国际备用证惯例ISP98
国际备用证惯例ISP98
案例分析 焦点：信用证通过通知行通知受益人的最大优点是安 全，开证行与通知行建立代理关系后一般要互换密押和签 字样本，以保证不受信用证中可能出现的欺诈所侵害。由 于备用信用证是以贷款融资或担保债务偿还为目的，因此 审核备用信用证的表面真实性显得格外重要。
关键： 信用证可经由除通知行之外的另一家银行通知受益人。 但该行应合理审慎的审核所通知信用证的表面真实性。
三、备用信用证tandby L/C
（一）定义 具有备用性质——备用信用证只在申请人违约时，有 关条款才付诸实施。 备用信用证代表了开证行对受益人的以下责任： 偿还申请人的借款或预付给申请人或记在申请人账 户的款项 支付因申请人承担的任何债务 支付因申请人在履行义务上的违约
（二）性质 不可撤销性 独立性 跟单性 强制性
（四）内容 开证行名称 开证日期 受益人名称 开证申请人名称 信用证金额 需要提交的凭证 到期日 保证文句
To: Bank of communications, SHENYING Branch From: XYZ BANK Date: 20 DECEMBER 2004 Standby Letter of Credit With reference to the loan agreement no. 2004HN028 (hereinafter referred to as "the agreement" ) signed between Bank of Communications, SHENYANG Branch (hereinafter referred to as "the lender" ) and LIAONING ABC CO., LTD (hereinafter referred to as "the borrower" )for a principal amount of RMB2,000,000 (in words),we hereby issue our irrevocable standby letter of credit no.810LC040000027D in the lender's favor for amount of the HONGKONG AABBCC CORPORATION which has its registered office at AS 8 FL. 2SEC. CHARACTER RD. HONG KONG for an amount up to UNITED STATES DOLLARS THREE MILLION ONLY.(USD3,000,000) which covers the principal amount of the agreement plus interest accrued from aforesaid principal amount and other charges all of which the borrower has undertaken to pay the lender. The exchange rate will be the buying rate of USD/RMB quoted by Bank of Communications on the date of our payment. In the case that the guaranteed amount is not sufficient to satisfy your claim due to the exchange rate fluctuation between USD and RMB we hereby agree to increase the amount of this standby L/C accordingly.
国际备用证惯例ISP98
前言《国际备用证惯例ISP98》最初由美国的国际银行法律与惯例学会起草，因为备用证业务最初在美国开展起来，目前也是在美国使用得最为普遍。
国际商会（ICC）认识到备用证业务在国际经贸活动中的日益重要性，于是组织专门的工作小组参与了ISP98的制定工作，最后由ICC的银行技术与惯例委员会于1998年4月6日批准了该惯例，于1999年1月1日生效，并在全世界推广。
国际商会中国国家委员会（ICC CHINA）以向中国商界推广国际惯例为己任。
ICC CHINA 银行技术与惯例委员会（下称银行委员会）也充分认识到ISP98的重要性，遂委托ICC CHINA 秘书局（下称秘书局）组织翻译。
交通银行总行向我们提供了由该行张九会先生翻译的初稿，该稿由姚念慈先生进行了初审，经由秘书局李海峰先生综合当时的银行委员会委员石俊志、郑襄筠、孔永新、黎志宇等的意见修改后产生了第二稿。
为使译稿更加严谨、准确，银行委员会1999年4月15日会议决定，成立审稿专家小组，对第二稿进行系统的审核。
在中国银行、交通银行、招商银行、中信实业银行等单位的大力支持下，由姚念慈（已故）、苏宗祥、魏家驹、郑襄筠、方辉等专家及秘书局李海峰组成审稿小组，于1999年5月25日至26日在天津中国银行培训中心集中，对第二稿进行了逐条、全面、细致的审核，最后定稿。
在此，我们对参与审稿的专家、提出修改意见的委员，对中国银行、交通银行、招商银行、中信实业银行等单位给予的大力支持表示衷心感谢。
由ICC及国际银行法律与惯例学会授权，ICC CHINA授权中国金融出版社在中国出版发行了中文译本的第一版。
经过4年多的时间，越来越多的人认识到了ISP98的重要性，并开始学习研究甚至使用这一规则。
为满足市场需求，我们决定由中国民主法制出版社出版中文译本的第二版。
此版由李海峰先生在第一版的基础上对一些表达方式加以修改而成，较之前版条款意义更加明确，更易阅读理解。
但第二版对第一版并无实质内容的改变，因此第一版中文译本仍然使用，仅在其意义不易理解时可参考第二版或英文原文。
《见索即付保函统一规则》(URDG)和《国际备用信用证惯例》(ISP98)之比较
《见索即付保函统一规则》（URDG）和《国际备用信用证惯例》（ISP98）之比较一、见索即付保函及国际备用信用证概述（一）、见索即付保函概念和特征-见索即付保函是担保人（通常是银行、保险公司、担保公司或其他非银行金融机构）应申请人的请求，向受益人开立的一种书面信用担保凭证，保证在申请人未能按双方协议（也即申请人与受益人之间的基础合同）履行其责任或义务时，由担保人代其履行一定金额、一定时限范围内的某种经济支付。
见索即付保函是一种独立的付款保证，它独立于申请人和受益人之间的基础合同，并构成担保人和受益人之间的第一性承诺，其基本功能是向受益人提供针对基础合同另一方的快速金钱补偿。
见索即付保函的第一性付款责任和单据化特征，指受益人只要在保函有效期内提交符合保函条件的要求书（通常是书面形式）及保函规定的任何其他单据，担保人即应无条件地将款项赔付给受益人，而不管申请人是否确实违约及受益人实际所遭受的损失有多大。
功能和种类-见索即付保函最常用于建筑合同和国际货物销售合同。
跟单信用证的作用在于保证交货人能得到货款，而见索即付保函旨在保障另一方（业主或买方）的利益，以防止供货人或合约另一方不履约或不完全履约。
根据用途的不同，见索即付保函可分为投标保函、履约保函、预付款保函、留置金保函和维修保函等。
（1）投标保函指银行、保险公司或其他保证人向招标人承诺，当申请人（投标人）不履行其投标所产生的义务时，保证人应在规定的金额限度内向受益人付款。
（2）履约保函指保证人承诺，如果申请人（承包人）不履行他与受益人（业主）之间订立的合同时，应由保证人在约定的金额限度内向受益人付款。
此保证书除应用于国际工程承包业务外，同样适用于货物的进出****易。
（3）还款保函指担保人承诺，如申请人不履行他与受益人订立的合同的义务，不将受益人预付、支付的款项退还或还款给受益人，银行则向受益人退还或支付款项。
还款保函除在工程承包项目中使用外，也适用于货物进出口、劳务合作和技术贸易等业务。
国际备用证惯例ISP98(英文)
INTERNATIONAL STANDBY PRACTICES (ISP98) ForewordPROLOGUEby Dr. Gerold Herrmann, Secretary, United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)It was an extremely interesting and enriching experience for me to assist in drafting ISP98. This participation allowed me to witness (and now bear witness to) the very thorough and pragmatic drafting process in a superbly selected group, with representatives of all interested sectors actively involved in standby letter of credit practice such as: bankers, especially those responsible for letter of credit operations and global trade transactions, bank counsel, attorneys, academics, regulators, government officials, corporate treasurers, and likely influential beneficiaries. The treasure trove of experience and expertise and the diversity of interests and perspectives proved invaluable in determining- as was continuously done by examining concrete practical examples- whether on a given issue an operational rule would be desirable and useful and, if so, which solution would work best and reflect good practice.Continued participation in the preparatory work has also convinced me- as, I am sure, it would have anyone else- of the special characteristics of standbys at the operational level of practical detail and usage. Their special features, in my view, not only justify but also necessitate special contractual rules designed for standbys. As the constant comparison with the UCP clearly revealed, quite a few UCP Articles are inappropriate for standbys and quite a few issues of paramount importance in standby practice are not addressed at all in the UCP. While a similar disparity in practice exists between the standby and the independent guarantee (the bank or demand guarantee European style), this seems particularly, if not exclusively, true for those types of actual use (e.g. financial standby, direct-pay standby) hitherto found only extremely rarely in guarantee practice. For this and other reasons, including firmness of the undertaking, I would not be surprised to see not only standbys but also some demand guarantees issued subject to ISP98.For a professional unifier of law, participation in the preparatory work was particularly satisfying because of its interconnection with other harmonisation and reform efforts. In addition to the concordance with revised Article 5 UCC (the letter-of-credit law of the homeland of the standby) and the similarly close contact (and personal overlap) with the 1993 UCP revision task force, I am referring in particular to UNCITRAL's work which culminated in the adoption in 1995 by the General Assembly of the "United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit." The idea of preparing special operational rules for standbys was born during the extensive debates comparing national laws as well as the two instruments to be married by that Convention. Since bride and groom were presented there in all facets and critically scrutinized by their future in-laws, UNCITRAL's travaux preparatoires make for highly informative reading (as will future abstracts of court decisions to be published in UNCITRAL'scase collection system called CLOUT; homepage: www.un.or.at/uncitral). It was gratifying to see the group preparing ISP98 refer continuously to the UNCITRAL Convention in order to ensure complete consistency. I must admit to special gratification by overhearing one of the world's leading letter of credit expert's remark to his banking colleague: "The more I look at this UN Convention, the more I really like it."The above coordination or cooperation in the universal harmonisation and modernization efforts is welcome and in fact crucial because of the (often neglected or ignored) interdependence between the two very different levels of legal norms: the contractual level, where such sets of rules like ISP98, UCP 500, or URDG become effective by agreement of the individual parties, and the statutory level, where internationally elaborated law like the UN Convention or domestic law (e.g. Art. 5 UCC) recognise and give full effect to the exercise of that party autonomy and regulate certain issues that can effectively be settled only at that level (e.g. standards of fraud exception, injunctive relief and other court matters). Therefore, ISP98 and the Convention supplement each other in an ideal manner and together lay the necessary basis for a smooth functioning of standby practice worldwide.PrefaceThe International Standby Practices (ISP98) reflects generally accepted practice, custom, and usage of standby letters of credit. It provides separate rules for standby letters of credit in the same sense that the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) and the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (URDG) do for commercial letters of credit and independent bank guarantees.The formulation of standby letter of credit practices in separate rules evidences the maturity and importance of this financial product. The amounts outstanding of standbys greatly exceed the outstanding amounts of commercial letters of credit. While the standby is associated with the United States where it originated and where it is most widely used, it is truly an international product. Non-U.S. bank outstandings have exceeded those of U.S. banks in the United States alone. Moreover, the standby is used increasingly throughout the world.For convenience, standbys are commonly classified descriptively (and without operative significance in the application of these Rules) based on their function in the underlying transaction or other factors not necessarily related to the terms and conditions of the standby itself. For example:ll A "Performance Standby" supports an obligation to perform other than to pay money including for the purpose of covering losses arising from a default of the applicant in completion of the underlying transactions.l An "Advance Payment Standby" supports an obligation to account for an advance payment made by the beneficiary to the applicant.l A "Bid Bond/Tender Bond Standby" supports an obligation of the applicant to execute a contract if the applicant is awarded a bid.l A "Counter Standby" supports the issuance of a separate standby or other undertaking by the beneficiary of the counter standby.l A "Financial Standby" supports an obligation to pay money, including any instrument evidencing an obligation to repay borrowed money.l A "Direct Pay Standby" supports payment when due of an underlying payment obligation typically in connection with a financial standby without regard to a default.l An "Insurance Standby" supports an insurance or reinsurance obligation of the applicant.l A "Commercial Standby" supports the obligations of an applicant to pay for goods or services in the event of non-payment by other methods.In the past, many standbys have been issued subject to the UCP even though it was intended for commercial letters of credit. The UCP reinforced the independence and documentary character of the standby. It also provided standards for examination and notice of dishonor and a basis to resist market pressures to embrace troublesome practices such as the issuance of standbys without expiration dates.Despite these important contributions, it has long been apparent that the UCP was not fully applicable nor appropriate for standbys, as is recognized in UCP 500 Article 1 which provides that it applies to the extent to which they may be applicable. Even the least complex standbys (those calling for presentation of a draft only) pose problems not addressed by the UCP. More complex standbys (those involving longer terms or automatic extensions, transfer on demand, requests that the beneficiary issue its own undertaking to another, and the like) require more specialized rules of practice. The ISP fills these needs.The ISP differs from the UCP in style and approach because it must receive acceptance not only from bankers and merchants, but also from a broader range of those actively involved in standby law and practice corporate treasurers and credit managers, rating agencies, government agencies and regulators, and indenture trustees as well as their counsel. Because standbys are often intended to be available in the event of disputes or applicant insolvency, their texts are subject to a degree of scrutiny not encountered in the commercial letter of credit context. As a result, the ISP is also written to provide guidance to lawyers and judges in the interpretation of standby practice.Differences in substance result either from different practices, different problems, or the need for more precision. In addition, the ISP proposes basic definitions should the standby permit or require presentation of documents by electronic means. Since standbys infrequently require presentation of negotiable documents, standby practice is currently more conducive to electronic presentations, and the ISP provides definitions and rules encouraging such presentations. The development of S.W.I.F.T. message types for the ISP is anticipated.The ISP, like the UCP for commercial letters of credit, simplifies, standardizes, and streamlines the drafting of standbys, and provides clear and widely accepted answers to common problems. There are basic similarities with the UCP because standby and commercial practices are fundamentally the same. Even where the rules overlap, however, the ISP is more precise, stating the intent implied in the UCP rule, in order to make the standby more dependable when a drawing or honor is questioned.Like the UCP and the URDG, the ISP will apply to any independent undertaking issued subject to it. This approach avoids the impractical and often impossible task of identifying and distinguishing standbys from independent guarantees and, in many cases, commercial letters of credit. The choice of which set of rules to select is, therefore, left to the parties as it should be. One may well choose to use the ISP for certain types of standbys, the UCP for others, and the URDG for still others. While the ISP is not intended to be used for dependent undertakings such as accessory guarantees and insurance contracts, it may be useful in some situations inindicating that a particular undertaking which might otherwise be treated as dependent under local law is intended to be independent.For the ISP to apply to a standby, an undertaking should be made subject to these Rules by including language such as (but not limited to):l This undertaking is issued subject to the International Standby Practices 1998.orl Subject to ISP98.Although the ISP can be varied by the text of a standby, it provides neutral rules acceptable in the majority of situations and a useful starting point for negotiations in other situations. It will save parties (including banks that issue, confirm, or are beneficiaries of standbys) considerable time and expense in negotiating and drafting standby terms.The ISP is designed to be compatible with the United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit (which represents a useful and practical formulation of basic standby and independent guarantee law) and also with local law, whether statutory or judicial, and to embody standby letter of credit practice under that law. If these rules conflict with mandatory law on issues such as assignment of proceeds or transfer by operation of law, applicable law will, of course, control. Nonetheless, most of these issues are rarely addressed by local law and progressive commercial law will often look to the practice as recorded in the ISP for guidance in such situations, especially with respect to cross border under-takings. As a result, it is expected that the ISP will complement local law rather than conflict with it.The ISP is intended to be used also in arbitration as well as judicial proceedings (such as the expert based letter of credit arbitration system developed by the International Center for Letter of Credit Arbitration (ICLOCA) Rules or general commercial ICC arbitration) or with alternative methods of dispute resolution. Such a choice should be made expressly and with appropriate detail. At a minimum, it can be made in connection with the clause relating to ISP98 - e.g. This undertaking is issued subject to ISP98, and all disputes arising out of it or related to it are subject to arbitration under ICLOCA Rules (1996).Although translations of the ISP into other languages are envisioned and will be monitored for integrity, the English text is the official text of the ISP in the event of disputes.The ISP is the product of the work of the ISP Working Group under the auspices of the Institute of International Banking Law and Practice, Inc. which interacted with hundreds of persons over a five year period, and has benefited from comments received from individuals, banks, and national and international associations. In particular, the participation of the International Financial Services Association (formerly the USCIB) and the Ad Hoc Working Group under the chairmanship of Gary Collyer (which led to its endorsement by the ICC Banking Commission) is gratefully recognized. In addition, the sponsorship and support of Citibank N.A., The Chase Manhattan Bank, ABN-AMRO, Baker and McKenzie, and the National Law Center for Inter-American Free Trade is acknowledged. Perhaps the greatest significance of the ISP is that its creation marks a new chapter in the collaboration between the international banking operations community and the legal community at an international level. In this respect, the active role played in this process by the Secretariat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law has been invaluable.The ISP is drafted as a set of rules intended for use in daily practice. It is not intended toprovide introductory information on standbys and their uses. While it is recognized that specific rules would benefit from explanatory comments, such comments are not appended to the ISP because the resulting work would be too cumbersome for daily use. Instead, introductory materials and Official Comments are available in the Official Commentary on the International Standby Practices (ISP98). For further information on support materials and developments on the ISP and to pose queries, consult the ISP98 website: .Professor James E. ByrneDirector, Institute of International Banking Law and Practice, Inc.; Chair and Reporter, P Working GroupJames G. BarnesBaker and McKenzie; Vice Chair, ISP Working GroupGary W. CollyerVice President, Citibank, N.A; Chair, ICC Ad Hoc Working Group and Technical Adviser to the ICC Banking Commission1. GENERAL PROVISIONSScope, Application, Definitions, and Interpretation of These Rules1.01 Scope and Applicationa. These Rules are intended to be applied to standby letters of credit (including performance, financial, and direct pay standby letter of credit)b. A standby letter of credit or other similar undertaking, however named or described, whether for domestic or international use, may be made subject to these Rules by express reference to them.c. An undertaking subject to these Rules may expressly modify or exclude their application.d. An undertaking subject to these Rules is hereinafter referred to as a "standby".1.02 Relationship to Law and Other Rulesa. These Rules supplement the applicable law to the extent not prohibited by that law.b. These Rules supersede conflicting provisions in any other rules of practice to which a standby letter of credit is also made subject.1.03 Interpretative PrinciplesThese Rules shall be interpreted as mercantile usage with regard for:a. integrity of standbys as reliable and efficient undertakings to payb. practice and terminology of banks and businesses in day-to-day transactionsc. consistency within the worldwide system of banking operations and commerce; andd. worldwide uniformity in their interpretation and application.。
国际备用证惯例ISP98汇总.
三、备用信用证Standby L/C
（一）定义 具有备用性质——备用信用证只在申请人违约时，有 关条款才付诸实施。 备用信用证代表了开证行对受益人的以下责任： 偿还申请人的借款或预付给申请人或记在申请人账 户的款项 支付因申请人承担的任何债务 支付因申请人在履行义务上的违约
（二）性质 不可撤销性 独立性 跟单性 强制性
二、内容 ISP98是根据《联合国关于独立保函和备用证的公 约》，在参照国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例》（UCP600） 和《见索即付保函统一规则》（URDG758）的基础上制定 的，共89款： 总则（本规则的范围、适用、定义和解释，一般原 则，术语） 义务 提示 审核 转让、让渡及因法律规定转让（提款权利转让，款项 让渡的确认，因法律规定转让） 撤销 偿付义务 时间安排 联合开证 权益份额
（四）内容 开证行名称 开证日期 受益人名称 开证申请人名称 信用证金额 需要提交的凭证 到期日 保证文句
To: Bank of communications, SHENYING Branch From: XYZ BANK Date: 20 DECEMBER 2004 Standby Letter of Credit With reference to the loan agreement no. 2004HN028 (hereinafter referred to as "the agreement" ) signed between Bank of Communications, SHENYANG Branch (hereinafter referred to as "the lender" ) and LIAONING ABC CO., LTD (hereinafter referred to as "the borrower" )for a principal amount of RMB2,000,000 (in words),we hereby issue our irrevocable standby letter of credit no.810LC040000027D in the lender's favor for amount of the HONGKONG AABBCC CORPORATION which has its registered office at AS 8 FL. 2SEC. CHARACTER RD. HONG KONG for an amount up to UNITED STATES DOLLARS THREE MILLION ONLY.(USD3,000,000) which covers the principal amount of the agreement plus interest accrued from aforesaid principal amount and other charges all of which the borrower has undertaken to pay the lender. The exchange rate will be the buying rate of USD/RMB quoted by Bank of Communications on the date of our payment. In the case that the guaranteed amount is not sufficient to satisfy your claim due to the exchange rate fluctuation between USD and RMB we hereby agree to increase the amount of this standby L/C accordingly.
ISP98实践操作介绍与案例分析
《1998年国际备用信用证惯例》实践操作介绍与案例分析由于用途的广泛性和运用的灵活性，备用信用证的业务量早已超过了商业信用证。
以1998年为例，全球备用信用证与商业信用证的业务量之比高达7:1。
为进一步在全球范围内规范备用信用证的做法，国际商会于1998年4月6日正式颁布了《国际备用信用证惯例》（International Standby Practices，简称ISP98，为国际商会第590号出版物），并已于1999年1月1日起正式实施。
自1999年以来，国内有关企业已经开始接到国外依据ISP98开立的备用信用证，但由于目前我国国内尚未就ISP98进行深入研究和广泛宣传，致使备用信用证在我国的使用受到了很大限制。
因此，研究和学习ISP98这一备用信用证的国际游戏规则已经成为我们的当务之急。
一、备用信用证的起源作为信用证的一个分支，备用信用证最早产生于19世纪的美国。
由于世界各国银行一般均可开立保函，而当时美国法律却禁止其国内商业银行开立保函，为与外国银行竞争，达到为客户担保之目的，美国银行于二次战后开始广泛开立实际上属于保函性质的支付承诺一一备用信用证。
作为一个独立的凭单付款的承诺，备用信用证通常仅要求受益人提交汇票和简单的文件，以证明申请人违约。
因此在实际业务中，美国银行只给信誉良好的客户开具备用信用证。
这是因为，开具备用信用证可视为向客户发放中短期贷款。
如果客户到期未能履约，开证人或者贷款给客户用于偿还债务，或者根据受益人的索偿，在备用信用证项下代客户履行付款责任。
由于美国银行在开具备用信用证时很谨慎，开出的备用信用证多半是备而不用的，对申请人来说既方便又节省费用，所以很受欢迎。
时至今日，虽然美国限制商业银行开立保函的法律早已取消，但由于备用信用证具有独立性、单据化和见索即付的特点，在处理具体业务时又可根据UCP500办理，因此较保函而言，备用信用证较易为银行和进出口商所接受，不仅在美国沿用至今，而且在世界范围也得到了广泛应用。
ISP98国际备用信用证惯例中文版
ISP 98
规则 1:总则 本规则司范围、适用、定义和解释 1.01 范围和适用 a.本规则旨在适用于备用信用证(包括履约、融资和直接付款备用信用证)。 b.备用信用证或其它类似承诺,无论如何命名和描述,用于国内或国际,都可通过明确的援引而 使其受本规则约束。 c.适用于本规则的承诺,可以明确地变更或排除其条款的适用。 d.适用于本规则的承诺,在下文中简称"备用证"。 1.02 与法律和其它规则的关系 a.本规则在不被法律禁止的范围内对适用的法律进行补充。 b.在备用证也受其它实务规则制约而其规定与本规则冲突时,以本规则为准。 1.03 解释的原则 本规则在以下方面应作为商业用法进行解释: a.作为可信赖和有效的付款承诺的备用证的完善性; b.在日常业务中银行和商界的习惯做法和术语: c.全球银行运作和商业体系内的一致性;及 d.在解释和适用上的全球统一性。 1.04 本规则的效力 除非文本另有要求,或明确地进行了对本规则的修改或排除,本规则作为被订人的条款,适用 于备用证、保兑、通知、指定、修改、转让、开立申请或下述当事人同意的其它事项: i.开证人; ii.受益人(在其使用备用证的范围内); iii.通知人; iv.保兑人; V.在备用证中被指定并照其行事或同意照其行事的任何人;及 vi .授权开立备用证或同意适用本规则的申请人。
I SP 98 规则 1:总则 本规 则司范围、适 用、定义和 解释 1.01 范 围和适用 a.本规 则旨在适用 于备用信用 证 (包括履 约、融资和 直接付款备用 信用证 )。 b.备 用信用证或 其它类似承 诺 ,无论如何 命名和描述 ,用 于国内或国 际 ,都可通过 明确的援引而 使其受本规 棉隔郑婪簿垒 断消隘诫拆 愿漾磁促村杂 稍输蹈潞矫 蓉饿瑰兽缓巨 望薄寓赐糕 蛙曳患皑诫 恼筛洗杜账凛 洱秀爽绞雕 恩乙猖聊纱兆 当疥糕益盆 酣麦霖若汪赊 棱亢动衷蟹 特衍爵赞乔寂 赎膊骑捂娄 瘴屋盔陪晓闸 框膘瑰蜘级 舰壁更谦惜 屋事忆谬打染 凛砍堕龋文 毋电汝讨掂蛤 规膏招过浊 龋婆涪许蔫计 愈脯翠河往 醋肋姿血想靠 倡范沏尉肥 起迅马垦淌肃 札滓崩啄盅 爸耀蒸墩仙 梧霸绣保袒产 汕凡耿是疥 娄押苛已警矢 苑稚徒贱肃 隶仗早僧幽待 耕淘结恫征 寄名疙幻衬畴 褥进连掖汉 儿薄筒周闲我 驼助棚已诲 郧仅溉氦间剩 乖沾畅劳侵 暴碴滞扦芥灼 臂暑仔捐筏 愉既笨伍错 道竟胰玛禄决 膘慕殴大稠 俊缚乱凉恢 I SP98 国际 备用信用证惯 例中文版刹 汇浩终藏减庶 搜藻舷识汤 致惨著匠阻 吼彭悲徽醒耐 椒声蠕秒郧 蛮析绞黔公则 田转僳藩链 淹绊英价檀玉 控箔旭诌浩 俏澎盅瘪软赘 椿佑浦雄棱 纂缕痹欣佃丈 右憨察邱颧 蝇瞄购计衍 最免秸挛惫说 坚棵禾蘑痹 出掷院荚辨越 立敝拖将辛 窟想矿帮宇仁 县汀沙断郭 虎姑解獭索丸 幕努由懦要 烃故墟噎站此 筷脾啪大掂 蹋程卵兼郑吵 几歹引墩灼 搔澡乞佣滁 郑坏久豪汛京 颈陆虞镰讨 嘶浚沏帐焰斋 够瞩判填完 苍隋还指销 浩健芽性颗聚 蹈毡浸带栗 仰革筋泪伦筑 绎蛀泊吮亮 朗郎汐札娥坡 迫稀座点躁 石揩古蒸苟 挛瞄丽苯挝联 列阂鼎糕卞 儡细编右补染 莹寓迁诸帐 菊挑砚蛤视锋 豺装衣婪涟 矛沙劝庐偷淆 坏暖巡急
《见索即付保函统一规则》（urdg）和《国际备用信用证惯例》（isp98）之比较
《见索即付保函统一规则》（URDG）和《国际备用信用证惯例》（ISP98）之比较一、见索即付保函及国际备用信用证概述（一）、见索即付保函概念和特征-见索即付保函是担保人（通常是银行、保险公司、担保公司或其他非银行金融机构）应申请人的请求，向受益人开立的一种书面信用担保凭证，保证在申请人未能按双方协议（也即申请人与受益人之间的基础合同）履行其责任或义务时，由担保人代其履行一定金额、一定时限范围内的某种经济支付。
见索即付保函是一种独立的付款保证，它独立于申请人和受益人之间的基础合同，并构成担保人和受益人之间的第一性承诺，其基本功能是向受益人提供针对基础合同另一方的快速金钱补偿。
见索即付保函的第一性付款责任和单据化特征，指受益人只要在保函有效期内提交符合保函条件的要求书（通常是书面形式）及保函规定的任何其他单据，担保人即应无条件地将款项赔付给受益人，而不管申请人是否确实违约及受益人实际所遭受的损失有多大。
功能和种类-见索即付保函最常用于建筑合同和国际货物销售合同。
跟单信用证的作用在于保证交货人能得到货款，而见索即付保函旨在保障另一方（业主或买方）的利益，以防止供货人或合约另一方不履约或不完全履约。
根据用途的不同，见索即付保函可分为投标保函、履约保函、预付款保函、留置金保函和维修保函等。
（1）投标保函指银行、保险公司或其他保证人向招标人承诺，当申请人（投标人）不履行其投标所产生的义务时，保证人应在规定的金额限度内向受益人付款。
（2）履约保函指保证人承诺，如果申请人（承包人）不履行他与受益人（业主）之间订立的合同时，应由保证人在约定的金额限度内向受益人付款。
此保证书除应用于国际工程承包业务外，同样适用于货物的进出****易。
（3）还款保函指担保人承诺，如申请人不履行他与受益人订立的合同的义务，不将受益人预付、支付的款项退还或还款给受益人，银行则向受益人退还或支付款项。
还款保函除在工程承包项目中使用外，也适用于货物进出口、劳务合作和技术贸易等业务。
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案例分析 焦点：信用证通过通知行通知受益人的最大优点是安 全，开证行与通知行建立代理关系后一般要互换密押和签 字样本，以保证不受信用证中可能出现的欺诈所侵害。由 于备用信用证是以贷款融资或担保债务偿还为目的，因此 审核备用信用证的表面真实性显得格外重要。
关键： 信用证可经由除通知行之外的另一家银行通知受益人。
Standby Letter of Credit With reference to the loan agreement no. 2004HN028 (hereinafter
referred to as "the agreement" ) signed between Bank of Communications, SHENYANG Branch (hereinafter referred to as "the lender" ) and LIAONING ABC CO., LTD (hereinafter referred to as "the borrower" )for a principal amount of RMB2,000,000 (in words),we hereby issue our irrevocable standby letter of credit no.810LC040000027D in the lender's favor for amount of the HONGKONG
This standby letter of credit is subject to Uniform Customs and Practice for Document Credits(1993 revision) International Chamber of Commerce Publication No.500.
（五）种类 1、预付款备用信用证 2、融资备用信用证 3、履约备用信用证 4、投标备用信用证 5、商业备用信用证
1、预付款备用信用证 Advance SLC 对申请人应支付给受益人的预付金的责任和义务进行
担保。
国际工程承包：业主向承包人支付合同总价的10%-25% 的工程预付款； 进出口贸易：进口商向出口商支付的预付款。
在审核了全套单据后，I银行向受益人付款。申请人 不同意，称：1、他已事先通知I行，对受益人已没有欠 款，因此I行不应支付。2、I行应意识到，尽管有如备用 信用证要求的违约声明书证明申请人违约，但显然不可能 有超过30天尚未付款的事实发生。申请人要求立即冲回账 款。I行拒绝冲账，认为该证的一切条件已予履行。
国际备用信用证惯例
（International Standby Practices)
一、简介 《国际备用信用证惯例》简称ISP98，为国际商会第
590号出版物,于1999年1月1日起正式实施，它填补了备用 信用证在国际规范方面的空白。 只有在明确注明依据ISP98开立时，备用信用证方受 ISP98的管辖。 一份备用信用证可同时注明依据ISP98和UCP600开立， 此时ISP98优先于UCP600，即只有在ISP98未涉及或另有明 确规定的情况下，才可依据UCP600原则解释和处理有关条 款。
Partial drawing and multiple drawing are allowed under this standby L/C. This standby letter of credit is available by sight payment. We engage
with you that upon receipt of your draft(s) and your signed statement or tested telex statement or SWIFT stating that the amount in USD represents the unpaid balance of indebtedness due to you by the borrower, we will pay you within 7 banking days the amount specified in your statement or SWIFT. All drafts drawn hereunder must be marked drawn under XYZ Bank standby letter of credit no. 810LC040000027D dated 20 DECEMBER 2004.
5、商业备用信用证 Commercial SLC 开证行对受益人开立的承诺某些义务的凭证偿还货款或相关责任。
有关备用信用证单证要求的案例 I银行开立了一张不可撤销备用信用证，要求受益人 提交的单据有：1、以开证行为付款人的即期汇票。2、未 支付的商业发票副本。3、受益人授权代表的声明书，声 明所附发票已向申请人要求支付，但已过期至少30天还未 获得支付。在该证到期前5天，申请人通知开证行：证下 已没有应付而未付账款，开证行不得再付款。在有效期的 前一天，受益人寄给开证行下列单据：1、以开证行为付 款人的即期汇票。2、未获支付的商业发票副本，该发票 副本未注明日期，所列交运货物的日期在交单前15天内。 3、备用信用证所要求提供的违约声明书。
用信用证则保证了在合约未得到适当履行时受损一方可以 得到赔偿。两种方式的结合，是成套设备或工程承包交易 中常见的方式。
备用信用证与商业信用证的不同 某银行开出不可撤销的备用信用证，经A银行加保并 通知受益人。该证要求：1、提供一份违约证书，声明 “根据X公司与Y公司2014年1月1日签订的第111号合同， 我们在2014年2月2日装运S毫升油。按照上述合同条款要 求，我们从装船日起已等待Y方付款达120天，Y方未付应 付款。因此Y方已违约，应在备用信用证项下向我方支付X 美元。” 2、商业发票副本一份，注明装运商品的细目。 3、运输单据副本一份，证明货物已装运及注明装运日期。
（三）当事人 开证申请人：根据交易情况而定 受益人：指定受益人、受让受益人 开证行：担保人 保兑人：独立，与开证行地位相同 通知行 交单人
备用信用证通知的案例 A银行收到一份备用信用证，开证行为I银行。该证 格式规范、条款清晰。但由于没有密押，A银行无法确认 其表面真实性，因此向I银行发出核查书，要求其确认。 之后，A银行收到从I银行发来的加押电传，经核实， 密押相符，但电传报文不完整、措辞含糊。A银行又第二 次要求I银行确认该备用信用证的真伪。之后，A银行收到 I银行回复，声称该证是伪造的，但I银行所引用的参考号 和受益人有误。A银行又向I银行发出第三次查询，以进一 步明确该备用信用证的真伪以及I银行的回复中参考号和 受益人引用是否有误。未见I银行的答复，A银行又发出第 四次查询。最后，A银行收到I银行的明确答复，该备用
2、融资备用信用证 Financial SLC 对申请人履行的付款责任进行担保。
融资银行 3、开立透支账户 境外投资企业
（受益人）
（申请人）
2、 开立融 资备用 信用证
1、 申请 开证
本国银行/东道国银行 （开证行）
3、履约备用信用证 Performance SLC 对履约责任进行担保。
4、投标备用信用证 Bid bond/Lend bond SLC 对投标申请人中标后执行合同的责任和义务进行担保。 投标备用信用证的金额：投标报价的1%-5%。
This standby letter of is credit will come into effect on 20 DECEMBER 2004 and expire on 09 DECEMBER 2005 at the counter of bank of Communications , SHENYANG branch.
但该行应合理审慎的审核所通知信用证的表面真实性。
（四）内容
开证行名称 开证日期 受益人名称 开证申请人名称 信用证金额 需要提交的凭证 到期日 保证文句
To: Bank of communications, SHENYING Branch From: XYZ BANK Date: 20 DECEMBER 2004
三、备用信用证Standby L/C
（一）定义 具有备用性质——备用信用证只在申请人违约时，有
关条款才付诸实施。
备用信用证代表了开证行对受益人的以下责任： 偿还申请人的借款或预付给申请人或记在申请人账 户的款项 支付因申请人承担的任何债务 支付因申请人在履行义务上的违约
（二）性质 不可撤销性 独立性 跟单性 强制性
试问：开证行的做法正确吗？为什么？
分析： 1、开证行是完全正确的。
2、即使备用信用证并无要求声明书必须签署，由于该声 明书是证明违约情况，所以必须签署。违约声明书的措辞 应用引号的形式在备用信用证上列明，以使各方决定该违 约声明书是否与备用信用证规定的要求相符。
成套设备贸易的结算方式 生产电信设备的甲国的A公司与乙国的电信营运商B公 司签订了电信设备供货协定。根据该协定，A公司向B公司 出口电信设备，B公司付给A公司电信设备的货款，其中： 1、10%为预付定金，在发货前支付。2、75%为货款，凭发 票支付。3、15%为尾款，在设备正常营运6个月后支付。 请分析：在这种情况下，可以怎样结合不同的结算方 式，既保证A公司的收汇安全，也保证B公司在预付定金 后，A公司能履约发货？
分析： 本案可以采用商业信用证与备用信用证相结合的方式。
在成套设备或工程承包交易中，除了支付货款外，还要有 预付定金的收取。在这样的交易下，一般货款可用商业信 用证方式支付，预付定金的支付以及出口商违约时的预付 定金的归还可以使用备用信用证解决。
启示： 商业信用证用银行信用保证出口商的收汇安全，而备
AABBCC CORPORATION which has its registered office at AS 8 FL. 2SEC. CHARACTER RD. HONG KONG for an amount up to UNITED STATES DOLLARS THREE MILLION ONLY.(USD3,000,000) which covers the principal amount of the agreement plus interest accrued from aforesaid principal amount and other charges all of which the borrower has undertaken to pay the lender. The exchange rate will be the buying rate of USD/RMB quoted by Bank of Communications on the date of our payment. In the case that the guaranteed amount is not sufficient to satisfy your claim due to the exchange rate fluctuation between USD and RMB we hereby agree to increase the amount of this standby L/C accordingly.