下机器人与自动化协会的汇刊，最新的影响因子为6.123。
ISSUE 61 An End-to-End Approach to Self-Folding Origami Structures2 Continuous-Time Visual-Inertial Odometry for Event Cameras3 Multicontact Locomotion of Legged Robots4 On the Combined Inverse-Dynamics/Passivity-Based Control of Elastic-Joint Robots5 Control of Magnetic Microrobot Teams for Temporal Micromanipulation Tasks6 Supervisory Control of Multirotor Vehicles in Challenging Conditions Using Inertial Measurements7 Robust Ballistic Catching: A Hybrid System Stabilization Problem8 Discrete Cosserat Approach for Multisection Soft Manipulator Dynamics9 Anonymous Hedonic Game for Task Allocation in a Large-Scale Multiple Agent System10 Multimodal Sensorimotor Integration for Expert-in-the-Loop Telerobotic Surgical Training11 Fast, Generic, and Reliable Control and Simulation of Soft Robots Using Model Order Reduction12 A Path/Surface Following Control Approach to Generate Virtual Fixtures13 Modeling and Implementation of the McKibben Actuator in Hydraulic Systems14 Information-Theoretic Model Predictive Control: Theory and Applications to Autonomous Driving15 Robust Planar Odometry Based on Symmetric Range Flow and Multiscan Alignment16 Accelerated Sensorimotor Learning of Compliant Movement Primitives17 Clock-Torqued Rolling SLIP Model and Its Application to Variable-Speed Running in aHexapod Robot18 On the Covariance of X in AX=XB19 Safe Testing of Electrical Diathermy Cutting Using a New Generation Soft ManipulatorISSUE 51 Toward Dexterous Manipulation With Augmented Adaptive Synergies: The Pisa/IIT SoftHand 22 Efficient Equilibrium Testing Under Adhesion and Anisotropy Using Empirical Contact Force Models3 Force, Impedance, and Trajectory Learning for Contact Tooling and Haptic Identification4 An Ankle–Foot Prosthesis Emulator With Control of Plantarflexion and Inversion–Eversion Torque5 SLAP: Simultaneous Localization and Planning Under Uncertainty via Dynamic Replanning in Belief Space6 An Analytical Loading Model for n -Tendon Continuum Robots7 A Direct Dense Visual Servoing Approach Using Photometric Moments8 Computational Design of Robotic Devices From High-Level Motion Specifications9 Multicontact Postures Computation on Manifolds10 Stiffness Modulation in an Elastic Articulated-Cable Leg-Orthosis Emulator: Theory and Experiment11 Human–Robot Communications of Probabilistic Beliefs via a Dirichlet Process Mixture of Statements12 Multirobot Reconnection on Graphs: Problem, Complexity, and Algorithms13 Robust Intrinsic and Extrinsic Calibration of RGB-D Cameras14 Reactive Trajectory Generation for Multiple Vehicles in Unknown Environments With Wind Disturbances15 Resource-Aware Large-Scale Cooperative Three-Dimensional Mapping Using Multiple Mobile Devices16 Control of Planar Spring–Mass Running Through Virtual Tuning of Radial Leg Damping17 Gait Design for a Snake Robot by Connecting Curve Segments and ExperimentalDemonstration18 Server-Assisted Distributed Cooperative Localization Over Unreliable Communication Links19 Realization of Smooth Pursuit for a Quantized Compliant Camera Positioning SystemISSUE 41 A Survey on Aerial Swarm Robotics2 Trajectory Planning for Quadrotor Swarms3 A Distributed Control Approach to Formation Balancing and Maneuvering of Multiple Multirotor UAVs4 Joint Coverage, Connectivity, and Charging Strategies for Distributed UAV Networks5 Robotic Herding of a Flock of Birds Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle6 Agile Coordination and Assistive Collision Avoidance for Quadrotor Swarms Using Virtual Structures7 Decentralized Trajectory Tracking Control for Soft Robots Interacting With the Environment8 Resilient, Provably-Correct, and High-Level Robot Behaviors9 Humanoid Dynamic Synchronization Through Whole-Body Bilateral Feedback Teleoperation10 Informed Sampling for Asymptotically Optimal Path Planning11 Robust Tactile Descriptors for Discriminating Objects From Textural Properties via Artificial Robotic Skin12 VINS-Mono: A Robust and Versatile Monocular Visual-Inertial State Estimator13 Zero Step Capturability for Legged Robots in Multicontact14 Fast Gait Mode Detection and Assistive Torque Control of an Exoskeletal Robotic Orthosis for Walking Assistance15 Physically Plausible Wrench Decomposition for Multieffector Object Manipulation16 Considering Uncertainty in Optimal Robot Control Through High-Order Cost Statistics17 Multirobot Data Gathering Under Buffer Constraints and Intermittent Communication18 Image-Guided Dual Master–Slave Robotic System for Maxillary Sinus Surgery19 Modeling and Interpolation of the Ambient Magnetic Field by Gaussian Processes20 Periodic Trajectory Planning Beyond the Static Workspace for 6-DOF Cable-Suspended Parallel Robots1 Computationally Efficient Trajectory Generation for Fully Actuated Multirotor Vehicles2 Aural Servo: Sensor-Based Control From Robot Audition3 An Efficient Acyclic Contact Planner for Multiped Robots4 Dimensionality Reduction for Dynamic Movement Primitives and Application to Bimanual Manipulation of Clothes5 Resolving Occlusion in Active Visual Target Search of High-Dimensional Robotic Systems6 Constraint Gaussian Filter With Virtual Measurement for On-Line Camera-Odometry Calibration7 A New Approach to Time-Optimal Path Parameterization Based on Reachability Analysis8 Failure Recovery in Robot–Human Object Handover9 Efficient and Stable Locomotion for Impulse-Actuated Robots Using Strictly Convex Foot Shapes10 Continuous-Phase Control of a Powered Knee–Ankle Prosthesis: Amputee Experiments Across Speeds and Inclines11 Fundamental Actuation Properties of Multirotors: Force–Moment Decoupling and Fail–Safe Robustness12 Symmetric Subspace Motion Generators13 Recovering Stable Scale in Monocular SLAM Using Object-Supplemented Bundle Adjustment14 Toward Controllable Hydraulic Coupling of Joints in a Wearable Robot15 Geometric Construction-Based Realization of Spatial Elastic Behaviors in Parallel and Serial Manipulators16 Dynamic Point-to-Point Trajectory Planning Beyond the Static Workspace for Six-DOF Cable-Suspended Parallel Robots17 Investigation of the Coin Snapping Phenomenon in Linearly Compliant Robot Grasps18 Target Tracking in the Presence of Intermittent Measurements via Motion Model Learning19 Point-Wise Fusion of Distributed Gaussian Process Experts (FuDGE) Using a Fully Decentralized Robot Team Operating in Communication-Devoid Environment20 On the Importance of Uncertainty Representation in Active SLAM1 Robust Visual Localization Across Seasons2 Grasping Without Squeezing: Design and Modeling of Shear-Activated Grippers3 Elastic Structure Preserving (ESP) Control for Compliantly Actuated Robots4 The Boundaries of Walking Stability: Viability and Controllability of Simple Models5 A Novel Robotic Platform for Aerial Manipulation Using Quadrotors as Rotating Thrust Generators6 Dynamic Humanoid Locomotion: A Scalable Formulation for HZD Gait Optimization7 3-D Robust Stability Polyhedron in Multicontact8 Cooperative Collision Avoidance for Nonholonomic Robots9 A Physics-Based Power Model for Skid-Steered Wheeled Mobile Robots10 Formation Control of Nonholonomic Mobile Robots Without Position and Velocity Measurements11 Online Identification of Environment Hunt–Crossley Models Using Polynomial Linearization12 Coordinated Search With Multiple Robots Arranged in Line Formations13 Cable-Based Robotic Crane (CBRC): Design and Implementation of Overhead Traveling Cranes Based on Variable Radius Drums14 Online Approximate Optimal Station Keeping of a Marine Craft in the Presence of an Irrotational Current15 Ultrahigh-Precision Rotational Positioning Under a Microscope: Nanorobotic System, Modeling, Control, and Applications16 Adaptive Gain Control Strategy for Constant Optical Flow Divergence Landing17 Controlling Noncooperative Herds with Robotic Herders18 ε⋆: An Online Coverage Path Planning Algorithm19 Full-Pose Tracking Control for Aerial Robotic Systems With Laterally Bounded Input Force20 Comparative Peg-in-Hole Testing of a Force-Based Manipulation Controlled Robotic HandISSUE 11 Development of the Humanoid Disaster Response Platform DRC-HUBO+2 Active Stiffness Tuning of a Spring-Based Continuum Robot for MRI-Guided Neurosurgery3 Parallel Continuum Robots: Modeling, Analysis, and Actuation-Based Force Sensing4 A Rationale for Acceleration Feedback in Force Control of Series Elastic Actuators5 Real-Time Area Coverage and Target Localization Using Receding-Horizon Ergodic Exploration6 Interaction Between Inertia, Viscosity, and Elasticity in Soft Robotic Actuator With Fluidic Network7 Exploiting Elastic Energy Storage for “Blind”Cyclic Manipulation: Modeling, Stability Analysis, Control, and Experiments for Dribbling8 Enhance In-Hand Dexterous Micromanipulation by Exploiting Adhesion Forces9 Trajectory Deformations From Physical Human–Robot Interaction10 Robotic Manipulation of a Rotating Chain11 Design Methodology for Constructing Multimaterial Origami Robots and Machines12 Dynamically Consistent Online Adaptation of Fast Motions for Robotic Manipulators13 A Controller for Guiding Leg Movement During Overground Walking With a Lower Limb Exoskeleton14 Direct Force-Reflecting Two-Layer Approach for Passive Bilateral Teleoperation With Time Delays15 Steering a Swarm of Particles Using Global Inputs and Swarm Statistics16 Fast Scheduling of Robot Teams Performing Tasks With Temporospatial Constraints17 A Three-Dimensional Magnetic Tweezer System for Intraembryonic Navigation and Measurement18 Adaptive Compensation of Multiple Actuator Faults for Two Physically Linked 2WD Robots19 General Lagrange-Type Jacobian Inverse for Nonholonomic Robotic Systems20 Asymmetric Bimanual Control of Dual-Arm Exoskeletons for Human-Cooperative Manipulations21 Fourier-Based Shape Servoing: A New Feedback Method to Actively Deform Soft Objects into Desired 2-D Image Contours22 Hierarchical Force and Positioning Task Specification for Indirect Force Controlled Robots。
2024年英文论文参考文献
2024年英文论文参考文献
英文论文参考文献 1
[1] J.F.Di Marzio.Android A Progammer's Guide.New York Mc-Graw-Hill,2008:105-111P
[2] Thompson T.The Android Mobile Phone Platform.The World of SoftwareDevelopment,2008,33(9):40-47P
[22]Corbett, C., Blackburn, J. and van Wassenhove, L. (1999), “Partnerships to improve supply chains”, MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 4, pp. 71-82.
[24]Croom, S., Romano, P. and Giannakis, M. (2000), “Supply chain management: an analyticalframework for critical literature review”, European Journal of Purchasing Supply Management, Vol. 6, pp. 67-83.
Test and Evaluation
Test and EvaluationTesting and evaluation play a crucial role in the development and implementation of any product or system. Whether it's a new software application, a piece of machinery, or even a new process for completing a task, thoroughtesting and evaluation are necessary to ensure its effectiveness, safety, and overall success. This process involves a methodical and systematic approach to understanding how the product or system performs under various conditions, identifying any potential issues or shortcomings, and making necessary improvements before its final release or deployment. One perspective to consider is the significance of testing and evaluation in ensuring the safety andreliability of a product or system. For instance, in the case of a new medical device, thorough testing and evaluation are essential to guarantee that it functions as intended and poses no risks to the patients or healthcare providers using it. Likewise, in the automotive industry, extensive testing of new vehicle models is critical to identifying and addressing any potential safety concerns before they reach the market. By conducting rigorous testing and evaluation, companies can mitigate the risks of product malfunctions, failures, or accidents, thereby building trust and confidence among consumers. Another critical perspective to explore is the role of testing and evaluation in optimizing the performance and functionality of a product or system. Through systematic testing, developers can gain valuable insights into how their product behaves in different scenarios and environments. This process allows for the identification of performance bottlenecks, usability issues, and areas for improvement. Bycollecting and analyzing data from various tests, developers can refine and enhance the product to deliver a superior user experience. In the context of software development, for example, thorough testing and evaluation enable the detection of bugs and glitches, ultimately leading to a more stable and efficient application. Moreover, testing and evaluation contribute to cost savings and risk mitigation in the long run. While it may incur initial investments in terms of time, resources, and expertise, conducting comprehensive testing early in the development process can help prevent costly rework and repairs later on. By identifying and addressing potential issues proactively, companies can avoidexpensive recalls, warranty claims, and customer dissatisfaction. Additionally, thorough evaluation of a product's performance and quality before its launch can reduce the likelihood of post-release failures or setbacks, thereby safeguarding the company's reputation and financial stability. It's also essential to recognize the impact of testing and evaluation on regulatory compliance and legal obligations. In many industries, there are stringent regulations and standardsthat products must meet to ensure consumer safety and environmental protection. Through rigorous testing, companies can demonstrate compliance with these requirements and obtain the necessary certifications and approvals for their products. Failure to meet regulatory standards can result in severe penalties, lawsuits, and reputational damage. Therefore, thorough testing and evaluation are not only a matter of quality assurance but also a legal imperative for businesses operating in regulated sectors. In addition to technical considerations, the human factor is equally vital in the testing and evaluation process. Understanding the end users' needs, preferences, and behaviors is crucial for developing a product that truly resonates with its intended audience. By involving real users in the testing phase, whether through focus groups, usability studies, or beta testing programs, developers can gather valuable feedback and insights that inform iterative improvements. This user-centered approach ultimately leads to a more intuitive, user-friendly, and impactful product that meets the market's demands. Furthermore, the continuous evolution of technology and consumer expectations necessitates ongoing testing and evaluation throughout a product's lifecycle. As new features are added, systems are updated, and external factors change, the need for adaptation and validation remains constant. The iterative nature of testing and evaluation allows for agility and responsiveness to emerging challenges and opportunities, supporting the long-term success and relevance of the product or system. In conclusion, testing and evaluation are not merely technical processes but rather integral components of a holistic and strategic approach to product development. By recognizing the multifaceted benefits of thorough testing and evaluation, from safety and performance optimization to cost savings and regulatory compliance, businesses can position themselves for sustained growth, innovation, and customer satisfaction. Embracing a mindset of continuousimprovement and user-centric innovation is essential for navigating the complex and dynamic landscape of modern markets, where quality, reliability, and relevance are paramount.。
英汉对照金融词汇
ABC1 社交等级abnormal return 异常回报absolute return 绝对回报acceptances 认购accepting house 承兑商行accounting rate of return ARR会计收益率accounting standards 会计尺度accrual principle 权责发生制accruals 应付款项accrued interest 应计利息，待付利息acid test ratio 酸性测试比率acquisition 收购acquisitive growth 收购增长active investing 积极投资activist shareholder 维权股东actuary 保险精算师adjusted EPS 调整后每股收益adjusted operating profit 调整后营运利润adjusted present value 调整后净现值administrative receivership 接管人adverse opinion 否认定见adverse selection 〔保险业〕反向选择advertising elasticity 广告弹性advisory broking 咨询经纪affinity fraud 关联欺诈行为agency cross 交叉代办署理agency theory 代办署理理论algorithmic trading 算法交易all or nothing order 最低限量交易allotment 分配alpha fund 阿尔法基金alternative investments 另类投资American options 美式期权annual effective rate AER 实际年利率annual general meeting 年度股东大会annual report 年度陈述annuity 年金arbitrage 套利arbitrage pricing theory APT套利订价理论arbitraguer 套利者arithmetic mean 算术平均值asset allocation 资产配置asset backed securities ABS资产典质证券asset stripping 资产拆卖asset turnover 资产周转率assets disposal 资产措置assets restructuring 资产重组assets under management AUM 办理资产规模，办理资产额associated company 联营公司assurance 〔对必然发生之事如人寿〕保险At the money 平价期权，等价期权audit opinion 审计定见automated trading system 自动交易系统available seat kilometers ASK 可售座位公里available tonne kilometers 〔航空公司〕可操纵吨公里average cost 平均本钱average down 〔向下〕摊平，均值下移average revenue per user ARPU平均每用户收入average up 向上摊平back office 后勤部分back testing 回溯测试backfill bias 回填偏差backward integration 后向一体化backwardation 现货溢价bad news 利空动静bancasurance 银行保险Barrel of Oil Equivalent BOE油当量桶barrier options 障碍期权barrier to entry 进入壁垒basic earning per share 根本每股收益basis point 基点basis risk 基差风险bear raid 空头袭击bear sqeeze 空仓压力，空头轧平bear trap 空头陷阱bearer securities 不记名证券behavioral finance 行为金融学benchmarking 基准化阐发方法BMKbeneficial owner 受益所有人beta 贝塔系数，评估证券系统风险性的东西bid price 买房价格bid-offer spread 买卖价差billion barrels of oil equivalent BBOE亿桶油当量binary options 二元期权，固定收益期权FRO，数字期权DO black swan 黑天鹅效应blue chip 蓝筹股bond duration 债券存续期，久期，持续期bonus issue 红股book to bill ratio 订货出货比book value 账面价值bottom fishing 抄底boutique 小型投资银行brand dilution 品牌淡化brand extention 品牌延伸break even 出入相抵brent crude 布伦特原油building society 典质银行bulge bracket 大型投资银行bull run 牛市bulldog bond 猛犬债券〔非英国企业在伦敦发行的债券〕bullet bond 一次性归还债券，最普通的债券vanilla bond bundling 绑缚发卖buy and hold 买入并持有buy in management buy out BIMBO内部外部办理者联合收购buy-side analyst 买方阐发师cable 英镑同美元兑换比例称为cable call auction 调集竞价call options 看涨期权cannibalism 〔企业几个部分内部〕自我竞争capex capital expenditure 本钱支出capital adequacy 本钱充沛率capital asset pricing model CAPM本钱资产计价模型capital gains 本钱回报率capital reduction 减资capitalisation issue, scrip issue 资金股本化carried interest 附带权益carry trade 利差交易cash conversion cycle 现金周转周期cash cost 现金本钱cash flow per share 每股现金流cash shell 空壳公司cashflow statement 现金流量表catastrophe bonds 灾难债券cathode metal 阴极金属CDO squared 二次合成典质债务契约central counterparty 共同敌手方Ceteris paribus 假定其他条件不变chartered financial analyst CFA特许金融阐发师chartist 行情预测专家chinese wall 中国墙churning 炒单circuit breaker 熔断制度claims equalisation reserve 理赔筹办金claims ratio 赔付率clean price 净价交易clearing and settlement 结算clearing house 结算所clinical trials 临床查验close period 封闭期close position 平仓closet tracker 本应是积极投资但过于保守和指数基金很像cockroach theory 蟑螂效应collateral bond obligation 担保债券凭证collateral loan obligation CLO担保贷款凭证collateralized debt obligation CDO担保债务凭证collective investment vehicle 集体投资组合东西combined ratio 综合赔付率commercial paper CP商业单据commoditization 商品化company secretary 公司秘书complementary goods 互补商品compound annual growth rate CAGR复合年增长率compounding 复利compulsory aquisition 强制收购concert party 协同控股人confirmation bias 确认偏误conglomerate 混合联合企业conglomerate discount 集团折价，consolidated account statement 合并会计报表constructive liability 推定责任contango 期货溢价Contingent convertible bonds coco bonds或有可转换债券contingent liability 或有债务continuing operations 持续性经营continuous time finance models 持续时间金融模型contract for difference CFD差价合约，一种金融衍生品contrarian investing 逆向投资法contribution margin 边际收益control premium 控制权溢价conversion ratio 转换比率convertible arbitrage 可转换套利convertible bonds 可转换债券core and satellite 核心-卫星办理方法core business 核心业务corporate action 公司行为corporate social responsibility CSR企业社会责任correction 股市调整correlation coefficient 关联系数cost income ratio 本钱收入比率cost of capital 本钱本钱cost of goods sold COGS主营业务本钱cost-plus pricing 本钱加成订价法counter-cyclical 反周期counterparty risk 交易敌手风险coupon 票息coupon rate 票面利率covered interest arbitrage 抵补套利covered warrants 备兑认股权证crash 股市崩盘creative accounting 创意性会计credit default swap CDS信贷违约掉期、信贷违约互换credit rating 信用评级credit risk 信用风险creditor days 应付账款天数cross elasticity 需求交叉弹性cross licensing 交叉许可cross selling 交叉发卖cumulative preference share 堆集优先股current assets 流动资产current assets ratio 流动资产比率=流动资产/流动负债current cost accounting 现行本钱会计current liabilities 流动负债custodian bank 托管银行customer aquisition cost 客户购置本钱customer relationship management CRM 客户关系办理cyclical 周期性〔相对防御性、反周期性〕cyclically adjusted PE ratio CAPE经周期性调整市盈率dark fibre 暗纤dark pool 黑池交易data revenues 数据业务收入day trading 日内交易dead cat bounce 死猫式反弹debenture 公司债券，无担保债券debt asset ratio 资产负债率debt covenant, banking covenant 债务契约debt service cover ratio 债务偿付比率debt/equity ration 债务股本比debtor days 预收账款天数de-equitization 去股权化defensive patent 防御性专利deferred income 递延收益deferred shares 延迟派息股deferred tax 延递税项delivery 交割delivery vs. payment DVP 货银对于制度delta Delta=期权价格变化/期货价格变化delta hedging delta对冲dematerialized securities 无纸化证券demerger 分拆diluted EPS 摊薄每股收益direct cost 直接本钱disclosure 披露discount broker/execution only 折扣经纪人discounted cash flow 贴现现金流discrete time finance models 离散时间金融模型discretionary broking 全权委托经纪diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disruptive technology 颠覆性技术distributable reserve 可分配储藏金diversifiable risk 可分散风险dividend discount model 股息贴现模型dividend irrelevance theory 红利无关理论dividend re-investment plan 股息再投资方案dividend yield ratio 股息率Dogs of the Dow 狗股理论double entry 复式记账法dow jones industrial averages DJIA道琼斯工业平均指数drug pipeline 新药开发工程储藏dry natural gas 枯燥天然气，成品天然气dual listing 两地上市due diligence 财政尽职查询拜访duopoly 双寡头垄断Dutch disease 荷兰病dynamic hedge 动态对冲dynamic provisioning 动态筹办金earnings accretive 〔收购〕业绩增厚earnings before interest and tax EBIT息税前利润earnings dilutive 〔收购〕业绩摊薄earnings yield 收益率EBITDA 息税折旧及摊销前利润EBITDA margin 息税折旧摊销前利润率econometrics 计量经济学economic added value EV A经济附加值effective gearing 有效杠杆率efficient frontier 有效前沿efficient market hypothesis 有效市场假说efficient portfolio 有效资产组合electronic communication network 电子通讯网络embedded computers 嵌入式电脑embedded value 内含价值enhanced index 增强型指数基金enterprise resource planning 企业资源方案〔软件〕enterprise value 企业价值EPS earnings per share 每股收益equity risk premium 股权风险溢价ethical investing 道德投资eurobond 国际债券eurocurrency 欧洲货币eurodollar 欧洲美元european options 欧式期权exceptional item 特殊工程excercise price 行使价格excess return 额外回报exchange rate risk 汇率风险Exchange Traded Funds 交易所交易基金ex-dividend 除息execution risk 执行风险exotic options 奇异期权expected return 预期收益，预期回报expense ratio 开支比率，费用率ex-rights 除权extroadinary general meeting 股东出格大会extroadinary item 非经常工程F score Piotroski 皮氏分数fabless semiconductor company 无厂半导体公司face value 〔股票〕票面价值factoring 保付代办署理，保理fair value 公允价格fast market 速动市场fat tails 厚尾fill or kill FOK 成交或打消finance lease 融资租赁资产financial economics 金融经济学first in first out FIFO 先进先出first mover advantage/pioneer advantage 先驱优势Fisher hypothesis 费雪效应fixed asset turnover 固定资产周转率fixed assets 固定资产fixed costs 固定本钱fixed interest rate 固定利率fixed odds betting terminals 固定赔率终端机floating interest rate 浮动利率floating rate note FRN浮动利率本票footfall 客流量forward contract 远期合约forward integration 前向一体化forward rate 远期汇率forwardation 期货溢价free asset ratio 自由资产比率free cash flow 自由现金流free float 自由浮动front office 办理部分front running 抢先交易FTSE index 富时指数fundamental analysis 根本面阐发fungible 可互换的gamma Gamma=delta的变化／期货价格的变化GDP delfator GDP平减指数gearing 杠杆比率generally accepted accounting principles GAAP一般公认会计准则generic drug 通用名药物geometric mean 几何平均值Giffen good 吉芬商品，生活必需品global depository receipt 全球存托凭证going concern 持续经营golden share 黄金股good news 利好动静goodwill 商誉Gordon growth model 戈登增长模型government bonds 国库券greater fool 最大笨伯理论greeks 希腊字母delta,gamme,etc. green mail 绿票讹诈gross margin 毛利率gross price/dirty price 含息价格gross profit 毛利growth investing 成长型投资guaranteed debt 担保债券haircut 估值折扣，剃头harmonized index of consumer index 调和消费者物价指数hedonic price index 特征价格指数high frequency trading 高频交易historical cost 原始本钱historical PE 历史市盈率horizontal integration 横向一体化，程度一体化hybrid security 混合证券iceberg order 冰山指令Imbedded Value 内含价值immediate or cancel order 当即执行或打消指令impairment 〔某项资产〕减损implied volatility 隐含波动性in the money 实值期权income effect 收入效应income elasticity 收入弹性index futures 指数期货index tracker 指数基金inferior good 劣质商品initial public offerings 初次公开募股initial share 原始股insolvent 无债务归还能力inter-dealer broker 交易商经纪interest coverage 利息覆蓋率=EBITDA÷利息支出interest margin 利息收益率interest rate parity 利率平价interest rate risk 利率风险interest spread 利差交易internal rate of return 内部报答率International Financial Reporting Standard IFRS国际财政陈述准则International Securities Identification Number ISIN国际证券识别码intra-market arbitrage 跨市套利intrinsic value 〔期权〕内在价值investment trust 信托投资基金investor relations 投资者关系invoice discounting 发票贴现Islamic Banking 伊斯兰银行joint venture 合资企业JP Morgan Chase 摩根大通junior debt 次级债务junk bond 垃圾债券key performance indicators KPI关键绩效指标Laffer curve 拉弗曲线last in first out LIFO 后进先出leveraged buy-out 杠杆收购limit 涨跌停板limit order 限价指示单limited liability 有限责任liquidity premium 流动性升水理论Lloyd's of London 劳合社Loan Life Coverage Ratio LLCR负债偿债能力比率long position 多头仓位long term liabilities 持久债务look ahead bias 前视偏误macroeconomic derivatives 宏不雅经济衍生品majority shareholder 大都股东management buy in 外部办理者收购management buy out 办理层收购mandatory offer 强制要约marginal cost 边际本钱marginal revenue 边际收益mark to market 逐日盯市mark to model 按模型订价market based security MBS住房典质贷款证券market capitalization 市值market maker 做市商，庄家market neutral 〔对冲基金〕市场中性策略market order 市价订单market penetration 市场渗透market portfolio 市场投资组合market size 市场规模mean reversion 〔股票〕均值回归mechanical investing 机械化投资media convergence 媒介融合median 〔数列的〕中值megatrend 大趋势merger arbitration 合并套利mezzanine fund 夹层基金middle market 中型投资银行middle office 中间部分mid-price 中间价minority interests 少数股东利益model risk 模型风险Modified Internal Rate of Return 修正后内部报答率momentum investment 惯性投资money market fund, money fund 货币基金money multiplier credit multiplier货币乘数monoline insurance 单一险种保险monopsony 买方垄断moral hazard 道德风险Morgan Stanley Capital International MSCI摩根斯坦利国际本钱指数moving average 移动平均multi manager fund 多元经理人基金mutual funds 共同基金，投资基金Nash Equilibrium 纳什均衡negative carry 负盈利net asset value NA V资产净值Net Operating Profit After Tax NOPAT税后净营业利润net position 持仓净额net present value NPV净现值net realisable value 可变现净值network effects 网络效应，网络外部性new issue 新发行nominal interest rates 名义利率non-interest income 非利息收入non-recourse debt 无追索权债务normal distribution 正态分布notes to accounts 账项附注off-balance sheet accounting 表外会计off-balance sheet financing 表外融资offer price 卖出价，卖方价格oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopsony 寡头买主垄断，采购权垄断OPEC basket price 欧佩克石油平均价open ended investment company OEIC开放式投资公司open market operations 公开市场业务open offer 公开供股open outcry 公开喊价operating cash flow 营运现金流operating cash flow ratio 经营现金流量比率operating gearing 经营杠杆operating margin 营业利润率option 期权option writer, option seller 期权卖方ore concentrate 铁精矿organic growth 内生增长，内部增长orphan drugs 〔治罕见病的〕“孤儿药〞OTC 非处方类药物out of the money 虚值期权outstanding accounts 未清账项overnight rate 隔夜利率overtrading 过量交易，炒单pair trade 配对交易par value 票面价值Pareto Optimal 帕累托最优pari passau 权利相等passenger load factor 客座率，乘客运载率passive investing 消极投资patent troll 专利蟑螂，专利地痞payback period 投资回收期法payout ratio 股息支付率PEG 市盈率增长率perpetuity 永久年金PLUS market 英国PLUS市场point of sale 发卖点终端机poison pill 〔恶意收购的〕毒丸方案portable alpha 可转移阿尔法portfolio investment 证券投资portfolio mandate 投资委托书possible reserves 〔石油〕可能储量post-modern portfolio theory 后现代投资组合理论pre-emption rights 优先认股权premium 保险费,〔期货〕贴水premium written 签单保费prepayments 预付账款price elasticity 价格弹性price sensitive 价格敏感度price/book value 市净率price/cashflow 市现率primary market 一级市场prime brokerage 机构经纪primer operating cost 主营业务本钱principal 本金private equity 私募股权投资probable reserves 〔石油〕概算储量product differentiation 产物差别化profit margin 边际利润profit margin 发卖净利率profit warning 利润预警profit-taking 获利回吐project finance 工程融资propriety trading 自誉交易prospective PE 预估市盈率、未来市盈率prospectus 招股说明书proven oil reserves 已探明石油储量provisions 筹办金psychographics 心理变数public switched telecom network PSTN公共交换网purchase method 购置法pure play 单一经营法，单一业务put options 看跌期权put-call parity 买卖权平价关系qualified audit opinion 保留审计定见quality of earnings 收益质量quantitative easing 量化宽松quantitative finance 数量金融、计量金融quote driven 报价驱动quoted company 上市公司random walk 随机安步理论real estate investment trust 不动产投资基金real interest rates 实际利率real option 本色选择权real option 实物期权realised volatility 实际波动率receiver 接管人record date 股权登记日recovery 〔石油、矿产〕采收red chip 红筹股redeemable 可赎回的redemption yield, yield to maturity YTM到期收益率reducing balance 余额递减法registered security 实名股regulatory capital arbitrage 监管本钱套利regulatory capture theory 规制俘虏理论reinsurance 再保险reinsurance retention ratio 再保险自留比率relative PE 相对市盈率relative returns 相对回报replacement cost 重置本钱replacement cycle 〔设备〕重置周期repo rate 再买回利率repurchase agreement Repo附买回协议research and development R&D研发reserve replacement ratio 〔石油〕储量替代率reserve requirement 银行存款筹办金比率resistence line 阻力线〔向下回调的高点〕resource curse “资源诅咒〞retail format 零售业态retained earning 保留利润，未分配利润retained profit 保留盈余、本钱公积return on assets 资产回报率return on average assets 平均资产回报return on capital employed ROCE已动用本钱回报return on equity 股本回报率return on investment 投资回报率revaluation reserve 重估储藏revenue recognition 收入确认reverse takeover 反向收购rights issue 股票认购权发行risk aversion 躲避风险risk diversification 分散风险risk free rate 无风险收益率risk premium 风险溢价risk weighted assets 风险加权资产sale and leaseback 售后租回sales mix 发卖组合scenario planning 情景规划scrip dividend 以股代息second board market 创业板sector PE 行业平均市盈率secular trend 持久趋势securities market line 证券市场线securitisation 证券化selection bias 选择性偏差sell-side analyst 卖方阐发师semi-variable costs 半变更本钱senior debt 优先级债务sequential growth 环比增长share consolidation 股票合并share split 股票分割shareholder's fund 股东资金short selling 卖空shrinkage 库存缩水single premium 趸交保费single price 一价定律small cap 小盘股solvency margin 〔保险公司的)偿付能力额度solvency ratio 清偿能力比率sovereign risk 主权风险sovereign wealth fund 主权财富基金special dividend 出格红利spin off/demerger 分拆〔公司〕spot price 现货价格spread 价差stamp duty 印花税standard deviation 尺度偏差static hedge 静态对冲statistical arbitrage 统计套利stock turnover/ inventory turnover 存货周转率stop loss 斩仓strike price 行使价格structured investment vehicle 布局性投资东西structured notes 布局化单据style drift 风格漂移style index 风格指数subordinated debt 次级债务subsidiary company 子公司substitution effect 〔商品的〕替代效应sum of parts valuation 〔给公司〕分类加总的估值方法sunk costs 漂浮本钱support levels 支撑位〔向上反弹的低点〕survivorship bias 保留偏差swaps 掉期synergy 协同效应systemic risk 系统性风险take position 开仓tangible common equity 有形普通股tax shield 税盾thin capitalisation 本钱弱化tier 1 capital/ core capital 核心本钱、一级本钱tier 2 capital 二级本钱total cost of ownership 总体拥有本钱tracking error 追踪误差tracking stock 追踪股票trading profit 营业利润trailing twelve months TTM比来十二个月transfer pricing 转移订价treasury bill 短期国库券treasury shares 库存股triple witching 股价指数期货、期权及个股期权同时到期。
磁共振中一些常用简化附缩写用语
( Homonuclear chemical shift ) COrrelation SpectroscopY
CP
Cross Polarization
CPD
Composite-Pulse Decoupling
CP/MAS
Cross Polarization/Magic Angle Spinning
BBDR
Broad Band Double Resonance
BIRD
Bilinear Rotation Decoupling
BOLD
Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent
BR-24
Burum & Rhim (pulse sequence)
CAMELSPIN
Cross-relaxation Appropriate for Minimolecules Emulated by Locked SPNs
GRASS
Gradient-Recalled Acquisition in the Steady State
GRASP
Gradient-Accelerated Spectroscopy
GROPE
Generalized compensation for Resonance Offset and Pulse length errors
MQ(C)
Multiple-Quantum ( Coherence )
MQF
Multiple-Quantum Filter
MQMAS
Multiple-Quantum Magic-Angle Spinning
MQS
Multi Quantum Spectroscopy
统计学术语中英对照
统计学术语中英对照部门： xxx时间： xxx整理范文，仅供参考，可下载自行编辑population 母体sample 样本census 普查sampling 抽样quantitative 量的qualitative/categorical 质的discrete 离散的continuous 连续的population parameters 母体参数sample statistics 样本统计量descriptive statistics 叙述统计学inferential/inductive statistics 推论 ...抽样调查<sampliing survey单纯随机抽样<simple random sampling系统抽样<systematic sampling分层抽样<stratified sampling整群抽样<cluster sampling多级抽样<multistage sampling常态分配(Parametric Statistics>无母数统计学(Nonparametric Statistics>实验设计(Design of Experiment>参数(Parameter>Data analysis 资料分析Statistical table 统计表Statistical chart 统计图Pie chart 圆饼图Stem-and-leaf display 茎叶图Box plot 盒须图Histogram 直方图Bar Chart 长条图Polygon 次数多边图Ogive 肩形图Descriptive statistics 叙述统计学Expectation 期望值Mode 众数Mean 平均数Variance 变异数Standard deviation 标准差Standard error 标准误Covariance matrix 共变异数矩阵Inferential statistics 推论统计学Point estimation 点估计Interval estimation 区间估计Confidence interval 信赖区间Confidence coefficient 信赖系数Testing statistical hypothesis 统计假设检定Regression analysis 回归分析Analysis of variance 变异数分析Correlation coefficient 相关系数Sampling survey 抽样调查Census 普查Sampling 抽样Reliability 信度Validity 效度Sampling error 抽样误差Non-sampling error 非抽样误差Random sampling 随机抽样Simple random sampling 简单随机抽样法Stratified sampling 分层抽样法Cluster sampling 群集抽样法Systematic sampling 系统抽样法Two-stage random sampling 两段随机抽样法Convenience sampling 便利抽样Quota sampling 配额抽样Snowball sampling 雪球抽样Nonparametric statistics 无母数统计The sign test 等级检定Wilcoxon signed rank tests 魏克森讯号等级检定Wilcoxon rank sum tests 魏克森等级和检定Run test 连检定法Discrete uniform densities 离散的均匀密度Binomial densities 二项密度Hypergeometric densities 超几何密度Poisson densities 卜松密度Geometric densities 几何密度Negative binomial densities 负二项密度Continuous uniform densities 连续均匀密度Normal densities 常态密度Exponential densities 指数密度Gamma densities 伽玛密度Beta densities 贝他密度Multivariate analysis 多变量分析Principal components 主因子分析Discrimination analysis 区别分析Cluster analysis 群集分析Factor analysis 因素分析Survival analysis 存活分析Time series analysis 时间序列分析Linear models 线性模式Quality engineering 品质工程Probability theory 机率论Statistical computing 统计计算Statistical inference 统计推论Stochastic processes 随机过程Decision theory 决策理论Discrete analysis 离散分析Mathematical statistics 数理统计统计学 : Statistics母体 : Population样本 : Sample资料分析 : Data analysis统计表 : Statistical table统计图 : Statistical chart圆饼图 : Pie chart茎叶图 : Stem-and-leaf display盒须图 : Box plot直方图 : Histogram长条图 : Bar Chart次数多边图 : Polygon肩形图 : Ogive叙述统计学 : Descriptive statistics期望值 : Expectation众数 : Mode平均数 : Mean变异数 : Variance标准差 : Standard deviation标准误 : Standard error共变异数矩阵 : Covariance matrix推论统计学 : Inferential statistics点估计 : Point estimation区间估计 : Interval estimation信赖区间 : Confidence interval信赖系数 : Confidence coefficient统计假设检定 : Testing statistical hypothesis回归分析 : Regression analysis变异数分析 : Analysis of variance相关系数 : Correlation coefficient抽样调查 : Sampling survey普查 : Census抽样 : Sampling信度 : Reliability效度 : Validity抽样误差 : Sampling error非抽样误差 : Non-sampling error随机抽样 : Random sampling简单随机抽样法 : Simple random sampling分层抽样法 : Stratified sampling群集抽样法 : Cluster sampling系统抽样法 : Systematic sampling两段随机抽样法 : Two-stage random sampling便利抽样 : Convenience sampling配额抽样 : Quota sampling雪球抽样 : Snowball sampling无母数统计 : Nonparametric statistics等级检定 : The sign test魏克森讯号等级检定 : Wilcoxon signed rank tests魏克森等级和检定 : Wilcoxon rank sum tests连检定法 : Run test离散的均匀密度 : Discrete uniform densities二项密度 : Binomial densities超几何密度 : Hypergeometric densities卜松密度 : Poisson densities几何密度 : Geometric densities负二项密度 : Negative binomial densities连续均匀密度 : Continuous uniform densities常态密度 : Normal densities指数密度 : Exponential densities伽玛密度 : Gamma densities贝他密度 : Beta densities多变量分析 : Multivariate analysis主因子分析 : Principal components区别分析 : Discrimination analysis群集分析 : Cluster analysis因素分析 : Factor analysis存活分析 : Survival analysis时间序列分析 : Time series analysis线性模式 : Linear models品质工程 : Quality engineering机率论 : Probability theory统计计算 : Statistical computing统计推论 : Statistical inference随机过程 : Stochastic processes决策理论 : Decision theory离散分析 : Discrete analysis数理统计 : Mathematical statistics统计名词市调辞典众数(Mode> 普查(census>指数(Index> 问卷(Questionnaire>中位数(Median> 信度(Reliability>百分比(Percentage> 母群体(Population> 信赖水准(Confidence level> 观察法(Observational Survey> 假设检定(Hypothesis Testing> 综合法(Integrated Survey> 卡方检定(Chi-square Test> 雪球抽样(Snowball Sampling> 差距量表(Interval Scale> 序列偏差(Series Bias> 类别量表(Nominal Scale> 次级资料(Secondary Data> 顺序量表(Ordinal Scale> 抽样架构(Sampling frame> 比率量表(Ratio Scale> 集群抽样(Cluster Sampling>连检定法(Run Test> 便利抽样(Convenience Sampling> 符号检定(Sign Test> 抽样调查(Sampling Sur>算术平均数(Arithmetic Mean> 非抽样误差(non-sampling error> 展示会法(Display Survey> 调查名词准确效度(Criterion-Related Validity> 元素(Element> 邮寄问卷法(Mail Interview> 样本(Sample> 信抽样误差(Sampling error> 效度(Validity> 封闭式问题(Close Question>精确度(Precision> 电话访问法(Telephone Interview> 准确度(Validity> 随机抽样法(Random Sampling> 实验法(Experiment Survey>抽样单位(Sampling unit> 资讯名词市场调查(Marketing Research> 决策树(Decision Trees>容忍误差(Tolerated erro> 资料采矿(Data Mining>初级资料(Primary Data> 时间序列(Time-Series Forecasting>目标母体(Target Population> 回归分析(Regression>抽样偏差(Sampling Bias> 趋势分析(Trend Analysis>抽样误差(sampling error> 罗吉斯回归(Logistic Regression>架构效度(Construct Validity> 类神经网络(Neural Network>配额抽样(Quota Sampling> 无母数统计检定方法(Non-Parametric Test>人员访问法(Interview> 判别分析法(Discriminant Analysis>集群分析法(cluster analysis> 规则归纳法(Rules Induction>内容效度(Content Validity> 判断抽样(Judgment Sampling>开放式问题(Open Question> OLAP(Online Analytical Process>分层随机抽样(Stratified Random sampling> 资料仓储(Data Warehouse>非随机抽样法(Nonrandom Sampling> 知识发现(Knowledge DiscoveryAbsolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additive Noise, 加性噪声Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alpha factoring,α因子法Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis Of Effects, 效应分析Analysis Of Variance, 方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA <analysis of variance）, 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型ANOVA table and eta, 分组计算方差分析Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area 区域图Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs>, BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categoricalvariable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Centraltendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数b5E2RGbCAP Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Collinearity, 共线性Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计p1EanqFDPw Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照, 质量控制图Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation, 相关性Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Crosstabs 列联表分析Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve Estimation, 曲线拟合Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Direct Oblimin, 斜交旋转Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲实验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Error Bar, 均值相关区间图Effect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 实验抽样Experimental unit, 实验单位Explained variance <已说明方差）Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因实验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finitepopulation, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查Generalized least squares, 综合最小平方法GENLOG (Generalized liner models>, 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models>, 通用线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点High-Low, 低区域图Higher Order Interaction Effects，高阶交互作用HILOGLINEAR, 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Image factoring,, 多元回归法Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinitepopulation, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K-Means Cluster逐步聚类分析K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯M尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验DXDiTa9E3dKurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least Squared Criterion，最小二乘方准则Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Leveage Correction，杠杆率校正Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数。
DET3 Contractor Series地球电阻测试器说明书
DET3 Contractor Series3-Terminal Earth/Ground Resistance Testerss 2and 3 point testingsART (Attached Rod Technique) testing capabilitys User selectable test voltage (25/50 V)s Choice of digital or analog display s Warning indicators prevent test failure s IP54 ratedsComplete with leads, stakes and rugged carry casesSimple one button operationDET3 Contractor Series Earth/Ground Resistance TestersDESCRIPTIONMegger’s already popular 3-terminal ground testing instrument family includes the following models:Model DescriptionDET3TD For basic requirements it provides digital ground testing and bond testing capabilities DET3TCThe revolutionary new model with thecapability of testing on-site grounds without disconnecting the utility connection.The DET3TC includes a current measuring function for ART (Attached Rod Technique) testing capabilities. With this added function, on-site grounds can be tested separately without having to remove the utilityconnection (as explained further in this document).The complete kit of instrument, test leads,stakes, batteries and calibration certificate isdelivered in a tough polypropylene carry case –everything you need tostart testing in one package. Optional terminal adapters are available for acceptance of a variety of test leads.All models are rated to IP54, making them truly outdoor instruments. They are designed to meet stringent safety standards and are rated CAT IV 100V.The ground testers have been designed to be easy to use – a large selector switch makes selection of 2 or 3 pole tests easy with gloved hands – and the design makes the fitting ofshorting links to perform 2-pole tests a thing of the past. A large, clear, easy to read LCD and thumb-sized test button also make the instruments particularly well suited to the outdoor conditions of ground testing. In addition to this ease of use feature, the ground tester automatically checks the connection and conditions of the P spike, C spike, and also the level of ground noise, indicating the status on the display. The instruments also include a voltmeter to enable measurement of ground voltage. They can measureresistance from 0.01 ohms to 2 k Ω.Also, to allow accurate testing in noisy environments, the instruments are capable of rejecting noise up to 40V peak to peak.The Megger ground testers are powered by eight AA batteries which are widely available and also give excellent testing time – the status of these batteries isgiven by a bar graph on the LCD, allowing the operator to decide when to change the batteries before they expire. By using the optional ICLAMP with the DET3TC, the user can augment the traditional fall-of-potential measurement method with ART (Attached Rod Technique), which allows electrode testing without disconnection and also leakagecurrent measurements down to 0.5 mA.Using ART method with the DET3TCto test commercial ground withoutdisconnecting the system1981DET3 Contractor Series Earth/Ground Resistance TestersAPPLICATIONSProper grounding provides many varied benefits to both people and facilities. It lessens the chance of injury due to faulty installation, reduces the likelihood of damage from lightning strikes and induced voltages, improves the performance of computer, communication and other sensitive equipment and protects against static electricity from friction. Over time, ground systems can degrade or become ineffective.Corrosion and weather influences exert mechanical strain on ground rods and cause metallic corrosion. Catastrophic events like lightning strikes or large fault currents can cause instant degradation. In addition, facility expansion can create different ground system needs.The risks from ground system deterioration include potentially deadly electrical shock situations, plant-wide equipment damage, disruption in the performance of sensitive equipment and heat build-up on a single piece of electrical equipment.The maintenance of an adequate low resistance ground connection is essential to both the protection and performance of any electrical system. Ground testing should be performed both upon installation, to meet design specification, and periodically thereafter in order to maintain service. All models can also perform bonding tests (using an ac signal), to determine that adequate connection has been made from equipment to the grounding system. Furthermore, the addition of a built-in current clamp capability enables the testing of attached grounds (ART) without lifting the utility connection.Selection is easy. For basic requirements, DET3TD affords ground testing and bond testing capabilities. Applications to systems that have been connected to the utility feed are simplified with model DET3TC, where a built-in clamp input permits individual components of an expanded system to be separately measured without extra calculations.Grounding electrodes from simple to complex systems can be tested, including:s Primary and secondary electrical grounding systemss Utility pole groundss Lightning protection systemss Residential groundss Machinery safety groundss Computer and communication system groundss EMI/RFI system groundss Antenna and pedestal groundss CATV system grounds FEATURES AND BENEFITSs Microprocessor control for improved error detections Clear, unambiguous warnings and error indications ensure the reliability of the reading and reduce test time s Simple to use, one touch operation improves efficiency s User selectable test voltage ensures that the units can be used in agricultural environmentss Rugged, weatherproof case to IP54 makes the units truly outdoor instrumentss Large, clear LCD that can be read in ambient lightings Noise rejection to 40 V pk to pk allows accurate testing in noisy environmentss Testing kits and certificates supplied—everything needed to start testing immediatelys Accuracy of 2% of reading enhances reliability of measurementss Clamp model for Attached Rod Technique allows the testing of the rod without the need for disconnection.s Voltmeter function included allows you to measure the ground voltage and enhances operator safetys CAT IV 100V provides increased operator safety inoutdoor environmentsModel DET3TC shown performing the classic fall-of-potential test method.DET3 Contractor Series Earth/Ground Resistance TestersSPECIFICATIONSResistance range:0.01 to 2000 autorangingResistance accuracy:2P measurements2% ±3 digits3P measurements2% ±3 digitsART measurements5% ±3 digitsMaximum probe resistanceRp limit:100kΩ(50V output voltage)Rc limit:100kΩ(50V output voltage)Limits reduced to 50kΩfor 25V output voltageLimits reduced to 5kΩfor 0.01 ΩresolutionEarth voltage range:0–100 VEarth voltage accuracy:2% ±2 V2- and 3-wire test:YesART(Attached Rod Technique):DET3TCGround current range (with current measuring clamp):0.5 mA to 19.9 AGround current accuracy:5% ±3 digitsDisplay:LCDTest frequency:128 HzTest voltage: 25 V or 50 V, user selectable (factory setting 50V) Test current: 450 micro-ampsNoise rejection:40V pk to pkNoise check:AutomaticC spike check:AutomaticP spike check:AutomaticMaximum current loop resistance: 100 k-ohms at 50V,50 k-ohms at 25 V and 5 k-ohms for 0.01 ohm resolution for readings below 19 ohmsMaximum voltage probe resistance: 100 k-ohms at 50V,50 k-ohms at 25 V and 5 k-ohms for 0.01 ohm resolution for readings below 19 ohmsBattery type:81.5 V AA cellsBattery life:3hours, 700 consecutive testsSafety:EN61010-1 CAT IV 100 VTerminals: 4mm plug type (test leads)Ingress protection:IP54EMC: Meets the requirements of EN61326-1:1998 for use inheavy industrial areasDimensions: 8x5.7 x 3.2 in. (203 x 148 x 78 mm)Weight: 2.2 lb (1 kg)Operating temperature range:-5º to +131º F (-15º to +55º C) Storage temperature range:-40º to +158º F (-40º to +70º C) Humidity: 95% RH non-condensing at 104º F(40º C)Standards ComplianceComplies with the requirements of KEMA K85B.Complies with the following parts of EN61557, “Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V a.c. and 1500 Vd.c. - Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring ofprotective measures”.Part 1 - General requirementsPart 5 - Resistance to earth Each instrument comes complete with three leads, two test spikes, instruction manual CD, and a rugged carrying case, (current measuring clamp, shown, is an optional accessory for performing the ART testingcapability using the DET3TC.)Terminal Adapters areoptional accessories usedto allow the units’ terminalsto accept alternative cableconnections.DET3 Contractor Series Earth/Ground Resistance TestersART (ATTACHED ROD TECHNIQUE)TESTING CAPABILITYThe DET3TC includes the additional testing capability that we have termed ART,for Attached Rod Technique.A nagging problem with traditional ground testing has been the requirement to “lift” (i.e., disconnect) the utility connection. Once the grounding conductor (the main conductor that connects the facility to the ground rod or grid) has been attached to the grounding electrode, the utility ground becomes a parallel resistance. The utility neutral is typically bonded to the ground bus at the service entrance and this connection, during a ground test, causes test current to flow back through the utility ground as well as through the test electrode. Test current divides according to Law of Parallel Resistance, but the tester makes its measurement based on total current flow. The reading is the combined parallel resistance of the on-site ground and the utility protection. This is a valid measurement, but not of the test electrode exclusively.This poses a considerable problem in many common testing situations. If a commissioning test were required to determine if design specifications had been met for a new facility, such a reading would be insufficient. Lightning protection requiring a short, straight path into the earth, could also not be properly validated. But lifting the utility connection poses several problems, not the least of which is the breaking of what is often a welded bond, in addition to the temporary loss of protection.Clamp-on ground testers, which measure ground resistance by clamping around the rod and inducing a test current onto it, are only a limited solution. They can accurately measure resistance of a single rod in a parallel system by inducing the test current onto the clamped rod and utilizing all the parallel grounds as the return. Collectively, these returns, typically the multiple grounds of the utility, contribute little to the loop measurement. This is essentially the reverse of the operation of a traditional tester, which uses the current probe as the return while current “goes to ground” through all parallels collectively. This technique solves the problem of separately measuring an attached rod, but leaves the problem that it cannot be proven.A clamp-on measurement has to be accepted on faith and its reliability is based squarely on the knowledge and experience of the operator,leaving a large margin for “human error.” In complex, multiply connected grids and other grounding schemes, return paths may exist that are entirely metallic, not including earth at all. The clamp-on test current will circulate through such paths and give a reading, essentially a continuity reading of the grid structure having nothing to do with soil resistance. Such readings will be low, and appear to the uninformed as acceptable grounds. The responsibility for making these determinations falls squarely on the operator.But even when properly addressed, there is no way of demonstrating the competence of the readings to a third party, such as a client. They must simply be accepted.The ART testing capability combines the advantages of both of these technologies to produce a method that can reliably measure an attached ground, and prove it! Abuilt-in clamp input, used in conjunction with the optional ICLAMP accessory, connected below the point of separation of the parallel test currents, measures only the current flowing through the test ground, not that going back through the utility. This current value is then used by the microprocessor to calculate ground resistance, strictly in accordance with Fall of Potential or its derivative procedures, supported by IEEE Standard 81 for proper ground testing, and subject to the appropriate proofs.The ART method employs leads and probes just as does any traditional tester. Ground resistance can be profiled and graphed by moving the potential probe against the position of the current probe, and a Fall of Potential graph, Slope Method mathematical proof, or any of the other proven methods utilized to demonstrate theaccuracy of the test. The only thing different from the operation of a familiar, traditional ground tester is that the clamp permits separation of the test currents in an attached or otherwise parallel-grounded system. This technique enables local grounds to be tested withoutlifting the utility connection, yet with the ease, reliabilityand confidence of a separate commissioning test.Current measuring clamp (inset)for ART testing capabilityDET3 Contractor Series Earth/Ground Resistance TestersISO STATEMENTRegistered to ISO 9001:2000 Reg no. Q 09250Registered to ISO 14001 Reg no. EMS 61597DET3SERIES_DS_USen_Megger is a registered trademarkUKArchcliffe Road, Dover CT17 9EN EnglandT +44 (0) 1 304 502101 F +44 (0) 1 304 207342******************UNITED STATES 4271 Bronze WayDallas, TX 75237-1019 USA T 1800 723 2861 (USA only) T +1 214 333 3201 F +1 214 331 7399******************OTHER TECHNICAL SALES OFFICES Täby SWEDEN, Norristown USA,Sydney AUSTRALIA, Toronto CANADA,Trappes FRANCE, Kingdom of BAHRAIN,Mumbai INDIA, Johannesburg SOUTH AFRICA, and Chonburi THAILANDDeluxe Kit,Cat. No. 250581Set of three color-coded test leads, 25, 50, 100 ft. (8, 15, 30 m); two 20-in.(51 cm) ground rods;padded case to holdinstrument, leads and rodsStandard Kit, Cat. No. 250579Three color-coded test leads, 25, 50, 100 ft. (8, 15, 30 m); two 20-in.(51 cm) ground rods;canvas accessory case for leads and rods only Standard KitCat. No. EV6310-755Hammer, 2.5 lb (1.13 kg);four galvanized steel spikes, 0.5 in. (12 mm);two spike extractors; four leads in carrying caseOPTIONAL ACCESSORY KITSProfessional Kit Cat. No. 6320-245Red, black, yellow, green cable reels (50 m); earth electrode leads (4 m green, 4 mm shrouded plug and large croc clip);4auger-style spikes;molded polyethylene carrying case; fiberglass measuring tape, 50 m。