全国医学博士外语统一考试英语考试指导【圣才出品】

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全国医学博士外语统一考试大纲

全国医学博士外语统一考试大纲全国医学博士外语统一考试是一项非常重要的考试，要想通过这项考试，需要有一定的考试准备。

本文将为大家介绍全国医学博士外语统一考试大纲的相关参考内容，包括语法、词汇、阅读、听力和写作等方面的内容。

一、语法语法对于外语考试来说是非常重要的。

在全国医学博士外语统一考试中，语法部分占据了很大的比重。

因此，考生需要深入了解英语语法知识，掌握常见的语法规则和用法，例如时态、语态、虚拟语气等。

同时，考生需要掌握对话和篇章中常见的语法错误，例如主谓一致、形容词和副词比较级的使用以及名词的单复数等。

二、词汇词汇是全国医学博士外语统一考试中的重要考点。

考生需要掌握大量的词汇，包括医学领域的专业词汇和常用的英语词汇。

在备考过程中，考生可以通过背单词和读英文杂志等方式增加自己的词汇量。

三、阅读阅读部分是全国医学博士外语统一考试中的重要考点。

考生需要阅读医学领域的相关文章，并能够理解文章中的主旨和细节信息。

同时，考生需要学会把握文章的结构和逻辑关系等，这将有助于提高自己的阅读能力。

四、听力听力是所有外语考试中最具挑战性的一部分。

在全国医学博士外语统一考试中，考生需要听懂医学领域的英语对话和演讲，并能够理解基本、熟悉和高级听力材料。

此外，考生还需要掌握听力技巧，例如预测、预判和笔记等。

五、写作写作是考生展现自己语言水平的重要部分。

在全国医学博士外语统一考试中，考生需要写一篇医学领域的论文或报告。

因此，考生需要学会如何撰写规范的英文论文，并掌握基本的写作技巧和格式。

综上所述，全国医学博士外语统一考试是一项具有挑战性的考试。

考生需要在备考过程中认真学习各个考点的知识和技能，并加强练习和实践，以获得优异的成绩，从而顺利通过考试。

全国医学博士英语统一考试辅导

全国医学博士英语统一考试辅导
全国医学博士英语统一考试辅导课程通常包括两部分：基础班和提高班。

基础班主要针对刚开始备考医学博士英语的考生，通过对学员英语基础水平的测评，定向针对学员应试的薄弱环节，从基础上夯实考生的应试能力。

这个阶段会从讲解医学博士英语的题型设计、应试技巧等方面全方位帮助学员把握基础知识，掌握应试规律，提高考试成绩。

提高班则更注重巩固和提升，针对已经具备一定医学英语基础的考生。

这个阶段会以知识融汇贯通、查漏补缺、熟悉掌握答题技巧为主，将知识储备转化为应试能力。

通过重点题型训练、模拟考试，让考生熟悉应试环境，提高考试通过率。

另外，很多辅导机构会聘请专业师资进行授课，授课方式贴近试卷、贴近考生、贴近实战，开展专题辅导。

以上信息仅供参考，建议咨询专业机构或人员获取更准确的信息。

2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析

2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension:1. A2. A3. B4. B5. C6. C7. C8. D9. D 10. B11. A 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. B 18. D 19. D 20. C21. B 22. A 23. A 24. C 25. D 26. C 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. CPart Ⅱ. Vocabulary31 . A 32. D 33. B 34. D 35. A 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. D 40. C41. A 42. C 43. B 44. D 45. C 46. B 47. D 48. A 49. D 50. CPart ⅢCloze51. B 52. D 53. A 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. D 58. A 59. D 60. CPart Ⅳ. Reading Comprehension61. D 62. A 63. D 64. C 65. D 66. C 67. B 68. A 69. D 70. C71. C 72. D 73. A 74. B 75. C 76. A 77. A 78. D 79. C 80. D81. B 82. C 83. C 84. C 85. B 86. A 87. A 88. C 89. C 90. BPart Ⅱ. Vocabulary31. A 本句大意：一些黑人青年投诉说受到了警察骚扰。

选项A. 骚扰；B. 分散注意力；C. 判刑；D. 释放。

选项A符合原句意思，是正确答案。

32. D 本句大意：他迅速沉湎于他的权力。

选项A. irrigated灌溉；B. irradiated照射；C. inoculated接种过疫苗的；D. intoxicated沉湎于。

2020年全国医学博士英语统考真题及答案

2020年全国医学博士英语统一考试真题PAPER ONEPart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section AConversation One1. A. The right medication for the woman. B. The advantage of regular medication.C. The popular medication on the Internet.D. The best medication for high blood pressure.2. A. To teach her how io properly use drugs. B. To prescribe her newly-developed drugs.C. To add a drug to the medication she is on.D. To increase the dosage of her medication.3. A. To prescribe two medication for her.B. To allow her to buy medicine on the Internet.C. To advise on the medicine her friend is using.D. To provide some medical advice to her friend.Conversation Two4. A. Japan. B. France. C. The UK. D. South Korea.5. A. Low obesity rates. B. Inadequate health resources.C. Advanced medical technology.D. High levels of alcohol consumption.6. A. Obesity rates in different countries. B. Dietary patterns in different countries.C. Life expectancy in different countries.D. Alcohol consumption in different countries.Conversation Three7. A. He had had a successful career. B. He had had a happy family.C. He had shown more love.D. He had been wealthier.8. A. In their late 20s. B. In their mid-30s. C. In their mid-40s. D. In their late 50s.9. A. They were carefree. B. They were peaceful.C. They were relaxing.D. They were fulfilling.Conversation Four10. A. Their positive effects. B. Their constant mutation.C. Difficulty in identifying them.D. Possibility of inheriting them.11. A. You may suffer from mental illnesses.B. You may be alone without feeling bad.C. You may have high levels of blood pressure.D. You may develop great ability to tolerate failure.12. A. Because he is always cheerful. B. Because he likes outdoor activities.C. Because he felt bad at the weekend.D. Because he was not at home last week.Conversation Five13. A. Global trends. B. Latest advances.C. Existing problems.D. Technical solutions14. A. It is costly. B. It is inefficient.C. It simplifies tasks.D. It facilitates their work.15. A. They are unsafe. B. They are user-friendly.C. They are brief and concise.D. They are lengthy and incomprehensible.Passage One16. A. How she changed her career. B. What it takes to be a volleyball coach.C. How she walked out of her comfort zone.D. What is the best route to being a doctor.17. A. Because of a high salary. B. Because of her medical education.C. Because of her family background.D. Because of her interest in physical therapy.18. A. An MD degree. B. More medical knowledge.C. Eight years of medical education.D. Experience with a volleyball team.Passage Two19. A. Medical insurance in the U.S. B. Healthcare system in the U. S.C. Telemedicine services in the U. S.D. Health services for the elderly in the U.S.20. A. Because they think that the doctor online is unfriendly.B. Because they do not have trust in online medical services.C. Because they are not accessible to online medical services.D. Because they do not know much about computer operation.21. A. Because it can provide quality services.B. Because it can provide rich information.C. Because it can offer personalized services.D. Because it can cut down on healthcare cost.Passage Three22. A. They are too costly.B. They are not embraced by workers.C. They may not produce the desired benefits.D. They may demand extra efforts from companies.23. A. The wellness program might not be as beneficial as expected.B. The wellness program helped to reduce the healthcare costs.C. The wellness program significantly improved the workers’ health.D. The wellness program did not significantly change the workers’ behaviors.24. A. To develop more effective wellness programs.B. To find out the long-term effects of wellness programs.C. To encourage more workers to enroll in wellness programs.D. To confirm the employers’ expectations for wellness programs.Passage Four25. A. He fell off stairs. B. He almost lost his life.C. He had his spine and arm injured.D. He received two operations.26. A. It reduces surgery hours. B. It stabilizes bone fractures.C. It replaces rods and screws.D. It helps bone grow in a short time.27. A. It was effective in Ellis’s case. B. It cannot be widely applied yet.C. It only works on serious injuries.D. It was used for the first time.Passage Five28. A. It decreases the risk of diabetes. B. It disrupts their digestive system.C. It impacts their metabolism.D. It decreases the risk of obesity.29. A. It may be harmful. B. It may be addictive.C. It may improve health.D. It may cause insomnia.30. A. Sleep loss and health. B. Recovery sleep and health.C. Weekday sleep schedules.D. Weekend sleep schedules.Part Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D are given beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, and then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31. If there is a good drug available, it is everyone’s responsibility to make sure patients can ________ it.A. affordB. demandC. tolerateD. supply32. Cancer cells hide among healthy cells to conceal their _______ proteins.A. abundantB. malignantC. equivalentD. prevalent33. If the thought of leaving home without your mobile phone causes you to _______ cold sweat, you could be suffering from nomophobia: the fear of having no mobile phone.A. break intoB. break outC. break throughD. break up34. Measles virus can remain in the air for at least a couple of hours, infecting anyone who is susceptible, and _______ causing deadly outbreaks.A. particularlyB. positivelyC. potentiallyD. proficiently35. There are ill effects on the health of older people when their activities are restricted; _______, intervention that increases the range of their activities promotes their health.A. in additionB. in contrastC. in turnD. in short36. Heavy metals can impair cognitive development in children, who are especially at risk because of their size and _______ to absorb more of these substances than adults do.A. characterB. resistanceC. temperD. tendency37. The doctor said his new strategy had started to _______, predicting that the patient’s condition would improve in the coming months.A. pay offB. pick upC. show upD. sort out38. Blocked vessels have several _______ symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath, and an abnormal cardiac stress test.A. classicB. conciseC. originalD. obscure39. Stem cells are _______ cells with the ability to divide and develop into many other kinds of cells.A. infertileB. juvenileC. mobileD. versatile40. Before a drug is approved and launched into the market, a significant amount of time and money is spent in an effort to select the most effective one from several drug _______.A. adversariesB. candidatesD. volunteersC. manufacturersSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one that would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part, and then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41. He says that constant thirst is an undesirable effect of chemotherapy for which no remedy exists in Western medical practice, but certain herbs do provide relief for such patients.A. protectionB. provisionC. theoryD. therapy42. As a nurse, Dorothy is a natural healer who is endowed with compassion and has a variety of modalities to benefit her patients of all ages.A. braveryB. expertiseC. proficiencyD. sympathy43. Many problems that we face, such as depression, compulsive and addictive behaviors, and anxiety, result from human inherent desire to seek pleasure.A. consecutiveB. excessiveC. obsessiveD. possessive44. Virtually, every cell in the body contains its own circadian clock machinery.A. PracticallyB. NaturallyC. SuperficiallyD. Thoroughly45. The eradication of smallpox inspired the world to eradicate other infectious diseases. This optimism was in vain, as infectious diseases are still a big problem in some parts of the world.A. callousB. deliberateC. futileD. negligent46. The comments by the family member invited a series of responses following the unsuccessful rescue attempts for the injured in the emergency room.A. enquiredB. objectedC. promptedD. suppressed47. Fluoride deters tooth decay by reducing the growth of bacteria that destroy tooth enamel.A. inhibitsB. loosensC. hastensD. triggers48. This newly established fund has a range of medical programs undertaken by universities, industrial labs, or university-industry collaborative projects.A. cooperativeB. innovativeC. lucrativeD. representative49. To reduce the chance of suffocation, pillows should not be placed in the cradle of the kid.A. breathingB. chokingC. sweatingD. swallowing50. The community health nurse often notes the devastating effects on family members as the patient’s chronic illness takes its course.A. develops graduallyB. deteriorates suddenlyC. recovers ultimatelyD. recurs frequentlyDirections: In this part there is a passage with ten numbered blanks, for each of which four choices marked A, B, C, and D are listed correspondingly. Choose the best answer, and then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Scientists have long known a fairly reliable way to extend the life span in lab animals: reduce the amount of calories they eat by 10 to 40 percent.This strategy, known 51 caloric restriction, has been shown to increase the life span of various organisms and reduce their rate of cancer and other age-related ailments. 52 it can do the same in people has been an open question. But an intriguing new study suggests that in young and middle-aged adults, chronically restricting calorie 53 can affect their health.In this study, researchers looked at 143 healthy men and women who 54 in age from 21 to 50. They were instructed to 55 caloric restriction for two years. They could eat the foods they wanted 56 they cut back on the total amount of food that they ate to reduce the calories they consumed by 25 percent. Many did not 57 that goal. But the group saw many of their metabolic health markers improve 58 they were already in the normal range.Some of the benefits in the calorie-restricted group 59 from impressive weight loss, on average about 16 pounds during the study period. But the extent to which their metabolic health got better was greater than expected from weight loss alone, 60 that caloric restriction might have some unique biological effects on disease pathways. 51. A. as B. by C. for D. to52. A. WhatB. WhetherC. WhateverD. Whichever53. A. injectionB. invasionC. intakeD. input54. A. rankedB. rangedC. fluctuatedD. measured55. A. enhanceB. entertainC. preserveD. practice56. A. as well asB. as soon asC. so long asD. so far as57. A. attestB. affirmC. assertD. achieve58. A. as ifB. so thatC. in caseD. even though59. A. tracedB. evolvedC. stemmedD. stimulated60. A. suggestB. suggestsC. suggestedD. suggestingPart IV Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer, and then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneGianluca Vialli, manager of Chelsea Football Club, expressed it explicitly enough: “The foot is the tool of the trade of the footballer.” You might therefore expect footballers to take particularly good care of their feet. But results presented at a recent conference of dermatologists in Amsterdam suggest otherwise. Professional footballers seem as likely to suffer from fungal infections of the foot as other people.One study, called Achilles Project, looked at 76, 475 pairs of feet belonging to people from 18 European countries. It found that 26% of the sample had Tinea pedis, better known as athlete’s foot, while 30% had Onychomycosis, an infection that causes toenails to become thickened, discolored and distorted. The results showed that East European countries have consistently higher rates of infection. On average, 30% of Britons, Germans and Belgians had some form of fungal infection, compared with 85%of Russians, and less than 10% of Spaniards.Furthermore, adults under the age of 40 who took regular exercise had a 40% greater risk of fungal infection than those who did not. Leisure centers and swimming pools were identified as potential health hazards to the very people who visit them to stay fit. Communal showers and changing rooms are perfect breeding—grounds for the highly infectious fungi that spread foot and nail infection: up to 1,500 fungally-infected skin fragments per square meters have been found in some leisure facilities. Sweaty socks and warm, damp sports shoes provide equally hospitable environments.All of which goes some way to explaining the footballers. No doubt all that time spent in showers and changing-rooms is partly responsible. But Dr. Caputo, a dermatologist, also found another factor: footballers are often reluctant, for superstitious reasons, to discard their old boots. He found that players get attached to particular boots; if they score a goal with one, they will wear it again and again. The risk of athlete’s foot may be a small price to pay for a goal.61. What can we learn from the first paragraph?A. Footballers do not care for their feet as expected.B. Footballers’ feet are more sensitive to fungal infections.C. Footballers usually care for their feet more than other people.D. Footballers’ feet are more vulnerable than those of other people.62. According to the passage, “Achilles Project” was designed to ______.A. serve as a global screening for foot infectionsB. collect a sample of infected athletes for researchC. look into the conditions of feet in European countriesD. find measures for reducing high rates of foot infections63. From the description of Tinea pedis and Onychomycosis, we are sure that __________.A. Tinea pedis affects athletes more than OnychomycosisB. Tinea pedis and Onychomycosis are both fungal infectionsC. Tinea pedis is a more serious infection than OnychomycosisD. Tinea pedis is more sensitive to anti-fungal drugs than Onychomycosis64. Which of the following can be safely inferred concerning the leisure centers and swimming pools?A. They could help people in one way and harm them in another.B. They do not spread infections as much as other public places.C. They do not perform adequate check-ups for their visitors.D. They are unlikely to spread fungal infection.65. What did Dr. Caputo find about footballers?A. They play too much to keep their feet clean.B. They usually do not throw away comfortable boots.C. They believe some shoes may bring them good luck.D. They often stick to high-priced shoes for scoring goals.Passage TwoA decade ago, most patients were informed over the phone or in person by the doctors. But in the past few years, hospitals and medical practices have urged patients to sign up for portals, which allow them rapid, round-the-clock access to their records. Lab tests are now released directly to patients.The push for portals has been fueled by several factors: the widespread embrace of technology, incentive payments to medical practices and hospitals that were part of 2009 federal legislation to encourage “meaningful use” of electronic records, and a 2014 federal rule giving patients direct access to their results. Policymakers have long regarded electronic medical records as a way to foster patient engagement and improve patient safety.Are portals delivering on their promise to engage patients? Or are these results too often a source of confusion and alarm for patients and the cause of more work for doctors because information is provided without adequate-or sometimes any-guidance?Although what patients see online and how quickly they see it differs—sometimes even within the same hospital system-most portals contain lab tests, imaging studies, pathology reports and less frequently, doctors’ notes. It is not uncommon for a test result to be posted before the doctor has seen it.Katharine Treadway, an internist, knows what it’s like to obtain shocking news from an electronic medical record. The experience, she said, has influenced the way she practices.More than a decade ago-long before most patients had portals-Treadway, with her husband’s permission, pulled up the results of his MRI scan on a hospital computer while waiting to see the specialist treating his sudden, unbearable arm pain.“It showed a massive tumor and widespread metastatic disease,” Treadway recalled. She never suspected that her 59-year-old husband had cancer, let alone a highly aggressive and usually fatal form of advanced lymphoma.Treadway, whose husband has been cancer-free for more than a decade, said she remembered intently checking the name and date of birth, certain she had the wrong patient, then rebooting thecomputer several times “like I was going to get a different answer.”66. What is the trend mentioned at the beginning of the passage?A. More lab tests are ordered through portals.B. More hospitals provide rapid, round-the-clock services.C. More medical consultations are conducted over the phone.D. More patients are encouraged to use portals for their medical information.67. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a contributing factor for the increasing use of portals?A. Popular acceptance of technology.B. Lower payments for the patients to obtain their results.C. Financial benefits for hospital use of electronic records.D. Legal requirement to provide patients with direct access to their results.68. What concerns the author in respect to the increasing use of portals?A. Unsafe access to patients’ personal information.B. Inadequate guidance for the patients to use portals.C. Improper delivery of the medical results to the patients.D. Different contents provided to the patients by different systems.69. Which of the following statements is true about Dr. Treadway’s husband?A. He was depressed by the diagnosis of his disease.B. He was screened for a highly aggressive and fatal cancer.C. He was mismatched with the electronic records of his MRI scan.D. He was informed of the results of his MRI scan via hospital portals.70. The author cites Katharine Treadway’s experience to_______.A. explain the hidden risk of portals being illegally accessedB. exemplify the potential risk of misinforming patients through portalsC. illustrate the progress in the way information is delivered to the patientsD. show the advantages of portals over phone in releasing patients’ informationPassage ThreeIn planning for the health needs of these immigrant families, Francesca Weissman, a healthcare practitioner, asked two questions: (1) “What are the most urgent needs of this population?” and (2) “How can this population be induced to use the health services that are available?” In some respects, the second question is more important because persuading immigrant families to utilize services is a basic problem.Building trust is a primary goal. Employing caregivers who can speak the clients’ language will do much to lower ethnic barriers and reduce suspicion on the part of the potential clients. Many traditional families are slow to develop personal relationships, and this holds true in the interactions with caregivers. Unless the families can communicate with caregivers, they cannot begin to trust them. Without trust, they are not likely to seek or even accept assistance.Communication is a two-way channel. Caregivers, Francesca realized, have an obligation to become acquainted with the culture of the growing ethnic populations, and of their diverse subgroups. By becoming informed and by conveying respect, caregivers can make interactions with immigrant families less frightening and more productive. Awareness of the economic climate and other conditions in the place of origin helps caregivers recognize that the suspiciousness of immigrant families towards officials.A family approach to health care is recommended for immigrant groups. If the whole family can be involved in the healthcare program, the individual members are likely to be less fearful. Family-oriented programs may begin with practical advice about the neighborhood: locations of grocery stores, where to apply for food stamps, and how to look for work. Any programs developed for immigrant families must be offered at convenient times and places because they may not have the knowledge or resources to travel freely in their new community.71. The passage begins by implying that immigrant families may not _________.A. be aware of their own health needsB. be willing to use the available servicesC. be entitled to the basic healthcare servicesD. be able to afford services other than the most basic72. It is difficult to build trust between immigrant clients and caregivers because _________.A. caregivers have little overseas working experienceB. caregivers may not speak the clients’ native languageC. caregivers have a strong sense of cultural superiorityD. caregivers are averse to the clients’ ethnic background73. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?A. Understanding different cultures is necessary in offering good services.B. Lack of information and respect is a common problem among caregivers.C. Ethnic populations are gaining significant influence in the healthcare system.D. It is unreasonable to emphasize specific conditions in immigrants’ native homes.74. Which of the following is important when the family approach is adopted?A. Sufficient resources should be guaranteed to ensure the success.B. The daily life of the family should be cared for first and foremost.C. Fear among family members should be relieved at the beginning stage.D. What is included in the programs should be both practical and practicable.75. What does the passage mainly focus on in terms of services to immigrant families?A. How to establish an immigrant-friendly neighborhood.B. How to help immigrants enjoy available healthcare services.C. How to make an assessment of the existing healthcare services.D. How to assist caregivers in understanding immigrants’ family influence.Passage FourThis year mark the 100th anniversary of the deadliest event in U.S. history: the Spanish influenza epidemic of 1918. Although science and technology have advanced tremendously over the past century, the Pandemic peril remains; a recent exercise at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security showed that an epidemic of an influenza-like virus could kill 15 million Americans in a single year.The medical community’s response to this danger is, understandably, focused on research ang response—discovering new vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics and fighting ongoing epidemics, such as the current Ebola outbreak in Congo. But these urgent undertakings are not sufficient. If the World is to tackle many factors that raise our risk of a devastating pandemic, the medical community may have to enter theatres of operation beyond the laboratory bench and the treatment unit and publicly engage with controversial issues that some observers would consider nonmedical. Indeed, I believe that only such efforts can save us from the social trends, political movements, and policy failures that arc elevating our risk of a pandemic. There are three aspects in particular where the medical community’s intervention is urgently needed.First is the rising tide of isolationism and xenophobia (排外) in many high-income nations, particularly the United States and European countries. The belief that isolating ourselves from the world can prevent the spread of diseases is irrational: we can build no wall high enough to keep out infectious diseases and discase-bearing vectors.The second trend is the growing tide of antiscientific thinking and resistance to evidence-based medicine. In low-income countries, skepticism about vaccines is an everlasting challenge, but what we are seeing in the United States and Europe is something very different, and very dangerous. The growing refusal of parents in high-income countries to vaccinate their children is the tip of an iceberg that could sink us all in the event of an epidemic demanding rapid vaccine deployment and acceptance.Finally, and perhaps most fundamentally, medical professionals can step into the public arena to take on unpleasant and contentious political issues such as climate change and isolationism. Many members of the medical community prefer to avoid becoming involved in controversial issues that seem to be outside the scope of medical concerns, but their voices are needed to confront such issues.76. What does the author mainly do in the first paragraph?A. Warn the world against the upcoming influenza pandemic.B. Give credit to tremendous advances in science and technology.C. Remind the readers of the potential devastating pandemic perils.D. Reflect on the severity of the Spanish influenza epidemic of 1918.77. To address the increasing risk of pandemics, the author suggests that the medical community ______.A. focus more on the urgent undertakingsB. pay more attention to research and responseC. make quicker response in fighting ongoing epidemicsD. get more actively engaged with issues other than medical78. According to Paragraph 3, what do the United States and European countries need to do toprevent infectious diseases and disease-bearing vectors?A. To build high wails.B. To maintain an open mentality.C. To isolate themselves from each other.D. To learn from other high-income nations.79. What can be said of the second trend mentioned in Paragraph 4?A. Skepticism about vaccines can be tackled easily.B. Antiscientific thinking is not serious in low-income countries.C. High-income countries should learn from low-income countries.D. Parental resistance to vaccinating their children can be disastrous.80. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A. Medical concerns are as controversial as nonmedical issues.B. Medical professionals should be more concerned with medical issues.C. More and more medical professionals are involved in controversial issues.D. The medical community should play a more active role in controversial issues.Passage FiveIn medical terminology, the words history and physical almost always appear together in that order. As a physician, you do not engage a patient in the neurological examination until you’ve gathered the details of his or her debilitating headaches.But at one time in our medical careers, we are instructed to perform the most thorough physical examination possible without learning so much as the patient’s name. All we are given is an anatomy table number, an age, and a cause of death. We work our way through the anatomy lab—inspecting, searching, and feeling every muscle, bone, and organ-and we write our patients’ histories ourselves.To better understand the life of the woman who had donated her body for my education, I created the Obituary (讣告）Writing Program at Georgetown University during my first year of medical school. I worked with an obituary writer, Emily Langer, to develop a workshop to help interested medical students reflect on the lives that their corpses may have lived. She instructed us on the art of weaving disconnected memories into a single story. A series of creative writing prompts resulted in one student’s story of a dramatic football injury occurring in the middle of a competitive match. This moment in his corpse’s life was imagined from a pink prosthetic (假体的）hip beneath massive layers of muscle.The first conversation with my donor’s son lasted over an hour despite my initial fear that I would ask the wrong questions or offer the wrong words of sympathy. His mother was a small-town farm girl from Wisconsin. Dr. Carol Kennedy, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Class of 1972. She was a devout Catholic who considered being a physician a privilege and an opportunity to serve others. She wanted to continue to serve even after her death by donating her body to Georgetown University in order to educate future medical students like me.We have finally put the history in its rightful place before the physical—students now interview the families of their donors before making the first cut in the anatomy lab. Our corpses are our first counterparts in the privileged patient-physician relationship, and now we are able to begin that partnership just as we hope to do throughout the rest of our medical careers.81. The statement that “the words history and physical almost always appear together in that order”。

2024年全国医学博士外语统一考试

全国医学博士外语统一考试是中国医学教育中的一项重要考试，由教育部主管，全国医学教育管理委员会主办。

该考试旨在测试医学博士研究生的英语水平，以便更好地进行学术交流和研究工作。

2024年全国医学博士外语统一考试在3月或6月举行，考试时间为3小时，分为听力、阅读、写作和口语四个部分。

听力和阅读部分为选择题型，写作和口语部分为非选择题型。

考试内容主要涵盖医学、生物学、化学、物理学等学科领域的英语词汇和专业术语，以及医学研究和临床实践中的英语应用能力。

全国医学博士外语统一考试的成绩是医学博士研究生入学和毕业的重要考核指标之一。

考生需要认真备考，提高英语水平，以取得优异的成绩。

全国医学博士英语统一考试大纲

全国医学博士英语统一考试大纲The National Medical Doctoral English Unified Examination (NMDEUE) is a standardized test designed to evaluate the English language proficiency of medical doctoral candidates across China. This examination is a critical requirement in the process of obtaining a medical doctorate in China. The NMDEUE ensures that medical doctoral students have the linguistic skills necessary to understand and communicate with the global medical community.Section 1: Listening Comprehension (40 minutes)The Listening Comprehension section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to comprehend spoken English through a series of multiple-choice questions. The examination tests students' ability to identify specific information, extract the main ideas, and infer attitudinal and contextual meanings of audio clips, dialogues, and longer passages. This section tests listening proficiency in different contexts, including academic and everyday life situations, such as medical conferences, patient interviews, discussions with colleagues, and medical instructions.Section 2: Reading Comprehension (75 minutes)The Reading Comprehension section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to comprehend written English through a series of multiple-choice questions. This section of the exam tests the candidate's ability to identify specific information, extract the main ideas, and infer contextual meaning from articles and academic papers related to medical science. Candidates will be required to read and answer multiple-choice questions based on academic readings such as medical journal articles, pharmacology texts, andpatient histories.Section 3: Writing Skills (85 minutes)The Writing Skills section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to convey complex medical information in English. Candidates will be required to write a summary, a critique, and a response to a scientific article. This section of the exam tests students' ability to express medical language in a clear, concise, and accurate manner. This section evaluates the student's ability to use appropriate medical terminology, grammar, and syntax in written English. The writing tasks will be based on medical topics drawn from the core syllabus of the medical doctorate program. Section 4: Speaking Skills (20 minutes)The Speaking Skills section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to articulate complex medical concepts in spoken English. Candidates will be required to answer a series of open-ended questions related to medical science. This section of the exam will test the student's ability to use appropriate medical terminology, grammar, and syntax in spoken English while demonstrating appropriate pronunciation, intonation, and stress. The Speaking Skills section evaluates the student's ability to communicate effectively in academic and professional medical settings.ConclusionThe NMDEUE is an essential component of the medical doctoral program in China. It is a standardized test designed to evaluate a candidate's proficiency in English across the domains of listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing skills, andspeaking skills. The examination ensures that medical doctoral students in China have the linguistic skills necessary to communicate effectively on a global level. By meeting the criteria set by the NMDEUE, medical doctoral candidates are equipped with the necessary tools to pursue a successful career in the highly competitive medical industry.The NMDEUE is a demanding examination that requires thorough preparation and a high degree of language proficiency. Candidates who intend to take this exam must have a strong foundation in English grammar, vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation. They must also be familiar with the medical terminology that is used in English-speaking countries.The Listening Comprehension section of the NMDEUE requires candidates to have good listening skills and the ability to identify specific information in a variety of spoken contexts. To prepare for this section, candidates are advised to listen to English-language podcasts, watch English movies or TV shows, and practice taking notes while listening to lectures. It is also helpful to familiarize oneself with various accents and dialects used in English-speaking countries.The Reading Comprehension section of the NMDEUE demands extensive reading comprehension skills and the ability to extract main ideas and critical details from academic papers and articles. Candidates should practice reading medical journals and textbooks in English and learn to annotate and summarize what they have read. They should also study different types of texts, such as scientific articles, case studies, and patient histories.The Writing Skills section of the NMDEUE is a comprehensiveevaluation of a candidate's writing skills. Candidates must be able to write clear and concise sentences, use appropriate medical terminology and syntax, and structure their writing effectively. In preparation, candidates should study different types of writing, including summaries, critiques, and responses to scientific articles. They should also practice organizing their writing and using cohesive and coherent language.The Speaking Skills section of the NMDEUE requires candidates to express themselves clearly, confidently, and effectively in spoken English. To prepare, candidates should practice speaking in English in various contexts, such as medical conferences, patient interviews, and interactions with colleagues. They should also learn how to use appropriate intonation, stress, and pronunciation when communicating in English.In addition to language proficiency, the NMDEUE evaluates a candidate's ability to apply medical knowledge in English. Therefore, candidates must have a deep understanding of medical terminology and concepts. They must be familiar with the core syllabus of the medical doctoral program and have a good grasp of medical sciences, including anatomy, pharmacology, and pathology. They should also be familiar with current trends in medical research and be able to discuss key issues in medical ethics and practice.ConclusionThe NMDEUE is a rigorous examination that evaluates a candidate's language proficiency and knowledge of medicalsciences. It is an essential requirement in the medical doctoral program in China, and passing this examination is crucial for obtaining a medical doctoral degree and pursuing a successful career in the global medical industry.To achieve success in the NMDEUE, candidates must prepare thoroughly and systematically. They should study and practice all four sections of the exam, including listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing skills, and speaking skills. They should also focus on improving their language proficiency by reading and listening to English-language materials, practicing writing and speaking in English, and building their medical knowledge through systematic study and research.Overall, the NMDEUE is a challenging but rewarding examination that tests a candidate's ability to communicate effectively in English and apply medical knowledge in a global context. By passing the NMDEUE, medical doctoral candidates in China can demonstrate their language proficiency and readiness to excel in the dynamic and competitive field of medicine.。

全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析

2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 根据男士的话Fewer people came than we had expected，可知募捐仪式来的人比预料的少。

2. C 根据男士的话allowing acid content to flow into the esophagus(让酸性物质流进食道)可知这是关于胃的疾病。

3. A 根据女士的话I understand that this office helps students with housing，is that fight 可知这是校园内公寓管理办公室。

4. C 根据文中we've acted for hours，Let's get something to eat，We'd be able to feel better with a little nutrition(我们吃点东西就会好子)可知他们是筋疲力尽了。

5. C 根据文中you and some friends are organizing a cruise to Maldives以及Alone if I have to可知即使是没有朋友，他也会自己一个人去航行。

6. C 根据男士的话I'm afraid to have the runs(恐怕我拉肚子了)以及女士的话Are you going to the toilet often(你经常上厕所吗)可知男士的病是腹泻。

diarrhea腹泻。

revert返祖现象。

nausea恶心。

a running nose流鼻涕。

7. A 根据对话，女士已检查过男士的伤口，并清除了玻璃片，给伤口消过毒，根据女士的话The next thingI should do is to stitch you up可知下一件事是缝合男士的伤口。

全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题

2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚,并按"考场指令"要求,将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好;2. 试卷一Paper One答案和试卷二PaperTwo答案都作答在标准答题卡上,不要做在试卷上;3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔,将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正,先用橡皮擦干净;书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域;4. 标准答题卡不可折叠,同时答题卡须保持平整干净,以利评分;5. 听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间;国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension 30%Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between twospeakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all dayQuestion: What's the matter with the womanYou will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.C. Go play tennis.D. Stay in the house12 A She isn’t feeling well B. She is under pressure.C. She doesn't like the weather D She is feeling relieved13. A. Mlchael's wife was ill.B. Michael's daughter was illC. Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D. Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. is absent-minded B. She is in high spirits.C. She is indifferent.D. She is compassionate.15. A. Ten years ago B. Five years ago.C. Fifteen years ago.D. Several weeks ago.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of .your choice on the ANSWER SHEETDialogue16. blood test.B. A gastroscopyC. A chest X-ray exam.D. A barium X-ray test.17. lose some weight.B. To take a few more testsC. To sleep on three pillows.D. To eat smaller lighter meals18. A. Potato chips. B. Chicken. C. Cereal. D. fish.19 . A. Ulcer B. Cancer C. Depression D. Hernia20. A. He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B. He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C. He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D. He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21 A. Anew concept of diabetesB. The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C. The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D. The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A. Because it vaporizes easily.B. Because it becomes overactive easily.C. Because it is usually in injection form.D. Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.23. A. The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longerfindings provide insight into how insulin works.C. Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D. Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood.PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. . D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary 10%Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the wordorphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilize33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenableSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze 10%Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth, 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father, 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism , 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. who54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension 30%Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETPassage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percentAsk Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug or in this case a drug cocktail is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary informationWho's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question_ A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the ., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guaranteea transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructureof a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold 支架 with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplantBut the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic,but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intendedtoA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the .D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratchA. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liverA. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study,the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, therestored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passageA. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burnsA. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approachA. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards thenew methodA. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail 开创, after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based projectA. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologistsA. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered , according to a report on the findings published in the WallStreet Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJreports. At the very, least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amidthe cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. Theyused the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies。

2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析

2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析IntroductionThe 2009 National Medical Doctoral English Exam for Foreign Language aimed to assess the English language proficiency of medical doctorate candidates in China. This article presents the reference answers and analysis for the exam questions.Section 1: Reading Comprehension1. Passage 1: The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive FunctionReference Answer:The passage discusses the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive function, including impaired memory, decreased attention span, and reduced problem-solving abilities.Analysis:The main idea of this passage is to emphasize the negative consequences of sleep deprivation on cognitive abilities. It provides evidence and examples to support this claim. The passage highlights the importance of getting sufficient sleep for optimal cognitive functioning.2. Passage 2: The Benefits of Sports for Physical and Mental HealthReference Answer:The passage elaborates on the various benefits of participating in sports, such as improved physical fitness, enhanced mental well-being, and increased social interaction.Analysis:The main objective of this passage is to emphasize the positive effects of sports on both physical and mental health. It provides examples and statistics to support these claims. The passage promotes the idea that engaging in sports activities can lead to a healthier and happier lifestyle.Section 2: Vocabulary and Grammar1. Vocabulary PartReference Answers:a) Synonymous Definition:1. d) analyze2. b) innovation3. c) numerous4. a) deteriorate5. c) implementb) Antonymous Definition:1. b) conserve2. c) enhance3. d) alleviate4. a) rigid5. b) impartial2. Grammar Part Reference Answers:a) Multiple-Choice:1. a) have been drinking2. b) will have arrived3. b) can be4. c) has been working5. c) had leftb) Cloze Test:1. a) to2. d) for3. b) in4. a) with5. c) aboutSection 3: Writing Reference Answer:The writing section required candidates to write an essay on the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology in healthcare.Analysis:Candidates were expected to present a well-structured essay discussing the positive and negative aspects of modern technology in the healthcare sector. The essay should have included an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The writing should have been coherent, logical, and supported with appropriate examples and evidence.Conclusion:The 2009 National Medical Doctoral English Exam for Foreign Language aimed to evaluate the English language proficiency of medical doctorate candidates in China. This article provided the reference answers and analysis for the exam questions, including reading comprehension, vocabulary and grammar, as well as the writing section. By understanding these questions and their solutions, candidates can better prepare for future exams and improve their English language skills in the medical field.。

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第1章全国医学博士外语统一考试英语考试指导
1.1 考试简介
全国医学博士外语统一考试是根据国务院学位委员会颁发的《临床医学专业学位试行办法》和《口腔医学专业学位试行办法》，并为医学博士研究生招生单位提供服务而设置的考试。

考试目的在于科学、客观、公正地测试考生掌握和运用外语的实际能力。

该项考试的前身为1997年起实施的卫生部属单位医学博士研究生入学外语水平考试（Foreign Language Admission Test for Medical Doctoral Students，简称FATMD）和1999年起实施的在职临床医师申请临床医学博士专业学位全国外语统一考试（National English Qualification Test for M.D.，简称NEQTMD）。

自2002年起，国务院学位委员会办公室和卫生部科教司将FATMD和NEQTMD合并为全国医学博士外语统一考试，正式委托国家医学考试中心具体组织。

凡申请在职医学博士专业学位的考生，必须参加此项考试；报考医学博士研究生的考生依据招生单位的要求参加此项考试。

全国医学博士外语统一考试实行国家医学考试中心与考点两级负责制。

考试的考点设置在各招生单位、学位授予单位。

各单位的研究生招生办公室、学位办公室具体组织实施考试工作。

考生报名资格由各招生单位、学位授予单位按有关文件进行审核。

考生到报考单位报名点报名（或函报）。

考试设英语、日语两个语种，内容为公共外语，注重突出医学特点。

英语考试共设置听力对话、听力短文、词语用法、完形填空、阅读理解和书面表达6种题型；日语考试设置
听力理解、文字与词语、语法与构句、阅读理解和书面表达5种题型。

考试强调全面测试应试人员的外语能力，并突出应试人员的英语应用和交际能力，以确定其是否已达到在职申请医学博士专业学位的外语水平或是否已达到医学博士研究生入学外语水平。

考试要求考生应在听、说、读、写四个方面加强训练。

考试日期一般在每年3月第二周的星期六，考试时间为3小时。

具体时间以国家医学考试中心考务工作通知为准。

申请在职医学博士专业学位的考生和报考医学博士研究生的考生的考试成绩将分别解释，不得相互代替。

考生不得同时申报在职申请学位和博士生入学考试。

经国务院学位委员会办公室批准，自2003年起，在职申请学位考生的考试合格分数线确定为300分，对考试成绩合格的考生，由国家医学考试中心印发“合格证书”，有效期为3年。

考生凭“合格证书”参加在职医学博士专业学位申请。

对参加医学博士生入学考试的考生，由国家医学考试中心向招生单位提供考试成绩册和参考合格分数线，各招生单位实际录取分数线由招生单位自己确定。

1.2 大纲要求
一、考试目的
为配合我国实施医学专业学位制度，保证医学博士生学位授予质量，举行全国医学博士外语统一考试。

考试目的在于科学公正地测试考生掌握和运用英语的实际能力是否达到申请临床医学博士专业学位或攻读医学博士学位的英语水平。

二、考试设计
1. 本考试主要是用于博士生入学和申请医学博士专业学位的一种英语水平考试，其命题不以某一种医学英语教材为主要命题依据。

2. 考试内容为医学公共英语，注重突出临床医学特点。

3. 本考试从听力、词语用法、综合理解、阅读、书面表达五个方面命题，全面测试考生的英语能力，并突出对考生的英语应用和交际能力测试，以确定其是否已达到在职申请医学博士专业学位的英语水平或是否已达到医学博士研究生入学英语水平。

三、试卷结构
试卷分为两大部分：试卷一（Paper One）和试卷二（Paper Two）。

试卷一包括听力（30%），词语用法（10%），完形填空（10%）和阅读理解（30%），答卷时间115分钟；试卷二包括书面表达（20%），答卷时间50分钟。

整个试卷共五大部分，总分100分，答卷时间共165分钟，加上考场指令与试卷收发时间，总共考试时间180分钟。

1.3 试题分析
根据最新颁布的2008年《全国医学博士外语统一考试英语考试大纲》和历年真题可以看出，该考试非常正规化和标准化，其试卷结构近10年来几乎没有变动，一直是听力、词语用法、完形填空、阅读理解和书面表达等五大题型，每种题型的分值和出题方式自2003年有所调整后一直比较固定，下面结合最新颁布的2008年《全国医学博士外语统一考试英语考试大纲》及历年真题分别对每种题型的出题方式、考核要求等内容具体说明一下。

Ⅰ. 听力理解（Listening Comprehension）
听力分两部分：Section A和Section B。

答题时间为30分钟。

Section A：简短对话（Short Conversations）
简短对话旨在测试考生的英语听力能力，要求考生在听完每个对话之后，根据所听内容于12秒钟内对每个问题后的四个选择项做出正确选择，每个对话及提问只读一遍。

本部分共15小题，编号为1~15，每题1分，共计15分。

Section B：长对话及短文（Longer Conversations and Talks）
本部分由一篇长对话和两篇短文组成，旨在测试考生对英语篇章的听力理解能力。

要求考生能理解所听材料的中心思想和主要内容，并能根据所听到的内容进行逻辑推理、分析概括和归纳总结。

每篇材料后附有5个问题，每个问题后均有四个选择项。

要求考生在听完每个问题后，于12秒钟内从中选出一个最佳答案。

每篇材料及提问只读一遍。

该部分共15小题，编号为16~30，每题1分，共计15分。

以上两部分答题时间共计30分钟。

需要说明的是，Section A中15个简短对话所涉及的内容比较广泛，根据最近几年真题的统计，涉及医学方面的内容（多为谈论疾病、健康等）的试题一般为3～4道。

在Section
B中长对话及短文大多为医学科普方面的内容。

Ⅱ. 词语用法（Vocabulary）
本部分共20小题，计10分。

考试时间10分钟。

词语用法旨在测试考生对英语词汇和短语的理解和使用能力，分两部分：Section A和Section B。

Section A：填空（Fill in the blank）
该部分考题的题干为一个或两个句子，句中留有一处空白，题干后附四个选择项，要求考生从中选出一个最佳答案，填入题干后使该句子语法正确，逻辑合理，意思完整。

该部分共10小题，编号为31~40，每题0.5分，共计5分。

Section B：单选题（Multiple choice）
该考题的题干为一个或两个句子，句中有一词或短语下面划有横线，题干后附四个选择项，要求考生从中选出一个和句中划线部分的意义相同或近似的最佳答案。

本题测试的词语，不超出考试大纲所附词汇表的内容范围。

该部分共10小题，编号为41~50，每题0.5分，共计5分。

词语用法两部分一般会涉及到名词、动词、形容词及短语搭配等方面的考查，其句子内容不会刻意与医学相关。

Ⅲ. 完形填空（Cloze）
本部分共10小题，计10分。

考试时间10分钟。

此题着重测试考生在篇章水平上理解和运用语言的综合能力。

要求考生阅读一篇约200词的英语短文，其中留有10处空白。

一种测试方式是每一个空白附有四个选择项，考生在
理解全文大意和上下文意思的基础上，从四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案，使短文在语法、用词、句型结构和上下文逻辑关系等方面都能完善；另一种方式是只留空白，不附选择项，考生根据自己的理解和判断填入一个词或短语，以使文章达到上述各方面的要求。

对于该部分，需要注意的有以下三点：一是该部分的题材与医学联系并不紧密，从最近几年的试题来看，文章内容均与医学无关；二是大纲要求文章长度约200词，但近几年的文章长度却明显增加（2005年为236词，2006年为287词，2007年为296词）；三是大纲给出两种出题方式，但第二种方式从未在真题中出现，建议考生在复习备考时以第一种测试方式为主。

Ⅳ. 阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）
本部分共30小题，计30分。

考试时间65分钟。

该部分由6篇阅读短文组成。

每篇短文约300个单词，后附5个问题，每个问题后均有四个选择项。

此类题目是测试考生通过阅读英文书刊获取信息的能力（包括阅读速度和理解程度）。

要求考生在读完一篇文字材料后，能理解其主题思想、主要内容和主要细节；能根据所读材料的内容进行推理判断，理解某些词和短语在具体语境中的意义，理解句与句之间的内在逻辑关系；能领会作者的观点和思想感情，判断其对事物的态度。

测试材料主要是涉及医学科普、自然科普和人文各种题材和体裁的文章。

要求考生根据所读材料的内容，从每道题的选择项中选出一个最佳答案。

该部分30个小题的编号为61~90。

该部分需要注意的是，大纲要求每篇短文约300个单词，但近年来文章的长度呈上升态势，最长的文章字数可达到500多词；另外，该部分文章的题材多为医学科普类。